508:) since the zodiac was first described in ancient times. These first three parts are what Oresme considers the physical influences of the stars and planets (including sun and moon) on the earth, and while he offers critiques of them, he accepts that effects exist. The last three parts are what Oresme considers to concern (good or bad) fortune. They are interrogations, meaning asking the stars when to do things such as business deals; elections, meaning choosing the best time to do things such as getting married or fighting a war and nativities, meaning the natal astrology with birth charts that forms much of modern astrological practice. Oresme classifies interrogations and elections as "totally false" arts, but his critique of nativities is more measured. He denies that any path is predetermined by the heavenly bodies, because humans have
549:
591:. Oresme proposed that the geometrical form of such a figure could be regarded as corresponding to a characteristic of the quality itself. Oresme defined a uniform quality as that which is represented by a line parallel to the longitude, and any other quality as difform. Uniformly varying qualities are represented by a straight line inclined to the axis of the longitude, while he described many cases of nonuniformly varying qualities. Oresme extended this doctrine to figures of three dimensions. He considered this analysis applicable to many different qualities such as hotness, whiteness, and sweetness. Significantly for later developments, Oresme applied this concept to the analysis of local motion where the
2349:
673:/2 of them they sum to at least 1/2. For instance, there is one term 1/2, then two terms 1/3 + 1/4 that together sum to at least 1/2, then four terms 1/5 + 1/6 + 1/7 + 1/8 that also sum to at least 1/2, and so on. Thus the series must be greater than the series 1 + 1/2 + 1/2 + 1/2 + ..., which does not have a finite limit. This proves that the harmonic series must be divergent. This argument shows that the sum of the first
1211:
779:
dimensions it has a new “modus rei” or “way of being,” which should only be described through the perspective of the moving object, rather than a distinct point. This line of thought coincides with Oresme's challenge to the structure of the universe. Oresme's description of motion was not popular, although it was thorough. A Richard
Brinkley is thought to be an inspiration for the modus-rei description, but this is uncertain.
407:
512:, but he accepts that the heavenly bodies can influence behaviour and habitual mood, via the combination of humours in each person. Overall, Oresme's skepticism is strongly shaped by his understanding of the scope of astrology. He accepts things a modern skeptic would reject, and rejects some things — such as the knowability of planetary movements, and effects on weather — that are accepted by modern science.
33:
976:
private affairs. Though the monarchy rightfully has claims on all money given an emergency, Oresme states that any ruler that goes through this is a “Tyrant dominating slaves”. Oresme was one of the first medieval theorists that did not accept the right of the monarch to have claims on all money as well as “his subjects’ right to own private property.”
874:, whom he occasionally quotes, Oresme conceives of this popular participation as rather restrictive: only the multitude of reasonable, wise and virtuous men should be allowed political participation by electing and correcting the prince, changing the law and passing judgement. Oresme, however, categorically denies the
433:, all the movements that we see in the heavens that are computed by the astronomers would appear exactly the same as if the spheres were rotating around the Earth. He rejected the physical argument that if the Earth were moving the air would be left behind causing a great wind from east to west. In his view the
1256:, University of Wisconsin Press, 1969, p. 95: "hen one asks more specifically what, for example, Galileo or Descartes actually knew and what use they made of the dynamics of impetus or of fourteenth-century Oxford kinematics or of Oresme's graphical methods, the evidence becomes difficult and unsatisfactory."
1027:, 'may be justly said to stand at the head of modern economic literature. This treatise laid the foundations of monetary science, which are now accepted by all sound economists.' 'Oresme's completely secular and naturalistic method of treating one of the most important problems of political economy,' says
445:
would all share the same motion. As to the scriptural passage that speaks of the motion of the Sun, he concludes that "this passage conforms to the customary usage of popular speech" and is not to be taken literally. He also noted that it would be more economical for the small Earth to rotate on its
499:
fluids of the body. Oresme criticizes all of these as misdirected, though he accepts that prediction is a legitimate area of study, and argues that the effect on the weather is less well known than the effect on great events. He observes that sailors and farmers are better at predicting weather than
975:
which he completed between 1356 and 1360. His belief is that humans have a natural right to own property; this property belongs to the individual and community. In Part 4, Oresme provides a solution to a political problem as to how a monarch can be held accountable to put the common good before any
482:
treats it as having six parts. The first, essentially astronomy, the movements of heavenly bodies, he considers good science but not precisely knowable. The second part deals with the influences of the heavenly bodies on earthly events at all scales. Oresme does not deny such influence, but states,
1013:
says that it contains 'a theory of money, elaborated in the fourteenth century, which remains perfectly correct to-day, under the test of the principles applied in the nineteenth century, and that with a brevity, a precision, a clarity, and a simplicity of language which is a striking proof of the
454:
In his mathematical work, Oresme developed the notion of incommensurate fractions, fractions that could not be expressed as powers of one another, and made probabilistic, statistical arguments as to their relative frequency. From this, he argued that it was very probable that the length of the day
1035:
adds his tribute of praise: 'The conceptions of national wealth and national power were ruling ideas in economic matters for several centuries, and Oresme appears to be the earliest of the economic writers by whom they were explicitly adopted as the very basis of his argument…. A large number of
1022:
to an economic subject, and it expresses many ideas which are very just, more just than those which held the field for a long period after him, under the name of mercantilism, and more just than those which allowed of the reduction of money as if it were nothing more than a counter of exchange.'
