364:, but he was evidently in close contact with Paris-based comrades, and engaged in a large amount of travelling between 1926 and 1928. He also set about informing comrades about his five years in Russia in a published memoire entitled "Ce que j'ai vécu en Russie". From the viewpoint of the activist minority it recalled his activities in the world of Russian workers, his interventions in factories, involvement in clandestine workers' education and evening classes, propaganda actions, demands for wage increases and the contradictions implicit in the treatment afforded to visiting government dignitaries and their guests. At the Dynamo factory in Moscow he had published several political tracts for fellow workers and had them placed at the work stations overnight. He had also been involved in "improving" official notices on the factory notice boards, with messages opposing wage cuts and
578:, taking just six weeks to over-run the country. It was almost certainly only in June 1940 that Nicolas Lazarévitch and Ida Mett were both arrested: sources differ as to why. Either Lazarévitch was arrested because he refused to join the army or else they were both arrested – like several thousand other foreign refugees seeking safety from race-based and / or political persecution in Paris – because they were foreign, and therefore identified as enemy aliens. They were arrested by the French police on 8 June 1940. Ida and the couple's eight-year-old son Marc were interned together at the
713:) of the Soviet propaganda. During the three decades from 1945 till his death Lazarévitch continued the struggle to make his views known, contributing to political publications and organising conferences, but mostly within a relatively restricted circle of friends, work-comrades, political soul-mates, Russian political exiles and, especially after 1960, students whom he came across when he returned to study on his own account.
736:" across Europe, he was instrumental in creating and producing "La Réalité russe", described as a bimonthly "information bulletin" which reproduced, with its own commentaries, articles translated from the official Soviet press. The objective was to make aspects of the social, economic and cultural realities in the Soviet Union accessible to French public opinion. Later he worked between 1957 and 1965 with
377:. Communication of his Russian experiences was not restricted to the written word. Between 1926 and 1928 he arranged around fifty meetings in Germany, Switzerland and France in order to share his experiences more widely. Something of the character of these meetings is apparent from the observation reproduced in one source that they often involved clashes with "local communists".
372:
in his cell. During his time in the
Russian prison Lazarévitch had plenty of time to read and study. He subsequently recalled that he was able to learn "several languages". As the child of Russian parents growing up in the Francophone part of a bi-lingual country, he had presumably never been a
331:
and Lazarévitch became acutely aware that traditional workers' remedies involving trades unionism and strikes no longer existed. He accordingly involved himself in protest actions which caught the attention of the authorities and led to his arrest in 1924. There was no trial, but sources refer to
650:
He escaped from the transport train and spent the next couple of years living "underground" (unregistered), supporting himself through farm work in Les Landes. During 1941 he was reunited with his wife and son. There are references to the three of them having been among the thousands of refugees
513:
In 1935, as another major
European war loomed on the horizon, he established the constitution for a "Committee against War" and attended a conference on the subject at the "Conférence of Saint-Denis" on 10/11 August. In June 1936 he was arrested again and condemned to spend seven months in prison,
416:
organisation. It was probably in 1926 in Paris that she met up with
Nicolas Lazarévitch. Some sources imply that they subsequently married. Shortly after teaming up with Lazarévitch she was expelled from the hardline anarchist group with which she had become involved in Paris on account of her
488:
in Spain and to provide commentaries on it for readers of "La Révolution prolétarienne" from his home in
Belgium. But he never himself went back to Spain. In 1931, probably in Belgium, the couple's son, Marc was born. They remained in Belgium till 1936, a period during which Lazarévitch moved
720:) which comprised a series of factual testimonies exposing the contradictions of the Soviet Union's revolutionary journey and its ultimate failure. During the early months of 1949 he also joined up with some of the more eminent members of the Paris leftwing intellectual establishment, including
655:
during that year. Marseille was a focus for political and / or race based refugees from Nazi persecution, trying to arrange French exit visas and entry visas for
Portugal, Mexico or the United States. There are no suggestions in the sources that Lazarévitch and Ida were attempting to leave
332:
a decision that he should spend three years in a labour camp. He seems never to have been sent to a labour camp, however: his period in "pre-trial detention" was cut short thanks friends whom he had met while living on the commune at Yalta. One was the militant anti-Stalinist
