610:: Nigerian lowland forests help sequester carbon dioxide, making them an essential asset in the fight against climate change. They can be utilized to generate carbon credits and offsets, which can be traded on international carbon markets, offering economic benefits to the nation. Owners can emit a fixed quantity of greenhouse gases with the use of carbon offsets, also known as carbon credits. They are a part of a cap-and-trade scheme in which corporations that pollute get credits to keep doing so up to a predetermined, regularly lowered limit. Private businesses are encouraged to cut emissions by selling extra allowances and investing in more credits. There are two ways to account for the greenhouse gases causing climate change: carbon offsets and carbon credits. Carbon offsets measure the amount of greenhouse gas removal from the environment, such as planting trees to absorb ozone and carbon dioxide. The right to emit one ton of carbon dioxide is represented by carbon credits, which are tradable instruments that are assigned to emitting sources or that are sold at auction. Both seek to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in an effort to slow down global warming. To lessen their carbon footprints, businesses can trade carbon credits.
240:
late as the 1960s and 1970s. As a result, Nigeria now has 96,000 km2 of designated forest reserves, with 20,700 km2 of those reserves being in the forest ecological zone, and the remaining 82 reserves being in the country's lowland forests, which make up 10,504 km2 or about 15% of the total area. Large sections of forest continued to fall beyond the forest reserves even during this time. Prior to 1960, working plans were used to manage forest reserves, and colonial officials made sure that these plans were strictly followed. The amount of timber being extracted, however, increased by 1960, and once the 1970s saw the start of oil windfall earnings, domestic demand for timber goods skyrocketed. In an effort to boost foreign cash and support local businesspeople, economic trees like mahoganies and iroko (Milicia excelsa), which were formerly controlled by foreigners and expatriates, were selectively logged in huge quantities under laxer forestry rules. These are great economic trees that aid the people in development and building of houses.
236:. They are considered one of the most biodiverse habitats in the country and are home to a wide range of plant and animal species. There is still significant tree cover, but the remaining enclaves of forest are increasingly fragmented. Though many areas are now used for timber, which provides business for timber traders. The ecoregion is wetter along the coast and drier inland, resulting in bands of vegetation zones that run parallel to the coast for the 400 km length of the region. With the establishment of a Department of Woods and Forests for the Colony and Protectorate of Lagos in 1897 to control timber extraction that had started as early as the 1880s, Nigeria saw the beginning of the first kind of forest management To better control the use of forest resources, the British colonial authority established forest reserves.
633:
climates. Lush forests act as enormous sponges, absorbing and releasing moisture, which, in turn, has a cooling effect on the environment. Also, the dense vegetation helps stabilize temperatures and prevent extreme fluctuations while the Omo Forest
Reserve as a freshwater swamp and primary rainforest has the capacity to contributes to local climate stability by maintaining consistent humidity levels. It also plays a vital role in water retention and release, reducing the risk of both droughts and floods. Also the rainforests help sequester carbon dioxide, one of the primary greenhouse gases contributing to climate change. The park's forests, through their extensive tree cover, play a crucial role in reducing atmospheric CO2 levels and consequently aid in mitigating the impacts of climate change.
695:
488:
433:
325:). This climate is characterized by relatively even temperatures throughout the year, and a pronounced dry season. The driest month has less than 60mm of precipitation, and is drier than the average month. Climate change affect the survival of some trees. Under a harsh sun and extreme dry weather, some plants will start dying off. The authors maintained that Nigeria is experiencing different change in climate that affects her vegetation. There has been changes on how rain falls, sometimes harsh sun and cold, which reduces the growth of plants in the country. High rainfall also affect the survival of our forest. Flooding, which have occurred in many parts of Nigeria.
880:: owing to lack of environmental understanding, dependency on forest resources owing to poverty, exclusion from conservation efforts, susceptibility to criminal activity, and adherence to unsustainable traditions, illiteracy can result in the deterioration, destruction, and exploitation of forests. Promoting literacy, giving people other livelihood options, including communities in conservation, assuring legal empowerment, and incorporating traditional knowledge are crucial tactics to help ameliorate these problems. These steps are intended to lessen the damaging effects of illiteracy on forests and to advance environmentally friendly forest management.
260:
was realized very early in the exploitation history. This may have evolved from the original 1906 timber regulations that required loggers to establish plantations or release patches of spontaneous regeneration. Some of the techniques utilized artificial regeneration, but others depended on natural regeneration. The
Malayan experience served as the basis for the 1940s adoption of the Nigerian tropical shelter wood system. It involves climbers cutting and opening up the canopy by killing trees thought to be less valuable, allowing valuable tree species to regenerate naturally. 6,15
496:
915:
334:
365:
33:
1122:: A fundamental pillar of effective forest conservation lies in providing comprehensive training and support for alternative forms of income within local communities. This approach serves as a powerful strategy in alleviating the pressure on forest resources. By equipping these communities with the knowledge, skills, and resources needed to pursue alternative livelihoods, we not only empower them economically but also actively mitigate the overexploitation of our precious forests.
252:
244:
584:: These lush forests attract nature enthusiasts, scientists, and tourists, thereby creating opportunities for eco-tourism. This industry boosts local economies by providing jobs and income through activities like guided tours and accommodation services. Some of the unique eco-tourism sites in Nigerian lowland forests, offers distinctive features which draw visitors, including foreigners, to partake in the splendors of nature. They include:
48:
771:
510:: The forests are a vital source of timber for construction and furniture making. Additionally, they provide a wide array of non-timber forest products such as medicinal plants, spices, and fruit, which are often harvested and sold, contributing to local economies. Some notable timber species found in these forests include:
372:
About 48% of the territory is closed forest, mostly broadleaf evergreen trees. Another 36% is open forest, 5% is urban and built up, and the remainder is wetland and herbaceous cover. Because rainfall declines with distance from the sea, the ecoregion exhibits climate bands with vegetation zones that
259:
To ensure a steady supply of hardwood, the
Nigerian forestry departments, like other African forestry authorities, attempted to take up the challenge of silviculture in moist forests beginning in the 1950s. However, the fact that tropical forests are exhaustible after continuous extractive activities
601:
Edumanom Forest
Reserve: This forest reserve in Cross River State is celebrated for its striking landscapes, clear streams, and the opportunity to explore unique flora and fauna. It is a favorite among hikers and nature photographers. Tourists from countries such as the United States and Canada are
593:
Omo Forest
Reserve: Situated in the southwestern part of the country, Omo Forest Reserve boasts a mosaic of habitats, including primary rainforests and freshwater swamps. Its tranquil setting and biodiversity attract birdwatchers, botanists, and nature lovers. Tourists from Europe, particularly the
597:
Okomu
National Park: Located in Edo State, Okomu National Park offers visitors a chance to explore pristine rainforests and observe a variety of wildlife, including forest elephants, monkeys, and numerous bird species.- It is an attractive destination for ecotourists and researchers, with foreign
478:
Nigerian lowland forests are not just lush, verdant landscapes teeming with biodiversity; they are also ecosystems that offer a wide range of services crucial for the environment and human well-being. there are various services provided by these invaluable forests, including economic, regulatory,
239:
Through the implementation of forestry ordinances,16 local communities were granted the freedom to hunt, fish, gather, tap rubber, and farm within designated areas. The majority of the country's forests were reserved before 1930, though some were added in the Niger Delta and the savanna region as
873:
Nigeria is experiencing a high level of poverty, and this has led many to deforestation. People are going into the bush with the intention of fetching firewood, cutting down trees for timber, and for so many other reasons. The level of poverty ravaging the majority of the masses is tripling on a
589:
Cross River
National Park: Located in the Cross River State, this park is one of Nigeria's most renowned eco-tourism destinations. It is home to diverse wildlife, including the critically endangered Cross River gorilla. Tourists are drawn to its lush rainforests, breathtaking waterfalls, and the
796:, has led to extensive clearing of forested areas. Logging for timber extraction, both legal and illegal, also contributes to habitat loss and degradation. As a result, the forests are fragmented, reducing the availability of continuous habitats for wildlife and disrupting ecological processes.
632:
The regulation service from these forests cannot be over-emphasized as their distinctive characteristics enables their functionality in this role: One of the standout features of Cross River
National Park is the vast canopy of its rainforests which aids its role in regulating local and regional
19:
The biogeographic regionalization of Earth's terrestrial biodiversity, known as
Terrestrial Ecoregions of the World (TEOW), is made up of 867 ecoregions that are divided into 14 biomes. In addition to offering a comprehensive map of terrestrial biodiversity, TEOW also provides a global species
1125:
These communities can diversify their revenue streams by providing training and assistance for alternative vocations including farming, handicrafts, ecotourism, or small-scale businesses. This lessens their need to heavily exploit forest resources to support themselves.
670:
Fuel: Firewood and charcoal are essential sources of fuel in
Nigeria, particularly in rural areas where access to alternative energy sources is limited. The forests supply an abundance of firewood and wood for charcoal production, supporting daily cooking and heating
566:
Medicinal Plants: The forests are rich in medicinal plants with cultural and economic value. Many indigenous communities rely on these plants for traditional medicine, they are found in states such as Cross river and Edo which are all part of the lowland rainforest
4509:
United States Forest Service International Collaboration with the Cross River State Tourism Bureau, cross River State Forestry Commission, and Cross River National Park. Washington: The United States Forest Service Department of Agriculture International Programs
710:
Biodiversity Conservation Education: They provide a rich educational resource for teaching and raising awareness about biodiversity, ecology, and conservation. Educational institutions often conduct field trips to teach students about ecosystems and environmental
627:
Water Quality and Flow Regulation: They act as natural filters, improving water quality by trapping sediments and impurities. Also, they regulate water flow, reducing the risk of flooding during heavy rainfall and ensuring a stable supply of water during dry
724:
Natural Disaster Mitigation: The forests act as a barrier against natural disasters such as landslides, soil erosion, and flash floods. Their dense vegetation and root systems stabilize the soil and reduce the risk of calamities in hilly and mountainous
759:, mainly driven by agricultural expansion, logging, and urbanization, poses a significant risk to the integrity of these forests. The conversion of forested areas to farmland and the extraction of timber have resulted in habitat fragmentation, loss of
1129:
Biodiversity is preserved when pressure on forests is reduced. There is less habitat loss, deforestation, and over-harvesting of plants and wildlife when communities rely less on the income from forests. In turn, this aids in preserving the variety.
832:, coupled with population growth, has resulted in the clearing of forests for large-scale farming operations. This land conversion not only reduces forest cover but also leads to soil erosion, loss of soil fertility, and increased vulnerability to
4606:
Atuo, Fidelis Akunke; Fu, Jun; O'Connell, Timothy John; Agida, Jonathan Akomaye; Agaldo, Jennifer Arubemi (June 2020). "Coupling law enforcement and community-based regulations in support of compliance with biodiversity conservation regulations".
