2580:, or riverbanks. The female digs a hole a few metres from the bank and up to 0.5 m (20 in) deep, and lays on average between 25 and 80 eggs. The number of eggs varies and depends partially on the size of the female. The most significant prerequisites to a nesting site are soil with the depth to permit the female to dig out the nest mound, shading to which mother can retire during the heat of the day and access to water. She finds a spot soft enough to allow her to dig a sideways slanted burrow. The mother Nile crocodile deposits the eggs in the terminal chamber and packs the sand or earth back over the nest pit. While, like all crocodilians, the Nile crocodile digs out a hole for a nest site, unlike most other modern crocodilians, female Nile crocodiles bury their eggs in sand or soil rather than incubate them in rotting vegetation. The female may urinate sporadically on the soil to keep it moist, which prevents soil from hardening excessively. After burying the eggs, the female then guards them for the three-month incubation period. Nests have been recorded seldom in concealed positions such as under a bush or in grasses, but normally in open spots on the bank. It is thought the Nile crocodile cannot nest under heavy forest cover as can two of the three other African crocodiles because they do not use rotting leaves (a very effective method of producing heat for the eggs) and thus require sunlight on sand or soil the surface of the egg chamber to provide the appropriate warmth for embryo development. In South Africa, the invasive plant
2670:(throat pouch) to keep the babies safe. The mother will sometimes carry her young on her back to avoid natural predators of the small crocodiles, which can be surprisingly bold even with the mother around. Nile crocodiles of under two years are much more rarely observed than larger specimens, and more seldom seen than the same age young in several other types of crocodilian. Young crocodiles are shy and evasive due to the formidable array of predators that they must face in sub-Saharan Africa, spending little time sunning and moving about nocturnally whenever possible. Crocodiles two years old and younger may spend a surprising amount of time on land, as evidenced by the range of terrestrial insects found in their stomachs, and their lifestyle may resemble that of a semi-aquatic mid-sized lizard more so than the very aquatic lives of older crocodiles. At the end of the two years, the hatchlings will be about 1.2 m (3 ft 11 in) long, and will naturally depart the nest area, avoiding the territories of older and larger crocodiles. After this stage, crocodiles may loosely associate with similarly sized crocodiles and many enter feeding congregations of crocodiles once they attain 2 m (6 ft 7 in), at which size predators and cannibal crocodiles become much less of a concern. Crocodile longevity is not well established, but larger species like the Nile crocodile live longer, and may have a potential
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number of attacks by Nile crocodiles per year as 275 to 745, of which 63% are fatal, as opposed to an estimated 30 attacks per year by saltwater crocodiles, of which 50% are fatal. With the Nile crocodile and the saltwater crocodile, the mean size of crocodiles involved in non-fatal attacks was about 3 m (9 ft 10 in) as opposed to a reported range of 2.5β5 m (8 ft 2 in β 16 ft 5 in) or larger for crocodiles responsible for fatal attacks. The average estimated size of Nile crocodiles involved in fatal attacks is 3.5 m (11 ft 6 in). Since a majority of fatal attacks are believed to be predatory in nature, the Nile crocodile can be considered the most prolific predator of humans among wild animals. In comparison, lions, in the years from 1990 to 2006, were responsible for an estimated one-eighth as many fatal attacks on humans in Africa as were Nile crocodiles. Although Nile crocodiles are more than a dozen times more numerous than lions in the wild, probably fewer than a quarter of living Nile crocodiles are old and large enough to pose a danger to humans. Other wild animals responsible for more annual human mortalities either attack humans in self-defense, as do
1854:, with the males up to 30% larger than the females, though the difference is considerably less compared to some species, like the saltwater crocodile. Male Nile crocodiles are about 30 to 50 cm (12 to 20 in) longer on average at sexual maturity and grow more so than females after becoming sexually mature, especially expanding in bulk after exceeding 4 m (13 ft 1 in) in length. Adult male Nile crocodiles usually range in length from 3.3 to 5.0 m (10 ft 10 in to 16 ft 5 in) long; at these lengths, an average sized male may weigh from 150 to 750 kg (330 to 1,650 lb). Very old, mature ones can grow to 5.5 m (18 ft 1 in) or more in length (all specimens over 5.5 m (18 ft 1 in) from 1900 onward are cataloged later). Large mature males can reach 1,000 kg (2,200 lb) or more in weight. Mature female Nile crocodiles typically measure 2.2 to 3.8 m (7 ft 3 in to 12 ft 6 in), at which lengths the average female specimen would weigh 40 to 250 kg (88 to 551 lb).