428:. She also joined Lazarévitch at his political meetings in France, Germany and Switzerland at which the two of them delivered the same message. On account of their continuing campaigning the French authorities expelled them towards the end of November 1928 and they moved to
326:
in the south where he joined an agricultural commune installed in the large pleasant home of an escaped bourgeois family. The home was surrounded by a vast garden which the commune members set out to clear for planting. During all this time the government was implementing its
522:, a northern suburb of Paris. He found work as a proof reader and was admitted to the proof-readers' union. In April 1937 Lazarévitch and Félix Guyard founded a fortnightly political magazine based along the lines of the former "Réveil syndicalist" that he had produced in
535:), which according to at least one source were "supplied to them illegally". It is not clear that their repeated applications for French citizenship were ever successful, but their "administrative situation" was later regularised through the intervention of their friend
709:. At a time when the prestige of the Soviet Union in leftwing political circles and with the public more generally in the west, Lazarévitch was keen to persuade everyone – but especially the workers and trades unionists – of the lies about conditions back home (
213:
which had been able to avoid direct military involvement in the war. There he linked up with
Russian prisoners of war who had also managed to escape across the border from Germany, and he was able to lend his support to their attempts to be repatriated to
483:
magazine, and another publication using the (frequently revived) title, "Le Cri du Peuple". Lazarévitch and Mett moved back to France, and then to
Belgium, probably by the end of 1931. Lazarévitch nevertheless continued to keep in touch with the
404:. She studied medicine in Moscow, but in 1924, shortly before she was about to receive her degree, she was placed under arrest for her "anti-Soviet activities". She managed to escape and moved to join her parents who by this time were living in
314:, who were, according to at least one source, "protected by the police". By 1921 he was back in Russia where he worked in a succession of industrial enterprises, starting in the assembly hall of the metal works of the Dynamo factory in
526:
till the previous year. The name that appeared most frequently on the foot of articles was that of L. Nuiteux, which was one of Lazarévitch's own most frequently employed pseudonyms. Meanwhile, Lazarévitch and
286:. Lazarévitch at this stage believed that in terms of political objectives and beliefs the Bolsheviks had much in common with the anarchists, although the former were self-evidently better organised. As
732:, GLI). At the end of 1950 he was still displaying a certain frustration over their dissolution. Between 1950 and 1958, in the context of intensifying Cold War tensions between the two side of the "
368:, and condemning a trade agreement between the Soviet Union and England. He recalled his imprisonment: even when deprived of his liberty the dedicated trades unionist/syndicalist had celebrated the
740:
on the regular publications of the "International
Commission of Workers' Liaison" ("Commission internationale de liaison ouvrière"), his contributions appearing under the pseudonym "Petrov".
31:
692:
222:
because, it was said, he had formed a "soviet" with
Russian soldiers escaped from Germany. He was able to escape and, eventually, make his way with others to what had by now become the
531:– who was Jewish – applied for citizenship. The application was turned down. They did, however, manage to obtain the first of a succession of a time-limited residence permits (
417:"religious practices": she lit a candle to celebrate her father on the day of his death. Her own left-wing political commitment and activism remained undiminished, however.
1056:
505:, for having harangued striking textile workers at a banned rally. He was arrested again, together with Ida, in 1934, and sentenced to a further fifteen days in prison.
1204:
1168:
716:
He teamed up with Lucien
Feuillade to publish a selection of anti-Soviet texts in a volume entitled, "Tu peux tuer cet homme, scènes de la vie révolutionnaire russe" (
1248:
1131:
501:, of which thirty editions were published between November 1932 and April 1934. In 1933 he was arrested and sentenced to four months imprisonment by a court at
1294:
705:"). Alongside that Lazarévitch launched a new and sustained campaign to educate people about Russia and to publicise what he saw as the truth about the
258:
and was sent to the south with a mission to try and radicalise French troops and navy personnel in the area. During the spring of 1919, he fell ill with
306:
shortly before the workers' occupations of several major factories. He linked up with local anarchists, notably Francesco Ghezzi and the group around
1090:
137:
electrician, a building worker, a proof-reader and, most consistently, a libertarian-anarchist writer and activist. He was born and grew up in
833:
863:
975:
223:
336:, a Russian political exile based in Paris, where he had excellent links to the press. Souvarine and another friend, the Russia expert
202:
many abandoned their pacifism. By 1916 he had left Belgium, fearful of conscription, and was working as a mechanic in the mines in
1048:
1020:
1019:. Calames, Online catalogue describing archives and manuscripts held by French university and research libraries and institutions.