706:
Scientific Research: These forests are essential for scientific research and environmental studies. They serve as living laboratories where researchers can study various ecological processes, leading to a better understanding of the natural
806:, in particular, is rampant and exacerbates the problem. The unregulated extraction of timber leads to the loss of valuable tree species, alters forest structure, and disrupts ecosystem dynamics. Additionally, illegal activities such as
731:
Forest Elephant Sanctuary: The Okomu National Park, for instance, protects an essential population of forest elephants. These forests offer a sanctuary for these magnificent creatures, allowing them to thrive and contributing to their
3434:
Fasona, Mayowa; Adeonipekun, Peter Adegbenga; Agboola, Oludare; Akintuyi, Akinlabi; Bello, Adedoyin; Ogundipe, Oluwatoyin; Soneye, Alabi; Omojola, Ademola (2018). "Drivers of Deforestation and Land-Use Change in Southwest Nigeria".
3686:
Bebbington, Anthony J.; Humphreys Bebbington, Denise; Sauls, Laura Aileen; Rogan, John; Agrawal, Sumali; Gamboa, César; Imhof, Aviva; Johnson, Kimberly; Rosa, Herman; Royo, Antoinette; Toumbourou, Tessa; Verdum, Ricardo (2018).
540:): African Teak, like its Asian counterpart, is prized for its natural resistance to insects and rot. It is predominant in the lowland rainforest zone of southwestern Nigeria It is used in boat building, furniture, and flooring.
4227:
Aide, T. Mitchell; Zimmerman, Jess K.; Pascarella, John B.; Rivera, Luis; Marcano-Vega, Humfredo (December 2000). "Forest Regeneration in a Chronosequence of Tropical Abandoned Pastures: Implications for Restoration Ecology".
623:
Climate Regulation: The forests help regulate local and regional climates by absorbing and releasing moisture, stabilizing temperatures, and sequestering carbon dioxide. This, in turn, helps mitigate the effects of climate
735:
Endangered Primates: Cross River National Park is a refuge for critically endangered primates, including the Cross River gorilla. The forests play a critical role in safeguarding these rare species from poaching and
896:, and community-based conservation programs. Local communities and indigenous groups are actively involved in conservation efforts, as their livelihoods and cultural heritage are intricately linked to the forests.
866:
and affect the distribution and abundance of plant and animal species. Fragmentation of the forests exacerbates these impacts by limiting species' ability to migrate and adapt to changing environmental conditions.
4521:
Mainka, S.A. and Trivedi, M. (eds.). (2002). Links between Biodiversity Conservation, Livelihoods and Food Security: The sustainable use of wild species for meat. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. vi +
20:
database for ecological analyses and priority setting, a logical biogeographic framework for large-scale conservation strategies, a map for enhancing biogeographic literacy, and a foundation for the Global 200.
4506:
Brooks, J. J., Neary, J., Planner, P., Asuquo, B. E., & Director, M. (2007). A Critical Needs Assessment for Collaborative Ecotourism Development Linked to Protected Areas in Cross River State, Nigeria.
766:
Nigerian lowland forests, no doubt, face several threats and conservation challenges that jeopardize their integrity and biodiversity. A more elaborate discussion of these threats and challenges follows:
645:
Provision of Food: They provide a source of food through the collection of fruits, nuts, and edible plants, particularly for local communities living in or near the forest. Some specific forest products
373:
parallel the coast. Closest to the sea is the rain forest zone, followed by the mixed deciduous forest zone and farthest inland tis he parkland zone. In the rainforest zone ,the common trees are of the
549:): Obeche is a softwood that is used in construction, and joinery, as a preferred choice for the production of plywood. It is found in abundance in the lowland forest zones of Africa including Nigeria.
728:
Habitat for Wildlife: These forests provide a habitat for a wide variety of plant and animal species. By protecting these ecosystems, they, in turn, protect the wildlife and biodiversity within them.
888:
Several initiatives and organizations are working to protect and conserve the Nigerian lowland forests. The Nigerian government, along with international conservation organizations, has established
2643:
Friant, Sagan; Ayambem, Wilfred A.; Alobi, Alobi O.; Ifebueme, Nzube M.; Otukpa, Oshama M.; Ogar, David A.; Alawa, Clement B. I.; Goldberg, Tony L.; Jacka, Jerry K.; Rothman, Jessica M. (2019).
522:.): Mahogany is a highly sought-after tropical hardwood known for its beautiful reddish-brown wood. It is used extensively in furniture making, cabinetry, and interior finishing in construction.
682:
Medicinal Plants: Nigerian lowland forests are repositories of medicinal plants used in traditional and modern medicine. Many indigenous communities rely on these forests for natural remedies.
674:
Special Materials: Nigerian lowland forests offer various special materials that are used for both practical and traditional purposes, contributing to local livelihoods and cultural practices:
2065:
Okpara, Michael (2013). "Capacity and levels of utilization of tourism potentials of Yankari and Cross River National Parks - implications for optimistic ecotourism development in Nigeria".
573:
Fruits: The forests yield a variety of fruits like bush mango, bush pear, and wild figs. These fruits are harvested and consumed locally, while surplus production can be sold in markets.
955:
in conservation efforts is vital for the long-term success of protecting Nigerian lowland forests. Community-based conservation initiatives involve collaboration with local residents,
3333:
862:
impacts, such as increased temperatures and altered rainfall patterns, can have adverse effects on the Nigerian lowland forests. Changes in climatic conditions may disrupt the
1965:
Adekunle, V.A.J. (2009). "Diversity and Abundance of Lesser-Known Plant Species of Food and Ethnomedicinal Potential in Tropical Rainforest Ecosystem of Southwest Nigeria".
4299:
David Lamb and Don Gilmour. (2003). Rehabilitation and Restoration of Degraded Forests. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK and WWF, Gland, Switzerland. x +110 pp.
679:
Rattan and Cane: These flexible materials are used for crafting furniture, baskets, and other woven products, providing a sustainable source of income for local artisans.
1385:(11 ed.). Paris: In UNESCO (ed.) South-South Cooperation Programme on Environmentally Sound Socio-Economic Development in the Humid Tropics working papers No. 11.
1171:
1923:"Stock density and fruit yield of African walnut, Plukenetia conophora Mull-Arg (Syn. Tetracarpidium conophorum) in tropical lowland rainforests of southwest Nigeria"
4777:
4401:
Segniagbeto, Gabriel Hoinsoudé; Assou, Délagnon; Agbessi, Eric Koffi G.; Atsri, Honam Komina; D'Cruze, Neil; Auliya, Mark; Fa, Julia E.; Luiselli, Luca (June 2021).
1196:
763:, and increased vulnerability to invasive species. Additionally, illegal logging and unsustainable hunting practices further exacerbate the conservation challenges.
3278:"Population status and distribution of forest elephants (Loxodonta cyclotis Matschie, 1900) in Okomu National Park and Omo Forest Reserve, South-Western Nigeria"
322:
531:): Iroko is another valuable hardwood used for various construction purposes, particularly in outdoor applications due to its resistance to decay and termites.
353:. The region is home to numerous endemic plant species, including rare and endangered ones. The forests provide habitat for a rich variety of animals, such as
4558:
Phil-Eze, P. O.; Okoro, I. C. (May 2009). "Sustainable biodiversity conservation in the Niger Delta: a practical approach to conservation site selection".
1201:
1181:
4650:
Ebeku, K. S.A. (March 2004). "Biodiversity Conservation in Nigeria: An Appraisal of the Legal Regime in Relation to the Niger Delta Area of the Country".
2354:
853:. Infrastructure development also facilitates access to previously remote areas, leading to increased deforestation and exploitation of forest resources.
1176:
4029:"Sustainable forest management in a human dominated landscape and its implications for biodiversity conservation: a Nigerian lowland forest perspective"
440:
While in general ,the levels of animal endemism are low in the ecoregion, there are some notable endemic species. The endangered white-throated guenon (
655:.), whose fruit is used in various dishes and for its culinary oil. Bush mango is rich in nutrients and has both cultural and economic significance.
210:
80:
590:
opportunity to witness the rich biodiversity of the region. Foreign tourists, particularly from Europe and North America, are frequent visitors.
1063:
157:
570:
Spices: The forests are a source of various spices, including pepper, cloves, and nutmeg, which are used for culinary and medicinal purposes.
3570:
925:
The Nigerian government has established protected areas and national parks to safeguard the Nigerian lowland forests. These areas, such as
665:
Wild Figs: Nigerian lowland forests also provide a variety of wild fig species, which are a valuable source of vitamins and dietary fiber.
576:
Bushmeat: The wild game is an essential source of protein for many local communities, and hunting is common in the lowland forest regions.
1768:"Assessment of Natural Regeneration of African Mahogany Species in Strict Nature Reserve 3, Urhonigbe Forest Reserve, Edo State, Nigeria"
892:
and national parks to safeguard the biodiversity within these forests. Efforts are being made to promote sustainable land-use practices,
4183:
4152:"Long-term conservation and rehabilitation of threatened rain forest patches under different human population pressures in West Africa"
2829:
Potential for development and conservation of Dacryodes edulis in Sakpoba Forest Reserve, Edo State, in the Niger Delta area of Nigeria
3922:
Malhi, Yadvinder; Franklin, Janet; Seddon, Nathalie; Solan, Martin; Turner, Monica G.; Field, Christopher B.; Knowlton, Nancy (2020).
4125:
2733:"Socio-economic factors influencing marketing of non-timber forest products in tropical lowland rainforests of south-western Nigeria"
2241:"Preliminary surveys of the terrestrial vertebrate fauna (mammals, reptiles, and amphibians) of the Edumanon Forest Reserve, Nigeria"
503:
Nigerian lowland forests offer a significant economic service to local communities and the nation as a whole. This service includes:
1556:
Ita, R. E.; Ogbemudia, F. O. (2023). "Climate Change Impact on Nigerian Ecology, Vegetation/Forest, Carbon and Biomass Management".
849:, and urban expansion, poses a threat to the Nigerian lowland forests. These activities often require land clearance and result in
4090:"Biodiversity Conservation of National Parks and Nature-Protected Areas in West Africa: The Case of Kainji National Park, Nigeria"
2040:
1794:"Population structure and density of tree species of Meliaceae family (Mahogany) in a tropical rainforest of Southwestern Nigeria"
3796:
3771:
2149:"Tourism Potential of Plants Species Used for the Treatment of Malaria and Typhoid Fever in Omo Forest Reserve Southwest Nigeria"
1534:
1401:
Rain forest management for wood production in West and Central Africa: lessons learned on sustainable forest management in Africa
1353:
Rain forest management for wood production in West and Central Africa: lessons learned on sustainable forest management in Africa
784:
is a major threat to Nigerian lowland forests. The expansion of agriculture, particularly for the cultivation of cash crops like
3476:
Enaruvbe, Glory O.; Atafo, Ozien P. (2 January 2016). "Analysis of deforestation pattern in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria".
988:
programs play a crucial role in conserving Nigerian lowland forests. These initiatives aim to restore degraded areas, establish
1154:
values among local communities and raising awareness about the importance of preserving these forests for future generations.