2532:, males attract females by bellowing, slapping their snouts in the water, blowing water out of their noses, and making a variety of other noises. Among the larger males of a population, territorial clashes can lead to physical fighting between males especially if they are near the same size. Such clashes can be brutal affairs and can end in mortality but typically end with victor and loser still alive, the latter withdrawing into deep waters. Once a female has been attracted, the pair warble and rub the undersides of their jaws together. Compared to the tender behaviour of the female accepting the male, copulation is rather rough (even described as "rape"-like by Graham & Beard (1968)) in which the male often roars and pins the female underwater. Cott noted little detectable discrepancy in the mating habits of Nile crocodiles and American alligators. In some regions, males have reportedly mated with several females, perhaps any female that enters his claimed territory, though in most regions annual monogamy appears to be most common in this species.
2619:) by taking a quick dip or seeking out a patch of shade. Females will not leave nest site even if rocks are thrown at her back and several authors note her trance-like state while standing near nest, similar to that of crocodiles in aestivation but not like any other stage in their life-cycle. In such a trance, some mother Nile crocodiles may show no discernable reaction even if pelted with stones. At other times, the female will fiercely attack anything approaching their eggs, sometimes joined by another crocodile which may be the sire of the young. In other areas, the nesting female may disappear upon potential disturbance which may allow the presence of both the female and her buried nest to escape unwanted detection by predators. Despite the attentive care of both parents, the nests are often raided by humans and
2638:(TSD), which means the sex of their hatchlings is determined not by genetics as is the case in mammals and birds, but by the average temperature during the middle third of their incubation period. If the temperature inside the nest is below 31.7 Β°C (89.1 Β°F), or above 34.5 Β°C (94.1 Β°F), the offspring will be female. Males can only be born if the temperature is within that narrow range. The hatchlings start to make a high-pitched chirping noise before hatching, which is the signal for the mother to rip open the nest. It is thought to be either difficult or impossible for hatchlings to escape the nest burrow without assistance, as the surface may become very heavy and packed above them. The mother crocodile may pick up the eggs in her mouth, and roll them between their
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with many crocodiles. However, Guggisberg accumulated several earlier writings that noted the lack of fear of crocodiles among
Africans, driven in part perhaps by poverty and superstition, that caused many observed cases of an "appalling" lack of caution within view of large crocodiles, as opposed to the presence of bold lions, which engendered an appropriate panic. Per Guggisberg, this disregard (essentially regarding the crocodile as a lowly creature and thus non-threatening to humans) may account for the higher frequency of deadly attacks by crocodiles than by large mammalian carnivores. Most locals are well aware of how to behave in crocodile-occupied areas, and some of the writings quoted by Guggisberg from the 19th and 20th century may need to be taken with a "grain of salt".
1741:, which apparently included several specimens with a skull length more than 65 cm (26 in), with the largest one being 68.6 cm (27.0 in) in length with a mandibular length of 87 cm (34 in). Nile crocodiles with skulls this size are likely to measure in the range of 5.4 to 5.6 m (17 ft 9 in to 18 ft 4 in), which is also the length of the animals according to the museum where they were found. However, larger skulls may exist, as this study largely focused on crocodilians from Asia. The detached head of an exceptionally large Nile crocodile (killed in 1968 and measuring 5.87 m (19 ft 3 in) in length) was found to have weighed 166 kg (366 lb), including the large tendons used to shut the jaw.
1886:, which was 5.5 m (18 ft 1 in) long weighed 905.7 kg (1,997 lb). On the other hand, another individual measuring 5.87 m (19 ft 3 in) in length was estimated to weigh between 770β820 kg (1,700β1,800 lb). In attempts to parse the mean male and female lengths across the species, the mean adult length was estimated to be reportedly 4 m (13 ft 1 in) in males, at which males would average about 280 kg (620 lb) in weight, while that of the female is 3.05 m (10 ft 0 in), at which females would average about 116 kg (256 lb). This gives the Nile crocodile somewhat of a size advantage over the next largest non-marine predator on the African continent, the
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crocodiles are not particularly more likely to behave aggressively to humans or regard humans as potential prey than saltwater crocodiles. However, unlike other "man-eating" crocodile species, including the saltwater crocodile, the Nile crocodile lives in close proximity to human populations through most of its range, so contact is more frequent. This combined with the species' large size creates a higher risk of attack. Crocodiles as small as 2.1 m (6 ft 11 in) are capable of overpowering and successfully preying on small apes and hominids, presumably including children and smaller adult humans, but a majority of fatal attacks on humans are by crocodiles reportedly exceeding 3 m (9 ft 10 in) in length.