475:, the two of them succeeded in organising a number of public meetings. He also contributed reports from Spain that appeared in "
412:
and joined up with other left-wing politically aware Russian exiles, becoming a prominent member of the emerging Paris anarchist
1193:
1157:
1273:
1242:
701:
whom he helped with work on documentation of nineteenth century Russian terrorists (which preceded the 1949 five-act drama, "
424:, an anarchist journal which enabled her to taking a leading role in denouncing the dire situation facing the workers in the
1120:
1376:
899:
634:. Lazarévitch was apparently carrying a Belgian passport, and was fairly soon was placed on a train to take him across
1371:
340:, organised an "international support campaign" which eventually, in 1926, caused Lazarévitch to be expelled from the
199:
476:
198:
in 1914. He later wrote in a memoire that his co-workers were united in their hatred of war, although after the
1366:
1356:
455:, with whom Lazarévitch would remain in contact for the rest of his life. In June 1931 Lazarévitch set off for
311:
1286:
1361:
1331:
369:
356:
later in 1926 and supported himself as a construction worker. One source indicates that he settled in the
1351:
1341:
1079:
691:
and went back to his former profession as a proof-reader, also rejoining the proof-readers' trades union (
1158:"Temoignages 1939 – 1945 Ce qu'il faut dire sur la renaissance libertaire .... Temoignage de Léo Campion"
563:
467:. It appears that, traveling separately, Ida Mett had already arrived in Spain where, with the help of
1049:"Ida Gilman, dite Mett, médecin et anarchiste (Smorgone, Russie, 20 juillet 1901 – Paris, 27 juin 1973)"
622:, and now regarded by the increasingly nervous French authorities as a security threat. Internment in
290:
anti-Bolshevik forces gained the upper hand in the Odessa area, Lazarévitch fled across the border into
1336:
1194:"Temoignages 1939 – 1945 Ce qu'il faut dire sur la renaissance libertaire .... Temoignage de Mauricius"
1346:
829:
684:
603:
567:
1089:. La Bataille socialiste (libertarian marxist archives – mostly in french – since 2007. p. 30.
497:
to found the syndicalist action groups which produced the fortnightly "Le Réveil syndicaliste" at
871:
485:
238:
in January 1919, having undertaken more than 300 km (200 miles) of the journey on foot, via
967:
519:
1201:
Ida Mett: Compagne de Nicolas Lazarévitch avec lequel elle vient s'installer en France 1936 ...
615:
405:
1230:
266:
and nearly died. He was arrested and faced execution, but was saved from that fate when the
365:
1326:
1321:
472:
626:
turned out to be something of an "anarchists reunion": others at Le Vernet camp included
8:
790:
328:
191:
1012:
737:
725:
702:
555:
514:
but was released soon afterwards following an intervention by the Brussels syndicates (
231:
611:
1269:
1238:
711:"le plus terrible des mensonges, celui de la réalisation du "socialisme" en URSS ..."
619:
357:
247:
171:
570:
from the south and east. Despite the French declaration of war, on the streets of
494:
65:
900:"La Réalité russe: Un militant anarchiste lit les journaux soviétiques (1950–1958)"
657:
583:
575:
566:, and two weeks after the German invasion from the west, Poland was subjected to a
550:
returned in September 1939 when the French and British governments declared war on
547:
468:
307:
158:
Nikolaï Ivanovitch Lazarevitch, the second of his parents' three sons, was born at
606:
on 22 June 1940 were administered not through direct military occupation but by a
827:
536:
333:
210:
195:
965:
903:
401:
374:
279:
219:
215:
175:
142:
627:
1315:
1268:
Todd, Olivier (2000). Albert Camus: A Life. Carroll & Graf. pp. 249–250.
631:
579:
421:
337:
287:
203:
186:
As a young man he worked as an electrician in various factories and mines in
763:, with Lucien Feuillade, Paris, Collection Espoir, Éditions Gallimard, 1950.