1048:. These efforts help in identifying priority conservation areas, understanding the impacts of human activities, and informing
4327:
3452:
3317:
3196:
Moos, Christine; Bebi, Peter; Schwarz, Massimiliano; Stoffel, Markus; Sudmeier-Rieux, Karen; Dorren, Luuk (1 February 2018).
3024:
2958:
1605:
1573:
1062:
International collaborations and partnerships are important for conserving Nigerian lowland forests. Organizations like the
3971:
3401:
558:): This hardwood is prized for its use in furniture making and cabinetry and is also available in Nigerian lowland forests.
3821:
1835:"Yields and nutrient pools in soils cultivated with Tectona grandis and Gmelina arborea in Nigerian rainforest ecosystem"
1466:"Environmental Contamination of a Biodiversity Hotspot—Action Needed for Nature Conservation in the Niger Delta, Nigeria"
4531:
Oates, J. F., Sunderland-Groves, J., Bergl, R., Dunn, A., Nicholas, A., Takang, E., ... & Williamson, E. A. (2007).
3519:
3006:
1014:
Promoting sustainable land-use practices is essential to mitigate the threats posed by agriculture and land conversion.
4345:"Key dimensions of land users' perceptions of land degradation and sustainable land management in Niger State, Nigeria"
3358:
4762:
2788:"Exploitation of Bush Mango (Irvingia wombolu and Irvingia gabonensis) Among Rural Household in Enugu State, Nigeria"
1464:
Ansah, Christabel Edena; Abu, Itohan-Osa; Kleemann, Janina; Mahmoud, Mahmoud Ibrahim; Thiel, Michael (January 2022).
1414:
452:) is found in the northern parkland zone. A recent survey of the Niger Delta recorded the endangered crested genet (
4767:
3847:
1767:
319:
4464:
Kammesheidt, Ludwig (May 2002). "Perspectives on Secondary Forest Management in Tropical Humid Lowland America".
3661:
389:
1040:
Research studies and monitoring programs provide valuable insights into the status of Nigerian lowland forests,
694:
685:
Bamboo: Bamboo is a versatile material used for making furniture, crafts, and construction in local communities.
487:
4772:
1383:
Omo Biosphere Reserve, Current Status, Utilization of Biological Resources and Sustainable Management (Nigeria)
98:
2645:"Life on the Rainforest Edge: Food Security in the Agricultural-Forest Frontier of Cross River State, Nigeria"
720:
Nigerian lowland forests offer protection services that safeguard both the environment and human populations:
2190:"Assessment of Tourists' Perception of Okomu National Park as an Eco-Tourism Destination, Edo State, Nigeria"
1078:
support. These collaborations help strengthen conservation efforts and enable the sharing of best practices.
1067:
285:
194:
103:
4544:
Morgan, B. J., Adeleke, A., Bassey, T., Bergl, R., Dunn, A., Fotso, R., ... & Williamson, E. A. (2011).
4402:
4391:
Altieri, M.A. (1995) Agroecology: the science of sustainable agriculture, Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado
2686:"Rural livelihood benefits from participation in the taungya agroforestry system in Ondo State of Nigeria"
619:
These forests play a vital role in regulating environmental processes and maintaining ecological balance:
292:, a drier coastal region where the forest-savanna mosaic extends all the way to the ocean, separating the
1049:
442:
358:
432:
3245:"Preliminary assessment of tree species diversity in Afi Mountain Wildlife Sanctuary, Southern Nigeria"
2239:
Akani, Godfrey C.; Aifesehi, Pedro E.E; Petrozzi, Fabio; Amadi, Nioking; Luiselli, Luca (3 July 2014).
1166:
1088:
mechanisms are essential for conserving Nigerian lowland forests. Strengthening legislation related to
1071:
1053:
4546:
Regional action plan for the conservation of the Nigeria–Cameroon chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes ellioti)
3897:
3197:
2451:
1074:
work with local stakeholders and the Nigerian government to provide technical expertise, funding, and
3150:
2871:"Socio-Economic Importance of Fuelwood Production in Gambari Forest Reserve Area, Oyo State, Nigeria"
2732:
926:
395:
269:
108:
93:
3103:
2901:
3042:"Insights on linking forests, trees, and people from the air, on the ground, and in the laboratory"
825:
802:
Unsustainable logging practices pose a significant threat to the Nigerian lowland forests. Illegal
545:
314:
3571:"Wildlife, Forest & Fisheries Crime Module 1 Key Issues: Implications of Wildlife Trafficking"
2093:
1744:
4678:
Biodiversity in sub-saharan Africa and its islands: conservation, management, and sustainable use
3872:
2450:
Aladejana, Olabanji Odunayo; Salami, Ayobami Taofeek; Adetoro, Olusola-Ige O. (1 November 2018).
1439:
1022:, is encouraged as a way to maintain forest cover and provide sustainable livelihoods. Promoting
1632:
1224:
3797:"How Infrastructure Development is Depleting the Forest Cover | Management Innovation eXchange"
964:
304:. It contains over 560 indigenous species and supports the timber, which is used for building.
4150:
Neuenschwander, Peter; Bown, Deni; Hèdégbètan, Georges C.; Adomou, Aristide (12 August 2015).
2452:"Hydrological responses to land degradation in the Northwest Benin Owena River Basin, Nigeria"
4533:
Regional action plan for the conservation of the Cross River gorilla (Gorilla gorilla diehli)
4006:
1922:
968:
850:
297:
293:
3277:
2975:
2557:"Impact of climate change on wetland ecosystems: A critical review of experimental wetlands"
1162:
Nominally, about 17% of the ecoregion is under some form of official protection, including:
4616:
4417:
4356:
4237:
3700:
3485:
3209:
2744:
2392:
2290:"Forestry-based carbon sequestration projects in Africa: Potential benefits and challenges"
2105:
1793:
1329:
1151:
1139:
1101:
811:
752:
662:), often consumed as a fruit, also it is a vital source of nutrition and is traded locally.
460:
448:
361:), elephants, leopards, antelopes, reptiles, amphibians, and a vast array of bird species.
2870:
2787:
8:
2329:
1990:"Drivers of bushmeat hunting and perceptions of zoonoses in Nigerian hunting communities"
1726:"Forests and national security in Nigeria: an evaluation of the symboisis and challenges"
1509:
1307:
1186:
1147:
985:
956:
930:
911:
of local communities. In Nigeria, some of the conservation initiatives in place include:
814:, and collection of rare plant species further endanger the biodiversity of the forests.
737:
554:
425:
63:
4620:
4421:
4360:
4241:
3704:
3489:
3213:
2748:
2396:
2109:
1921:
Amusa, T. O.; Jimoh, S. O.; Azeez, I. O.; Awodoin, R. O.; Kareem, I. (1 December 2014).
1138:
Research studies are conducted in the Nigerian lowland forests to better understand the
702:
Nigerian lowland forests are outdoor classrooms for both formal and informal education:
4632:
4575:
4489:
4433:
4374:
4253:
4168:
4151:
3948:
3923:
3723:
3688:
3618:
3597:"An introduction to illegal wildlife trade and its effects on biodiversity and society"
3501:
3458:
3178:
3131:
3104:"Local participation in forest and biodiversity conservation in a Nigerian rain forest"
3076:
3041:
2929:
2768:
2713:
2625:
2586:
2534:
2487:
2432:
2416:
2270:
2221:
2170:
2129:
2074:
2016:
1989:
1903:
1703:
1611:
1191:
1113:
1045:
997:
934:
863:
68:
3746:
2381:"Forests and Climate Change: Forcings, Feedbacks, and the Climate Benefits of Forests"
4636:
4481:
4437:
4378:
4323:
4249:
3953:
3728:
3622:
3505:
3462:
3448:
3385:
3313:
3289:
3225:
3182:
3170:
3135:
3123:
3081:
3063:
3020:
3016:
2987:
2954:
2921:
2882:
2844:"Horticulturally Promising Indigenous Wild Plant Species of the Nigerian Forest Zone"
2809:
2760:
2705:
2666:
2617:
2590:
2578:
2526:
2522:
2479:
2471:
2424:
2408:
2311:
2306:
2289:
2262:
2225:
2174:
2133:
2121:
2078:
2021:
1944:
1895:
1856:
1815:
1695:
1615:
1601:
1569:
1093:
1089:
1075:
993:
972:
960:
904:
821:
4579:
4493:
4257:
3772:"Infrastructure and Extraction: A Host of Deforestation | World Rainforest Movement"
3444:
3261:
3244:
3221:
2933:
2855:
2772:
2717:
2491:
2436:
2274:
1974:
1725:
4736:
4703:
4659:
4624:
4567:
4473:
4425:
4364:
4315:
4280:
4245:
4163:
4101:
4040:
3943:
3935:
3718:
3708:
3689:"Resource extraction and infrastructure threaten forest cover and community rights"
3608:
3493:
3440:
3256:
3217:
3162:
3115:
3071:
3053:
3012:
2917:
2913:
2851:
2799:
2752:
2697:
2656:
2568:
2518:
2463:
2400:
2301:
2252:
2211:
2201:
2160:
2113:
2011:
2001:
1970:
1934:
1887:
1846:
1805:
1593:
1561:
1477:
1143:
1041:
945:, restrict unsustainable activities, and support research and monitoring programs.
833:
454:
3166:
2756:
2573:
2556:
2467:
1497:
1256:
4741:
4724:
3497:
3119:
2948:
2257:
2240:
2117:
2006:
1565:
1109:
1105:
1097:
1085:
1023:
952:
899:
Conservation efforts in Nigerian lowland forests are crucial to protecting their
889:
536:
527:
419:
407:
224:. The ecoregion is densely populated and home to several large cities, including
4010:
3613:
3596:
3149:
Ado, Samuel Joseph; Ejidike, Bernadette Nwandu; Adetola, Bukola (3 April 2023).
2843:
1851:
1834:
364:
32:
4477:
4369:
4344:
942:
859:
842:
793:
341:
Nigerian lowland forests are recognized as one of the biodiversity hotspots in
273:
4628:
4571:
4403:"Insights into the status and distribution of pangolins in Togo (West Africa)"
2976:"Utilization of vast Nigeria's bamboo resources for economic growth: a review"
2828:
2701:
2507:"The Role of Forests in Global Climate Change: Whence We Come and Where We Go"
1810:
1597:
4756:
4273:"Reforestation in Nigeria: History, current practice and future perspectives"
4024:
3307:
3293:
3229:
3174:
3127:
3067:
2991:
2925:
2886:
2813:
2764:
2709:
2670:
2661:
2644:
2621:
2530:
2475:
2412:
2315:
2266:
2165:
2148:
2125:
2041:"Ecotourism in Nigeria: Driving Economic, Social, and Environmental Benefits"
1948:
1899:
1860:
1819:
1699:
1019:
981:
893:
781:
756:
333:
172:
159:
4708:
4691:
4060:
3997:
Orr, David W (May 1990). "Environmental Education and Ecological Literacy".