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arranged in oblique stripes in highly variable patterns. Some variation occurs relative to environment; specimens from swift-flowing waters tend to be lighter in colour than those dwelling in murkier lakes or swamps, which provides camouflage that suits their environment, an example of clinal variation. Nile crocodiles have green eyes. The colouration also helps to camouflage them; juveniles are grey, multicoloured, or brown, with dark cross-bands on the tail and body. The underbelly of young crocodiles is yellowish green. As they mature, Nile crocodiles become darker and the cross-bands fade, especially those on the upper-body. A similar tendency in coloration change during maturation has been noted in most crocodile species.
1834:) may average about 3.75 m (12 ft 4 in), so may be slightly longer, as well. However, compared to the narrow-snouted, streamlined gharial and false gharial, the Nile crocodile is more robust and ranks second to the saltwater crocodile in total average body mass among living crocodilians, and is considered to be the second-largest extant reptile. The largest accurately measured male, shot near Mwanza, Tanzania, measured 6.45 m (21 ft 2 in) and weighed about 1,043β1,089 kg (2,300β2,400 lb). Another large male measuring 5.8 m (19 ft 0 in) in total length (Cott 1961) was among the largest Nile crocodiles ever recorded. It was estimated to weigh 1,082 kg (2,385 lb).
2479:, and leopards. In general, big cats and crocodiles have a relationship of mutual avoidance. Occasionally, if regular food becomes scarce, both lions and the crocodile will steal kills on land from each other and, depending on size, will be dominant over one another. Both species may be attracted to carrion, and may occasionally fight over both kills or carrion. Most conflicts over food occur near the water and can literally lead to a tug-of-war over a carcass that can end either way, although seldom is there any serious fighting or bloodshed between the large carnivores. Intimidation displays may also resolve these conflicts. However, when size differences are prominent, the predators may prey on each other.
2196:, though no signs that the population is reproducing in the wild have been found. Genetic studies of Nile crocodiles captured in the wild in Florida have revealed that the specimens are all closely related to each other, suggesting a single source of the introduction. This source remains unclear, as their genetics do not match samples collected from captives at various zoos and theme parks in Florida. When compared to Nile crocodiles from their native Africa, the Florida wild specimens are most closely related to South African Nile crocodiles. It is unknown how many Nile crocodiles are currently at large in Florida. The animals likely were either brought there to be released or are escapees.
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according to Cott (1961), female sexual maturity occurs when they reach 2.2 to 3 m (7 ft 3 in to 9 ft 10 in) in length. Similarly, a wide range of studies from southern Africa found that the average length for females at the onset of sexual maturity was 2.33 m (7 ft 8 in). However, stunted sexual maturity appears to occur in populations at opposite extremes, both where crocodiles are thought to be overpopulated and where they are overly reduced to heavy hunting, sometimes with females laying eggs when they measure as small as 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) although it is questionable whether such clutches would bear healthy hatchlings.
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3073:, Zambia. Despite historic claims that the victims of Nile crocodile attacks are usually women and children, there is no detectable trends in this regard and any human, regardless of age, gender, or size is potentially vulnerable. Incautious human behavior is the primary drive behind crocodile attacks. Most fatal attacks occur when a person is standing a few feet away from water on a non-steep bank, is wading in shallow waters, is swimming or has limbs dangling over a boat or pier. Many victims are caught while crouching, and people in jobs that might require heavy usage of water, including laundry workers, fisherman,
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and mass of individual crocodiles can be fairly variable, some animals being relatively slender, while others being very robust; females are often bulkier than males of a similar length. As an example of the body mass increase undergone by mature crocodiles, one of the larger crocodiles handled firsthand by Cott (1961) was 4.4 m (14 ft 5 in) and weighed 414.5 kg (914 lb), while the largest specimen measured by Graham and Beard (1973) was 4.8 m (15 ft 9 in) and weighed more than 680 kg (1,500 lb). One of the largest known specimens from
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1809:. Typical size has been reported to be as much as 4.5 to 5.5 m (14 ft 9 in to 18 ft 1 in), but this is excessive for actual average size per most studies and represents the upper limit of sizes attained by the largest animals in a majority of populations. Alexander and Marais (2007) give the typical mature size as 2.8 to 3.5 m (9 ft 2 in to 11 ft 6 in); Garrick and Lang (1977) put it at from 3.0 to 4.5 m (9 ft 10 in to 14 ft 9 in). According to Cott (1961), the average length and weight of Nile crocodiles from
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2851:, South Africa, it was determined that in the 21st century, persecution continues as the direct cause for the inability of Nile crocodiles to recover after the leather trade last century. Recovery for the species appears quite gradual and few areas have recovered to bear crocodile populations, i.e. largely insufficient to produce sustainable populations of young crocodiles, on par with times prior to the peak of leather trading. Crocodile 'protection programs' are artificial environments where crocodiles exist safely and without the threat of extermination from hunters.
