Advance-fee scam - Knowledge

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fraud scam, after an email told her she had inherited money from her long-lost grandfather. Her curiosity was piqued because she actually had a grandfather with whom her family had lost touch, and whose initials matched those given in the email. She sent hundreds of thousands of dollars over a period of more than two years, despite her family, bank staff and law enforcement officials all urging her to stop. The elderly are particularly susceptible to online scams such as this, as they typically come from a generation that was more trusting, and are often too proud to report the fraud. They also may be concerned that relatives might see it as a sign of declining mental capacity, and they are afraid to lose their independence.

440:. The reason given by the scammer usually relates to the speed at which the payment can be received and processed, allowing quick release of the supposed payoff. The real reason for using such money-sending services is that such wire transfers are irreversible and often untraceable. Further, these services are ideal because identification beyond knowledge of the details of the transaction is often not required, making receipt of such funds almost or entirely completely anonymous. However, bank account information obtained by scammers is sometimes sold in bulk to other fraudsters who wait a few months for the victim to repair the damage caused by the initial scam before raiding any accounts that the victim did not close. 1030:", is persuaded to give up a sum of money in order to secure the rights to a larger sum of money, or more valuable object. In reality, the scammers make off with the money and the mark is left with nothing. In the process, the stranger (actually a confidence trickster) puts his money with the mark's money (in an envelope, briefcase, or bag) which the mark is then apparently entrusted with; it is actually switched for a bag full of newspaper or other worthless material. Through various theatrics, the mark is given the opportunity to leave with the money without the stranger realizing. In reality, the mark would be fleeing from his own money, which the con man still has (or has handed off to an 796:

similar manner to the catalog merchant business model, as a hiring requisite. Quite often, the company lacks any form of the physical catalog to help them sell products (e.g. jewelry). When "given" the job, the individual is then asked to promote the scam job offer on their own. They are also made to work the company unpaid as a form of "training". Similar scams involve making alleged job candidates pay money upfront in person for training materials or services, with the claim that upon successful completion, they will be offered a guaranteed job, which never materializes.

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they are instructed to send money for their work visa or travel costs to the agent, or to a bogus travel agent who works on the scammer's behalf. No matter what the variation, they always involve the job seeker sending them or their agent money, credit card or bank account details. A newer form of employment scam has arisen in which users are sent a bogus job offer, but are not asked to give financial information. Instead, their personal information is harvested during the application process and then sold to third parties for a profit, or used for

779:, the victim deposits it—banks will often credit an account with the value of a cheque not obviously false— and sends the money to the scammer via wire transfer. Later the cheque is not honoured ("bounces") and the bank debits the victim's account. Schemes based solely on cheque cashing usually offer only a small part of the cheque's total amount, with the assurance that many more cheques will follow; if the victim buys into the scam and cashes all the cheques, the scammer can steal a lot in a very short time. 894:, and JunkMail. The pet may either be advertised as being for-sale or up for adoption. Typically the pet is advertised on online advertising pages complete with photographs taken from various sources such as real advertisements, blogs or wherever else an image can be stolen. Upon the potential victim contacting the scammer, the scammer responds by asking for details pertaining to the potential victim's circumstances and location under the pretense of ensuring that the pet would have a suitable home. 1324:", the band's manager, Murray, uses the band's emergency funds for what appears to be a 419 scam—an investment offer made by a Mr. Nigel Soladu, who had e-mailed him from Nigeria. However, it turns out that Nigel Soladu is a real Nigerian businessman and the investment offer is legitimate, although Murray notes that, despite Mr. Soladu having e-mailed many people for an investment, only he had taken him up on it. The band receives a 1000% profit, which they use to get bailed out of jail. 944:

assistance to return, to escape imprisonment by corrupt local officials, to pay for medical expenses due to an illness contracted abroad, and so on. The scammer may also use the confidence gained by the romance angle to introduce some variant of the original Nigerian Letter scheme, such as saying they need to get money or valuables out of the country and offer to share the wealth, making the request for help in leaving the country even more attractive to the victim.

502: 6751: 390:, a series of cheques or bank drafts, so on and so forth. The sums involved are usually in the millions of dollars, and the investor is promised a large share, typically ten to fifty percent, in return for assisting the fraudster to retrieve or expatriate the money. Although the vast majority of recipients do not respond to these emails, a small percentage do, enough to make the scam worthwhile as many millions of messages can be sent daily. 1041:. For example, they may contact a victim saying they can track and apprehend the scammer and recover the money lost by the victim, for a price. Or they may say a fund has been set up by the Nigerian government to compensate victims of 419 fraud, and all that is required is proof of the loss, personal information, and a processing and handling fee. The recovery scammers obtain lists of victims by buying them from the original scammers. 38: 638:, scammers subscribe to these services using fraudulent registration details and paying either via cash or with stolen credit card details. They then send out masses of unsolicited SMS messages to victims stating they have won a competition, lottery, reward, or an event and that they have to contact somebody to claim their prize. Typically the details of the party to be contacted will be an equally untraceable email address or a 425:

transactions or conversation and recognized the scam), the victim may have sent thousands of dollars of their own money. Sometimes thousands more that has been borrowed or stolen to the scammer via an untraceable and/or irreversible means such as wire transfer. The scammer disappears, and the victim is left on the hook for the money sent to the scammer.

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to appear legitimate. The victims part with their money in pieces to the fraudster on account of the Government Service Tax, government clearance charges, bank charges, transportation charges, survey fee etc. The Indian government is issuing public notices in media to spread awareness among the public and warn them against mobile tower fraudsters.

1003:), this property is administered by the Bona Vacantia Division of the Treasury Solicitor's Department. Fraudulent emails and letters claiming to be from this department have been reported, informing the recipient they are the beneficiary of a legacy but requiring the payment of a fee before sending more information or releasing the money. In the 710:, or murdered. According to a 1995 U.S. State Department report, over fifteen persons were murdered between 1992 and 1995 in Nigeria after following through on advance-fee frauds. In 1999 Norwegian millionaire Kjetil Moe was lured to South Africa by scammers and was murdered. George Makronalli was lured to South Africa and was killed in 2004. 763:(fake) "government official" to contact. The "government official" then proceeds to fleece the victim by extracting fees from the unsuspecting user for the work permit and other fees. A variant of the job scam recruits freelancers seeking work, such as editing or translation, then requires some advance payment before assignments are offered. 255:. Another variant of the scam, dating back to ca. 1830, appears very similar to emails today: "Sir, you will doubtlessly be astonished to be receiving a letter from a person unknown to you, who is about to ask a favour from you..." and goes on to talk of a casket containing 16,000 francs in gold and the diamonds of a late marchioness. 940:, or a social networking site. The scammer claims an interest in the victim, and posts pictures of an attractive person. The scammer uses this communication to gain confidence, then asks for money. A very common example of romance scams is depicted in the fraudulent activities of these boys, popularly known as Yahoo boys in Nigeria. 650:

the message, there will be frequent instructions to 'ring back in the event of problems'. The call is always 'cut off' just before the victim has the chance to note all the details. Some victims call back multiple times in an effort to collect all the details. The scammer thus makes their money out of the fees charged for the calls.

157:. The scam typically involves promising the victim a significant share of a large sum of money, in return for a small up-front payment, which the fraudster claims will be used to obtain the large sum. If a victim makes the payment, the fraudster either invents a series of further fees for the victim to pay or simply disappears. 1137:, South Africa, who demanded a ransom of £20,000. The captors released Raca after they became nervous. One 419 scam that ended in murder occurred in February 2003, when Jiří Pasovský, a 72-year-old scam victim from the Czech Republic, shot and killed 50-year-old Michael Lekara Wayid, an official at the Nigerian embassy in 413:

be used for white-collar crime, such as bribery, and even that the money they are being promised is being stolen from a government or royal/wealthy family, often prevents the victim from telling others about the "transaction", as it would involve admitting that they intended to be complicit in an international crime.

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Estimates of the total losses due to the scam are uncertain and vary widely, since many people may be too embarrassed to admit that they were gullible enough to be scammed to report the crime. A United States government report in 2006 indicated that Americans lost $ 198.4 million to Internet fraud in

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The con artist may claim to be interested in meeting the victim but needs cash to book a plane, buy a bus ticket, rent a hotel room, pay for personal-travel costs such as gasoline or a vehicle rental, or to cover other expenses. In other cases, they claim they're trapped in a foreign country and need

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More sophisticated scams advertise jobs with real companies and offer lucrative salaries and conditions with the fraudsters pretending to be recruitment agents. A bogus telephone or online interview may take place and after some time the applicant is informed that the job is theirs. To secure the job

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Many legitimate (or at least fully registered) companies work on a similar basis, using this method as their primary source of earnings. Some modelling and escort agencies tell applicants that they have a number of clients lined up, but that they require some sort of prior "registration fee", usually

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A contemporary (mid-2011) innovation is the use of a Premium Rate 'call back' number (instead of a website or email) in the SMS. On calling the number, the victim is first reassured that 'they are a winner' and then subjected to a long series of instructions on how to collect their 'winnings'. During

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Often but not always, delays and additional costs are added by the fraudster, always keeping the promise of an imminent large transfer alive, convincing the victim that the money the victim is currently paying would be covered several times over by the payoff. The implication that these payments will

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The modern-day transnational scam can be traced back to Germany in 1922 and became popular during the 1980s. There are many variants of the template letter. One of these, sent via postal mail, was addressed to a woman's husband to inquire about his health. It then asked what to do with profits from a

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By determining the location of the victim, the scammer ensures he is far enough from the victim so as to not allow the buyer to physically view the pet. Should the scammer be questioned, as the advertisement claimed a location initially, the scammer will claim work circumstances having forced him to

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This scam targets people who have posted their résumés on job sites. The scammer sends a letter with a falsified company logo. The job offer usually indicates exceptional salary and benefits, and requests that the victim needs a "work permit" for working in the country, and includes the address of a

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These messages may be sent over a weekend when the staff at the service providers are not working, enabling the scammer to be able to abuse the services for a whole weekend. Even when traceable, they give out long and winding procedures for procuring the reward (real or unreal) and that too with the

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A central element of advance-fee fraud is that the transaction from the victim to the scammer must be untraceable and irreversible. Otherwise, the victim, once they become aware of the scam, could successfully retrieve their money and alert officials who could track the accounts used by the scammer.

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scam that dates back to the late 18th century. In that con, businessmen were contacted by an individual allegedly trying to smuggle someone who is connected to a wealthy family out of a prison in Spain. In exchange for assistance, the scammer promised to share money with the victim in exchange for a

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Other victims lose wealth and friends, become estranged from family members, deceive partners, get divorced, or commit criminal offenses in the process of either fulfilling their "obligations" to the scammers or obtaining more money. In 2008, an Oregon woman lost $ 400,000 to a Nigerian advance-fee

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This variant of advance-fee fraud is widespread in India and Pakistan. The fraudster uses Internet classified websites and print media to lure the public for the installation of a mobile phone tower on their property, with the promise of huge rental returns. The fraudster also creates fake websites

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An extreme example of this is the case of 67-year old Australian woman Jette Jacobs. In 2013 she traveled to South Africa to supposedly marry her scammer, Jesse Orowo Omokoh, 28, after having sent more than $ 90,000 to him over a three-year period. Her body was discovered on February 9, 2013, under

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finds a property, pretends to be the owner, lists it online, and communicates with the would-be renter to make a cash deposit. The scammer may also be the renter as well, in which case they pretend to be a foreign student and contact a landlord seeking accommodation. They usually state they are not

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Many scams use telephone calls to convince the victim that the person on the other end of the deal is a real, truthful person. The scammer, possibly impersonating a person of a nationality or gender other than their own, would arouse suspicion by telephoning the victim. In these cases, scammers use

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are ideal for this purpose. International wire transfers cannot be cancelled or reversed, and the person receiving the money cannot be tracked. Other non-cancellable forms of payment include postal money orders and cashier's cheques, but wire transfer via Western Union or MoneyGram is more common.