3713:
3058:
2685:
2404:
2206:
2189:
1939:
1104:
are critical components. It requires cooperation among government agencies,
4663:
4592:
Terborgh, J., van Schaik, C., Davenport, L., & Rao, M. (Eds.). (2002).
4535:. IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group and Conservation International. Chicago
4485:
4285:
4272:
4210:"Rainforest degradation in southern Nigeria: role of forestry institutions"
3957:
3939:
3732:
3309:
Primates in peril : the world's 25 most endangered primates, 2008-2010
3085:
3005:
Gibson, Clark C.; McKean, Margaret A.; Ostrom, Elinor, eds. (9 June 2000).
2902:"Harvesting, processing and utilisation of rattan canes in Western Nigeria"
2582:
2483:
2428:
2025:
1496:"Nigerian lowland forests". WWF ecoregion profile. Accessed 18 April 2020.
1031:
1015:
1001:
938:
900:
760:
641:
These forests offer essential resources for human survival and well-being:
466:
379:
4309:
2604:
Brown, Sandra; Sathaye, Jayant; Cannell, Melvin; Kauppi, Pekka E. (1996).
1657:
914:
495:
251:
4450:
Bruijnzeel, L. A., Scatena, F. N., & Hamilton, L. S. (Eds.). (2011).
4343:
Adenle, Ademola A.; Boillat, Sébastien; Speranza, Chinwe Ifejika (2022).
2094:"Trends in tourism utilization of Yankari and Cross River National Parks"
1052:
strategies. Collaboration between scientists, research institutions, and
989:
658:
Bush Pear: The lowland forests offer delicious and nutritious bush pear (
374:
301:
289:
281:
277:
4725:"Environmental education outcomes for conservation: A systematic review"
4723:
Ardoin, Nicole M.; Bowers, Alison W.; Gaillard, Estelle (January 2020).
4548:. IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group and Zoological Society of San Diego.
4045:
4028:
3685:
3545:"Wildlife Trafficking: Why battling this illicit trade is crucial | ICE"
3544:
2804:
2786:
Chah, J. M.; Ani, N. A.; Irohibe, J. I.; Agwu, A. E. (3 December 2014).
2629:
2605:
2420:
2380:
2194:
International Journal of Home Economics, Hospitality and Allied Research
1707:
1683:
1482:
1465:
4452:
Tropical montane cloud forests: science for conservation and management
4106:
4089:
2831:(Report). Center for International Forestry Research. pp. 133–147.
2606:"Mitigation of carbon emissions to the atmosphere by forest management"
2538:
2506:
2216:
1907:
1875:
1146:, and assess the impacts of human activities. Educational programs and
908:
789:
233:
38:
4676:
Stuart, S. N., Stuart, S. N., Adams, R. J., & Jenkins, M. (1990).
4429:
3928:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
2731:
Amusa, Tajudeen O; Jimoh, S Oladunni; Azeez, Ismail O (3 April 2017).
1278:
562:
The Non-timber forest products from Nigerian lowland forests include:
3924:"Climate change and ecosystems: threats, opportunities and solutions"
3898:"Effects of Climate Change on Ecology | Center for Science Education"
1368:
Forest management and forest landscapes in Nigeria: landscape ecology
829:
401:
243:
213:
4209:
4061:"Experience of Implementing National Forestry Programmes in Nigeria"
3276:
Amusa, T. O.; Omonu, C.; Olabode, E.; Newton, N. J. (20 July 2017).
3108:
International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology
1891:
651:
Bush Mango: These forests yield the highly sought-after bush mango (
3151:"Sustainable biodiversity management in the Zamfara Sahel, Nigeria"
2092:
Ngoka, Paulinus Chukwuemeka; Lameed, Gbolagade Akeem (4 May 2014).
1876:"The Distribution and Ecology of Obeche (Triplochiton Scleroxylon)"
1005:
807:
785:
515:
47:
4319:
4149:
4126:"Nigeria's nature reserves need more help to protect biodiversity"
770:
499:
African Teak Trees for High-Quality Timber in Furniture Production
446:) is only found in this ecoregion. The endangered Ibadan malimbe (
1508:
Kottek, M.; Grieser, J.; Beck, C.; Rudolf, B.; Rubel, F. (2006).
1027:
803:
354:
268:
The Nigerian lowland forests are bounded on the south by coastal
217:
137:
4311:
Sustainable Agriculture and the Environment in the Humid Tropics
3433:
1833:
Adekunle, V. A. J.; Alo, A. A.; Adekayode, F. O. (1 June 2011).
1225:"Biodiversity and Protected Areas in West Africa | West Africa"
413:
342:
229:
2330:"Carbon Credits and How They Can Offset Your Carbon Footprint"
4226:
3662:"The Deforestation of the Upper Guinean Forest | West Africa"
3008:
People and Forests: Communities, Institutions, and Governance
350:
346:
225:
221:
142:
75:
4594:
Making parks work: strategies for preserving tropical nature
4400:
3384:
Salami, K. D.; Nurudeen, T. A.; Ringim, A. S. (April 2018).
2974:
Ladapo, H. L.; Oyegoke, O. O.; Bello, R. O. (20 July 2017).
2900:
Babajide Lucas, E.; Dahunsi, Bamidele I.O. (November 2004).
2067:
Journal of Hospitality Leisure Sport & Tourism Education
963:. These efforts focus on empowering communities, supporting
4690:
Wakawa, L.D.; Ogana, F.N.; Adeniy, T.E. (31 January 2019).
1510:"World Map of Koppen-Geiger Climate Classification Updated"
296:, of which the Nigerian lowland forests are part, from the
4692:"State of a Lowland Tropical Forest in South-West Nigeria"
3636:
3387:
Status of Forest Ecosystem and Its Conservation in Nigeria
2642:
2238:
3282:
Journal of Research in Forestry, Wildlife and Environment
2980:
Journal of Research in Forestry, Wildlife and Environment
2603:
1775:
African Journal of Agriculture Technology and Environment
1765:
846:
4605:
3921:
3601:
Forensic Science International: Animals and Environments
3972:"Deforestation on the rise as poverty soars in Nigeria"
3402:"Deforestation on the rise as poverty soars in Nigeria"
3275:
2684:
Adekunle, Victor A. J.; Bakare, Yekini (1 March 2004).
1766:
Osadolor, N; Isikhuemen, E. M.; Balogun, O. S. (2020).
1507:
1463:
1415:"Gulf of Guinea Coastal Forests & Mangroves (AT17)"
4184:"Creating a New Sanctuary for the Cross River Gorilla"
3198:"Ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction in mountains"
3195:
2950:
Outlines and Pictures of Medicinal Plants from Nigeria
2449:
2288:
Jindal, Rohit; Swallow, Brent; Kerr, John (May 2008).
1920:
1365:
746:
4342:
3040:
Ostrom, Elinor; Nagendra, Harini (19 December 2006).
2899:
1839:
Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences
1366:
Fuwape, J.A.; Akindele, S.O.; Adekunle, V.A. (2006).
1004:
and connectivity, enhancing habitat availability for
473:
4722:
3390:. World Environmental Conservation Conference, 2018.
3383:
2554:
1832:
1370:. Florence: Accademia Italiana di Scienze Forestali.
479:
provisioning, educational, and protective services.
2690:
Small-scale Forest Economics, Management and Policy
3822:"Climate change in Nigeria: Impacts and responses"
3520:"Habitat Fragmentation: Definition & Examples"
3004:
2973:
2785:
1034:are also part of sustainable land-use approaches.
751:Nigerian lowland forests face several threats and
4689:
3148:
2875:Journal of Agriculture and Social Research (JASR)
2287:
828:lowland forests. The growing demand for food and
4778:Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests
4754:
3848:"Climate change may bring big ecosystem changes"
3249:Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America
3097:
3095:
2505:Streck, Charlotte; Scholz, Sebastian M. (2006).
2045:Curious Earth | Environment & Climate Change
1724:Amusa, T. O.; Bada, S. O.; Azeez, I. O. (2017).
598:tourists arriving from Europe and North America.
594:United Kingdom and Germany, are common visitors.
81:Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests
3693:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
3046:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2730:
2187:
1791:
1658:"Forest / Nigeria | Interactive Country Fiches"
1398:
1350:
4088:Tang, Xiaolan; Adesina, John Adekunle (2022).
3595:Mozer, Annika; Prost, Stefan (December 2023).
3039:
2868:
2683:
1723:
1064:International Union for Conservation of Nature
1056:is crucial for generating data and knowledge.
996:. Afforestation programs, such as planting of
368:a broad leaf evergreen forest in Benin Nigeria
4557:
3873:"How climate change is disrupting ecosystems"
3475:
3359:"The Main Threats to Biodiversity in Nigeria"
3092:
2737:Southern Forests: A Journal of Forest Science
2146:
1096:practices, and enforcing regulations against
800:Unsustainable logging and illegal activities:
4696:Journal of Tropical Forestry and Environment
4033:Research and Reports in Biodiversity Studies
2504:
2153:Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Education
1927:Journal of Tropical Forestry and Environment
1555:
1030:practices, and reducing reliance on harmful
840:Infrastructure development and urbanization:
4463:
4087:
3242:
2091:
1798:Global Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences
1745:"Utilization of Forest Products in Nigeria"
818:Agricultural expansion and land conversion:
209:also known as the Nigerian rainforest, are
4207:
3594:
2555:Shokoufeh, S; Suhad, A; Miklas, S (2021).
1535:"Dataset - Koppen climate classifications"
845:development, including road construction,
4740:
4707:
4368:
4284:
4271:Akpan-Ebe, Isidore Nelson (1 July 2017).
4270:
4167:
4105:
4044:
3947:
3852:Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet
3722:
3712:
3612:
3260:
3075:
3057:
2803:
2660:
2572:
2305:
2256:
2215:
2205:
2164:
2015:
2005:
1938:
1850:
1809:
1792:Olajide, O.; Akinyemi, D. (4 July 2007).
1481:
1310:. Digital Observatory for Protected Areas
1133:
1000:tree species, are undertaken to increase
470:) have also been recorded in the region.
345:. They support a remarkable diversity of
4208:Isikhuemen, ekeoba M. (1 January 2014).
2946:
1964:
1873:
1527:
913:
769:
693:
494:
486:
431:
363:
332:
255:Abeokuta forest nursery for silviculture
250:
242:
3102:Ezebilo, Eugene E. (11 February 2011).
3101:
2869:Larinde, S. L.; Olasupo, O. O. (2011).
2826:
2038:
1742:
1681:
1380:
941:. They provide legal protection to key
883:
126:67,340 km (26,000 sq mi)
4755:
4023:
2841:
2550:
2548:
2147:Okosodo, E. F.; Sarada, P. M. (2021).
2064:
1987:
1749:African Journal of General Agriculture
1560:. Springer Climate. pp. 303–316.
1302:
1300:
1298:
1296:
689:
4649:
4123:
4119:
4117:
4083:
4081:
3437:Handbook of Climate Change Resilience
3429:
3427:
3425:
3423:
3243:Edet, Daniel; Ijeomah, Henry (2012).