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conditions were sunny. If their jaws are bound together in the extreme midday heat, Nile crocodiles may easily die from overheating. Although they can remain practically motionless for hours on end, whether basking or sitting in shallows, Nile crocodiles are said to be constantly aware of their surroundings and aware of the presence of other animals. However, mouth-gaping (while essential to thermoregulation) may also serve as a threat display to other crocodiles. For example, some specimens have been observed mouth-gaping at night, when overheating is not a risk. In
1778:) (and perhaps some of the few very thin-snouted crocodilians) is likely to have noticeably diminished bite force compared to other living species due to its exceptionally narrow, fragile snout. More or less, the size of the tendons used to impart bite force increases with body size and the larger the crocodilian gets, the stronger its bite is likely to be. Therefore, a male saltwater crocodile, which had attained a length around 4.59 m (15 ft 1 in), was found to have the most powerful biting force ever tested in a lab setting for any type of animal.
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only its eyes (to check positioning) and nostrils are visible, and swims quietly and stealthily toward its mark. The attack is sudden and unpredictable. The crocodile lunges its body out of water and grasps its prey. On other occasions, more of its head and upper body is visible, especially when the terrestrial prey animal is on higher ground, to get a sense of the direction of the prey item at the top of an embankment or on a tree branch. Crocodile teeth are not used for tearing up flesh, but to sink deep into it and hold on to the prey item. The immense
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2847:. National laws, and international trade regulations have resulted in a resurgence in many areas, and the species as a whole is no longer wholly threatened with extinction. The status of Nile crocodiles was variable based on the regional prosperity and extent of conserved wetlands by the 1970s. However, as is the case for many large animal species whether they are protected or not, persecution and poaching have continued apace and between the 1950s and 1980s, an estimated 3 million Nile crocodiles were slaughtered by humans for the leather trade. In
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into the water, where it can be more easily drowned. They also cooperate, blocking migrating fish by forming a semicircle across the river. The most dominant crocodile eats first. Their ability to lie concealed with most of their bodies under water, combined with their speed over short distances, makes them effective opportunistic hunters of larger prey. They grab such prey in their powerful jaws, drag it into the water, and hold it underneath until it drowns. They also scavenge or steal kills from other predators, such as lions and
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2390:, which may be as high as 5,000 lbf (22,000 N) in large adults, ensures that the prey item cannot escape the grip. Prey taken is often much smaller than the crocodile itself, and such prey can be overpowered and swallowed with ease. When it comes to larger prey, success depends on the crocodile's body power and weight to pull the prey item back into the water, where it is either drowned or killed by sudden thrashes of the head or by tearing it into pieces with the help of other crocodiles.
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2302:, all of which often had stones inside them despite being nowhere near stony regions. Cott (1961) felt that gastroliths were most likely serving as ballast to provide stability and additional weight to sink in water, this bearing great probability over the theories that they assist in digestion and staving off hunger. However, Alderton (1998) stated that a study using radiology found that gastroliths were seen to internally aid the grinding of food during digestion for a small Nile crocodile.