778:
in that motion is attributed to an object, but that an object is “set into” motion, rather than “given” motion, denying a distinction between a motionless object and an object in motion. To Oresme, an object moves, but it is not a moving object. Once an object begins movement through the three
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Oresme was known to be a well rounded psychologist. He practiced the technique of “inner senses” and studied the perception of the world. Oresme contributed to 19th and 20th century psychology in the fields of cognitive psychology, perception psychology, psychology of consciousness, and
602:
He shows that his method of figuring the latitude of forms is applicable to the movement of a point, on condition that the time is taken as longitude and the speed as latitude; quantity is, then, the space covered in a given time. In virtue of this transposition, the theorem of the
1919:, Louvain 1960 (Studies Presented to the International Commission for the History of Representative and Parliamentary Institutions, 23), 95–151, esp. 111–112; Jacques Krynen: Aristotélisme et réforme de l'Etat, en France, au XIVe siècle, in: Jürgen Miethke (ed.):
1795:
Nicole Oresme ... was the first to prove the divergence of the harmonic series (c. 1350). His results were lost for several centuries, and the result was proved again by
Italian mathematician Pietro Mengoli in 1647 and by Swiss mathematician Johann Bernoulli in
985:
psychophysics. Oresme discovered the psychology of unconscious and came up with the theory of unconscious conclusion of perception. He developed many ideas beyond quality, quantity, categories and terms which were labeled “theory of cognition”.
773:
as "Every motion is produced by a mover." Buridan and Albert of Saxony each subscribed to the classic interpretation of flux being an innate part of an object, but Oresme differs from his contemporaries in this aspect. Oresme agrees with
1815:
Thijssen, Johannes (2009). "The Debate over the Nature of Motion: John
Buridan, Nicole Oresme and Albert of Saxony. With an Edition of John Buridan's 'Quaestiones Super Libros Physicorum, Secundum Ultimam Lecturam', Book III, Q. 7".
446:
axis than the immense sphere of the stars. Nonetheless, he concluded that none of these arguments were conclusive and "everyone maintains, and I think myself, that the heavens do move and not the Earth."
490:
The third part concerns predictiveness, covering events at three different scales: great events such as plagues, famines, floods and wars; weather, winds and storms; and medicine, with influences on the
487:, or that they actually cause such events, deterministically. Mediaevalist Chauncey Wood remarks that this major elision "makes it very difficult to determine who believed what about astrology".
741:
He also worked on fractional powers, and the notion of probability over infinite sequences, ideas which would not be further developed for the next three and five centuries, respectively.
1099:
Nicole Oresme and the medieval geometry of qualities and motions: a treatise on the uniformity and difformity of intensities known as
Tractatus de configurationibus qualitatum et motuum
1083:
Nicole Oresme on Light, Color and the
Rainbow: An Edition and Translation, with introduction and critical notes, of Part of Book Three of his Questiones super quatuor libros meteororum
520:
In discussing the propagation of light and sound, Oresme adopted the common medieval doctrine of the multiplication of species, as it had been developed by optical writers such as
1948:. Gesellschaftlicher Wandel im Spiegel der politischen Philosophie und im Urteil von städtischen Chronisten des späten Mittelalters, in: Jürgen Miethke, Klaus Schreiner (eds.):
971:
matter, Oresme brings an interesting insight on the medieval conception of money. Oresme's viewpoints of theoretical architecture are outlined in Part 3 and 4 of his work from
467:
would never recur in quite exactly the same way. Oresme maintained that this disproves the claims of astrologers who, thinking "they know with punctual exactness the motions,
725:
1893:, Louvain 1960 (Studies Presented to the International Commission for the History of Representative and Parliamentary Institutions, 23), 95–151, esp. 99–106.
3142:
2196:
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as superior to the king's will. It must only be changed in cases of extreme necessity. Oresme favours moderate kingship, thereby negating contemporary
753:
and Albert of Saxony, shaped and critiqued
Aristotle's and Averroes's theories of motion to their own liking. Taking inspiration from the theories of
579:. For the sake of clarity, Oresme conceived the idea of visualizing these concepts by plane figures, approaching what we would now call rectangular
2154:
Fryde, E. B. (1958). "Reviewed Work: The De Moneta of
Nicholas Oresme and English Mint Documents. (Nelson's Mediaeval Texts) by Charles Johnson".
630:
he has the curvature as being inversely proportional to radius and attempts to extend this to other curves as a continuously varying magnitude.
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1217:
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became the law of the space traversed in case of uniformly varied motion; thus Oresme published what was taught over two centuries prior to
3132:
1051:
Nicole Oresme's De visione stellarum (On seeing the stars): a critical edition of Oresme's treatise on optics and atmospheric refraction
734:
Oresme was the first mathematician to prove this fact, and (after his proof was lost) it was not proven again until the 17th century by
3167:
2417:
2228:
Nicole Oresme and the
Medieval Geometry of Qualities and Motions: A Treatise on the Uniformity and Difformity of Intensities Known as
1623:
Nicole Oresme and the
Medieval Geometry of Qualities and Motions; a treatise on the uniformity and difformity of intensities known as
1593:
Nicole Oresme and the
Medieval Geometry of Qualities and Motions; a treatise on the uniformity and difformity of intensities known as
1563:
Nicole Oresme and the Medieval Geometry of Qualities and Motions; a treatise on the uniformity and difformity of intensities known as
920:
as corrupt, tyrannical and oligarchical, he never fundamentally questions its necessity for the spiritual well-being of the faithful.
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548:
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895:
1843:
3152:
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Woodhouse, Adam (2017–2018). ""Who Owns the Money?" Currency, Property, and Popular Sovereignty in Nicole Oresme's De moneta".
2019:
Der König und die Bücher. Sammlung, Nutzung und Funktion der königlichen Bibliothek am spätmittelalterlichen Hof in Frankreich
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2213:
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in line with a commonly held opinion, that it could either be that arrangements of heavenly bodies signify events, purely
3157:
3127:
2370:
1093:
Nicole Oresme and the kinematics of circular motion: Tractatus de commensurabilitate vel incommensurabilitate motuum celi
305:. Practically nothing is known concerning his family. The fact that Oresme attended the royally sponsored and subsidised
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587:
proportional to the intensity erected perpendicular to the base at a given point on the base line, which represents the
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859:
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60,6 (1970), 30; Cary J. Nederman: A Heretic Hiding in Plain Sight. The Secret History of Marsiglio of Padua's
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alone is inclined to quarrel with the pre-eminence of Oresme; but on this question, he is in a minority of one.