2906:The Southern African Forestry Journal
2649:Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems
2378:
1960:
1958:
1719:
1717:
1627:
1625:
1271:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1245:
715:
614:
508:Timber and Non-Timber Forest Products
315:Tropical savanna climate - dry winter
3568:
3334:"FOSA Country Report : Nigeria"
1394:
1392:
1219:
1217:
820:The conversion of forested areas to
636:
436:An image of a species of the malimbe
3996:
2561:Journal of Environmental Management
2545:
2456:Journal of Environmental Management
2355:"Carbon offsets vs. carbon credits"
1874:Hall, John B.; Bada, S. O. (1979).
1293:
923:Protected Areas and National Parks:
747:Threats and conservation challenges
482:
288:. On the west it is bounded by the
52:Map of the Nigerian lowland forests
13:
4169:10.3897/natureconservation.13.6539
4114:
4078:
3420:
1955:
1714:
1622:
1399:Okali, D.; Eyog-Matig, O. (2004).
1351:Okali, D.; Eyog-Matig, O. (2004).
1322:
1242:
1157:
1018:, which combines agriculture with
474:Services provided by these forests
328:
14:
4789:
2792:Journal of Agricultural Extension
1590:Climate Change Impacts on Nigeria
1558:Climate Change Impacts on Nigeria
1389:
1214:
937:, serve as important refuges for
857:Climate change and fragmentation:
4716:
4683:
4670:
4643:
4599:
4586:
4551:
4538:
4525:
4515:
4500:
4457:
4250:10.1046/j.1526-100x.2000.80048.x
4124:Amusa, Tajudeen (5 April 2020).
3637:"Combating Wildlife Trafficking"
2827:Adewusi, Hassan Gbadebo (2004).
2610:The Commonwealth Forestry Review
2523:10.1111/j.1468-2346.2006.00575.x
2307:10.1111/j.1477-8947.2008.00176.x
2188:Olubunmi, O; Tabitha, T (2022).
2039:Enunwah, Morris (8 March 2023).
1994:PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases
1688:The Commonwealth Forestry Review
312:The climate of the ecoregion is
46:
31:
4444:
4394:
4385:
4336:
4302:
4293:
4264:
4220:
4201:
4176:
4143:
4053:
4017:
3990:
3964:
3915:
3890:
3865:
3840:
3814:
3789:
3764:
3739:
3679:
3654:
3629:
3588:
3562:
3537:
3512:
3469:
3445:10.1007/978-3-319-71025-9_139-1
3394:
3377:
3351:
3326:
3300:
3269:
3262:10.5251/abjna.2012.3.12.486.492
3236:
3222:10.1016/j.earscirev.2017.12.011
3189:
3142:
3033:
2998:
2967:
2940:
2893:
2862:
2856:10.17660/ActaHortic.1983.123.15
2835:
2820:
2779:
2724:
2677:
2636:
2597:
2498:
2443:
2372:
2347:
2322:
2281:
2232:
2181:
2140:
2085:
2058:
2032:
1981:
1975:10.17660/ActaHortic.2009.806.85
1914:
1867:
1826:
1785:
1759:
1736:
1675:
1650:
1582:
1549:
1501:
1490:
1457:
1432:
1407:
1112:to ensure compliance and deter
1012:Sustainable land-use practices:
975:and decision-making processes.
779:Deforestation and habitat loss:
390:Gossweilerodendron balsamiferum
247:Students with Forest Department
3017:10.7551/mitpress/5286.001.0001
2918:10.1080/20702620.2004.10431788
1374:
1359:
1344:
992:, and promote the recovery of
979:Reforestation and restoration:
99:Cross-Niger transition forests
16:Ecoregion in Nigeria and Benin
1:
4560:Biodiversity and Conservation
4454:. Cambridge University Press.
3167:10.1080/14888386.2023.2187458
2757:10.2989/20702620.2016.1255411
2574:10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112160
2468:10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.07.095
1684:"Forest Resources of Nigeria"
1207:
1068:Wildlife Conservation Society
1060:International collaborations:
949:Community-based conservation:
320:Köppen climate classification
286:Guinean forest-savanna mosaic
104:Guinean forest-savanna mosaic
4742:10.1016/j.biocon.2019.108224
4652:Journal of Environmental Law
4214:UNU-INRA Working Paper No. 7
3498:10.1080/1747423X.2014.965279
3120:10.1080/13504509.2011.544389
2258:10.1080/03946975.2014.944376
2118:10.1080/13032917.2013.848217
2007:10.1371/journal.pntd.0003792
1743:Okunomo, K. (23 June 2021).
1566:10.1007/978-3-031-21007-5_16
1150:are essential for promoting
263:
7:
3976:Mongabay Environmental News
3614:10.1016/j.fsiae.2023.100064
3478:Journal of Land Use Science
3406:Mongabay Environmental News
1852:10.1016/j.jssas.2011.05.001
1682:Adeyoju, S. Kolade (1974).
1515:. Gebrüder Borntraeger 2006
1440:"Niger Delta Swamp Forests"
1332:. The Encyclopedia of Earth
1259:. World Wildlife Federation
1092:, implementing sustainable
1082:Policy and law enforcement:
1050:evidence-based conservation
824:is a significant driver of
458:). The Nigeria crag gecko (
443:Cercopithecus erythrogaster
359:Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzee
10:
4794:
4609:Environmental Conservation
4478:10.1579/0044-7447-31.3.243
4410:African Journal of Ecology
4370:10.1016/j.envc.2022.100544
3801:www.managementexchange.com
1633:"Nigerian Lowland Forests"
1592:. Springer Climate. 2023.
1330:"Nigerian lowland forests"
1308:"Nigerian lowland forests"
1257:"Nigerian lowland forests"
1167:Akure Ofosu Forest Reserve
1054:conservation organizations
971:, and involving locals in
698:Forest research activities
608:Carbon Credits and Offsets
337:Flora and fauna in Nigeria
307:
4629:10.1017/S0376892920000107
4572:10.1007/s10531-008-9451-z
2702:10.1007/s11842-004-0009-y
2379:Bonan, Gordon B. (2008).
1811:10.4314/gjpas.v13i1.16662
1598:10.1007/978-3-031-21007-5
1281:. Resolve, using WWF data
927:Cross River National Park
918:National parks in Nigeria
826:deforestation in Nigerian
464:) and the Perrots' toad (
396:Piptadeniastrum africanum
207:Nigerian lowland forests,
193:
188:
151:
130:
122:
117:
109:Niger Delta swamp forests
94:Central African mangroves
86:
74:
62:
57:
45:
30:
25:
4763:Nigerian lowland forests
4349:Environmental Challenges
3363:Majorwaves Energy Report
2662:10.3389/fsufs.2019.00113
2166:10.3126/jthe.v11i0.38247
1279:"Map of Ecoregions 2017"
1172:Gilli-Gilli Game Reserve
1038:Research and monitoring:
967:alternatives, promoting
774:Deforestation in Nigeria
546:Triplochiton scleroxylon
26:Nigerian lowland forests
4768:Afrotropical ecoregions
4729:Biological Conservation
4709:10.31357/jtfe.v8i2.3764
3714:10.1073/pnas.1812505115
3059:10.1073/pnas.0607962103
2947:Odugbemi, Tolu (2008).
2405:10.1126/science.1155121
2294:Natural Resources Forum
2207:10.57012/ijhhr.v1n2.012
1940:10.31357/jtfe.v4i2.2036
1197:Orle River Game Reserve
1084:Effective policies and
385:Cylicodiscus gabunensis
4286:10.21750/REFOR.3.09.33
3940:10.1098/rstb.2019.0104
1381:Isichei, A.O. (1995).
1134:Research and education
1120:Alternative Livelihood
965:sustainable livelihood
919:
775:
699:
500:
492:
437:
369:
338:
284:, on the north by the
256:
248:
4773:Ecoregions of Nigeria
3826:www.preventionweb.net
3202:Earth-Science Reviews
2842:Okafor, J.C. (1983).
2511:International Affairs
2359:www.constellation.com
1072:Rainforest Foundation
969:traditional knowledge
917:
851:habitat fragmentation
773:
697:
498:
490:
435:
367:
336:
298:Upper Guinean forests
294:Lower Guinean forests
276:, on the east by the
254:
246:
211:tropical moist forest
4664:10.1093/jel/16.3.361
3999:The Education Digest
1140:ecological processes
1102:wildlife trafficking
884:Conservation efforts
812:wildlife trafficking
461:Cnemaspis petrodroma
449:Malimbus ibadanensis
4621:2020EnvCo..47..104A
4422:2021AfJEc..59..342S
4361:2022EnvCh...800544A
4242:2000ResEc...8..328A
4230:Restoration Ecology
4156:Nature Conservation
4046:10.2147/RRBS.S35442
3705:2018PNAS..11513164B
3699:(52): 13164–13173.
3490:2016JLUS...11..113E
3214:2018ESRv..177..497M
3052:(51): 19224–19231.
2805:10.4314/jae.v18i2.6
2749:2017SFJFS..79..161A
2397:2008Sci...320.1444B
2391:(5882): 1444–1449.
2110:2014Anato..25..195N
1694:(2 (156)): 99–119.
1483:10.3390/su142114256
1187:Okomu National Park
1148:awareness campaigns
957:traditional leaders
931:Okomu National Park
738:habitat destruction
690:Educational Service
555:Lovoa trichilioides
426:Lovoa trichilioides
199:critical/endangered
195:Conservation status
169: /
4107:10.3390/su14127322
3934:(1794): 20190104.
3828:. 13 November 2019
3365:. 1 September 2018
2848:Acta Horticulturae
1988:Friant, S (2015).
1967:Acta Horticulturae
1880:Journal of Ecology
1202:Owo Forest Reserve
1192:Omo Forest Reserve
1182:Kwale Game Reserve
1114:illegal activities
1046:ecosystem dynamics
935:Omo Forest Reserve
920:
905:ecosystem services
864:ecological balance
776:
716:Protection Service
700:
615:Regulation Service
602:frequent visitors.
501:
493:
438:
370:
339:
257:
249:
4430:10.1111/aje.12809
4329:978-0-309-04749-4
4027:(November 2013).
3454:978-3-319-71025-9
3439:. pp. 1–24.
3319:978-1-934151-34-1
3026:978-0-262-27380-0
3011:. The MIT Press.
2960:978-978-48712-7-3
2953:. Tolu Odugbemi.
1730:Library.ui.edu.ng
1607:978-3-031-21006-8
1575:978-3-031-21006-8
1177:Ifon Game Reserve
1110:local communities
1094:forest management
1090:forest protection
1076:capacity-building
994:native vegetation
973:forest management
961:indigenous groups
953:local communities
822:agricultural land
637:Provision Service
220:and southeastern
203:
202:
4785:
4747:
4746:
4744:
4720:
4714:
4713:
4711:
4687:
4681:
4674:
4668:
4667:
4647:
4641:
4640:
4603:
4597:
4590:
4584:
4583:
4566:(5): 1247–1257.