574:
eerily little changed for slightly more than eight months. On 10 May 1940
30:
733:
721:
706:
698:
607:
559:
551:
425:
389:
341:
319:
254:
fought to secure their version of the revolution. Lazarévitch joined the
728:
and Roger Lapeyre to establish the "Groupes de liaison internationale" (
623:
614:. Both camps had been used, since February 1939, to accommodate former
587:
480:
460:
452:
413:
361:
294:
where he was briefly arrested. He then made his way (illegally) across
275:
392:, a small industrial predominantly Jewish town in the flatlands between
673:
669:
668:
in 1943. (Both these little towns were in a part of the (ever-less)
665:
599:
295:
251:
902:. l'Institut Pierre Renouvin, Panthéon-Sorbonne, Paris. Archived from
218:. While in the Netherlands he was arrested and detained in a camp at
966:
Christine Fauré; Marc Lazarévitch; Marianne Enckell (30 March 2014).
661:
652:
243:
761:
Tu peux tuer cet homme : scènes de la vie révolutionnaire russe
518:). During 1936 he returned clandestinely to France and settled at
864:"Nicolas Lazarévitch, Itinéraire d'un syndicaliste révolutionnaire"
770:
595:
591:
528:
523:
502:
429:
385:
267:
255:
187:
130:
110:
436:
167:
639:
598:. Both camps were located in remote locations in the so-called
498:
490:
435:
where between 1928 and 1930 Lazarévitch worked as a miner in the
432:
393:
291:
239:
226:Росси́йская Сове́тская Федерати́вная Социалисти́ческая Республика
159:
138:
69:
61:
773:, preface by Pierre Pascal, Éditions Les îles d'or, Paris, 1954.
489:
in libertarian circles and was involved with pacifist groups in
974:. L’équipe du Maitron (Éditions de l’Atelier), Ivry-sur-Seine.
718:"You can kill this man: scenes from revolutionary Russian life"
635:
610:
under the leadership of the (hitherto) widely admired war hero
464:
448:
353:
315:
271:
263:
259:
235:
134:
91:
767:
L'école soviétique : enseignements primaire et secondaire
400:: at the time of her birth the entire region was part of the
170:. The local economy was based on the coal mines and on the
828:"Steven" from the Kate Sharpley Library (22 September 2004).
688:
571:
456:
409:
397:
323:
303:
299:
278:
who had intervened in the Russian conflict in support of the
163:
87:
656:
France, however. They were assigned a residence permit at
868:... initialement paru dans la revue Communisme, n° 61, 2000
206:
1080:"Mett, Ida (1901–1973) i Lazarévitch, Nicolás (1895–1975)"
1165:
quoting page 222 of "Anarchistes dans la Franc-maçonnerie
388:(usually identified in sources as Ida Mett) was born in
1186:
447:
In 1931 they crossed back (illegally and briefly) into
1017:
Archives de La contemporaine .... Biography or History
1291:
A contretemps n° 8 (juin 2002) spécial Louis Mercier
302:
where during the summer of 1920 he found himself in
793:
and Christine Fauré, Éditions Berg-Bélibaste, 1976.
248:
social, political and periodically military turmoil
162:, an industrial municipality a short distance down-
961:
959:
957:
955:
953:
951:
949:
947:
945:
943:
941:
246:. Like much of Europe, Russia was in a state of
1149:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1077:
939:
937:
935:
933:
931:
929:
927:
925:
923:
921:
861:
755:Syndicat fédéraliste des mécaniciens et assimilés
753:, with a preface by Jean Ledoux, Liège, Éditions
408:. In 1925 or (more likely) 1926 she arrived in
1313:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1001:
999:
997:
995:
993:
310:, and was involved in street fights against the
1293:. Les éditions Atelier de création libertaire.
1228:
1108:
918:
897:
676:in response to the shifting fortunes of war.)
224:Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (
178:on account of their revolutionary activities.
174:. His parents had been obliged to flee from
1046:
990:
442:
153:
1155:
1071:
1042:
1040:
1038:
857:
855:
853:
851:
743:
586:till April 1941. Lazarévitch was sent to
823:
821:
819:
817:
815:
813:
811:
809:
807:
129:(17 August 1895 – 24 December 1975) was a
1278:
1231:"Nicolas Lazarévitch et le réalite Russe"
102:libertarian-anarchist writer and activist
1035:
893:
891:
889:
848:
804:
542:
1314:
1284:
862:Sylvain Boulouque (18 December 2007).