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using a fake email address or a fake social media account. The fraudster then makes an offer that would allegedly result in a large payoff for the victim. An email subject line may say something like "From the desk of barrister ", "Your assistance is needed", "Important", "Dear Sir or Madam" and so

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The scammer contacts the victim to interest them in a "work-from-home" opportunity, or asks them to cash a cheque or money order that for some reason cannot be redeemed locally. In one cover story, the perpetrator of the scam wishes the victim to work as a "mystery shopper", evaluating the service

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Since the scammer's operations must be untraceable to avoid identification, and because the scammer is often impersonating someone else, any communication between the scammer and his victim must be done through channels that hide the scammer's true identity. The following options in particular are

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The "success rate" of the scammers is also hard to gauge, since they are operating illegally and do not keep track of specific numbers. One individual estimated he sent 500 emails per day and received about seven replies, citing that when he received a reply, he was 70 percent certain he would get

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Once the victim's confidence has been gained, the scammer then introduces a delay or monetary hurdle that prevents the deal from occurring as planned, such as "To transmit the money, we need to bribe a bank official. Could you help us with a loan?" or "For you to be a party to the transaction, you

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Many scammers tend to come from poorer and more-educated backgrounds, where Internet access and better education, along with inability to afford basic necessities, drive people into committing online fraud. They were also influenced by social media celebrities and artists who promote scamming as a

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Additionally, the victim may be asked to pay for a health certificate needed to transport the pet, and for kennel fees during the recuperation period. The further the scam progresses, the more similar are the fictitious fees to those of typical 419 scams. It is not uncommon to see customs or like

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Numerous problems are encountered in the courier phase of the scam. The crate is too small and the victim has the option of either purchasing a crate with air conditioning or renting one while also paying a deposit, typically called a caution or cautionary fee. The victim may also have to pay for

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Some scammers advertise phony academic conferences in exotic or international locations, complete with fake websites, scheduled agendas and advertising experts in a particular field that will be presenting there. They offer to pay the airfare of the participants, but not the hotel accommodations.

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FCC regulations and confidentiality laws require operators to relay calls verbatim and adhere to a strict code of confidentiality and ethics. Thus, no relay operator may judge the legality and legitimacy of a relay call and must relay it without interference. This means the relay operator may not

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Another form of employment scam involves making people receive a fake "interview" where they are told the benefits of the company. The attendees are then made to assist to a conference where a scammer will use elaborate manipulation techniques to convince the attendees to purchase products, in a

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being a common choice), making the scammer's country of origin more difficult to trace. While Gmail does indeed strip headers from emails, it is possible to trace an IP address from such an email. Scammers can create as many accounts as they wish and often have several at a time. In addition, if

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The essential fact in all advance-fee fraud operations is the promised money transfer to the victim never happens because the money does not exist. The perpetrators rely on the fact that, by the time the victim realizes this (often only after being confronted by a third party who has noticed the

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Upon the victim deciding to adopt or purchase the pet, a courier has to be used which is in reality part of the scam. If this is for an adopted pet, typically the victim is expected to pay some fee such as insurance, food or shipping. Payment is via MoneyGram, Western Union or money mules' bank

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are commonly used tools of business whenever a client requires a hard copy of a document. They can also be simulated using web services and made untraceable by the use of prepaid phones connected to mobile fax machines or by use of a public fax machine such as one owned by a document processing

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a house or by comparing the salary scale and living conditions in their country to those in the West. Much of the time, however, the needed psychological pressure is self-applied: once the victims have provided money toward the payoff, they feel they have a vested interest in seeing the "deal"

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researcher, "By sending an email that repels all but the most gullible, the scammer gets the most promising marks to self-select." Responding to Herley, a director at Nigeria's National Security Adviser said that there are more non-Nigerian scammers claiming to be Nigerian, and suggested that

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The international nature of the crime, combined with the fact that many victims do not want to admit that they bought into an illegal activity, has made tracking down and apprehending these criminals difficult. Furthermore, the government of Nigeria has been slow to take action, leading some

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The lottery scam involves fake notices of lottery wins, although the intended victim has not entered the lottery. The "winner" is usually asked to send sensitive information such as name, residential address, occupation/position, lottery number etc. to a free email account which is at times

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Some fraudsters hijack existing email accounts and use them for advance-fee fraud purposes. For instance, with social engineering, the fraudster impersonates associates, friends, or family members of the legitimate account owner in an attempt to defraud them. A variety of techniques such as

401:. 419 scammers also often utilize fake websites and addresses to present themselves as more legitimate. Multiple "people" may write or be involved in schemes as they continue, but they are often fictitious; in many cases, one person controls all the fictitious personae used in scams. 164:(FBI) states that "An advance fee scheme occurs when the victim pays money to someone in anticipation of receiving something of greater value – such as a loan, contract, investment, or gift - and then receives little or nothing in return." There are many variations of this type of 3159: 579:

Because many free email services do not require valid identifying information and also allow communication with many victims in a short span of time, they are the preferred method of communication for scammers. Some services go so far as to mask the sender's source IP address

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untraceable or without any link. In addition to harvesting this information, the scammer then notifies the victim that releasing the funds requires some small fee (insurance, registration, or shipping). Once the victim sends the fee, the scammer invents another fee.

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technique described above is also used. Fake or stolen cheque, representing a part payment of the winnings, being sent; then a fee, smaller than the amount received, is requested. The bank receiving the bad cheque eventually reclaims the funds from the victim.

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software significantly lowered the cost of sending scam letters by using the Internet in lieu of international post. Nigeria is most often the nation referred to in these scams, they may originate in other nations as well. For example, in 2007, the head of the

622:/Kinko's. Thus, scammers posing as business entities often use fax transmissions as an anonymous form of communication. This is more expensive, as the prepaid phone and fax equipment cost more than email, but to a skeptical victim, it can be more believable. 3971: 432:; the bank account information is not used directly by the scammer, because a fraudulent withdrawal from the account is more easily detected, reversed, and traced. Scammers instead usually request that payments be made using a wire transfer service like 960:

mysterious circumstances, two days after meeting up with Omokoh, who then fled to Nigeria, where he was arrested. He was found to have had 32 fake online identities. Due to lack of evidence he was not charged with murder, but was charged with fraud.

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A 2018 study of Nigerian hip-hop culture found that glamorization of cyber-fraud is prevalent in such music. Some scammers have accomplices in the United States and abroad who move in to finish the deal once the initial contact has been made.

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Scams often involve meeting someone on an online match-making service. The scammer initiates contact with their target who is out of the area and requests money for transportation fare. Scammers will typically ask for money to be sent via a

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yet in the country and wish to secure accommodations prior to arriving. Once the terms are negotiated, a forged cheque is forwarded for a greater amount than negotiated, and the fraudster asks the landlord to wire some of the money back.

270:, the recipient would keep 30% of the total. To get the process started, the scammer asked for a few sheets of the company's letterhead, bank account numbers, and other personal information. Yet other variants have involved mention of a 3148: 698:

Sometimes, victims are invited to a country to meet government officials, an associate of the scammer, or the scammer themselves. Some victims who travel are instead held for ransom. Scammers may tell a victim that they do not need a

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In 2004, a variant of the lottery scam appeared in the United States: a scammer phones a victim purporting to be speaking on behalf of the government about a grant they qualify for, subject to an advance fee of typically US$ 250.

451:, a scammer may purchase an inexpensive mobile phone and a pre-paid SIM card without submitting any identifying information. If the scammers believe they are being traced, they discard their mobile phones and purchase new ones. 379:), a US soldier who has stumbled upon a hidden cache of gold in Iraq, a business being audited by the government, a disgruntled worker or corrupt government official who has embezzled funds, a refugee, and similar characters. 364:

on. The details vary, but the usual story is that a person, often a government or bank employee, knows of a large amount of unclaimed money or gold that they cannot access directly, usually because they have no right to it.

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Victims can be enticed to borrow or embezzle money to pay the advance fees, believing that they will shortly be paid a much larger sum and be able to refund what they misappropriated. Crimes committed by victims include

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TRS is sometimes used to relay credit card information to make a fraudulent purchase with a stolen credit card. In many cases however, it is simply a means for the con artist to further lure the victim into the scam.

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writes to someone explaining he has been targeted to kill them. He tells them he knows the allegations against them are false, and asks for money so the target can receive evidence of the person who ordered the hit.

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must have holdings at a Nigerian bank of $ 100,000 or more" or similar. This is the money being stolen from the victim; the victim willingly transfers the money, usually through some irreversible channel such as a

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150 million per year, with the average victim losing £31,000. As of 2019, Nigerian letter scams still annually collect $ 700,000 ($ 834,205 in 2023 dollars) or $ 2,133 ($ 2,542 in 2023 dollars) per person.

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Numerous scam websites may be used for this scam. This scam has been linked to the classical 419 scams in that the fictitious couriers used, as are also used in other types of 419 scams such as lotto scams.

1389:, Nef Anyo ran an advance-fee fraud during Operation False Profit, where players attempted to reverse the scam and steal credits from him in order to bankrupt him and prevent his creation of a robotic army. 458:

equipped with satellite internet connection. Recipient addresses and email content are copied and pasted into a webmail interface using a stand-alone storage medium, such as a memory card. Certain areas of

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Lazarus, S., & Okolorie, G. U. (2019). The bifurcation of the Nigerian cybercriminals: Narratives of the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) agents. Telematics and Informatics, 40, 14-26.

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In recent years, efforts have been made by governments, internet companies, and individuals to combat scammers involved in advance-fee fraud and 419 scams. In 2004, the Nigerian government formed the

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Research suggests that some Nigerian hip-hop musicians have strong connections with some Yahoo Boys (cybercriminals). Due to the increased use of the 419 scams on the Internet, it has been used as a

2585: 748:, or property rental. This article cannot list every known and future type of advanced fee fraud or 419 scheme; only some major types are described. Additional examples may be available in the 1364:

is the story of a daughter looking for the persons she believes responsible for her father's death due to suicide following a 419 scam. A follow-up to earlier novels about con men and frauds (

528:, in which they pose as potential targets and engage the scammers in lengthy dialogue so as to waste the scammer's time and decrease the time they have available for actual victims. Likewise, 906:

insurance if such fees have not been paid yet. If the victim pays these fees, the pet may become sick and a veterinarian's assistance is sought for which the victim has to repay the courier.

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Sometimes, an inexpensive rental property is advertised by a fake landlord, who is typically out of state (or the country) and asking for the rent and/or deposit to be wired to them. Or the

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device. The scammer may claim they are deaf, and that they must use a relay service. The victim, possibly drawn in by sympathy for a disabled caller, might be more susceptible to the fraud.

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In the case of Nigeria, the rise in scamming cases was due to a boom in cybercafes, a series of economic crashes from the 1980s, and the resulting joblessness among young people in Nigeria.

3659: 1007:, messages are falsely claimed to be from the National Association of Unclaimed Property Administrators (NAUPA), a real organization, but one that does not and cannot itself make payments. 854:. These typically involve the scammer contacting the seller of a particular good or service via telephone or email expressing interest in the item. They will typically then send a fake 663:, a US federally funded relay service where an operator or a text/speech translation program acts as an intermediary between someone using an ordinary telephone and a deaf caller using 5190: 2911:

Lazarus, S. (2018). Birds of a feather flock together: the Nigerian cyber fraudsters (Yahoo Boys) and hip hop artists. Criminology, Criminal Justice, Law & Society, 19(2), 63–80.

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recently reported that in 2019 there were 14,607 US citizens that were victims of advance fee scams. The complaints that they received totaled in losses of more than $ 3.5 billion.

686:. In a common strategy, they bind their overseas IP address to a router or server located on US soil, allowing them to use US-based relay service providers without interference. 321:” schemes, some of which involve advance-fee scamming, and money flipping, whereby the mark is promised a large amount of money in exchange for sending a small amount of money. 2059: 1923: 3923: 2896:

Ibrahim, S. (2016). Social and contextual taxonomy of cybercrime: Socioeconomic theory of Nigerian cybercriminals. International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice, 47, 44-57.

467:, contain many cyber cafés that serve scammers; cyber cafés often lock their doors during e.g. 10:30pm to 7:00am, so that scammers inside may work without fear of discovery. 5285:

Lazarus, Suleman; Okolorie, Geoffrey U. (2019). "The bifurcation of the Nigerian cybercriminals: Narratives of the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) agents".