4555:
4549:
4542:
4536:
4529:
4523:
4519:
4513:
4504:
4498:
4497:
4461:
4455:
4448:
4442:
4441:
4407:
4398:
4392:
4389:
4383:
4382:
4372:
4340:
4334:
4333:
4306:
4300:
4297:
4291:
4290:
4288:
4268:
4262:
4261:
4224:
4218:
4217:
4205:
4199:
4198:
4196:
4194:
4188:Rainforest Trust
4180:
4174:
4173:
4171:
4147:
4141:
4140:
4138:
4136:
4130:The Conversation
4121:
4112:
4111:
4109:
4085:
4076:
4075:
4073:
4071:
4057:
4051:
4050:
4048:
4021:
4015:
4014:
3994:
3988:
3987:
3985:
3983:
3968:
3962:
3961:
3951:
3919:
3913:
3912:
3910:
3908:
3894:
3888:
3887:
3885:
3883:
3869:
3863:
3862:
3860:
3858:
3844:
3838:
3837:
3835:
3833:
3818:
3812:
3811:
3809:
3807:
3793:
3787:
3786:
3784:
3782:
3768:
3762:
3761:
3759:
3757:
3743:
3737:
3736:
3726:
3716:
3683:
3677:
3676:
3674:
3672:
3658:
3652:
3651:
3649:
3647:
3633:
3627:
3626:
3616:
3592:
3586:
3585:
3583:
3581:
3566:
3560:
3559:
3557:
3555:
3541:
3535:
3534:
3532:
3530:
3516:
3510:
3509:
3473:
3467:
3466:
3431:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3413:
3398:
3392:
3391:
3381:
3375:
3374:
3372:
3370:
3355:
3349:
3348:
3346:
3344:
3330:
3324:
3323:
3304:
3298:
3297:
3273:
3267:
3266:
3264:
3240:
3234:
3233:
3193:
3187:
3186:
3146:
3140:
3139:
3099:
3090:
3089:
3079:
3061:
3037:
3031:
3030:
3002:
2996:
2995:
2971:
2965:
2964:
2944:
2938:
2937:
2897:
2891:
2890:
2866:
2860:
2859:
2850:(123): 165–176.
2839:
2833:
2832:
2824:
2818:
2817:
2807:
2783:
2777:
2776:
2728:
2722:
2721:
2681:
2675:
2674:
2664:
2640:
2634:
2633:
2601:
2595:
2594:
2576:
2552:
2543:
2542:
2502:
2496:
2495:
2447:
2441:
2440:
2376:
2370:
2369:
2367:
2365:
2351:
2345:
2344:
2342:
2340:
2326:
2320:
2319:
2309:
2285:
2279:
2278:
2260:
2245:Tropical Zoology
2236:
2230:
2229:
2219:
2209:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2168:
2144:
2138:
2137:
2089:
2083:
2082:
2062:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2036:
2030:
2029:
2019:
2009:
1985:
1979:
1978:
1969:(806): 685–694.
1962:
1953:
1952:
1942:
1918:
1912:
1911:
1871:
1865:
1864:
1854:
1830:
1824:
1823:
1813:
1789:
1783:
1782:
1772:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1740:
1734:
1733:
1721:
1712:
1711:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1662:dicf.unepgrid.ch
1654:
1648:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1629:
1620:
1619:
1586:
1580:
1579:
1553:
1547:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1531:
1525:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1514:
1505:
1499:
1494:
1488:
1487:
1485:
1461:
1455:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1411:
1405:
1404:
1396:
1387:
1386:
1378:
1372:
1371:
1363:
1357:
1356:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1326:
1320:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1304:
1291:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1253:
1240:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1221:
1144:species richness
1042:species richness
834:invasive species
660:Dacryodes edulis
552:African Walnut (
491:Forest resources
483:Economic Service
455:Genetta cristata
216:in southwestern
184:
183:
181:
180:
179:
174:
170:
167:
166:
165:
162:
50:
35:
23:
22:
4793:
4792:
4788:
4787:
4786:
4784:
4783:
4782:
4753:
4752:
4751:
4750:
4721:
4717:
4688:
4684:
4680:(Vol. 6). IUCN.
4675:
4671:
4648:
4644:
4604:
4600:
4596:. Island Press.
4591:
4587:
4556:
4552:
4543:
4539:
4530:
4526:
4520:
4516:
4505:
4501:
4462:
4458:
4449:
4445:
4405:
4399:
4395:
4390:
4386:
4341:
4337:
4330:
4308:
4307:
4303:
4298:
4294:
4269:
4265:
4225:
4221:
4206:
4202:
4192:
4190:
4182:
4181:
4177:
4148:
4144:
4134:
4132:
4122:
4115:
4086:
4079:
4069:
4067:
4059:
4058:
4054:
4022:
4018:
3995:
3991:
3981:
3979:
3978:. 24 March 2022
3970:
3969:
3965:
3920:
3916:
3906:
3904:
3896:
3895:
3891:
3881:
3879:
3871:
3870:
3866:
3856:
3854:
3846:
3845:
3841:
3831:
3829:
3820:
3819:
3815:
3805:
3803:
3795:
3794:
3790:
3780:
3778:
3770:
3769:
3765:
3755:
3753:
3745:
3744:
3740:
3684:
3680:
3670:
3668:
3660:
3659:
3655:
3645:
3643:
3635:
3634:
3630:
3593:
3589:
3579:
3577:
3567:
3563:
3553:
3551:
3543:
3542:
3538:
3528:
3526:
3518:
3517:
3513:
3474:
3470:
3455:
3432:
3421:
3411:
3409:
3408:. 24 March 2022
3400:
3399:
3395:
3382:
3378:
3368:
3366:
3357:
3356:
3352:
3342:
3340:
3332:
3331:
3327:
3320:
3306:
3305:
3301:
3274:
3270:
3255:(13): 486–492.
3241:
3237:
3194:
3190:
3147:
3143:
3100:
3093:
3038:
3034:
3027:
3003:
2999:
2972:
2968:
2961:
2945:
2941:
2898:
2894:
2867:
2863:
2840:
2836:
2825:
2821:
2784:
2780:
2729:
2725:
2682:
2678:
2641:
2637:
2602:
2598:
2553:
2546:
2503:
2499:
2448:
2444:
2377:
2373:
2363:
2361:
2353:
2352:
2348:
2338:
2336:
2328:
2327:
2323:
2286:
2282:
2237:
2233:
2186:
2182:
2145:
2141:
2090:
2086:
2063:
2059:
2049:
2047:
2037:
2033:
2000:(5): e0003792.
1986:
1982:
1963:
1956:
1919:
1915:
1892:10.2307/2259111
1872:
1868:
1831:
1827:
1790:
1786:
1770:
1764:
1760:
1741:
1737:
1722:
1715:
1680:
1676:
1666:
1664:
1656:
1655:
1651:
1641:
1639:
1631:
1630:
1623:
1608:
1588:
1587:
1583:
1576:
1554:
1550:
1540:
1538:
1533:
1532:
1528:
1518:
1516:
1512:
1506:
1502:
1495:
1491:
1462:
1458:
1448:
1446:
1438:
1437:
1433:
1423:
1421:
1413:
1412:
1408:
1397:
1390:
1379:
1375:
1364:
1360:
1349:
1345:
1335:
1333:
1328:
1327:
1323:
1313:
1311:
1306:
1305:
1294:
1284:
1282:
1277:
1276:
1272:
1262:
1260:
1255:
1254:
1243:
1233:
1231:
1223:
1222:
1215:
1210:
1160:
1158:Protected areas
1136:
1106:law enforcement
1098:illegal logging
1086:law enforcement
1024:organic farming
943:forest habitats
890:protected areas
886:
749:
718:
692:
639:
617:
537:Tectona grandis
528:Milicia excelsa
485:
476:
420:Khaya ivorensis
408:Entandrophragma
357:(including the
331:
329:Flora and fauna
310:
266:
177:
175:
171:
168:
163:
160:
158:
156:
155:
147:
113:
53:
41:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4791:
4781:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4749:
4748:
4715:
4682:
4669:
4658:(3): 361–375.
4642:
4615:(2): 104–112.
4598:
4585:
4550:
4537:
4524:
4514:
4499:
4472:(3): 243–250.
4456:
4443:
4416:(2): 342–349.
4393:
4384:
4335:
4328:
4301:
4292:
4279:(3): 105–115.
4263:
4236:(4): 328–338.
4219:
4200:
4175:
4142:
4113:
4094:Sustainability
4077:
4052:
4025:Ikemeh, Rachel
4016:
3989:
3963:
3914:
3902:scied.ucar.edu
3889:
3864:
3839:
3813:
3788:
3776:www.wrm.org.uy
3763:
3738:
3678:
3653:
3641:www.wabicc.org
3628:
3587:
3561:
3536:
3511:
3484:(1): 113–130.
3468:
3453:
3419:
3393:
3376:
3350:
3325:
3318:
3312:. IUCN. 2009.
3299:
3268:
3235:
3188:
3161:(1–2): 85–95.
3141:
3091:
3032:
3025:
2997:
2966:
2959:
2939:
2892:
2861:
2834:
2819:
2778:
2743:(2): 161–168.
2723:
2696:(1): 131–138.
2676:
2635:
2596:
2544:
2517:(5): 861–879.
2497:
2442:
2371:
2346:
2321:
2300:(2): 116–130.
2280:
2231:
2200:(2): 286–293.
2180:
2139:
2104:(2): 195–210.
2084:
2057:
2031:
1980:
1954:
1913:
1886:(2): 543–564.
1866:
1845:(2): 127–135.