1032:
325:
641:. His proof, requiring less advanced mathematics than current standard tests for divergence (for example, the
459:), as indeed were the periods of the motions of the moon and the planets. From this, he noted that planetary
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2326:
Nicola Oresme. Trattato sull'origine, la natura, il diritto e i cambiamenti del denaro. Testo latino a fronte
642:
638:
186:
135:
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3162:
2435:
1438:
540:. Oresme maintained that these species were immaterial, but corporeal (i.e., three-dimensional) entities.
3147:
2359:(SPC) MSS BH 100 COCH Volume of works by Nicole Oresme, Maffeo Vegio, and Jordanus von Osnabrück at OPenn
899:
505:
2013:
Shulamith Shahar: Nicolas Oresme, un penseur politique indépendant de l'entourage du roi Charles V, in:
1902:
Shulamith Shahar: Nicolas Oresme, un penseur politique indépendant de l'entourage du roi Charles V, in:
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works for his own profit. A monarch can ensure the stability and durability of his reign by letting the
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on its axis. From astronomical considerations, he maintained that if the Earth were moving and not the
390:
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astrologers, and specifically attacks the astrological basis of prediction, noting correctly that the
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2358:
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680:
438:
434:
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923:
It has traditionally been thought that Oresme's Aristotelian translations had a major influence on
2208:. Vol. 10. New York: Scribner & American Council of Learned Societies. pp. 223–240.
1780:
The Math Book: From Pythagoras to the 57th Dimension, 250 Milestones in the History of Mathematics
1036:
points of economic doctrine in regard to coinage are discussed with much judgment and clearness.'
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1923:, München 1992 (Schriften des Historischen Kollegs, 21), 225–236, esp. 231–232; James M. Blythe:
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442:
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since it endangers the common good. Unlike earlier commentators, however, Oresme prescribes the
3093:
3067:
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3032:
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2925:
1115:. A. D. Menut and A. J. Denomy, ed. and trans. (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1968,
1778:
3112:
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2920:
1305:
1222:
1024:
939:
have been accredited to Oresme, as has the election of several high-ranking officials by the
904:
811:
426:
2125:
797:'s moral works that are still extant today. Between 1371 and 1377 he translated Aristotle's
3117:
3057:
3027:
2691:
2558:
2543:
2513:
2466:
1774:
1031:, 'is a signal of the approaching end of the Middle Ages and the dawn of the Renaissance.'
936:
805:
464:
1950:
Sozialer Wandel im Mittelalter. Wahrnehmungsformen, Erklärungsmuster, Regelungsmechanismen
1009:
The merits of this work have excited the unanimous admiration of all who have studied it.
769:
is described by William of Ockham as "Every thing that is moved is moved by a mover," and
8:
3042:
2811:
2732:
2583:
2458:
2381:
1307:
Prelude to Galileo: essays on medieval and sixteenth-century sources of Galileo's thought
924:
875:
867:
788:
611:'s making it famous. Diagrams of the velocity of an accelerating object against time in
468:
382:
329:
310:
271:
154:
118:
103:
1067:, translated by Bert Hansen, (Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 1985,
2895:
2767:
2747:
2616:
2578:
2508:
2488:
2303:
2171:
2107:
1873:
Vivarium: Journal for Mediaeval Philosophy and the Intellectual Life of the Middle Ages
1668:
948:
928:
871:
820:
799:
761:, Oresme would suggest his own descriptions for change and motion in his commentary of
525:
363:
345:
306:
190:
150:
128:
99:
2070:
Heresy in Transition. Transforming Ideas of Heresy in Medieval and Early Modern Europe
993:
Oresme's economic thought remained well regarded centuries after his death. In a 1920
823:
on these texts, thereby expressing some of his political views. Like his predecessors
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2786:
2711:
2329:
2310:
2269:
2246:
2209:
2111:
2099:
1915:
Mario Grignaschi: Nicolas Oresme et son commentaire à la «Politique» d'Aristote, in:
1889:
Mario Grignaschi: Nicolas Oresme et son commentaire à la «Politique» d'Aristote, in:
1784:
1713:
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1629:
1599:
1569:
1448:
1311:
1284:
1134:
1116:
1102:
1068:
1054:
883:
832:
615:
by Oresme have been cited to credit Oresme with the discovery of "proto bar charts".
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represented the time, and the area of the figure represented the distance travelled.
456:
430:
415:
341:
302:
263:
2406:
1651:; Robyn, Dorothy L. (1978), "Quantitative Graphics in Statistics: A Brief History",
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in the early 1370s. Oresme may have conveyed Marsilian and conciliarist thought to
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634:
309:, an institution for students too poor to pay their expenses while studying at the
182:
1871:
Caroti, Stefano (1993). "Oresme on Motion (Questiones Super Physicam, III, 2–7)".
2706:
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2626:
1686:
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1190:
1167:
1101:, translated by Marshall Clagett, (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1971,
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917:
333:
290:
210:
60:
358:
In 1356, he received his doctorate and in the same year he became grand master (
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2482:
1844:"NASC 400 History of Science to 1700 / Mechanics and Motion in the Middle Ages"
1544:
Peter Marshall, "Nicole Oresme on the Nature, Reflection, and Speed of Light,"
1133:. Edward Grant, ed. and trans. (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1966,
1028:
909:
828:
735:
87:
64:
471:, conjunctions and oppositions… rashly and erroneously about future events."