1297:from the original on 12 February 2019
886:
787:Les amours des abeilles travailleuses
562:were at this stage bound by a mutual
347:
1210:from the original on 9 February 2019
1174:from the original on 9 February 2019
1137:from the original on 7 February 2016
1096:from the original on 9 February 2019
1059:from the original on 9 February 2019
836:from the original on 8 February 2019
777:À travers les révolutions espagnoles
697:). He also met up with the writer
451:where they made the acquaintance of
1237:. L'AGE D'HOMME. pp. 101–109.
898:Laurent Coumel (18 November 1999).
779:, Paris, Éditions P. Belfond, 1972.
508:
209:: in 1917 he was able to escape to
13:
830:"Lazarevitch, Nicholas, 1895–1975"
461:International Workers' Association
181:
14:
1388:
1023:from the original on 3 March 2011
978:from the original on 25 June 2018
968:"Lazarévitch, Nicolas Ivanovitch"
1078:Agustín Guillamón (April 2014).
1055:. Cairn.info. pp. 126–127.
1053:Archives Juives 2001/2 (Vol. 34)
660:(along the coast to the east of
486:politically precarious situation
29:
1262:
1251:from the original on 2024-06-04
1222:
602:which following the signing of
420:Ida continued to contribute to
194:shortly before the outbreak of
1130:. 20 July 2015. pp. 4–5.
730:"International liaison groups"
618:returning, defeated, from the
42:Nikolaï Ivanovitch Lazarevitch
16:Belgian politician (1895–1975)
1:
1121:"Ida Mett-Gilman-Lazarevitch"
798:
672:which during 1942 came under
664:) in 1942 and then at nearby
111:Ida (Gilman) Mett (1901–1973)
1128:Pour le souvenir de Rieucros
972:Dictionnaire des anarchistes
870:. Pelloutier. Archived from
148:
7:
1377:Belgian emigrants to France
1287:"Présence de Louis Mercier"
674:Italian military occupation
477:La Révolution prolétarienne
380:
318:, and then in the mines at
200:German army invaded Belgium
10:
1393:
751:Ce que j'ai vécu en Russie
694:"Syndicat des correcteurs"
679:
493:. In 1932 he joined with
459:where he was to attend an
443:Belgium, Spain and Belgium
154:Provenance and early years
46:Николай Иванович Лазаревич
1372:Politicians from Brussels
1235:Six Lettres de Boukharine
645:
616:internationalist fighters
556:German invasion of Poland
116:
106:
98:
76:
37:
28:
21:
744:Publications (selection)
687:Lazarévitch returned to
632:Ernest "Ernestan" Tanrez
370:May Day workers' holiday
1229:Laurent Coumel (2000).
1367:Politicians from Paris
1357:Libertarian socialists
1013:"Lazarevitch, Nicolas"
582:in the hills south of
576:Germany invaded France
516:loosely, trades unions
360:department, near the
1332:Anarcho-syndicalists
558:. Germany and the
543:Arrest and detention
520:Le Pré-Saint-Gervais
473:Buenaventura Durruti
322:before moving on to
1352:French syndicalists
1342:French libertarians
1087:Diccionari militant
1047:Sylvain Boulouque.
791:Alexandra Kollontai
564:non-aggression pact
554:in response to the
329:New Economic Policy
192:anarcho-syndicalist
127:Nicolas Lazarévitch
23:Nicolas Lazarévitch
1362:Writers from Liège
592:Pyrenean foothills
533:"permis de séjour"
348:Activist in France
234:. He arrived in
232:Russian Revolution
1337:French anarchists
1274:978-0-7867-0739-3
1244:978-2-8251-1404-9
1156:Simonne Larcher.