1825:
1784:
1758:
1735:
1713:
1674:
1649:
1621:
1606:
1581:
1574:
1548:
1526:
1500:
1489:
1470:Sustainability
1456:
1431:
1406:
1388:
1373:
1358:
1343:
1321:
1292:
1270:
1241:
1212:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1159:
1156:
1135:
1132:
1026:, responsible
885:
882:
860:Climate change
843:Infrastructure
748:
745:
744:
743:
742:
741:
733:
726:
717:
714:
713:
712:
708:
691:
688:
687:
686:
683:
680:
676:
675:
672:
667:
666:
663:
656:
648:
647:
638:
635:
630:
629:
625:
616:
613:
612:
611:
604:
603:
599:
595:
591:
586:
585:
578:
577:
574:
571:
568:
560:
559:
550:
541:
534:African Teak (
532:
523:
512:
511:
484:
481:
475:
472:
330:
327:
309:
306:
274:Gulf of Guinea
265:
262:
201:
200:
197:
191:
190:
186:
185:
153:
149:
148:
146:
145:
140:
134:
132:
128:
127:
124:
120:
119:
115:
114:
112:
111:
106:
101:
96:
90:
88:
84:
83:
78:
72:
71:
66:
60:
59:
55:
54:
51:
43:
42:
36:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4790:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4760:
4758:
4743:
4738:
4734:
4730:
4726:
4719:
4710:
4705:
4701:
4697:
4693:
4686:
4679:
4673:
4665:
4661:
4657:
4653:
4646:
4638:
4634:
4630:
4626:
4622:
4618:
4614:
4610:
4602:
4595:
4589:
4581:
4577:
4573:
4569:
4565:
4561:
4554:
4547:
4541:
4534:
4528:
4518:
4511:
4503:
4495:
4491:
4487:
4483:
4479:
4475:
4471:
4467:
4460:
4453:
4447:
4439:
4435:
4431:
4427:
4423:
4419:
4415:
4411:
4404:
4397:
4388:
4380:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4362:
4358:
4354:
4350:
4346:
4339:
4331:
4325:
4321:
4320:10.17226/1985
4317:
4313:
4312:
4305:
4296:
4287:
4282:
4278:
4274:
4267:
4259:
4255:
4251:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4223:
4215:
4211:
4204:
4189:
4185:
4179:
4170:
4165:
4161:
4157:
4153:
4146:
4131:
4127:
4120:
4118:
4108:
4103:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4084:
4082:
4066:
4062:
4056:
4047:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4020:
4012:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3993:
3977:
3973:
3967:
3959:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3918:
3903:
3899:
3893:
3878:
3874:
3868:
3853:
3849:
3843:
3827:
3823:
3817:
3802:
3798:
3792:
3777:
3773:
3767:
3752:
3748:
3742:
3734:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3682:
3667:
3666:eros.usgs.gov
3663:
3657:
3642:
3638:
3632:
3624:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3591:
3576:
3575:www.unodc.org
3572:
3565:
3550:
3546:
3540:
3525:
3521:
3515:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3472:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3430:
3428:
3426:
3424:
3407:
3403:
3397:
3389:
3388:
3380:
3364:
3360:
3354:
3339:
3335:
3329:
3321:
3315:
3311:
3310:
3303:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3272:
3263:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3239:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3192:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3145:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3098:
3096:
3087:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3036:
3028:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3009:
3001:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2970:
2962:
2956:
2952:
2951:
2943:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2896:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2865:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2838:
2830:
2823:
2815:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2782:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2727:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2680:
2672:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2639:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2600:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2551:
2549:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2501:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2446:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2375:
2360:
2356:
2350:
2335:
2331:
2325:
2317:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2284:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2235:
2227:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2184:
2176:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2143:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2088:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2061:
2046:
2042:
2035:
2027:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1984:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1961:
1959:
1950:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1917:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1870:
1862:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1829:
1821:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1788:
1780:
1776:
1769:
1762:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1739:
1731:
1727:
1720:
1718:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1678:
1663:
1659:
1653:
1638:
1634:
1628:
1626:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1585:
1577:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1552:
1536:
1530:
1511:
1504:
1498:
1493:
1484:
1479:
1476:(21): 14256.
1475:
1471:
1467:
1460:
1445:
1441:
1435:
1420:
1416:
1410:
1402:
1395:
1393:
1384:
1377:
1369:
1362:
1354:
1347:
1331:
1325:
1309:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1280:
1274:
1258:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1230:
1229:eros.usgs.gov
1226:
1220:
1218:
1213:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1163:
1155:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1033:
1032:agrochemicals
1029:
1025:
1021:
1020:tree planting
1017:
1013:
1009:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
982:Reforestation
980:
976:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
916:
912:
910:
906:
902:
897:
895:
894:reforestation
891:
881:
879:
875:
874:daily basis.
872:
868:
865:
861:
858:
854:
852:
848:
844:
841:
837:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
795:
791:
787:
783:
782:Deforestation
780:
772:
768:
764:
762:
758:
757:Deforestation
754:
739:
734:
732:conservation.
730:
729:
727:
723:
722:
721:
709:
705:
704:
703:
696:
684:
681:
678:
677:
673:
669:
668:
664:
661:
657:
654:
650:
649:
644:
643:
642:
634:
626:
622:
621:
620:
609:
606:
605:
600:
596:
592:
588:
587:
583:
580:
579:
575:
572:
569:
565:
564:
563:
557:
556:
551:
548:
547:
542:
539:
538:
533:
530:
529:
524:
521:
517:
514:
513:
509:
506:
505:
504:
497:
489:
480:
471:
469:
468:
463:
462:
457:
456:
451:
450:
445:
444:
434:
430:
428:
427:
422:
421:
416:
415:
410:
409:
404:
403:
398:
397:
392:
391:
386:
382:
381:
376:
366:
362:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
335:
326:
324:
321:
317:
316:
305:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
261:
253:
245:
241:
237:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
212:
208:
198:
196:
192:
187:
182:
154:
150:
144:
141:
139:
136:
135:
133:
129:
125:
121:
116:
110:
107:
105:
102:
100:
97:
95:
92:
91:
89:
85:
82:
79:
77:
73:
70:
67:
65:
61:
56:
49:
44:
40:
34:
29:
24:
21:
4732:
4728:
4718:
4699:
4695:
4685:
4677:
4672:
4655:
4651:
4645:
4612:
4608:
4601:
4593:
4588:
4563:
4559:
4553:
4545:
4540:
4532:
4527:
4517:
4508:
4502:
4469:
4465:
4459:
4451:
4446:
4413:
4409:
4396:
4387:
4352:
4348:
4338:
4310:
4304:
4295:
4276:
4266:
4233:
4229:
4222:
4213:
4203:
4191:. Retrieved
4187:
4178:
4159:
4155:
4145:
4133:. Retrieved
4129:
4100:(12): 7322.
4097:
4093:
4068:. Retrieved
4064:
4055:
4036:
4032:
4019:
4002:
3998:
3992:
3980:. Retrieved
3975:
3966:
3931:
3927:
3917:
3905:. Retrieved
3901:
3892:
3880:. Retrieved
3877:ScienceDaily
3876:
3867:
3855:. Retrieved
3851:
3842:
3830:. Retrieved
3825:
3816:
3804:. Retrieved
3800:
3791:
3779:. Retrieved
3775:
3766:
3754:. Retrieved
3750:
3741:
3696:
3692:
3681:
3669:. Retrieved
3665:
3656:
3644:. Retrieved
3640:
3631:
3604:
3600:
3590:
3578:. Retrieved
3574:
3564:
3552:. Retrieved
3548:
3539:
3527:. Retrieved
3523:
3514:
3481:
3477:
3471:
3436:
3410:. Retrieved
3405:
3396:
3386:
3379:
3367:. Retrieved
3362:
3353:
3341:. Retrieved
3337:
3328:
3308:
3302:
3288:(2): 44–56.
3285:
3281:
3271:
3252:
3248:
3238:
3205:
3201:
3191:
3158:
3155:Biodiversity
3154:
3144:
3114:(1): 42–47.
3111:
3107:
3049:
3045:
3035:
3007:
3000:
2986:(2): 29–35.
2983:
2979:
2969:
2949:
2942:
2912:(1): 37–44.
2909:
2905:
2895:
2878:
2874:
2864:
2847:
2837:
2822:
2798:(2): 44–56.
2795:
2791:
2781:
2740:
2736:
2726:
2693:
2689:
2679:
2652:
2648:
2638:
2616:(1): 80–91.
2613:
2609:
2599:
2564:
2560:
2514:
2510:
2500:
2459:
2455:
2445:
2388:
2384:
2374:
2362:. Retrieved
2358:
2349:
2337:. Retrieved
2334:Investopedia
2333:
2324:
2297:
2293:
2283:
2251:(3): 63–72.
2248:
2244:
2234:
2197:
2193:
2183:
2156:
2152:
2142:
2101:
2097:
2087:
2070:
2066:
2060:
2048:. Retrieved
2044:
2034:
1997:
1993:
1983:
1966:
1930:
1926:
1916:
1883:
1879:
1869:
1842:
1838:
1828:
1804:(1): 13–15.
1801:
1797:
1787:
1778:
1774:
1761:
1752:
1748:
1738:
1729:
1691:
1687:
1677:
1665:. Retrieved
1661:
1652:
1640:. Retrieved
1636:
1589:
1584:
1557:
1551:
1541:14 September
1539:. Retrieved
1537:. World Bank
1529:
1519:14 September
1517:. Retrieved
1503:
1492:
1473:
1469:
1459:
1447:. Retrieved
1443:
1434:
1422:. Retrieved
1418:
1409:
1400:
1382:
1376:
1367:
1361:
1352:
1346:
1334:. Retrieved
1324:
1312:. Retrieved
1283:. Retrieved
1273:
1261:. Retrieved
1232:. Retrieved
1228:
1161:
1152:conservation
1137:
1128:
1124:
1119:
1118:
1108:bodies, and
1081:
1080:
1059:
1058:
1037:
1036:
1016:Agroforestry
1011:
1010:
1002:forest cover
990:buffer zones
978:
977:
948:
947:
939:biodiversity
922:
921:
901:biodiversity
898:
887:
877:
876:
870:
869:
856:
855:
839:
838:
817:
816:
799:
798:
778:
777:
765:
761:biodiversity
755:challenges.
753:conservation
750:
719:
711:stewardship.
701:
659:
653:Irvingia spp
652:
640:
631:
618:
607:
581:
561:
553:
544:
535:
526:
519:
507:
502:
477:
467:Bufo perreti
465:
459:
453:
447:
441:
439:
424:
418:
412:
406:
400:
394:
388:
384:
380:Brachystegia
378:
371:
340:
313:
311:
267:
258:
238:
206:
204:
189:Conservation
69:Afrotropical
37:Forest near
18:
4065:www.fao.org
3549:www.ice.gov
3338:www.fao.org
3208:: 497–513.
2462:: 300–312.
2217:10535/10893
2073:(4): 1–12.
1781:(1): 86–96.
1142:, identify
1070:(WCS), and
986:restoration
909:livelihoods
582:Eco-Tourism
375:Leguminosae
302:West Africa
290:Dahomey Gap
278:Niger River
176: /
173:6.8°N 5.0°E
152:Coordinates
4757:Categories
4735:: 108224.
4355:: 100544.
3607:: 100064.
3569:KKIENERM.
2364:21 October
2339:21 October
2050:18 October
1667:18 October
1208:References
998:indigenous
907:, and the
878:Illiteracy
830:cash crops
399:, and the
234:Benin City
39:Benin City
4637:218798491
4438:226342276
4379:248637528
4277:Reforesta
4162:: 21–46.
4011:218178696
4005:(9): 49.
3751:LandLinks
3747:"Nigeria"
3623:257016784
3524:study.com
3506:128428525
3463:134034835
3294:2141-1778
3230:0012-8252
3183:257864064
3175:1488-8386
3136:154808487
3128:1350-4509
3068:0027-8424
2992:2141-1778
2926:1029-5925
2887:1595-7470
2814:2408-6851
2765:2070-2620
2710:1873-7854
2671:2571-581X
2622:0010-3381
2591:231989149
2531:0020-5850
2476:0301-4797
2413:0036-8075
2316:0165-0203
2267:0394-6975
2226:255172299
2175:238213491
2159:: 64–92.