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1829:
1015:
940:
816:
337:
1095:, translated by Edward Grant, (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1971)
1065:
Nicole Oresme and the marvels of nature: a study of his De causis mirabilium
3072:
3062:
2816:
2727:
2656:
2621:
2305:
Chaucer and the Country of the Stars: Poetical Uses of Astrological Imagery
2238:
750:
321:
178:
2002:
L'empire du roi. Ideés et croyances politiques en France. XIIIe–XVe siècle
1976:
L'empire du roi. Ideés et croyances politiques en France. XIIIe–XVe siècle
870:. Like Albert the Great, Thomas Aquinas, Peter of Auvergne and especially
815:(the last of which is nowadays considered to be pseudo-Aristotelian) into
571:(as the length of the heated rod). These two terms were often replaced by
3077:
2915:
2846:
2831:
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2772:
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2661:
2641:
2636:
2568:
2498:
2068:
in the Thought of Nicole Oresme, in: John Christian Laursen u.a. (eds.):
944:
863:
844:
580:
533:
529:
239:
231:
227:
2427:
2285:"Nicolas Oresme und Gabriel Biel: Zur Geldtheorie im späten Mittelalter"
2175:
2162:(1). Society for the Study of Medieval Languages and Literature: 34–36.
890:. Furthermore, Oresme doesn't comply to contemporary conceptions of the
2996:
2976:
2836:
2826:
1672:
1485:. Harvard University Press; Liverpool University Press. pp. 53–57.
840:
650:
563:. In a quality, or accidental form, such as heat, he distinguished the
267:
255:
140:
1522:(Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 1985), pp. 89–90.
1483:
Nicole Oresme and the Astrologers: A Study of his Livre de Divinacions
559:
Oresme's most important contributions to mathematics are contained in
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2935:
2905:
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2289:
Scripta Mercaturae: Zeitschrift für Wirtschafts- und Sozialgeschichte
2167:
1737:
887:
794:
623:
509:
496:
475:
378:
370:
251:
247:
235:
41:, Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, France, fonds français 565, fol. 1r.
1535:, (Chicago: University of Chicago Pr., 1976), pp. 78–80, 98, 113–16.
1106:
324:(the so-called founder of the French school of natural philosophy),
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2986:
2971:
2966:
2885:
2493:
2095:
968:
836:
352:
298:
259:
2651:
1444:
The Science of Conjecture, Evidence and Probability before Pascal
1281:
Dictionnaire de la prononciation française dans sa norme actuelle
932:
608:
521:
492:
406:
386:
243:
83:
274:, and one of the most original thinkers of 14th-century Europe.
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2401:
1447:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 140–145.
856:
852:
627:
537:
501:
484:
425:
Oresme discussed a range of evidence for and against the daily
1989:
Ideal Government and the Mixed Constitution in the Middle Ages
1963:
Ideal Government and the Mixed Constitution in the Middle Ages
1925:
Ideal Government and the Mixed Constitution in the Middle Ages
851:(by definition good) takes care of the common good, whereas a
583:. The intensity of the quality was represented by a length or
2421:
1003:
Treatise on the origin, nature, law, and alterations of money
961:
Treatise on the origin, nature, law, and alterations of money
374:
317:
2418:
Tractatus de Origine, Natura, Jure et Mutationibus Monetarum
1373:, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), pp. 114–16.
1018:, 'the treatise of Oresme is one of the first to be devoted
793:
Oresme provided the first modern vernacular translations of
2412:
The De Moneta of Nicholas Oresme and English Mint Documents
848:
294:
1053:, translated by Dan Burton, (Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2007,
1358:
De proportionibus proportionum and Ad pauca respicientes,
1343:
William J. Courtenay, The Early Career of Nicole Oresme,
1332:
De proportionibus proportionum and Ad pauca respicientes,
1001:
summed up the favorable academic consensus over Oresme's
879:
32:
2262:
Nicole Oresme and the Marvels of Nature: A Study of his
1283:(in French) (3rd ed.). Gembloux: J. Duculot, S. A.
1044:
313:, makes it probable that he came from a peasant family.
2072:, London 2005 (Catholic Christendom, 1300–1700), 71–88.
1568:, Madison: Univ. of Wisconsin Press, pp. 177–128,
1360:(Madison: University of Wisconsin Pr., 1966), pp. 4–10.
633:
Significantly, Oresme developed the first proof of the
1145:
The De moneta of N. Oresme, and English Mint documents
1628:, Madison: Univ. of Wisconsin Press, pp. 85–99,
683:
377:. Around 1369, he began a series of translations of
1371:
The Foundations of Modern Science in the Middle Ages
167:
Natural philosophy, astronomy, theology, mathematics
2243:
Nicole Oresme and the Kinematics of Circular Motion
2230:
Tractatus de configurationibus qualitatum at motuum
1921:
Das Publikum politischer Theorie im 14. Jahrhundert
1625:
Tractatus de configurationibus qualitatum et motuum
1595:
Tractatus de configurationibus qualitatum et motuum
1565:
Tractatus de configurationibus qualitatum et motuum
1334:(Madison: University of Wisconsin Pr., 1966), p. 4.
561:
Tractatus de configurationibus qualitatum et motuum
37:Portrait of Nicole Oresme: Miniature from Oresme's
2302:
2266:with Critical Edition, Translation, and Commentary
2062:Transactions of the American Philosophical Society
2049:Transactions of the American Philosophical Society
2036:Transactions of the American Philosophical Society
1942:Transactions of the American Philosophical Society
1783:, Sterling Publishing Company, Inc., p. 104,
1226:. Vol. 11. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
1085:(PhD dissertation, University of Wisconsin, 1974,
965:De origine, natura, jure et mutationibus monetarum
719:
504:has moved relative to the fixed stars (because of
2379:
967:), one of the earliest manuscripts devoted to an
626:as a measure of departure from straightness, for
3104:
1714:"A Medieval Mystery: Nicole Oresme's Concept of
1688:A Handbook of Statistical Graphics Using SAS ODS
749:Oresme, like many of his contemporaries such as
214:; 1 January 1325 – 11 July 1382), also known as
1480:
389:in 1371 and, with royal support, was appointed
2081:
1944:75,1 (1985), 1–158, esp. 83–84; Ulrich Meier:
1711:
2443:
1014:superior genius of its author.' According to
835:(and quite unlike Aristotle), Oresme favours
2268:. Pontifical Institute of Medieval Studies.