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Lazarus, Suleman; Okolorie, Geoffrey U. (2019). "The bifurcation of the Nigerian cybercriminals: Narratives of the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) agents".

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This is a variation of the online sales scam where high-value, scarce pets are advertised as bait on online advertising websites using little real seller verification like

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There are many variations on the most common stories, and also many variations on the way the scam works. Some of the more commonly seen variants involve employment scams,

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email providers are alerted to the scammer's activities and suspend the account, it is a trivial matter for the scammer to simply create a new account to resume scamming.

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in summer 2005, Nigerian authorities raided a market in the Oluwole section of Lagos. There, police seized thousands of Nigerian and non-Nigerian passports, 10,000 blank

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One variant of the scam may date back to the 18th or 19th century, as a very similar letter, entitled "The Letter from Jerusalem". This is illustrated in the memoirs of

266:. He said he wanted to transfer $ 20 million to the recipient's bank account—money that was budgeted but was never spent. In exchange for transferring the funds out of 207:

is most often the nation referred to in these scams, they mainly originate in other nations. Other nations known to have a high incidence of advance-fee fraud include

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paid in by an untraceable method, e.g. by Western Union transfer; once the fee is paid, the applicant is informed the client has cancelled, and not contacted again.

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Nigeria's reputation for corruption is part of the allure that makes scams seem more plausible. Nigeria has a reputation for being at the center of email scammers.

517:(EFCC) to combat economic and financial crimes, such as advanced-fee fraud. In 2009, Nigeria's EFCC announced that they have adopted smart technology developed by 5167: 1058:

In addition to the financial cost, many victims also suffer a severe emotional and psychological cost, such as losing their ability to trust people. One man from

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During the course of many schemes, scammers ask victims to supply bank account information. Usually this is a "test" devised by the scammer to gauge the victim's

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to track down fraudulent emails. They hoped to have the service, dubbed "Eagle Claw", running at full capacity to warn a quarter of a million potential victims.

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The emails sent invariably feature a large number of implausible claims, as well as numerous spelling and grammatical mistakes. According to Cormac Herley, a

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or other member of a royal family seeking to transfer large sums of money out of the country—thus, these scams are sometimes called "Nigerian Prince emails".

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by L. Toshua Parker follows the true story of a U.S. college student and hacker in 2000 who targeted Nigerian 419 scammers and stole millions back from them.

1102:) were directly or indirectly involved, and that Nigerian government officials could be sued in U.S. courts under the "commercial activity" exception to the 866:. A seller eager to sell a particular product may not wait for the cheque to clear, and when the bad cheque bounces, the funds wired have already been lost. 1949: 1510: 3470: 1141:, and injured another person, after the Nigerian Consul General explained he could not return the $ 600,000 that Pasovský had lost to a Nigerian scammer. 6164: 4294:

How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda

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falls for a "sweepstakes" letter by the same scammers, while Zoidberg is taken by an advance-fee fraud, thinking he is next of kin to a Nigerian Prince.

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through. Some victims even believe they can cheat the other party, and walk away with all the money instead of just the percentage they were promised.

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the money. If tens of thousands of emails are sent every day by thousands of individuals, it does not take a very high success rate to be worthwhile.

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investigators to believe that some Nigerian government officials are involved in some of these scams. The Nigeria government's establishment of the

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Despite this, there have been some recent successes in apprehending and prosecuting these criminals. In 2004, fifty-two suspects were arrested in

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Nigeria also contains many businesses that provide false documents used in scams. After a scam involving a forged signature of Nigerian President

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follows a Nigerian-American teenager sent to Nigeria by his mother, where he connects with his cousin Pius, who runs 419 scams for a living.

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with petrol after realizing that the $ 1.2 million "internet lottery" that he had won was actually a scam. In 2007 a Chinese student at the

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for 419 scammers using the phrases "419 is just a game, I am the winner, you are the loser". Other appearances in popular media include:

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2006, averaging a loss of $ 5,100 per incident. That same year, a report in the United Kingdom claimed that these scams cost the economy

4546: 3997: 3120: 1978: 1650: 2067: 830:. This is a red flag as if someone entered an actual lottery and won, the organization would know their name, and not simply call them 4351: 3543: 1711: 646:

impending huge cost of transportation and tax or duty charges. The origin of such SMS messages is often from fake websites/addresses.

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To help persuade the victim to agree to the deal, the scammer often sends one or more false documents that bear official government

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relocate. This forces a situation whereby all communication is either via email, telephone (normally untraceable numbers) and SMS.

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How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States

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written for an amount greater than the asking price, asking the seller to send the difference to an alternate address, usually by

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Tracking phone-based relay services is relatively easy, so scammers tend to prefer Internet Protocol–based relay services such as

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Sometimes psychological pressure is added by claiming that the scammers' side, to pay certain fees, had to sell belongings and

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or that the scammers will provide one. If the victim does this, the scammers have the power to extort money from the victim.

635: 74: 5399: 5108: 3799: 1898: 1620: 532:, was set-up by volunteers and offers a public database with information on scam websites. They work closely together with 1437:"The bifurcation of the Nigerian cybercriminals: Narratives of the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) agents" 6999: 6604: 6053: 5385: 1316: 3418: 2705: 81: 6974: 6787: 6277: 2143: 4059: 3036: 3496: 2382: 2037: 1715: 1654: 1624: 1558: 121: 55: 5157: 4461: 3200: 1287: 870:

They will extract money from the victims when they attempt to reserve their accommodations in a non-existent hotel.

6215: 2316: 1103: 660: 4589: 88: 6310: 6182: 6118: 6043: 4495: 2006: 1830:"An old swindle revived; The "Spanish Prisoner" and Buried Treasure Bait Again Being Offered to Unwary Americans" 1514: 1274: 490: 161: 3721: 3295: 6383: 5622: 3832: 1245: 59: 5366: 3444: 2218: 842:

Many scams involve the purchase of goods and services via classified advertisements, especially on sites like

7175: 6247: 6063: 5858: 5472: 4612: 3343: 2956: 1347: 1240:, a young woman is swindled out of her savings under the pretense of fees required to inherit a large estate. 367:

Such people, who may be real people being impersonated by the scammer or fictitious characters played by the

70: 17: 4204: 3094: 2982: 2033: 1684: 6954: 6836: 5747: 5562: 4698: 4321: 4301: 3598: 2338: 2284: 6208: 5612: 4404: 2492: 1307:, the hustlers demonstrated the 419 scam to the hidden cameras in the "High Stakes" episodes of the show. 533: 334: 271: 248: 5380: 4376: 3894:> "Birds of a Feather Flock Together: The Nigerian Cyber Fraudsters (Yahoo Boys) and Hip Hop Artists" 3870: 2683: 7155: 6994: 6108: 6098: 6068: 5823: 5707: 4949: 1157: 5214: 4676: 7170: 6159: 6138: 6083: 5577: 4834: 3972:"Jette Jacobs' son visits the scene of his mother's alleged murder by a love scammer in South Africa" 3755:"Understanding pet scams: A case study of advance fee and non-delivery fraud using victims' accounts" 3395: 1856:

Old Spanish Swindle Still Brings In New U.S. Dollars, Sarasota Herald-Tribune, October 2, 1960, pg 14

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Other official-looking letters were sent from a writer who said he was a director of the state-owned

7180: 6969: 6866: 6831: 6133: 5938: 5727: 4523: 4155: 3575: 2433: 2409:"Birds of a Feather Flock Together: The Nigerian Cyber Fraudsters (Yahoo Boys) and Hip Hop Artists" 1411: 1067: 639: 4352:"'Nigerian prince' email scams still rake in over $ 700,000 a year—here's how to protect yourself" 1748: 6103: 5958: 5787: 4889: 4671: 4617: 3636: 2820: 2730: 2658: 2223: 1291: 1099: 180:

dealing with fraud and the charges and penalties for such offenders. The scam has been used with

48: 4917: 4127: 4091:"Mass Marketing Frauds in the garb of Mobile Towers in India: Evolving a Framework to handle it" 3471:"Upstate company posts salaried job ads, but isn't hiring for real positions say fmr. employees" 1094:–based businessman James Adler lost over $ 5 million in a Nigeria-based advance-fee scam. While 6804: 6780: 6744: 6548: 6445: 6033: 5797: 5762: 5737: 5617: 5582: 5517: 5244:"Social and contextual taxonomy of cybercrime: Socioeconomic theory of Nigerian cybercriminals" 4312: 4292: 2684:"Latest e-mail uses Alaska Airlines crash victims to scam | Consumer News – seattlepi.com" 2628: 2545:"Social and contextual taxonomy of cybercrime: Socioeconomic theory of Nigerian cybercriminals" 2437: 2246: 2175:"Social and contextual taxonomy of cybercrime: Socioeconomic theory of Nigerian cybercriminals" 2063: 1954: 1250: 1218: 177: 5016: 4060:"Measures to Protect Consumer Interest – Consumer Info: Telecom Regulatory Authority of India" 3232: 2616: 2586:"Toronto woman loses $ 450,000 from life savings, sale of condo to online dating scam: police" 1658: 1149:(EFCC) in 2004 helped with the issue to some degree, although issues with corruption remain. 95: 6716: 6692: 6189: 6000: 5597: 5587: 5324:"Where Is the Money? The Intersectionality of the Spirit World and the Acquisition of Wealth" 4806: 4437: 3062: 2802: 1530:"advance fee fraud | Definition, Solicitation, & 419 Fraud Definition | Britannica Money" 1476:"Where is the Money? The Intersectionality of the Spirit World and the Acquisition of Wealth" 933: 631: 383: 1719: 1156:

after an extensive raid, after which almost no 419 emails were reported being sent by local

482:, customs documents, false university certificates, 500 printing plates, and 500 computers. 7009: 6979: 6946: 6353: 6267: 6073: 5893: 5883: 5752: 4839: 3547: 3003: 2311: 1279: 1130: 252: 1121:. One such case, in 2008, involves Osamai Hitomi, a Japanese businessman who was lured to 8: 6984: 6826: 6687: 6455: 6303: 6154: 5828: 5802: 5767: 5692: 5627: 5552: 3419:"Taking the Bait On a Phish Scam, Job Seekers Are Targets, Victims of Sophisticated Ploy" 3372: 3321: 1776: 1165: 723: 529: 134: 3276: 2089: 489:

The success of advance fee crimes is based on the initial persuading of the victim. The

7160: 6731: 6450: 6231: 6128: 6023: 5963: 5542: 5537: 5310: 5273: 5068: 4997: 4556: 3905: 3776: 3570: 2924: 2566: 2196: 2011: 1834: 1798: 1456: 996: 969: 2115: 7150: 6964: 6907: 6773: 6539: 6413: 6169: 5878: 5777: 5642: 5345: 5314: 5302: 5277: 5265: 5087: 5048: 5001: 4989: 4757: 4551: 4090: 3909: 3780: 3603: 3042: 3015: 2632: 2570: 2442: 2200: 1583: 1529: 1460: 1233: 1126: 1079: 1000: 992: 937: 599: 471: 356: 154: 6765: 4232: 3696: 1351:, the group uses the reputation of the Nigerian scam to con a deceitful businessman. 1172:

for her involvement in a $ 1 million Nigerian cheque scam. She had an accomplice in

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killed herself after she discovered that she had fallen for a similar lottery scam.