2134:129979168
2126:1303-2917
2079:130791346
1949:2235-9370
1900:0022-0477
1861:1658-077X
1820:2992-4464
1700:0010-3381
1637:One Earth
1616:258221737
1444:One Earth
1419:One Earth
951:Engaging
520:Khaya spp
402:Meliaceae
270:mangroves
264:Geography
214:ecoregion
131:Countries
118:Geography
4580:25634299
4494:20833908
4486:12164135
4314:. 1993.
4258:84970509
4039:: 9–23.
4007:ProQuest
3958:31983329
3733:30509982
3086:17088538
2934:82261046
2773:90531108
2718:22539457
2630:42607279
2583:33611067
2492:51980729
2484:30098496
2437:45466312
2429:18556546
2421:20054256
2275:83908331
2098:Anatolia
2026:26001078
1708:42605247
1066:(IUCN),
1006:wildlife
871:Poverty:
808:poaching
786:oil palm
725:regions.
646:include:
628:periods.
543:Obeche (
516:Mahogany
405:family (
377:family (
355:primates
280:and its
272:and the
178:6.8; 5.0
4617:Bibcode
4418:Bibcode
4357:Bibcode
4238:Bibcode
3982:10 June
3949:7017779
3724:6310830
3701:Bibcode
3486:Bibcode
3210:Bibcode
3077:1838564
2745:Bibcode
2539:3874204
2393:Bibcode
2385:Science
2106:Bibcode
2017:4441483
1908:2259111
1336:20 June
1314:20 June
1285:20 June
1263:20 June
1028:logging
804:logging
624:change.
525:Iroko (
308:Climate
218:Nigeria
138:Nigeria
87:Borders
58:Ecology
4635:
4578:
4522:135pp.
4510:Office
4492:
4484:
4436:
4377:
4326:
4256:
4193:23 May
4135:18 May
4070:18 May
4009:
3956:
3946:
3907:18 May
3882:18 May
3857:18 May
3832:18 May
3806:18 May
3781:18 May
3756:18 May
3731:
3721:
3671:18 May
3646:18 May
3621:
3580:18 May
3554:18 May
3529:18 May
3504:
3461:
3451:
3412:18 May
3369:17 May
3343:17 May
3316:
3292:
3228:
3181:
3173:
3134:
3126:
3084:
3074:
3066:
3023:
2990:
2957:
2932:
2924:
2885:
2812:
2771:
2763:
2716:
2708:
2669:
2628:
2620:
2589:
2581:
2537:
2529:
2490:
2482:
2474:
2435:
2427:
2419:
2411:
2314:
2273:
2265:
2224:
2173:
2132:
2124:
2077:
2024:
2014:
1947:
1906:
1898:
1859:
1818:
1706:
1698:
1642:17 May
1614:
1604:
1572:
1449:18 May
1424:18 May
1234:17 May
1044:, and
959:, and
933:, and
794:rubber
792:, and
707:world.
671:needs.
423:, and
414:Guarea
343:Africa
232:, and
230:Ibadan
164:5°00′E
161:6°48′N
4702:(2).
4633:S2CID
4576:S2CID
4490:S2CID
4466:Ambio
4434:S2CID
4406:(PDF)
4375:S2CID
4254:S2CID
3619:S2CID
3502:S2CID
3459:S2CID
3179:S2CID
3132:S2CID
2930:S2CID
2881:(1).
2769:S2CID
2714:S2CID
2626:JSTOR
2587:S2CID
2535:JSTOR
2488:S2CID
2433:S2CID
2417:JSTOR
2271:S2CID
2222:S2CID
2171:S2CID
2130:S2CID
2075:S2CID
1933:(2).
1904:JSTOR
1771:(PDF)
1704:JSTOR
1612:S2CID
1513:(PDF)
790:cocoa
567:zone.
351:fauna
347:flora
282:delta
226:Lagos
222:Benin
143:Benin
76:Biome
64:Realm
4482:PMID
4324:ISBN
4195:2023
4137:2023
4072:2023
3984:2023
3954:PMID
3909:2023
3884:2023
3859:2023
3834:2023
3808:2023
3783:2023
3758:2023
3729:PMID
3673:2023
3648:2023
3582:2023
3556:2023
3531:2023
3449:ISBN
3414:2023
3371:2023
3345:2023
3314:ISBN
3290:ISSN
3226:ISSN
3171:ISSN
3124:ISSN
3082:PMID
3064:ISSN
3021:ISBN
2988:ISSN
2955:ISBN
2922:ISSN
2883:ISSN
2810:ISSN
2761:ISSN
2706:ISSN
2667:ISSN
2618:ISSN
2579:PMID
2527:ISSN
2480:PMID
2472:ISSN
2425:PMID
2409:ISSN
2366:2023
2341:2023
2312:ISSN
2263:ISSN
2122:ISSN
2052:2023
2022:PMID
1945:ISSN
1896:ISSN
1857:ISSN
1816:ISSN
1755:(3).
1696:ISSN
1669:2023
1644:2023
1602:ISBN
1570:ISBN
1543:2019
1521:2019
1451:2023
1426:2023
1338:2021
1316:2021
1287:2021
1265:2020
1236:2023
1100:and
984:and
847:dams
349:and
323:(Aw)
205:The
123:Area
4737:doi
4733:241
4704:doi
4660:doi
4625:doi
4568:doi
4474:doi
4426:doi
4365:doi
4316:doi
4281:doi
4246:doi
4164:doi
4102:doi
4041:doi
3944:PMC
3936:doi
3932:375
3719:PMC
3709:doi
3697:115
3609:doi
3494:doi
3441:doi
3257:doi
3218:doi
3206:177
3163:doi
3116:doi
3072:PMC
3054:doi
3050:103
3013:doi
2914:doi
2910:202
2852:doi
2800:doi
2753:doi
2698:doi
2657:doi
2569:doi
2565:286
2519:doi
2464:doi
2460:225
2401:doi
2389:320
2302:doi
2253:doi
2212:hdl
2202:doi
2161:doi
2114:doi
2012:PMC
2002:doi
1971:doi
1935:doi
1888:doi
1847:doi
1806:doi
1594:doi
1562:doi
1478:doi
383:),
300:of
4759::
4731:.
4727:.
4698:.
4694:.
4656:16
4654:.
4631:.
4623:.
4613:47
4611:.
4574:.
4564:18
4562:.
4488:.
4480:.
4470:31
4468:.
4432:.
4424:.
4414:59
4412:.
4408:.
4373:.
4363:.
4351:.
4347:.
4322:.
4275:.
4252:.
4244:.
4232:.
4212:.
4186:.
4160:13
4158:.
4154:.
4128:.
4116:^
4098:14
4096:.
4092:.
4080:^
4063:.
4035:.
4031:.
4003:55
4001:.
3974:.
3952:.
3942:.
3930:.
3926:.
3900:.
3875:.
3850:.
3824:.
3799:.
3774:.
3749:.
3727:.
3717:.
3707:.
3695:.
3691:.
3664:.
3639:.
3617:.
3603:.
3599:.
3573:.
3547:.
3522:.
3500:.
3492:.
3482:11
3480:.
3457:.
3447:.
3422:^
3404:.
3361:.
3336:.
3284:.
3280:.
3251:.
3247:.
3224:.
3216:.
3204:.
3200:.
3177:.
3169:.
3159:24
3157:.
3153:.
3130:.
3122:.
3112:18
3110:.
3106:.
3094:^
3080:.
3070:.
3062:.
3048:.
3044:.
3019:.
2982:.
2978:.
2928:.
2920:.
2908:.
2904:.
2879:11
2877:.
2873:.
2846:.
2808:.
2796:18
2794:.
2790:.
2767:.
2759:.
2751:.
2741:79
2739:.
2735:.
2712:.
2704:.
2692:.
2688:.
2665:.
2655:.
2651:.
2647:.
2624:.
2614:75
2612:.
2608:.
2585:.
2577:.
2567:.
2563:.
2559:.
2547:^
2533:.
2525:.
2515:82
2513:.
2509:.
2486:.
2478:.
2470:.
2458:.
2454:.
2431:.
2423:.
2415:.
2407:.
2399:.
2387:.
2383:.
2357:.
2332:.
2310:.
2298:32
2296:.
2292:.
2269:.
2261:.
2249:27
2247:.
2243:.
2220:.
2210:.
2196:.
2192:.
2169:.
2157:11
2155:.
2151:.
2128:.
2120:.
2112:.
2102:25
2100:.
2096:.
2069:.
2043:.
2020:.
2010:.
1996:.
1992:.
1957:^
1943:.
1929:.
1925:.
1902:.
1894:.
1884:67
1882:.
1878:.
1855:.
1843:10
1841:.
1837:.
1814:.
1802:13
1800:.
1796:.
1777:.
1773:.
1751:.
1747:.
1728:.
1716:^
1702:.
1692:53
1690:.
1686:.
1660:.
1635:.
1624:^
1610:.
1600:.
1568:.
1474:14
1472:.
1468:.
1442:.
1417:.
1391:^
1295:^
1244:^
1227:.
1216:^
1116:.
1008:.
929:,
903:,
836:.
810:,
788:,
429:.
417:,
411:,
393:,
387:,
228:,
4745:.
4739::
4712:.
4706::
4700:8
4666:.
4662::
4639:.
4627::
4619::
4582:.
4570::
4512:.
4496:.
4476::
4440:.
4428::
4420::
4381:.
4367::
4359::
4353:8
4332:.
4318::
4289:.
4283::
4260:.
4248::
4240::
4234:8
4216:.
4197:.
4172:.
4166::
4139:.
4110:.
4104::
4074:.
4049:.
4043::
4037:3
4013:.
3986:.
3960:.
3938::
3911:.
3886:.
3861:.
3836:.
3810:.
3785:.
3760:.
3735:.
3711::
3703::
3675:.
3650:.
3625:.
3611::
3605:3
3584:.
3558:.
3533:.
3508:.
3496::
3488::
3465:.
3443::
3416:.
3373:.
3347:.
3322:.
3296:.
3286:9
3265:.
3259::
3253:3
3232:.
3220::
3212::
3185:.
3165::
3138:.
3118::
3088:.
3056::
3029:.
3015::
2994:.
2984:9
2963:.
2936:.
2916::
2889:.
2858:.
2854::
2816:.
2802::
2775:.
2755::
2747::
2720:.
2700::
2694:3
2673:.
2659::
2653:3
2632:.
2593:.
2571::
2541:.
2521::
2494:.
2466::
2439:.
2403::
2395::
2368:.
2343:.
2318:.
2304::
2277:.
2255::
2228:.
2214::
2204::
2198:1
2177:.
2163::
2136:.
2116::
2108::
2081:.
2071:2
2054:.
2028:.
2004::
1998:9
1977:.
1973::
1951:.
1937::
1931:4
1910:.
1890::
1863:.
1849::
1822:.
1808::
1779:9
1753:6
1732:.
1710:.
1671:.
1646:.
1618:.
1596::
1578:.
1564::
1545:.
1523:.
1486:.
1480::
1453:.
1428:.
1403:.
1355:.
1340:.
1318:.
1289:.
1267:.
1238:.
740:.
518:(
318:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