2021:, Ostfildern 2016 (Beihefte der Fancia, 80).
1725:Notices of the American Mathematical Society
1647:
1278:
2132:
1433:
1431:
1254:Critical Problems in the History of Science
1238:The Science of Mechanics in the Middle Ages
843:. His criterion for good government is the
567:(the degree of heat at each point) and the
3143:14th-century French Roman Catholic bishops
2450:
2436:
2323:
2245:. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
1952:, Sigmaringen 1994, 119–176, esp. 127–129.
1684:
1533:Theories of Vision from al-Kindi to Kepler
1230:
1147:, translated by C. Johnson, (London, 1956)
1079:Questiones super quatuor libros meteororum
886:thought, usually promoted by adherents of
31:
3023:Shahab al-Din Yahya ibn Habash Suhrawardi
2457:
2363:
2309:. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
2233:. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
1751:
1736:
1712:Serrano, Isabel; Suceavă, Bogdan (2015).
1347:, Vol. 91, No.3 (Sept. 2000), pp 542–548.
449:
2324:Labellarte, Alberto (a cura di) (2016).
2060:Albert Douglas Menut: Introduction, in:
2047:Albert Douglas Menut: Introduction, in:
1814:
1773:
1678:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1474:
1437:
1428:
1205:
1203:
1173:List of Roman Catholic scientist-clerics
988:
595:or intensity represented the speed, the
547:
405:
340:in arts by 1342, during the crisis over
2794:
2391:MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive
2282:
2222:
2191:
1659:(1), Taylor & Francis, Ltd.: 1–11,
1617:
1587:
1557:
1520:Nicole Oresme and the Marvels of Nature
1303:
927:politics: Charles' laws concerning the
3105:
2259:
2141:An Essay on Medieval Economic Teaching
1991:, Princeton, New Jersey 1992, 203–242.
1965:, Princeton, New Jersey 1992, 211–212.
1927:, Princeton, New Jersey 1992, 221–225.
1870:
1761:Questions concerning Euclid's Geometry
1685:Der, Geoff; Everitt, Brian S. (2014).
1297:
657:/2 − 1 terms in the series between 1/(
393:in 1377. In 1382, he died in Lisieux.
369:In 1364, he was appointed dean of the
289:in the village of Allemagnes (today's
2431:
2237:
2153:
1866:
1864:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1757:Quaestiones super Geometriam Euclidis
1598:, Madison: Univ. of Wisconsin Press,
1503:
1489:
1215:
1200:
1045:Selected works in English translation
916:. Although he heavily criticises the
665:. Each of these terms is at least 1/
209:
2896:Ikhwan al-Safa' (Brethren of Purity)
2300:
782:
2407:Article on Oresme's monetary theory
2371:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1310:. Springer Science & Business.
1195:The Genesis of the Copernican World
1023:'Oresme's treatise on money,' says
995:Essay on Medieval Economic Teaching
515:
13:
3133:14th-century French mathematicians
2297:(covers Oresme's monetary theory).
2205:Dictionary of Scientific Biography
2034:and the France of Charles V., in:
1940:and the France of Charles V., in:
1861:
1801:
862:. This has rather confusingly and
744:
455:and the year were incommensurate (
396:
14:
3179:
3168:People from Calvados (department)
2343:
2017:32 (1970), 203–209; Vanina Kopp:
1220:". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).
645:), begins by noting that for any
622:Oresme introduces the concept of
3138:14th-century French philosophers
2038:75,1 (1985), 1–158, esp. 98–146.
1548:, 72 (1981): 357–374, pp. 360–2.
1209:
677:terms grows at least as fast as
234:. He wrote influential works on
2504:Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite
2350:Works by or about Nicole Oresme
2202:. In Gillispie, Charles (ed.).
2147:
2118:
2075:
2054:
2041:
2024:
2007:
2004:, Paris 1993, 110–124, 343–456.
1994:
1981:
1968:
1955:
1946:Molte revoluzioni, molte novità
1930:
1909:
1896:
1883:
1836:
1767:
1745:
1705:
1641:
1611:
1581:
1551:
1538:
1525:
1512:
1461:
1415:
1402:
1389:
1376:
1363:
1350:
720:{\displaystyle (1/2)\log _{2}n}
2677:Petrus Peregrinus de Maricourt
1665:10.1080/00031305.1978.10479235
1337:
1324:
1272:
1259:
1243:
1184:
1127:De proportionibus proportionum
698:
684:
605:latitudo uniformiter difformis
543:
1:
3153:14th-century writers in Latin
2185:
1879:: 8–36 – via EBSCOhost.
979:
351:In 1348, he was a student of
316:Oresme studied the "arts" in
283:
1423:Le Livre du ciel et du monde
1410:Le Livre du ciel et du monde
1397:Le Livre du ciel et du monde
1384:Le Livre du ciel et du monde
1304:Wallace, William A. (1981).
1158:List of multiple discoveries
1113:Le Livre du ciel et du monde
954:
401:
7:
2030:Susan M. Babbitt: Oresme's
1936:Susan M. Babbitt: Oresme's
1151:
506:precession of the equinoxes
10:
3184:
3158:Catholic clergy scientists
3128:University of Paris alumni
2364:Kirschner, Stefan (2021).
2051:60,6 (1970), 5–43, esp. 9.
1818:Early Science and Medicine
1691:. Chapman and Hall - CRC.
1269:, BRILL, 2007, p. 19 n. 8.
1197:, MIT Press, 1987, p. 158.
1163:Science in the Middle Ages
786:
3090:
3010:
2982:Abu l-Barakat al-Baghdadi
2959:
2931:Abu Sulayman al-Sijistani
2891:Abu Bakr al-Razi (Rhazes)
2868:
2859:
2802:Isaac Israeli ben Solomon
2785:
2720:
2607:
2527:
2474:
2465:
2283:Mäkeler, Hendrik (2003).