7052: 6578: 6573: 6529: 6524: 6363: 6344: 6339: 6028: 5990: 5918: 5853: 5782: 5772: 5732: 5662: 5602: 5502: 5487: 5477: 5335: 5294: 5255: 4981: 4811: 4308: 4288: 4209: 4098: 3766: 2624: 2556: 2186: 2120: 1487: 1448: 1342: 1019: 282: 240: 197: 193: 4256: 3893: 1286:, giving away his personal details on the Internet after believing he has won the 455: 340:"cool" trend to quickly gain access to luxury items like sports cars and fashion. 7117: 7087: 6821: 6609: 6553: 6543: 6491: 6481: 6418: 6398: 6088: 6058: 5985: 5968: 5833: 5637: 5497: 5370: 4862: 4724: 4491: 3521: 2871: 2466: 1807: 1772:"William Webster, ex-FBI and CIA director, helps feds nab Jamaican phone scammer" 1628: 1303: 1269: 1237: 1197: 1098:

affirmed that various Nigerian government officials (including a governor of the

1063: 700: 475: 5260: 5243: 5112: 3803: 3149:"Guarding Against Email Social Engineering Fraud: Re-examining a Global Problem" 2845: 2806: 2755: 2561: 2544: 2191: 2174: 1870: 1330:

included a song called "My Nigerian Friend" in their 2008 multimedia production

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provided by MoneyGram or Western Union locations within major retailers such as

740:. Many scams involve online sales, such as those advertised on websites such as 501: 7165: 7127: 7097: 7047: 6989: 6912: 6902: 6846: 6754: 6682: 6640: 6614: 6568: 6435: 6403: 6388: 6378: 6296: 6010: 5995: 5812: 5717: 5697: 5632: 5298: 4985: 4178: 2912: 2408: 1452: 1125:, South Africa and kidnapped on September 26, 2008. The kidnappers took him to 1059: 1038: 988: 789: 719: 603: 295: 291: 5391: 4547:"Former Alcona County Treasurer Sentenced to 9-14 Years in Nigerian Scam Case" 4102: 3277:"The 419 Scam, or Why a Nigerian Prince Wants to Give You Two Million Dollars" 2897: 1168:, sentenced Edna Fiedler to two years in prison with five years of supervised 290:

stated that scam emails more frequently originated in African countries or in

7144: 7062: 7027: 6927: 6861: 6672: 6645: 6624: 6558: 6486: 6423: 6334: 6123: 6093: 5923: 5722: 5687: 5672: 5527: 5507: 5439: 5349: 5306: 5269: 5162: 4993: 4866: 3771: 3754: 3238:. State Dept. Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs. 3011: 2781: 1436: 1361: 1332: 1327: 1107: 1051: 1023: 1004: 984: 953: 863: 554: 536:

to share their data with financial institutions and cybersecurity companies.

444: 433: 417: 406: 398: 394: 387: 5134: 2519:"Young, qualified and barely scraping by – inside Nigeria's economic crisis" 2151: 7110: 7067: 7037: 6887: 6704: 6534: 6512: 6460: 6440: 6373: 6257: 6252: 6113: 6078: 6015: 5953: 5948: 5933: 5903: 5848: 5792: 5702: 5652: 5547: 5512: 5195: 5021: 4922: 4894: 4067: 3125: 1392: 1377: 1283: 1134: 1122: 1087: 1083: 1018:

Another variant of advanced fee fraud is known as a pigeon drop. This is a

923: 805: 737: 733: 619: 525: 360: 216: 139: 1160:. In November 2004, Australian authorities apprehended Nick Marinellis of 7072: 6882: 6726: 6662: 6655: 6650: 6588: 6408: 6358: 6262: 6038: 5980: 5898: 5888: 5868: 5843: 5757: 5682: 5677: 5667: 5657: 5567: 5492: 5454: 4778: 4469: 3697:"AKC and Better Business Bureau Warn Consumers to Be Wary of Puppy Scams" 3204: 1983: 1416: 1356: 1321: 1189: 1177: 949: 859: 668: 479: 464: 448: 429: 376: 299: 220: 208: 5340: 5323: 3004:

Grinker, Roy R.; Lubkemann, Stephen C.; Steiner, Christopher B. (2010).

1492: 1475: 932:, a money-for-romance angle. The con artist approaches the victim on an 902:

accounts where other victims have been duped into work from home scams.

775:. The scammer sends the victim a forged or stolen cheque or money order 351:

This scam usually begins with the perpetrator contacting the victim via

7042: 7019: 6892: 6851: 6813: 6709: 6619: 6563: 6519: 6465: 6368: 6349: 5975: 5928: 5873: 5863: 5838: 5712: 5647: 5572: 5532: 5522: 3660:"Room rental internet scam takes Eugene college students for thousands" 3007:

Perspectives on Africa: A Reader in Culture, History and Representation

1935: 1114: 1031: 887: 874: 843: 741: 372: 368: 318: 6583: 3731: 3088:"Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (Establishment) Act of 2004" 1037:

Some scammers will go after the victims of previous scams; known as a

7077: 7057: 6932: 6393: 6272: 6200: 5557: 3840: 3147:

Arehart, Christopher; Schmookler, Scott; Nemeth, Taylor (June 2021).

2254: 1205: 1169: 1153: 1091: 558: 518: 437: 310: 3800:"Online Romance Scams Continue To Grow – Project Economy News Story" 3233:"Nigerian Advance Fee Fraud (DEPARTMENT OF STATE PUBLICATION 10465)" 3093:. Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (Nigeria). Archived from 37: 7122: 7032: 6917: 6897: 6796: 6428: 5943: 5913: 5742: 5607: 5592: 5363: 4783: 4729: 4409: 4381: 4261: 3726: 1555:"Nigeria Laws: Part 6: Offences Relating to property and contracts" 1385: 1265: 1110:

because he had knowingly entered into a contract that was illegal.

772: 727: 683: 679:

said about one percent of their IP Relay calls in 2004 were scams.

676: 595: 2467:"Hushpuppi - the Instagram influencer and international fraudster" 1916:"Nigerian email scams royally obvious for good reason, study says" 1900:

Memoirs of Vidocq: Principal Agent of the French Police until 1827

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cheques and money orders with instructions on where to ship them.

7004: 6922: 6856: 6721: 6667: 6288: 5449: 3500: 3474: 3230: 891: 851: 506: 267: 228: 204: 4965: 2793:

Longmore-Etheridge, Ann (August 1996). "Nigerian scam goes on".

2144:"As It Stands: Why Nigeria became the scam capital of the world" 1106:, Adler was unable to get his money back due to the doctrine of 6048: 5908: 4327: 4235: 4182: 4012:"Fraud of the Year: Minting Money by Acquiring Land for Towers" 3445:"Sleeping on the job? Security at work-applicant sites faulted" 1875: 1405: 1209: 1161: 1138: 1118: 1027: 1011: 855: 707: 278: 189: 3924:"Attorney general: Beware of romance scams on Valentine's Day" 826:

Typical lottery scams address the person as some variation of

7082: 6841: 6320: 5444: 4584: 3396:"Columbus woman warns others to beware of job phishing scams" 2872:"Nigerian Prince scam: what is it and how it works | NordVPN" 2617:"Department of Internal Affairs: England and the Countryside" 1903:. Baltimore, Maryland: E. L. Carey & A. Hart. p. 58. 1173: 956:

due to the need to travel, or for medical or business costs.

581: 460: 352: 303: 259:$ 24.6 million investment and ended with a telephone number. 224: 150: 3121:"Baiting Nigerian scammers for fun (not so much for profit)" 6699: 6677: 5434: 4863:"Nigeria: Police Force Is Corrupt, EFCC Not Sincere – U.S." 4544: 4465: 4034:"Villagers fall prey to mobile tower scam – Times of India" 3664: 1201: 1193: 910:

fees being claimed if such charges fit into the scam plot.

847: 745: 212: 185: 165: 5045:

The Nigerian Prince – When The Scammer Becomes The Scammed

3998:"EFCC Arraigns Suspected Conman for $ 90,000 Romance Scam" 2907: 2905: 2357:"More 'sugar daddy' and 'sugar baby' sign-ups – and scams" 1227:

The Nigerian Prince – When The Scammer Becomes The Scammed

606:

are used to gain login information for the email address.

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features an instance of this scam as its central premise.

1113:

Some 419 scams involve even more serious crimes, such as

675:

warn victims, even when they suspect the call is a scam.

614: 181: 1176:, Nigeria, who shipped her up to $ 1.1 million worth of 454:

The spam emails used in these scams are often sent from

298:, there is a high incidence of advance-fee fraud in the 5081: 4691: 3691: 3689: 3687: 3146: 2902: 2465:

Clinton, Helen; Abumere, Princess (14 September 2021).

4640:"Adler v. Federal Republic of Nigeria | Ninth Circuit" 4613:"Navy officer gets prison for stealing from ship safe" 4538: 4369: 3863:"8 Signs Of A Yahoo Boy Every Lady Must Watch Out For" 2925:"Advance Fee Loan Scams | DirectLendingSolutions.com®" 188:

and is now prevalent in online communications such as

6795: 4717: 3599:"Rental scams can target either landlords or tenants" 2307:"Nigeria's anti graft police shuts 800 scam websites" 2247:"Why do Nigerian Scammers Say They are from Nigeria?" 1864: 1862: 1673: 1547: 983:

Other scams involve unclaimed property, also called "

443:

Telephone numbers used by scammers tend to come from

4854: 3947:"Nigerian arrested over WA woman Jette Jacobs death" 3753:

Whittaker, Jack M; Button, Mark (28 December 2020).

3684: 3226: 3224: 3222: 653: 524:

Some individuals participate in a practice known as

5386:

Why do Nigerian Scammers Say They are from Nigeria?

4224: 3759:

Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology

2026: 62:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 4519:"Protect Elderly Relatives from Credit Card Fraud" 3320:. Freebies.about.com. 17 June 2010. Archived from 2792: 1859: 963: 693: 5158:"Truth of 419 Internet scam really 'a sad story'" 5149: 5042: 4462:"Woman out $ 400K to 'Nigerian scam' con artists" 3497:"Online employment scams target college students" 3219: 2212: 2210: 1408:, fraud in Ghana with African traditional rituals 7142: 5191:"Will Ferguson takes Giller Prize for novel 419" 4282: 4280: 4142: 3898:Criminology, Criminal Justice, Law & Society 3715: 3713: 3369:"Denton Woman Says Mystery Shopper Job Was Scam" 3231:United States Department of State (April 1997). 2413:Criminology, Criminal Justice, Law & Society 1435:Lazarus, Suleman; Okolorie, Geoffrey U. (2019). 1204:. A song, "I Go Chop Your Dollar", performed by 176:. The number "419" refers to the section of the 5421: 5284: 5248:International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice 5127: 4971: 4798: 4510: 4343: 3752: 3293: 2549:International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice 2493:"The Long Shadow of the 'Nigerian Prince' Scam" 2179:International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice 1434: 588: 544: 505:Screenshot of a suspicious site warning in the 5008: 4909: 4545:Hills, Rusty; Frendewey, Matt (12 June 2007). 4170: 3627:"Renters: Beware of new twists on an old scam" 2686:. Blog.seattlepi.nwsource.com. 9 November 2007 2464: 2428: 2426: 2207: 2135: 2107: 1706: 1704: 1702: 1395:'s song "Message No. 419" is about a 419 scam. 244:small amount of money to bribe prison guards. 6781: 6304: 6216: 5407: 4937: 4918:"Aussie 419 ringleader jailed for four years" 4881: 4826: 4770: 4604: 4277: 4116: 3710: 3590: 3318:"Scam Bait – Don't let greed get you scammed" 3035:Hummer, Don; Byrne, James M. (2 March 2023). 2238: 1803:"Jamaica Comes Down Tough on 'Lottery Scams'" 1380:, Canada's most distinguished literary award. 1232:In "A Thief in Ni-Moya", a 1981 novella from 478:boarding passes, 10,000 United States Postal 4751: 4484: 4397: 3916: 3371:. Nbc5i.com. 6 November 2007. Archived from 3287: 3178:"E-Mail Scammers Ask Your Friends for Money" 3112: 2913:https://ccjls.scholasticahq.com/article/3792 2304: 1907: 5188: 4860: 4658: 4249: 3722:"Hound hoax: Con artists target dog lovers" 3651: 3536: 3034: 3014:: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 618–621. 2997: 2898:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlcj.2016.07.002 2423: 2300: 2298: 1699: 1643: 1615: 1613: 1611: 1609: 1607: 1605: 1603: 1601: 837: 409:, and the scammer receives and pockets it. 6788: 6774: 6311: 6297: 6223: 6209: 6165:Criminal enterprises, gangs and syndicates 5414: 5400: 4453: 4433:"Nigerian scam victims maintain the faith" 3827: 3825: 3823: 3821: 3201:"Con artists target phone system for deaf" 2782:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2019.04.009 2383:"Flipping Money Scams on Social Networks!" 2060:"The Nigerian Prince: Old Scam, New Twist" 1998: 1797: 1208:, also became internationally known as an 565: 5339: 5259: 4890:"Cableco 'inside job' aided Dutch 419ers" 4425: 4349: 4230: 4196: 4176: 3770: 3618: 3596: 3562: 3175: 2979:"'I Will Eat Your Dollars' – Yahoo! News" 2560: 2216: 2190: 2141: 1868: 1491: 122:Learn how and when to remove this message 5215:"MC Frontalot | Lyric | Message No. 419" 5155: 5135:"Episode 3 of 10, Series 6: High Stakes" 5100: 5014: 4887: 4776: 4745: 4307: 4287: 3198: 2629:10.3366/edinburgh/9780748635061.003.0006 2583: 2577: 2516: 2295: 1970: 1683:. Hampshire Constabulary. Archived from 1598: 1147:Economic and Financial Crimes Commission 1010:In one variant of 419 fraud, an alleged 515:Economic and Financial Crimes Commission 500: 288:Economic and Financial Crimes Commission 133: 5321: 5241: 5017:"'I Go Chop Your Dollar' star arrested" 4945:"Woman gets prison for 'Nigerian' scam" 4330:"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–" 3891: 3818: 3802:. Kmbc.com. 19 May 2006. Archived from 3794: 3792: 3790: 3176:Gallagher, David F. (9 November 2007). 3082: 3080: 2890: 2542: 2406: 2172: 2113: 1769: 1473: 264:Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation 153:and is one of the most common types of 14: 7143: 6230: 5388:by Cormac Herley of Microsoft Research 5364:US FBI Internet Crime Complaint Center 5106: 4915: 4610: 4580:"A "Perfect" Life: Mary Winkler Story" 4516: 4177:Mikkelson, Barbara (14 January 2007). 2947: 2945: 2244: 2219:"U.S. Internet fraud at all-time high" 2052: 1950:"Danielson And Putnam News: Danielson" 1913: 1896: 1890: 1739: 1737: 386:, gold dust, money in a bank account, 6769: 6292: 6204: 5395: 5322:Lazarus, Suleman (27 February 2019). 4804: 4517:Harzog, Beverly Blair (25 May 2012). 4328:Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. 4148: 4088: 3657: 3568: 3494: 3488: 3393: 3387: 3118: 2432: 1505: 1503: 1183: 6064:High-yield investment program (HYIP) 4861:Oluwarotimi, Abiodun (26 May 2012). 4832: 4805:Delio, Michelle (21 February 2003). 4664: 4577: 4459: 3926:. Sentinel-Tribune. 11 February 2017 3787: 3719: 3442: 3416: 3294:Philip de Braun (31 December 2004). 3077: 2614: 2543:Ibrahim, Suleman (1 December 2016). 2142:Stancliff, Dave (12 February 2012). 2004: 1976: 1869:Mikkelson, David (1 February 2010). 1651:"Togo: Country Specific Information" 1578: 1576: 754:section at the end of this article. 609: 60:adding citations to reliable sources 31: 6054:Foundation for New Era Philanthropy 4779:"Nigerian scam continues to thrive" 4756:. Vintage Books. pp. 138–141. 4405:"Web scam drove student to suicide" 4231:Mikkelson, David (11 August 2004). 4202: 4149:Leamy, Elisabeth (16 August 2011). 3944: 3833:"Singles seduced into scams online" 3468: 3462: 2942: 2846:"What is Social Engineering? | IBM" 2756:"What is Social Engineering? | IBM" 2710:Department of Commerce – WA ScamNet 2517:Akinwotu, Emmanuel (14 June 2021). 2490: 1926:from the original on 4 January 2019 1734: 1133:, UK, was kidnapped by scammers in 782: 757: 750: 24: 6975:Distributed Checksum Clearinghouse 6318: 6278:Shared Check Authorization Network 5235: 4916:Haines, Lester (8 November 2012). 4725:"Kidnapped Briton tells of terror" 4350:Leonhardt, Megan (18 April 2019). 4257:"Nigeria scams 'cost UK billions'" 3892:Lazarus, Suleman (1 August 2018). 3245:from the original on 8 August 2019 3165:from the original on 30 June 2021. 2615:Wild, Jonathan (1 February 2017), 2584:Loriggio, Paola (March 17, 2017). 2173:Ibrahim, Suleman (December 2016). 1979:"Africa's City of Cyber Gangsters" 1500: 574: 539: 496: 382:The money could be in the form of 239:The modern scam is similar to the 25: 7197: 6960:Challenge–response spam filtering 6797:Unsolicited digital communication 5357: 5170:from the original on 20 June 2016 5156:Sherlock, Tracy (20 April 2012). 4807:"Nigerian Slain Over E-Mail Scam" 4665:Soto, Onell R. (15 August 2004). 4377:"Suicide of internet scam victim" 4233:"Scam Me Twice, Shame On Me, ..." 4203:Zak, Paul J. (13 November 2008). 4151:"Beware of Unclaimed Money Scams" 3546:. fraudguides.com. Archived from 3495:Kliot, Hannah (31 January 2017). 2981:. 29 October 2005. Archived from 2955:. 29 October 2005. Archived from 2339:"Nigeria shuts 800 scam websites" 2265:from the original on 22 June 2012 2217:Rosenberg, Eric (31 March 2007). 2116:"Baiters Teach Scammers a Lesson" 2114:Andrews, Robert (4 August 2006). 2038:United States Department of State 2007:"'Nigerian Scam' Lures Companies" 1770:Jackman, Tom (12 February 2019). 1716:United States Department of State 1655:United States Department of State 1625:United States Department of State 1594:from the original on 27 May 2023. 1573: 1256:The 2006 direct-to-DVD kid flick 654:Telecommunications relay services 346: 6750: 6749: 5207: 5182: 5082:Nwaubani, Adaobi Tricia (2009). 5075: 5061: 5036: 4667:"Fight to get money back a loss" 4632: 3597:Sichelman, Lew (25 March 2012). 3443:Menn, Joseph (9 November 2007). 3296:"SA cops, Interpol probe murder" 3038:Handbook on Crime and Technology 2407:Lazarus, Suleman (August 2018). 2305:Staff Writer (22 October 2009). 1897:Vidocq, Eugène François (1834). 1621:"West African Advance Fee Scams" 1104:Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act 815: 776: 736:, online sales and rentals, and 706:Sometimes victims are ransomed, 36: 6119:Saradha Group financial scandal 5189:Quill, Greg (30 October 2012). 5107:Carter, R.J. (26 August 2006). 4699:"Seven in court for 419 kidnap" 4496:Federal Bureau of Investigation 4460:Song, Anna (11 November 2008). 4126:. Bona Vacantia. Archived from 4082: 4052: 4026: 4004: 3990: 3964: 3938: 3885: 3855: 3746: 3624: 3569:Grant, Bob (24 November 2009). 3514: 3469:Lee, Diane (23 February 2017). 3436: 3410: 3361: 3336: 3310: 3269: 3257: 3199:Sullivan, Bob (20 April 2004). 3192: 3169: 3140: 3055: 3028: 2971: 2917: 2864: 2838: 2813: 2786: 2774: 2748: 2723: 2698: 2676: 2651: 2608: 2536: 2510: 2484: 2458: 2400: 2375: 2349: 2331: 2277: 2166: 2082: 2034:"International Financial Scams" 1942: 1850: 1822: 1791: 1763: 1044: 964:Mobile tower installation fraud 917: 799: 694:Invitation to visit the country 625: 251:, a former French criminal and 192:. Other variations include the 162:Federal Bureau of Investigation 47:needs additional citations for 5084:I Do Not Come to You by Chance 5069:"Asimov's v05n13 (1981 12 21)" 4833:Sine, Richard (2–8 May 1996). 4777:Sullivan, Bob (5 March 2003). 3839:. 28 July 2005. Archived from 3658:McKee, Chris (27 March 2011). 3524:. snopes.com. 11 December 2004 3417:Shin, Annys (2 October 2007). 2929:www.directlendingsolutions.com 2623:, Edinburgh University Press, 1914:Harris, Misty (21 June 2012). 1522: 1467: 1428: 1297:In series 6, episode 3 of the 1246:I Do Not Come To You By Chance 978: 27:Type of confidence trick fraud 13: 1: 7186:Social engineering (security) 6248:Bad check restitution program 5473:1992 Indian stock market scam 5071:– via Internet Archive. 5015:Libbenga, Jan (2 July 2007). 4888:Libbenga, Jan (5 July 2004). 4611:Liewer, Steve (5 July 2007). 3119:Cheng, Jacqui (11 May 2009). 2731:"What is Advanced Fee Fraud?" 2659:"What is Advanced Fee Fraud?" 2491:Lin, Sharon (18 April 2022). 1977:Buse, Uwe (7 November 2005). 1958:. 16 November 1922. p. 6 1557:. Nigeria Law. Archived from 1422: 5748:Strip search phone call scam 5563:Extraterrestrial real estate 4322:American Antiquarian Society 4302:American Antiquarian Society 3394:Adams, Tony (6 March 2017). 