620:Spanish Civil War
608:puppet government
479:", a Paris-based
172:Piedboeuf Brewery
124:
123:
1384:
1347:French pacifists
1307:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1282:
1276:
1266:
1260:
1259:
1257:
1256:
1226:
1220:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1209:
1198:
1190:
1184:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1173:
1162:
1153:
1147:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1136:
1125:
1117:
1106:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1095:
1084:
1075:
1069:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1044:
1033:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1009:
988:
987:
985:
983:
963:
916:
915:
913:
911:
895:
884:
883:
881:
879:
859:
846:
845:
843:
841:
825:
785:suivie du roman
658:La Garde-Freinet
594:to the south of
584:Clermont-Ferrand
509:Return to France
469:Francisco Ascaso
308:Errico Malatesta
230:, following the
120:Marc Lazarévitch
83:
80:24 December 1975
57:
55:
33:
19:
18:
1392:
1391:
1387:
1386:
1385:
1383:
1382:
1381:
1312:
1311:
1310:
1300:
1298:
1283:
1279:
1267:
1263:
1254:
1252:
1245:
1227:
1223:
1213:
1211:
1207:
1196:
1192:
1191:
1187:
1177:
1175:
1171:
1160:
1154:
1150:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1123:
1119:
1118:
1109:
1099:
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1082:
1076:
1072:
1062:
1060:
1045:
1036:
1026:
1024:
1011:
1010:
991:
981:
979:
964:
919:
909:
907:
896:
887:
877:
875:
874:on 3 March 2016
860:
849:
839:
837:
826:
805:
801:
796:
746:
682:
648:
568:Soviet invasion
545:
537:Boris Souvarine
511:
445:
383:
350:
334:Boris Souvarine
211:the Netherlands
184:
182:Young anarchist
176:imperial Russia
156:
151:
141:, the child of
94:
85:
81:
72:
59:
53:
51:
50:
49:
43:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1390:
1380:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1309:
1308:
1277:
1261:
1243:
1221:
1185:
1167:. p. 22.
1148:
1107:
1070:
1034:
989:
917:
885:
847:
832:. libcom.org.
802:
800:
797:
795:
794:
783:Autobiographie
780:
774:
764:
758:
747:
745:
742:
681:
678:
647:
644:
612:Marshal Pétain
544:
541:
510:
507:
463:conference in
444:
441:
402:Russian empire
382:
379:
352:He settled in
349:
346:
190:, becoming an
183:
180:
155:
152:
150:
147:
122:
121:
118:
114:
113:
108:
104:
103:
100:
96:
95:
86:
84:(aged 80)
78:
74:
73:
60:
58:17 August 1895
41:
39:
35:
34:
26:
25:
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1327:1975 deaths
1322:1895 births
1301:10 February
670:"free" zone
628:Léo Campion
624:Camp Vernet
588:Camp Vernet
495:Jean De Boë
491:the country
481:syndicalist
453:Simone Weil
430:francophone
282:Бѣлая Армія
276:French Army
270:recaptured
207:Ruhr region
1316:Categories
1255:2019-02-10
1214:9 February
1178:9 February
1141:8 February
1100:8 February
1063:8 February
1027:7 February
982:8 February
910:7 February
878:7 February
840:7 February
799:References
703:Les Justes
666:Draguignan
386:Ida Gilman
296:Yugoslavia
252:Bolsheviks
54:1895-08-17
662:Marseille
653:Marseille
600:free zone
366:Taylorism
288:Denikin's
274:from the
244:Lithuania
204:Germany's
149:Biography
1295:Archived
1249:Archived
1205:Archived
1169:Archived
1132:Archived
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1021:Archived
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834:Archived
771:Ida Mett
596:Toulouse
524:Brussels
503:Verviers
390:Smarhon’
381:Ida Mett
375:monoglot
312:fascisti
268:Red army
256:Red army
188:Wallonia
145:exiles.
117:Children
789:, with
769:, with
757:, 1926.
680:Postwar
640:Belgium
552:Germany
499:Jupille
433:Belgium
394:Vilnius
292:Romania
250:as the
240:Vilnius
160:Jupille
143:Russian
139:Belgium
131:Belgian
70:Belgium
62:Jupille
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1241:
646:Escape
636:France
465:Madrid
449:France
439:area.
406:Poland
354:France
316:Moscow
272:Odessa
264:Odessa
260:Typhus
236:Moscow
220:Bergen
216:Russia
135:French
133:-born
107:Spouse
92:France
1208:(PDF)
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1124:(PDF)
1094:(PDF)
1083:(PDF)
689:Paris
572:Paris
457:Spain
437:Liège
410:Paris
398:Minsk
324:Yalta
304:Milan
300:Italy
168:Liège
166:from
164:river
88:Paris
66:Liège
1303:2019
1270:ISBN
1239:ISBN
1216:2019
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842:2019
630:and
529:Mett
471:and
396:and
358:Jura
320:Tula
242:and
77:Died
38:Born
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548:War
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262:in
196:war
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