1653:The American Statistician
931:and the possibility of a
860:participate in government
553:De latitudinibus formarum
423:Livre du ciel et du monde
412:Livre du ciel et du monde
332:, and there received the
196:
171:
161:
146:
134:
124:
114:
110:
95:
72:
46:
30:
23:
3048:Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi
2941:Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen)
2876:Jabir ibn Hayyan (Geber)
2396:University of St Andrews
2328:. Bari: Stilo Editrice.
2015:L'information historique
1904:L'information historique
1830:10.1163/157338209X425551
1481:Coopland, G. W. (1952).
1240:, Madison. 1959, p. 522.
1178:
613:On the Latitude of Forms
381:works at the request of
2911:Abu Ya'qub al-Sijistani
2906:Al-Farabi (Alpharabius)
2589:Dominicus Gundissalinus
2564:Richard of Saint Victor
2301:Wood, Chauncey (1970).
1216:Duhem, Pierre (1911). "
1081:, in SC McCluskey, ed,
669:, and since there are
282:Nicole Oresme was born
277:
3094:Renaissance philosophy
3068:Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi
3053:Athir al-Din al-Abhari
1978:, Paris 1993, 266–272.
1042:
819:. He also extensively
721:
556:
450:Critiques of astrology
418:
270:, a counselor of King
2992:Ayn al-Quzat Hamadani
2987:Ibn Bajjah (Avempace)
2459:Medieval philosophers
2260:Hansen, Bert (1985).
1775:Pickover, Clifford A.
1469:Ad pauca respicientes
1279:Léon Warnant (1987).
1223:Catholic Encyclopedia
1131:Ad pauca respicientes
1007:
989:Posthumous reputation
722:
551:
474:Oresme's critique of
427:rotation of the Earth
410:A page from Oresme's
409:
293:) in the vicinity of
181:, first proof of the
3123:14th-century Normans
3058:Nasir al-Din al-Tusi
3028:Fakhr al-Din al-Razi
3002:Ibn Rushd (Averroes)
2977:Al-Ghazali (Algazel)
2692:Godfrey of Fontaines
2594:Gilbert de la Porrée
2559:Hugh of Saint Victor
2544:Anselm of Canterbury
2514:John Scotus Eriugena
2382:Robertson, Edmund F.
2264:De causis mirabilium
1917:Album Helen Maud Cam
1891:Album Helen Maud Cam
1509:Wood, 1970. pp. 8–11
1267:De Visione Stellarum
839:as the best form of
681:
620:De configurationibus
480:Livre de divinacions
414:, 1377, showing the
385:, who granted him a
3163:Medieval physicists
2967:Ibn Sina (Avicenna)
2886:Al-Kindi (Alkindus)
2812:Solomon ibn Gabirol
2733:Marsilius of Inghen
2584:Bernard of Chartres
2380:O'Connor, John J.;
2032:Livre de Politiques
1938:Livre de Politiques
1906:32 (1970), 203–209.
1848:nasc400.pbworks.com
1531:David C. Lindberg,
1356:Edward Grant, ed.,
1330:Edward Grant, ed.,
900:Évrart de Trémaugon
868:popular sovereignty
789:Livre de Politiques
336:. He was already a
330:Marsilius of Inghen
311:University of Paris
272:Charles V of France
211:[nikɔlɔʁɛm]
155:University of Paris
119:Medieval philosophy
104:University of Paris
3148:Bishops of Lisieux
2768:Lambertus de Monte
2748:Francesc Eiximenis
2617:Robert Grosseteste
2579:Alexander of Hales
2509:Isidore of Seville
2489:Augustine of Hippo
1265:Dan Burton (ed.),
1236:Marshall Clagett,
997:, Irish economist
949:Christine de Pizan
929:line of succession
876:right of rebellion
872:Marsilius of Padua
717:
557:
526:Robert Grosseteste
419:
364:College of Navarre
346:natural philosophy
307:College of Navarre
191:mean speed theorem
151:College of Navarre
129:Western philosophy
100:College of Navarre
39:Traité de l'espère
16:French philosopher
3100:
3099:
3086:
3085:
2855:
2854:
2781:
2780:
2712:William of Ockham
2335:978-88-6479-158-6
2224:Clagett, Marshall
2215:978-0-684-10114-9
2193:Clagett, Marshall
2139:O'Brien, George,
1987:James M. Blythe:
1961:James M. Blythe:
1698:978-1-584-88784-3
1649:Beniger, James R.
1619:Clagett, Marshall
1589:Clagett, Marshall
1559:Clagett, Marshall
1290:978-2-8011-0581-8
898:, as promoted by
864:anachronistically
833:Peter of Auvergne
783:Political thought
431:celestial spheres
416:celestial spheres
391:bishop of Lisieux
342:William of Ockham
303:diocese of Bayeux
264:Bishop of Lisieux
200:
199:
3175:
2866:
2865:
2822:Abraham ibn Daud
2792:
2791:
2753:Nicholas of Cusa
2743:Albert of Saxony
2672:Boetius of Dacia
2667:Siger of Brabant
2472:
2471:
2452:
2445:
2438:
2429:
2428:
2402:Oresme biography
2398:
2375:
2354:Internet Archive
2339:
2320:
2308:
2296:
2279:
2256:
2234:
2219:
2201:
2180:
2179:
2168:10.2307/43626716
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2145:
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2115:
2079:
2073:
2058:
2052:
2045:
2039:
2028:
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2011:
2005:
2000:Jacques Krynen:
1998:
1992:
1985:
1979:
1974:Jacques Krynen:
1972:
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1900:
1894:
1887:
1881:
1880:
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1834:
1833:
1824:(1–3): 186–210.
1812:
1799:
1798:
1771:
1765:
1764:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1738:10.1090/noti1275
1731:(9): 1030–1034.