2090:"Get smart on cybersecurity" 2040:, Bureau of Consular Affairs 881: 589:Email hijacking/friend scams 545:Irreversible money transfers 7: 5623:Intellectual property scams 5613:Indian coal allocation scam 5422:Scams and confidence tricks 5261:10.1016/j.ijlcj.2016.07.002 4835:"Just Deposit $ 28 Million" 3041:. Edward Elgar Publishing. 2562:10.1016/j.ijlcj.2016.07.002 2438:""I Will Eat Your Dollars"" 2192:10.1016/j.ijlcj.2016.07.002 2005:Lohr, Steve (21 May 1992). 1838:. 20 March 1898. p. 12 1399: 928:One of the variants is the 713: 335:Economic history of Nigeria 317:Modern variations include “ 10: 7202: 6995:Naive Bayes spam filtering 6109:Pyramid schemes in Albania 6069:Investors Overseas Service 6001:Website reputation ratings 5299:10.1016/j.tele.2019.04.009 5287:Telematics and Informatics 5043:Parker, L. Toshua (2016). 4986:10.1016/j.tele.2019.04.009 4974:Telematics and Informatics 4950:United Press International 3571:"Another fake conference?" 1712:"Fraud Scheme Information" 1453:10.1016/j.tele.2019.04.009 1441:Telematics and Informatics 1158:internet service providers 967: 921: 803: 717: 332: 328: 234: 138:Scam letter posted within 7096: 7018: 6945: 6875: 6812: 6803: 6740: 6633: 6597: 6500: 6474: 6327: 6238: 6147: 6139:Welsh Thrasher faith scam 6084:Madoff investment scandal 6009: 5811: 5578:Foreclosure rescue scheme 5463: 5427: 5242:Ibrahim, Suleman (2016). 4103:10.13140/RG.2.1.4630.2480 2953:"I Will Eat Your Dollars" 1474:Lazarus, Suleman (2019). 6970:Disposable email address 6832:Directory harvest attack 6134:Stanford Financial Group 5939:Russian Business Network 5728:Slavery reparations scam 3772:10.1177/0004865820957077 3180:. Bits.blogs.nytimes.com 2361:South China Morning Post 1412:Nigerian organized crime 1288:Spanish national lottery 1253:explores the phenomenon. 1068:University of Nottingham 838:Online sales and rentals 640:virtual telephone number 6104:Petters Group Worldwide 4672:San Diego Union Tribune 4618:San Diego Union Tribune 3945:AFP (3 February 2014). 3522:"Government Grant Scam" 3203:. MSNBC. Archived from 3063:"Firefox Release Notes" 2621:Literature of the 1900s 2245:Herley, Cormac (2012). 2224:San Francisco Chronicle 1588:Encyclopædia Britannica 1341:In the pilot episode, " 1317:Flight of the Conchords 1100:Central Bank of Nigeria 566:Anonymous communication 319:sugar daddy/sugar momma 5798:White van speaker scam 5763:Technical support scam 5738:SSA impersonation scam 5693:Redemption/A4V schemes 5618:IRS impersonation scam 5583:Foreign exchange fraud 5293:. Elsevier BV: 14–26. 5254:. Elsevier BV: 44–57. 5109:"DVD Review: EZ Money" 4980:. Elsevier BV: 14–26. 4089:Kumar, Harish (2016). 3867:Dating Reporter's Blog 2285:"Blatancy and latency" 2064:Better Business Bureau 1251:Adaobi Tricia Nwaubani 1064:burnt himself to death 510: 249:Eugène François Vidocq 178:Nigerian Criminal Code 142: 6384:Intellectual property 5598:Get-rich-quick scheme 5588:Fortune telling fraud 4752:Misha Glenny (2009). 4438:Sydney Morning Herald 4124:"Scam Email Warnings" 3264:Kjetil Moe found dead 2735:Veridian Credit Union 2663:Veridian Credit Union 1747:. BBA. Archived from 1225:The 2016 short story 934:online dating service 634:bulk senders such as 504: 137: 7176:Non-sufficient funds 6980:Email authentication 6268:Non-sufficient funds 6074:Kapa investment scam 5894:Internet vigilantism 5884:Email authentication 5859:Cryptocurrency scams 5753:Swampland in Florida 5203:on 5 September 2017. 3375:on 27 September 2008 3344:"Beware of scammers" 2312:Agence France-Presse 1280:Professor Farnsworth 253:private investigator 170:Nigerian prince scam 56:improve this article 6827:Bulk email software 6178:Film and television 5899:Lenny anti-scam bot 5803:Work-at-home scheme 5768:Telemarketing fraud 5628:Kansas City Shuffle 5553:Embarrassing cheque 5376:Canadian Cybercrime 5341:10.3390/rel10030146 5334:(3). MDPI AG: 146. 4705:. 30 September 2008 4592:on 25 November 2012 4559:on 14 February 2012 4070:on 12 February 2016 3843:on 17 February 2013 3672:on 20 November 2012 3324:on 13 February 2012 2825:FightCybercrime.org 2821:"Advance Fee Scams" 2795:Security Management 2436:(20 October 2005). 2387:www.foolproofme.org 2154:on 16 February 2012 2070:on 26 February 2015 1799:Vasciannie, Stephen 1777:The Washington Post 1745:"Advance Fee Fraud" 1722:on 13 February 2012 1681:"Advance Fee Fraud" 1584:"advance fee fraud" 1517:on 1 November 2019. 1511:"Advance Fee Scams" 1493:10.3390/rel10030146 1249:by Nigerian author 1166:Olympia, Washington 724:List of email scams 553:Wire transfers via 530:Artists Against 419 6732:White-collar crime 6598:Government-related 6232:Dishonoured cheque 6129:Scott W. Rothstein 6024:Aman Futures Group 5543:Coin rolling scams 5538:Coin-matching game 5381:Europol Cybercrime 5369:2020-12-05 at the 5115:on 5 February 2013 4679:on 2 December 2013 4265:. 20 November 2006 4205:"How to Run a Con" 4038:The Times of India 3544:"Craigslist Scams" 3283:. 8 February 2002. 3207:on 30 October 2020 2985:on 29 October 2005 2959:on 29 October 2005 2363:. 2 September 2020 2345:. 23 October 2009. 2012:The New York Times 1835:The New York Times 1687:on 9 February 2012 1534:www.britannica.com 1383:In the video game 1301:television series 1275:Bender's Big Score 1184:In popular culture 997:Duchy of Lancaster 970:Mobile tower fraud 777:as described above 615:Facsimile machines 511: 172:, also known as a 143: 71:"Advance-fee scam" 7156:Confidence tricks 7138: 7137: 6965:Context filtering 6941: 6940: 6763: 6762: 6501:Financial-related 6286: 6285: 6198: 6197: 6160:Confidence tricks 5879:Domain name scams 5778:Thai zig zag scam 5643:Miracle cars scam 5466:confidence tricks 5464:Notable scams and 5093:978-0-297-85872-0 5054:978-1-68489-233-4 4763:978-0-09-948125-6 4578:Krajicek, David. 4552:State of Michigan 4385:. 30 January 2004 3734:on 14 August 2020 3604:Los Angeles Times 3449:Los Angeles Times 3398:. Ledger-Enquirer 3048:978-1-80088-664-3 3021:978-1-4443-3522-4 2706:"Zimbabwe appeal" 2638:978-0-7486-3506-1 2596:on March 24, 2017 2443:Los Angeles Times 1801:(14 March 2013). 1234:Robert Silverberg 1080:credit-card fraud 1001:Duchy of Cornwall 993:England and Wales 938:instant messenger 610:Fax transmissions 472:Olusegun Obasanjo 357:instant messaging 155:confidence tricks 132: 131: 124: 106: 16:(Redirected from 7193: 7171:Fraud in Nigeria 7106:Advance-fee scam 7053:Keyword stuffing 6810: 6809: 6790: 6783: 6776: 6767: 6766: 6753: 6752: 6328:Business-related 6313: 6306: 6299: 6290: 6289: 6243:Advance-fee scam 6225: 6218: 6211: 6202: 6201: 6029:Bernard Cornfeld 5991:Stock Generation 5919:Referer spoofing 5783:Three-card monte 5773:Thai tailor scam 5733:Spanish Prisoner 5663:Overpayment scam 5603:Green goods scam 5503:Black money scam 5488:Art student scam 5483:Advance-fee scam 5478:2G spectrum case 5416: 5409: 5402: 5393: 5392: 5353: 5343: 5318: 5281: 5263: 5230: 5229: 5227: 5225: 5211: 5205: 5204: 5199:. Archived from 5186: 5180: 5179: 5177: 5175: 5153: 5147: 5146: 5144: 5142: 5131: 5125: 5124: 5122: 5120: 5111:. Archived from 5104: 5098: 5097: 5079: 5073: 5072: 5065: 5059: 5058: 5040: 5034: 5033: 5031: 5029: 5012: 5006: 5005: 4969: 4963: 4962: 4960: 4958: 4941: 4935: 4934: 4932: 4930: 4913: 4907: 4906: 4904: 4902: 4885: 4879: 4878: 4876: 4874: 4858: 4852: 4851: 4849: 4847: 4830: 4824: 4823: 4821: 4819: 4802: 4796: 4795: 4793: 4791: 4774: 4768: 4767: 4749: 4743: 4742: 4740: 4738: 4721: 4715: 4714: 4712: 4710: 4695: 4689: 4688: 4686: 4684: 4675:. Archived from 4662: 4656: 4655: 4653: 4651: 4636: 4630: 4629: 4627: 4625: 4608: 4602: 4601: 4599: 4597: 4588:. Archived from 4575: 4569: 4568: 4566: 4564: 4555:. Archived from 4542: 4536: 4535: 4533: 4531: 4514: 4508: 4507: 4505: 4503: 4488: 4482: 4481: 4479: 4477: 4468:. Archived from 4457: 4451: 4450: 4448: 4446: 4429: 4423: 4422: 4420: 4418: 4401: 4395: 4394: 4392: 4390: 4373: 4367: 4366: 4364: 4362: 4347: 4341: 4340: 4338: 4336: 4325: 4319: 4305: 4299: 4284: 4275: 4274: 4272: 4270: 4253: 4247: 4246: 4244: 4242: 4228: 4222: 4221: 4219: 4217: 4210:Psychology Today 4200: 4194: 4193: 4191: 4189: 4174: 4168: 4167: 4165: 4163: 4146: 4140: 4139: 4137: 4135: 4120: 4114: 4113: 4111: 4109: 4086: 4080: 4079: 4077: 4075: 4066:. Archived from 4056: 4050: 4049: 4047: 4045: 4030: 4024: 4023: 4021: 4019: 4014:. 9 October 2010 4008: 4002: 4001: 3994: 3988: 3987: 3985: 3983: 3974:. Archived from 3968: 3962: 3961: 3959: 3957: 3942: 3936: 3935: 3933: 3931: 3920: 3914: 3913: 3889: 3883: 3882: 3880: 3878: 3873:on 10 April 2021 3869:. Archived from 3859: 3853: 3852: 3850: 3848: 3829: 3816: 3815: 3813: 3811: 3796: 3785: 3784: 3774: 3750: 3744: 3743: 3741: 3739: 3730:. Archived from 3720:Weisbaum, Herb. 3717: 3708: 3707: 3705: 3703: 3693: 3682: 3681: 3679: 3677: 3668:. 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Archived from 3622: 3616: 3615: 3613: 3611: 3594: 3588: 3587: 3585: 3583: 3566: 3560: 3559: 3557: 3555: 3540: 3534: 3533: 3531: 3529: 3518: 3512: 3511: 3509: 3507: 3492: 3486: 3485: 3483: 3481: 3466: 3460: 3459: 3457: 3455: 3440: 3434: 3433: 3431: 3429: 3414: 3408: 3407: 3405: 3403: 3391: 3385: 3384: 3382: 3380: 3365: 3359: 3358: 3356: 3354: 3348:www.linkedin.com 3340: 3334: 3333: 3331: 3329: 3314: 3308: 3307: 3305: 3303: 3291: 3285: 3284: 3273: 3267: 3261: 3255: 3254: 3252: 3250: 3244: 3237: 3228: 3217: 3216: 3214: 3212: 3196: 3190: 3189: 3187: 3185: 3173: 3167: 3166: 3164: 3153: 3144: 3138: 3137: 3135: 3133: 3116: 3110: 3109: 3107: 3105: 3099: 3092: 3084: 3075: 3074: 3072: 3070: 3059: 3053: 3052: 3032: 3026: 3025: 3001: 2995: 2994: 2992: 2990: 2975: 2969: 2968: 2966: 2964: 2949: 2940: 2939: 2937: 2935: 2921: 2915: 2909: 2900: 2894: 2888: 2887: 2885: 2883: 2868: 2862: 2861: 2859: 2857: 2842: 2836: 2835: 2833: 2831: 2817: 2811: 2810: 2790: 2784: 2778: 2772: 2771: 2769: 2767: 2752: 2746: 2745: 2743: 2741: 2727: 2721: 2720: 2718: 2716: 2702: 2696: 2695: 2693: 2691: 2680: 2674: 2673: 2671: 2669: 2655: 2649: 2648: 2647: 2645: 2612: 2606: 2605: 2603: 2601: 2592:. Archived from 2590:Edmonton Journal 2581: 2575: 2574: 2564: 2540: 2534: 2533: 2531: 2529: 2514: 2508: 2507: 2505: 2503: 2488: 2482: 2481: 2479: 2477: 2462: 2456: 2455: 2453: 2451: 2430: 2421: 2420: 2404: 2398: 2397: 2395: 2393: 2379: 2373: 2372: 2370: 2368: 2353: 2347: 2346: 2335: 2329: 2328: 2326: 2324: 2319:on 17 April 2010 2315:. Archived from 2302: 2293: 2292: 2281: 2275: 2274: 2272: 2270: 2264: 2251: 2242: 2236: 2235: 2233: 2231: 2214: 2205: 2204: 2194: 2170: 2164: 2163: 2161: 2159: 2150:. Archived from 2139: 2133: 2132: 2130: 2128: 2111: 2105: 2104: 2102: 2100: 2086: 2080: 2079: 2077: 2075: 2066:. Archived from 2056: 2050: 2049: 2047: 2045: 2030: 2024: 2023: 2021: 2019: 2002: 1996: 1995: 1993: 1991: 1974: 1968: 1967: 1965: 1963: 1955:Norwich Bulletin 1946: 1940: 1939: 1933: 1931: 1911: 1905: 1904: 1894: 1888: 1887: 1885: 1883: 1866: 1857: 1854: 1848: 1847: 1845: 1843: 1826: 1820: 1819: 1817: 1815: 1795: 1789: 1788: 1786: 1784: 1767: 1761: 1760: 1758: 1756: 1741: 1732: 1731: 1729: 1727: 1718:. Archived from 1708: 1697: 1696: 1694: 1692: 1677: 1671: 1670: 1668: 1666: 1657:. Archived from 1647: 1641: 1640: 1638: 1636: 1627:. Archived from 1617: 1596: 1595: 1580: 1571: 1570: 1568: 1566: 1551: 1545: 1544: 1542: 1540: 1526: 1520: 1518: 1513:. Archived from 1507: 1498: 1497: 1495: 1471: 1465: 1464: 1432: 1343:The Nigerian Job 1198:television shows 1020:confidence trick 995:(other than the 783:Bogus job offers 758:Employment scams 604:computer viruses 283:email harvesting 241:Spanish Prisoner 198:black money scam 194:Spanish Prisoner 184:and traditional 168:, including the 147:advance-fee scam 127: 120: 116: 113: 107: 105: 64: 40: 32: 21: 7201: 7200: 7196: 7195: 7194: 7192: 7191: 7190: 7181:Property crimes 7141: 7140: 7139: 7134: 7118:Make Money Fast 7092: 7088:URL redirection 7014: 6937: 6871: 6822:Address munging 6799: 6794: 6764: 6759: 6736: 6693:honest services 6629: 6593: 6496: 6470: 6323: 6317: 6287: 6282: 6234: 6229: 6199: 6194: 6143: 6089:Make Money Fast 6059:Franchise fraud 6014: 6005: 5986:Spoofing attack 5969:Scammer Payback 5817:countermeasures 5816: 5807: 5498:Bait-and-switch 5465: 5459: 5423: 5420: 5371:Wayback Machine 5360: 5238: 5236:Further reading 5233: 5223: 5221: 5213: 5212: 5208: 5187: 5183: 5173: 5171: 5154: 5150: 5140: 5138: 5133: 5132: 5128: 5118: 5116: 5105: 5101: 5094: 5086:. Hachette UK. 5080: 5076: 5067: 5066: 5062: 5055: 5041: 5037: 5027: 5025: 5013: 5009: 4970: 4966: 4956: 4954: 4943: 4942: 4938: 4928: 4926: 4914: 4910: 4900: 4898: 4886: 4882: 4872: 4870: 4859: 4855: 4845: 4843: 4831: 4827: 4817: 4815: 4803: 4799: 4789: 4787: 4775: 4771: 4764: 4750: 4746: 4736: 4734: 4723: 4722: 4718: 4708: 4706: 4697: 4696: 4692: 4682: 4680: 4663: 4659: 4649: 4647: 4638: 4637: 4633: 4623: 4621: 4609: 4605: 4595: 4593: 4576: 4572: 4562: 4560: 4543: 4539: 4529: 4527: 4515: 4511: 4501: 4499: 4498:. 22 March 2016 4492:"FBI — Seniors" 4490: 4489: 4485: 4475: 4473: 4472:on 18 June 2012 4458: 4454: 4444: 4442: 4431: 4430: 4426: 4416: 4414: 4403: 4402: 4398: 4388: 4386: 4375: 4374: 4370: 4360: 4358: 4348: 4344: 4334: 4332: 4317: 4309:McCusker, J. J. 4297: 4289:McCusker, J. J. 4285: 4278: 4268: 4266: 4255: 4254: 4250: 4240: 4238: 4229: 4225: 4215: 4213: 4201: 4197: 4187: 4185: 4175: 4171: 4161: 4159: 4147: 4143: 4133: 4131: 4130:on 12 July 2012 4122: 4121: 4117: 4107: 4105: 4087: 4083: 4073: 4071: 4064:www.trai.gov.in 4058: 4057: 4053: 4043: 4041: 4032: 4031: 4027: 4017: 4015: 4010: 4009: 4005: 3996: 3995: 3991: 3981: 3979: 3978:on 21 June 2014 3970: 3969: 3965: 3955: 3953: 3943: 3939: 3929: 3927: 3922: 3921: 3917: 3890: 3886: 3876: 3874: 3861: 3860: 3856: 3846: 3844: 3831: 3830: 3819: 3809: 3807: 3806:on 19 July 2011 3798: 3797: 3788: 3751: 3747: 3737: 3735: 3718: 3711: 3701: 3699: 3695: 3694: 3685: 3675: 3673: 3656: 3652: 3642: 3640: 3623: 3619: 3609: 3607: 3595: 3591: 3581: 3579: 3567: 3563: 3553: 3551: 3542: 3541: 3537: 3527: 3525: 3520: 3519: 3515: 3505: 3503: 3493: 3489: 3479: 3477: 3467: 3463: 3453: 3451: 3441: 3437: 3427: 3425: 3423:Washington Post 3415: 3411: 3401: 3399: 3392: 3388: 3378: 3376: 3367: 3366: 3362: 3352: 3350: 3342: 3341: 3337: 3327: 3325: 3316: 3315: 3311: 3301: 3299: 3292: 3288: 3275: 3274: 3270: 3262: 3258: 3248: 3246: 3242: 3235: 3229: 3220: 3210: 3208: 3197: 3193: 3183: 3181: 3174: 3170: 3162: 3151: 3145: 3141: 3131: 3129: 3117: 3113: 3103: 3101: 3100:on 28 June 2012 3097: 3090: 3086: 3085: 3078: 3068: 3066: 3061: 3060: 3056: 3049: 3033: 3029: 3022: 3002: 2998: 2988: 2986: 2977: 2976: 2972: 2962: 2960: 2951: 2950: 2943: 2933: 2931: 2923: 2922: 2918: 2910: 2903: 2895: 2891: 2881: 2879: 2870: 2869: 2865: 2855: 2853: 2844: 2843: 2839: 2829: 2827: 2819: 2818: 2814: 2791: 2787: 2779: 2775: 2765: 2763: 2754: 2753: 2749: 2739: 2737: 2729: 2728: 2724: 2714: 2712: 2704: 2703: 2699: 2689: 2687: 2682: 2681: 2677: 2667: 2665: 2657: 2656: 2652: 2643: 2641: 2639: 2613: 2609: 2599: 2597: 2582: 2578: 2541: 2537: 2527: 2525: 2515: 2511: 2501: 2499: 2489: 2485: 2475: 2473: 2463: 2459: 2449: 2447: 2431: 2424: 2405: 2401: 2391: 2389: 2381: 2380: 2376: 2366: 2364: 2355: 2354: 2350: 2337: 2336: 2332: 2322: 2320: 2303: 2296: 2291:. 30 June 2012. 2283: 2282: 2278: 2268: 2266: 2262: 2249: 2243: 2239: 2229: 2227: 2215: 2208: 2171: 2167: 2157: 2155: 2140: 2136: 2126: 2124: 2112: 2108: 2098: 2096: 2088: 2087: 2083: 2073: 2071: 2058: 2057: 2053: 2043: 2041: 2032: 2031: 2027: 2017: 2015: 2003: 1999: 1989: 1987: 1975: 1971: 1961: 1959: 1948: 1947: 1943: 1929: 1927: 1912: 1908: 1895: 1891: 1881: 1879: 1871:"Nigerian Scam" 1867: 1860: 1855: 1851: 1841: 1839: 1828: 1827: 1823: 1813: 1811: 1808:Huffington Post 1796: 1792: 1782: 1780: 1768: 1764: 1754: 1752: 1751:on 28 June 2012 1743: 1742: 1735: 1725: 1723: 1710: 1709: 1700: 1690: 1688: 1679: 1678: 1674: 1664: 1662: 1649: 1648: 1644: 1634: 1632: 1631:on 14 June 2012 1619: 1618: 1599: 1582: 1581: 1574: 1564: 1562: 1561:on 8 March 2005 1553: 1552: 1548: 1538: 1536: 1528: 1527: 1523: 1509: 1508: 1501: 1472: 1468: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1402: 1354:The 2012 novel 1304:The Real Hustle 1270:straight-to-DVD 1238:Majipoor series 1219:Nigerian Prince 1186: 1047: 981: 972: 966: 926: 920: 884: 840: 808: 802: 785: 760: 730: 716: 696: 656: 628: 612: 591: 577: 575:Web-based email 568: 547: 542: 540:Common elements 499: 497:Countermeasures 476:British Airways 349: 337: 331: 272:Nigerian prince 237: 128: 117: 111: 108: 65: 63: 53: 41: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7199: 7189: 7188: 7183: 7178: 7173: 7168: 7163: 7158: 7153: 7136: 7135: 7133: 7132: 7131: 7130: 7120: 7115: 7114: 7113: 7102: 7100: 7098:Internet fraud 7094: 7093: 7091: 7090: 7085: 7080: 7075: 7070: 7065: 7060: 7055: 7050: 7048:Google bombing 7045: 7040: 7035: 7030: 7024: 7022: 7016: 7015: 7013: 7012: 7007: 7002: 6997: 6992: 6990:List poisoning 6987: 6982: 6977: 6972: 6967: 6962: 6957: 6951: 6949: 6943: 6942: 6939: 6938: 6936: 6935: 6930: 6925: 6920: 6915: 6910: 6905: 6900: 6895: 6890: 6885: 6879: 6877: 6873: 6872: 6870: 6869: 6864: 6859: 6854: 6849: 6847:Email spoofing 6844: 6839: 6834: 6829: 6824: 6818: 6816: 6807: 6801: 6800: 6793: 6792: 6785: 6778: 6770: 6761: 6760: 6758: 6757: 6747: 6741: 6738: 6737: 6735: 6734: 6729: 6724: 6719: 6714: 6713: 6712: 6707: 6697: 6696: 6695: 6685: 6680: 6675: 6670: 6665: 6660: 6659: 6658: 6651:Counterfeiting 6648: 6643: 6637: 6635: 6631: 6630: 6628: 6627: 6622: 6617: 6612: 6607: 6601: 6599: 6595: 6594: 6592: 6591: 6586: 6581: 6576: 6571: 6566: 6561: 6556: 6551: 6546: 6537: 6532: 6527: 6522: 6517: 6516: 6515: 6504: 6502: 6498: 6497: 6495: 6494: 6489: 6484: 6478: 6476: 6475:Family-related 6472: 6471: 6469: 6468: 6463: 6458: 6453: 6448: 6443: 6438: 6433: 6432: 6431: 6426: 6421: 6411: 6406: 6401: 6396: 6391: 6386: 6381: 6376: 6371: 6366: 6361: 6356: 6354:Pharmaceutical 6347: 6342: 6337: 6331: 6329: 6325: 6324: 6316: 6315: 6308: 6301: 6293: 6284: 6283: 6281: 6280: 6275: 6270: 6265: 6260: 6255: 6250: 6245: 6239: 6236: 6235: 6228: 6227: 6220: 6213: 6205: 6196: 6195: 6193: 6192: 6187: 6186: 6185: 6180: 6172: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6151: 6149: 6145: 6144: 6142: 6141: 6136: 6131: 6126: 6121: 6116: 6111: 6106: 6101: 6096: 6091: 6086: 6081: 6076: 6071: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6031: 6026: 6020: 6018: 6007: 6006: 6004: 6003: 5998: 5996:Voice phishing 5993: 5988: 5983: 5978: 5973: 5972: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5931: 5926: 5921: 5916: 5911: 5906: 5901: 5896: 5891: 5886: 5881: 5876: 5871: 5866: 5861: 5856: 5851: 5846: 5841: 5836: 5831: 5829:Pig Butchering 5826: 5820: 5818: 5813:Internet scams 5809: 5808: 5806: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5765: 5760: 5755: 5750: 5745: 5740: 5735: 5730: 5725: 5720: 5718:Sick baby hoax 5715: 5710: 5705: 5700: 5698:Reloading scam 5695: 5690: 5685: 5680: 5675: 5670: 5665: 5660: 5655: 5650: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5633:Locksmith scam 5630: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5605: 5600: 5595: 5590: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5570: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5500: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5469: 5467: 5461: 5460: 5458: 5457: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5431: 5429: 5425: 5424: 5419: 5418: 5411: 5404: 5396: 5390: 5389: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5359: 5358:External links 5356: 5355: 5354: 5319: 5282: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5231: 5206: 5181: 5148: 5126: 5099: 5092: 5074: 5060: 5053: 5035: 5007: 4964: 4953:. 26 June 2008 4936: 4908: 4880: 4853: 4825: 4797: 4769: 4762: 4744: 4733:. 14 July 2001 4716: 4690: 4657: 4631: 4603: 4570: 4537: 4509: 4483: 4452: 4424: 4396: 4368: 4342: 4326:1800–present: 4276: 4248: 4223: 4195: 4169: 4141: 4115: 4081: 4051: 4040:. 17 June 2015 4025: 4003: 3989: 3963: 3937: 3915: 3884: 3854: 3817: 3786: 3765:(4): 497–514. 3745: 3709: 3683: 3650: 3639:on 12 May 2012 3617: 3589: 3561: 3550:on 5 July 2012 3535: 3513: 3487: 3461: 3435: 3409: 3386: 3360: 3335: 3309: 3286: 3268: 3256: 3218: 3191: 3168: 3139: 3111: 3076: 3054: 3047: 3027: 3020: 2996: 2970: 2941: 2916: 2901: 2889: 2863: 2852:. 14 June 2022 2837: 2812: 2785: 2773: 2762:. 