1722:
1709:
1703:
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1676:
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1645:
1639:
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1578:
1555:
1549:
1542:
1536:
1529:
1523:
1516:
1510:
1507:
1501:
1500:Wood, 1970. p. 9
1498:
1487:
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1472:
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1459:
1458:
1435:
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1341:
1335:
1328:
1322:
1321:
1301:
1295:
1294:
1276:
1270:
1263:
1257:
1250:Marshall Clagett
1247:
1241:
1234:
1228:
1227:
1213:
1212:
1207:
1198:
1188:
925:King Charles V's
905:Songe du vergier
825:Albert the Great
726:
724:
723:
718:
710:
709:
694:
516:Sense perception
326:Albert of Saxony
320:, together with
288:
287: 1320–1325
285:
224:Nicolas d'Oresme
213:
208:
79:
56:
54:
35:
21:
20:
3183:
3182:
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3101:
3096:
3082:
3006:
2955:
2901:Matta ibn Yunus
2851:
2777:
2716:
2707:Petrus Aureolus
2682:Meister Eckhart
2627:Albertus Magnus
2609:
2603:
2529:
2523:
2461:
2456:
2386:"Nicole Oresme"
2366:"Nicole Oresme"
2346:
2336:
2317:
2276:
2253:
2216:
2199:
2197:"Nicole Oresme"
2188:
2183:
2152:
2148:
2137:
2133:
2126:"Nicole Oresme"
2124:
2123:
2119:
2080:
2076:
2059:
2055:
2046:
2042:
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2012:
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1995:
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1973:
1969:
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1956:
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1499:
1490:
1479:
1475:
1466:
1462:
1455:
1439:Franklin, James
1436:
1429:
1420:
1416:
1407:
1403:
1394:
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1377:
1368:
1364:
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1318:
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1291:
1277:
1273:
1264:
1260:
1248:
1244:
1235:
1231:
1210:
1208:
1201:
1191:Hans Blumenberg
1189:
1185:
1181:
1168:Oresme (crater)
1154:
1047:
991:
982:
957:
914:Traité du sacre
791:
785:
747:
745:On local motion
729:Harmonic series
705:
701:
690:
682:
679:
678:
639:harmonic series
546:
518:
452:
404:
399:
397:Scientific work
334:Magister Artium
291:Fleury-sur-Orne
286:
280:
226:, was a French
220:Nicholas Oresme
206:
187:harmonic series
174:
164:
96:Alma mater
91:
81:
77:
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61:Fleury-sur-Orne
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2999:
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2842:Hasdai Crescas
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2763:Paul of Venice
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2758:Vincent Ferrer
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2649:
2647:Thomas Aquinas
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2639:
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2632:Henry of Ghent
2629:
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2599:Alain de Lille
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2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2921:Abd al-Jabbar
2919:
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2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2738:Nicole Oresme
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2719:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
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2687:Giles of Rome
2685:
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2600:
2597:
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2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2574:Peter Lombard
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2549:Peter Abelard
2547:
2545:
2542:
2539:
2538:Scholasticism
2535:
2534:
2532:
2526:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
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2373:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2351:
2348:
2347:
2337:
2331:
2327:
2322:
2318:
2316:0-691-06172-6
2312:
2307:
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2299:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2281:
2277:
2275:0-88844-068-5
2271:
2267:
2263:
2258:
2254:
2252:0-299-05830-1
2248:
2244:
2240:
2239:Grant, Edward
2236:
2232:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2211:
2207:
2206:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2189:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2150:
2144:
2143:, pp.217-218.
2142:
2135:
2127:
2121:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2090:(1): 85–116.
2089:
2085:
2078:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2057:
2050:
2044:
2037:
2033:
2027:
2020:
2016:
2010:
2003:
1997:
1990:
1984:
1977:
1971:
1964:
1958:
1951:
1947:
1943:
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1933:
1926:
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1918:
1912:
1905:
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1845:
1839:
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1823:
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1811:
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1797:
1792:
1790:9781402757969
1786:
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1635:0-299-04880-2
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1605:0-299-04880-2
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1575:0-299-04880-2
1571:
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1534:
1528:
1521:
1518:Bert Hansen,
1515:
1506:
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1454:9780801865695
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1224:
1219:
1218:Nicole Oresme
1206:
1204:
1196:
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1187:
1183:
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1139:9780299040000
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1121:9780783797878
1118:
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1111:
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1091:
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1080:
1077:
1074:
1073:9780888440686
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1059:9789004153707
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937:underage king
934:
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838:
834:
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826:
822:
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817:Middle French
814:
813:
808:
807:
802:
801:
796:
790:
780:
777:
776:fluxus formae
772:
771:fluxus formae
768:
764:
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759:fluxus formae
756:
752:
742:
739:
737:
732:
730:
714:
711:
706:
702:
695:
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648:
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643:integral test
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367:
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361:
356:
354:
349:
347:
343:
339:
338:regent master
335:
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314:
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308:
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296:
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275:
273:
269:
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257:
253:
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245:
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233:
230:of the later
229:
225:
221:
217:
212:
204:
203:Nicole Oresme
195:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
173:Notable ideas
170:
166:
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71:
66:
62:
49:
45:
40:
34:
29:
25:Nicole Oresme
22:
19:
3113:1320s births
3073:Ibn Taymiyya
3063:Ibn al-Nafis
2817:Judah Halevi
2737:
2728:Jean Buridan
2657:John Peckham
2622:Michael Scot
2389:
2369:
2325:
2304:
2292:
2288:
2265:
2261:
2242:
2231:
2227:
2203:
2159:
2155:
2149:
2140:
2134:
2120:
2087:
2083:
2077:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2056:
2048:
2043:
2035:
2031:
2026:
2018:
2014:
2009:
2001:
1996:
1988:
1983:
1975:
1970:
1962:
1957:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1932:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1911:
1903:
1898:
1890:
1885:
1876:
1872:
1851:. Retrieved
1847:
1838:
1821:
1817:
1794:
1779:
1769:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1747:
1728:
1724:
1715:
1707:
1687:
1680:
1656:
1652:
1643:
1626:
1622:
1613:
1596:
1592:
1583:
1566:
1562:
1553:
1545:
1540:
1532:
1527:
1519:
1514:
1505:
1482:
1476:
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1422:
1417:
1409:
1404:
1396:
1391:
1383:
1378:
1370:
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1194:
1186:
1144:
1130:
1126:
1112:
1098:
1092:
1087:Google Books
1082:
1078:
1064:
1050:
1019:
1008:
1002:
994:
992:
983:
972:
964:
960:
958:
922:
913:
903:
866:been called
810:
804:
798:
792:
775:
770:
767:Forma fluens
766:
762:
758:
755:forma fluens
754:
751:John Buridan
748:
740:
733:
727:. (See also
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
653:, there are
646:
632:
619:
617:
612:
604:
601:
596:
592:
588:
584:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
558:
552:
519:
497:Aristotelian
489:
485:symbolically
479:
473:
461:conjunctions
453:
422:
420:
411:
379:Aristotelian
368:
360:grand-maître
359:
357:
350:
328:and perhaps
322:Jean Buridan
315:
281:
223:
219:
215:
202:
201:
179:co-ordinates
177:Rectangular
147:Institutions
78:(1382-07-11)
76:11 July 1382
38:
18:
3118:1382 deaths
3078:Ibn Khaldun
2916:Ibn Masarra
2847:Joseph Albo
2832:Nachmanides
2807:Saadia Gaon
2773:John Hennon
2697:Duns Scotus
2662:Ramon Llull
2642:Bonaventure
2637:Roger Bacon
2499:Cassiodorus
2295:(1): 56–94.