14 June 2022 2747: 2722: 2697: 2675: 2650: 2637: 2607: 2576: 2535: 2509: 2483: 2457: 2422: 2399: 2374: 2348: 2330: 2294: 2276: 2237: 2206: 2165: 2148:Times-Standard 2134: 2106: 2081: 2051: 2025: 1997: 1969: 1941: 1906: 1889: 1858: 1849: 1821: 1790: 1762: 1733: 1698: 1672: 1661:on 2 July 2012 1642: 1597: 1572: 1546: 1521: 1499: 1466: 1426: 1424: 1421: 1420: 1419: 1414: 1409: 1401: 1398: 1397: 1396: 1390: 1381: 1352: 1339: 1337: 1325: 1314:comedy series 1308: 1295: 1261: 1254: 1241: 1230: 1223: 1216:The 2018 film 1185: 1182: 1060:Cambridgeshire 1046: 1043: 1039:reloading scam 989:United Kingdom 980: 977: 968:Main article: 965: 962: 922:Main article: 919: 916: 883: 880: 839: 836: 804:Main article: 801: 798: 790:identity theft 784: 781: 759: 756: 751:external links 720:Internet fraud 715: 712: 695: 692: 655: 652: 627: 624: 618:business like 611: 608: 590: 587: 576: 573: 567: 564: 546: 543: 541: 538: 498: 495: 456:Internet cafés 388:blood diamonds 348: 347:Implementation 345: 330: 327: 296:European Union 292:Eastern Europe 277:The spread of 236: 233: 130: 129: 44: 42: 35: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7198: 7187: 7184: 7182: 7179: 7177: 7174: 7172: 7169: 7167: 7164: 7162: 7159: 7157: 7154: 7152: 7149: 7148: 7146: 7129: 7126: 7125: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7116: 7112: 7109: 7108: 7107: 7104: 7103: 7101: 7099: 7095: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7071: 7069: 7066: 7064: 7063:Referrer spam 7061: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7046: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7026: 7025: 7023: 7021: 7017: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7003: 7001: 6998: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6978: 6976: 6973: 6971: 6968: 6966: 6963: 6961: 6958: 6956: 6953: 6952: 6950: 6948: 6944: 6934: 6931: 6929: 6928:Telemarketing 6926: 6924: 6921: 6919: 6916: 6914: 6911: 6909: 6906: 6904: 6901: 6899: 6896: 6894: 6891: 6889: 6886: 6884: 6881: 6880: 6878: 6874: 6868: 6865: 6863: 6862:Pink contract 6860: 6858: 6855: 6853: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6835: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6823: 6820: 6819: 6817: 6815: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6802: 6798: 6791: 6786: 6784: 6779: 6777: 6772: 6771: 6768: 6756: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6742: 6739: 6733: 6730: 6728: 6725: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6715: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6703: 6702: 6701: 6698: 6694: 6691: 6690: 6689: 6688:Mail and wire 6686: 6684: 6683:Impersonation 6681: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6673:Fraud factory 6671: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6657: 6654: 6653: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6639: 6638: 6636: 6632: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6618: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6602: 6600: 6596: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6584:Shill bidding 6582: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6545: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6514: 6511: 6510: 6509: 6506: 6505: 6503: 6499: 6493: 6490: 6488: 6485: 6483: 6480: 6479: 6477: 6473: 6467: 6464: 6462: 6459: 6457: 6456:Telemarketing 6454: 6452: 6449: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6439: 6437: 6434: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6424:Ghost network 6422: 6420: 6417: 6416: 6415: 6412: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6397: 6395: 6392: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6382: 6380: 6379:Impersonation 6377: 6375: 6372: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6357: 6355: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6332: 6330: 6326: 6322: 6314: 6309: 6307: 6302: 6300: 6295: 6294: 6291: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6241: 6240: 6237: 6233: 6226: 6221: 6219: 6214: 6212: 6207: 6206: 6203: 6191: 6190:Ponzi schemes 6188: 6184: 6181: 6179: 6176: 6175: 6174:In the media 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6152: 6150: 6146: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6124:Secret Sister 6122: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6094:Matrix scheme 6092: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6021: 6019: 6017: 6016:Ponzi schemes 6012: 6008: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5951: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5924:Ripoff Report 5922: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5821: 5819: 5814: 5810: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5723:SIM swap scam 5721: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5688:Pump and dump 5686: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5673:Pig in a poke 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5528:Charity fraud 5526: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5508:Blessing scam 5506: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5470: 5468: 5462: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5440:Error account 5438: 5436: 5433: 5432: 5430: 5426: 5417: 5412: 5410: 5405: 5403: 5398: 5397: 5394: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5368: 5365: 5362: 5361: 5351: 5347: 5342: 5337: 5333: 5329: 5325: 5320: 5316: 5312: 5308: 5304: 5300: 5296: 5292: 5288: 5283: 5279: 5275: 5271: 5267: 5262: 5257: 5253: 5249: 5245: 5240: 5239: 5220: 5219:frontalot.com 5216: 5210: 5202: 5198: 5197: 5192: 5185: 5169: 5165: 5164: 5163:Vancouver Sun 5159: 5152: 5136: 5130: 5114: 5110: 5103: 5095: 5089: 5085: 5078: 5070: 5064: 5056: 5050: 5047:. Greyscale. 5046: 5039: 5024: 5023: 5018: 5011: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4983: 4979: 4975: 4968: 4952: 4951: 4946: 4940: 4925: 4924: 4919: 4912: 4897: 4896: 4891: 4884: 4869: 4868: 4867:AllAfrica.com 4864: 4857: 4842: 4841: 4836: 4829: 4814: 4813: 4808: 4801: 4786: 4785: 4780: 4773: 4765: 4759: 4755: 4748: 4732: 4731: 4726: 4720: 4704: 4700: 4694: 4678: 4674: 4673: 4668: 4661: 4646:. 17 May 2000 4645: 4641: 4635: 4620: 4619: 4614: 4607: 4591: 4587: 4586: 4581: 4574: 4558: 4554: 4553: 4548: 4541: 4526: 4525: 4520: 4513: 4497: 4493: 4487: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4456: 4441:. 14 May 2007 4440: 4439: 4434: 4428: 4412: 4411: 4406: 4400: 4384: 4383: 4378: 4372: 4357: 4353: 4346: 4331: 4323: 4316: 4315: 4310: 4303: 4296: 4295: 4290: 4283: 4281: 4264: 4263: 4258: 4252: 4237: 4234: 4227: 4212: 4211: 4206: 4199: 4184: 4180: 4179:"Hitman Scam" 4173: 4158: 4157: 4152: 4145: 4129: 4125: 4119: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4085: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4055: 4039: 4035: 4029: 4013: 4007: 3999: 3993: 3977: 3973: 3967: 3952: 3948: 3941: 3925: 3919: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3888: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3858: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3828: 3826: 3824: 3822: 3805: 3801: 3795: 3793: 3791: 3782: 3778: 3773: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3749: 3733: 3729: 3728: 3723: 3716: 3714: 3698: 3692: 3690: 3688: 3671: 3667: 3666: 3661: 3654: 3638: 3634: 3633: 3628: 3621: 3606: 3605: 3600: 3593: 3578: 3577: 3576:The Scientist 3572: 3565: 3549: 3545: 3539: 3523: 3517: 3502: 3498: 3491: 3476: 3472: 3465: 3450: 3446: 3439: 3424: 3420: 3413: 3397: 3390: 3374: 3370: 3364: 3349: 3345: 3339: 3323: 3319: 3313: 3297: 3290: 3282: 3278: 3272: 3265: 3260: 3241: 3234: 3227: 3225: 3223: 3206: 3202: 3195: 3179: 3172: 3161: 3157: 3150: 3143: 3128: 3127: 3122: 3115: 3096: 3089: 3083: 3081: 3064: 3058: 3050: 3044: 3040: 3039: 3031: 3023: 3017: 3013: 3012:New York City 3009: 3008: 3000: 2984: 2980: 2974: 2958: 2954: 2948: 2946: 2930: 2926: 2920: 2914: 2908: 2906: 2899: 2893: 2877: 2873: 2867: 2851: 2847: 2841: 2826: 2822: 2816: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2789: 2783: 2777: 2761: 2757: 2751: 2736: 2732: 2726: 2711: 2707: 2701: 2685: 2679: 2664: 2660: 2654: 2640: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2611: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2580: 2572: 2568: 2563: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2539: 2524: 2520: 2513: 2498: 2494: 2487: 2472: 2468: 2461: 2445: 2444: 2439: 2435: 2429: 2427: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2403: 2388: 2384: 2378: 2362: 2358: 2352: 2344: 2340: 2334: 2318: 2314: 2313: 2308: 2301: 2299: 2290: 2289:The Economist 2286: 2280: 2261: 2257: 2256: 2248: 2241: 2226: 2225: 2220: 2213: 2211: 2202: 2198: 2193: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2169: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2138: 2123: 2122: 2117: 2110: 2095: 2091: 2085: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2055: 2039: 2035: 2029: 2014: 2013: 2008: 2001: 1986: 1985: 1980: 1973: 1957: 1956: 1951: 1945: 1937: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1910: 1902: 1901: 1893: 1878: 1877: 1872: 1865: 1863: 1853: 1837: 1836: 1831: 1825: 1810: 1809: 1804: 1800: 1794: 1779: 1778: 1773: 1766: 1750: 1746: 1740: 1738: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1707: 1705: 1703: 1686: 1682: 1676: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1646: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1616: 1614: 1612: 1610: 1608: 1606: 1604: 1602: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1579: 1577: 1560: 1556: 1550: 1535: 1531: 1525: 1516: 1512: 1506: 1504: 1494: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1470: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1431: 1427: 1418: 1415: 1413: 1410: 1407: 1404: 1403: 1394: 1391: 1388: 1387: 1382: 1379: 1376:won the 2012 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1362:Will Ferguson 1359: 1358: 1353: 1350: 1349: 1344: 1340: 1338: 1335: 1334: 1333:The Bunny Boy 1329: 1328:The Residents 1326: 1323: 1319: 1318: 1313: 1309: 1306: 1305: 1300: 1296: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1276: 1271: 1268: 1267: 1262: 1259: 1255: 1252: 1248: 1247: 1242: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1228: 1224: 1221: 1220: 1215: 1214: 1213: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1181: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1150: 1148: 1142: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1111: 1109: 1108:unclean hands 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1075: 1071: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1056: 1053: 1042: 1040: 1035: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1022:in which the 1021: 1016: 1013: 1008: 1006: 1005:United States 1002: 998: 994: 990: 986: 985:bona vacantia 976: 971: 961: 957: 955: 954:wire transfer 951: 945: 941: 939: 935: 931: 925: 915: 911: 907: 903: 899: 895: 893: 889: 879: 876: 871: 867: 865: 864:Western Union 861: 857: 853: 849: 845: 835: 833: 829: 824: 820: 817: 812: 807: 797: 793: 791: 780: 778: 774: 768: 764: 755: 753: 752: 747: 743: 739: 738:romance scams 735: 734:lottery scams 729: 725: 721: 711: 709: 704: 702: 691: 687: 685: 680: 678: 672: 670: 666: 662: 651: 647: 643: 641: 637: 633: 623: 621: 616: 607: 605: 601: 597: 586: 583: 572: 571:widely used. 563: 560: 556: 555:Western Union 551: 537: 535: 531: 527: 522: 520: 516: 508: 503: 494: 492: 487: 483: 481: 477: 473: 468: 466: 462: 457: 452: 450: 446: 445:burner phones 441: 439: 435: 434:Western Union 431: 426: 422: 419: 414: 410: 408: 407:wire transfer 402: 400: 396: 391: 389: 385: 380: 378: 374: 370: 365: 362: 358: 354: 344: 341: 336: 326: 322: 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