2156:Medium Ævum
1755:(c. 1360).
1386:, pp. 521–3
1020:ex professo
945:Jean Gerson
910:Jean Golein
892:French king
845:common good
581:coordinates
544:Mathematics
534:John Pecham
530:Roger Bacon
495:, the four
465:oppositions
240:mathematics
232:Middle Ages
228:philosopher
3107:Categories
3043:al-Qazwini
3018:Ibn Sab'in
2997:Ibn Tufayl
2951:al-Kirmani
2837:Gersonides
2827:Maimonides
2186:References
980:Psychology
973:De moneta,
884:absolutist
841:government
661:/2) and 1/
651:power of 2
649:that is a
635:divergence
457:irrational
355:in Paris.
268:translator
256:philosophy
183:divergence
141:Nominalism
53:1325-01-01
3092:See also
3038:Ibn Arabi
2946:al-Biruni
2936:Miskawayh
2881:al-Nazzam
2467:Christian
2112:159539712
2104:0038-7134
1471:, p. 383.
959:With his
955:Economics
888:Roman law
821:commented
812:Economics
795:Aristotle
712:
624:curvature
597:longitudo
589:longitudo
577:longitudo
510:free will
476:astrology
402:Cosmology
383:Charles V
371:Cathedral
362:) of the
301:, in the
252:astronomy
248:astrology
236:economics
2972:Ibn Hazm
2926:Al-Amiri
2795:Medieval
2702:Durandus
2569:Roscelin
2494:Boethius
2241:(1971).
2226:(1968).
2195:(1970).
2176:43626716
2084:Speculum
1777:(2009),
1716:Curvitas
1621:(1968),
1591:(1968),
1561:(1968),
1467:Oresme,
1441:(2001).
1425:, p. 537
1421:Oresme,
1412:, p. 535
1408:Oresme,
1399:, p. 531
1395:Oresme,
1382:Oresme,
1152:See also
1038:Endemann
969:economic
837:monarchy
806:Politics
593:latitudo
585:latitudo
573:latitudo
569:extensio
565:intensio
353:theology
299:Normandy
260:theology
90:, France
88:Normandy
67:, France
65:Normandy
2861:Islamic
2652:Vitello
2610:century
2608:13–14th
2530:century
2528:11–12th
2352:at the
1673:2683467
1252:(ed.),
1029:Espinas
1025:Macleod
1011:Roscher
935:for an
933:regency
912:in his
902:in his
763:Physics
637:of the
628:circles
609:Galileo
522:Alhacen
493:humours
478:in his
469:aspects
421:In his
387:pension
244:physics
207:French:
185:of the
84:Lisieux
2787:Jewish
2519:Alcuin
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2249:
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2110:
2102:
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1632:
1602:
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1214:
1137:
1119:
1105:
1071:
1057:
1016:Brants
918:Church
896:sacred
857:people
853:tyrant
800:Ethics
555:, 1486
538:Witelo
536:, and
502:zodiac
441:, and
262:; was
258:, and
136:School
125:Region
2869:Early
2475:Early
2422:Latin
2414:(pdf)
2200:(PDF)
2172:JSTOR
2108:S2CID
1853:4 May
1796:1687.
1759:[
1721:(PDF)
1669:JSTOR
1179:Notes
439:Water
435:Earth
375:Rouen
318:Paris
222:, or
3011:Late
2960:High
2721:Late
2330:ISBN
2311:ISBN
2270:ISBN
2247:ISBN
2210:ISBN
2100:ISSN
1855:2018
1785:ISBN
1693:ISBN
1630:ISBN
1600:ISBN
1570:ISBN
1546:Isis
1449:ISBN
1345:Isis
1312:ISBN
1285:ISBN
1135:ISBN
1129:and
1117:ISBN
1103:OCLC
1069:ISBN
1055:ISBN
947:and
849:king
847:. A
831:and
809:and
757:and
575:and
463:and
295:Caen
278:Life
266:, a
73:Died
47:Born
2164:doi
2092:doi
1826:doi
1733:doi
1661:doi
1107:894
908:or
894:as
880:law
703:log
618:In
443:Air
373:of
366:.
344:'s
115:Era
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1729:62
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297:,
284:c.
254:,
250:,
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153:(
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102:(
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