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most likely to have full stomachs (17.4% full per Cott); adults at 3β4 m (9 ft 10 in β 13 ft 1 in) in length were most likely to have empty stomachs (20.2%). In the largest size range studied by Cott, 4β5 m (13 ft 1 in β 16 ft 5 in), they were the second most likely to either have full stomachs (10%) or empty stomachs (20%). Other studies have also shown a large number of adult Nile crocodiles with empty stomachs. For example, in
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2β3.1 m (6 ft 7 in β 10 ft 2 in) and yet normally become extremely rare again in very large specimens, meaning that some animals may eventually expel them. However, large specimens can have a large number of gastroliths. One crocodile measuring 3.84 m (12 ft 7 in) and weighing 239 kg (527 lb) had 5.1 kg (11 lb) of stones in its stomach, perhaps a record gastrolith weight for a crocodile. Specimens shot near
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Unseasonable flooding (during nesting which corresponds with the regional dry season) is not uncommon and has probably destroyed several nests, although statistical likelihood of such an event is not known. The only aspect of mortality in this age range that is well studied is predation and this is most likely the primary cause of death while the saurians are still diminutive. The single most virulent predator of nests is almost certainly the
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2888:(CITES) lists the Nile crocodile under Appendix I (threatened with extinction) in most of its range; and under Appendix II (not threatened, but trade must be controlled) in the remainder, which either allows ranching or sets an annual quota of skins taken from the wild. The Nile crocodile is widely distributed, with strong, documented populations in many countries in eastern and southern Africa, including
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throughout much of West and
Central Africa, ranging east to South Sudan and Uganda where the species may come into contact with the Nile crocodile. Nile crocodiles are absent from most of West and Central Africa, but range into the latter region in eastern and southern Democratic Republic of Congo, and along the Central African coastal Atlantic region (as far north to Cameroon). Likely a level of
1726:, which they use to break through their eggshells at hatching. Among crocodilians, the Nile crocodile possesses a relatively long snout, which is about 1.6 to 2.0 times as long as broad at the level of the front corners of the eyes. As is the saltwater crocodile, the Nile crocodile is considered a species with medium-width snout relative to other extant crocodilian species.
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aggressive dispositions. While the mother crocodile will react aggressively toward potential predators and has been recorded chasing and occasionally catching and killing such interlopers into her range, due to the sheer number of animals who feed on baby crocodiles and the large number of hatchlings, she is more often unsuccessful at deflecting such predators.
2262:, and even larger individuals are capable of occasional, surprising bursts of speed, briefly reaching up to 14 km/h (8.7 mph). They can swim much faster, moving their bodies and tails in a sinuous fashion, and they can sustain this form of movement much longer than on land, with a maximum known swimming speed of 30 to 35 km/h (19 to 22 mph).
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ambush near forest trails or roadsides, up to 50 m (170 ft) from the water's edge. Since their speed and agility on land is rather outmatched by most terrestrial animals, they must use obscuring vegetation or terrain to have a chance of succeeding during land-based hunts. In one case, an adult crocodile charged from the water up a bank to kill a
1770:) was found to have a notably broader and heavier skull than that of a Nile crocodile measuring 4.8 m (15 ft 9 in). However, despite their robust skulls, alligators and caimans appear to be proportionately equal in biting force to true crocodiles, as the muscular tendons used to shut the jaws are similar in proportional size. Only the
2687:. This predator can destroy about 50% of studied Nile crocodile eggs on its own, often being successful (as are other nest predators) in light of the trance-like state that the mother crocodile enters while brooding or taking advantage of moments where she is distracted or needs to leave the nest. In comparison,
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In studies preceding the slaughter of crocodiles for the leather trade, when there were believed to be many more Nile crocodiles, a roughly estimated 1,000 human fatalities per annum by Nile crocodiles were posited, with a roughly equal number of aborted attacks. A more contemporary study claimed the
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Living in the rich biosphere of Africa south of the Sahara, the Nile crocodile may come into contact with other large predators. Its place in the ecosystems it inhabits is unique, as it is the only large tetrapod carnivore that spends the majority of its life in water and hunting prey associated with
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The Nile crocodile mostly hunts within the confines of waterways, attacking aquatic prey or terrestrial animals when they come to the water to drink or to cross. The crocodile mainly hunts land animals by almost fully submerging its body under water. Occasionally, a crocodile quietly surfaces so that
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feeding on the crocodile's blood. Guggisberg (1972) had seen examples of birds picking scraps of meat from the teeth of basking crocodiles (without entering the mouth) and prey from soil very near basking crocodiles, so felt it was not impossible that a bold, hungry bird may occasionally nearly enter
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and
Central Africa, but these populations are now typically recognized as a distinct species, the West African (or desert) crocodile. The distributional boundaries between these species were poorly understood, but following several studies, they are now better known. West African crocodiles are found
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captured a specimen measuring 5.36 m (17 ft 7 in) in total length (with a considerable portion of its tail tip missing). The weight of this specimen was estimated to be 838 kg (1,847 lb), making it one of the largest crocodiles ever to be captured and released alive. The bulk
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is estimated to kill hundreds (possibly thousands) of people each year, which is more than all other crocodilian species combined. While these species are much more aggressive toward people than other living crocodilians (as is statistically supported by estimated numbers of crocodile attacks), Nile
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since ancient times, the advent of the readily available firearm made it much easier to kill these potentially dangerous reptiles. The species began to be hunted on a much larger scale from the 1940s to the 1960s, primarily for high-quality leather, although also for meat with its purported curative
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An estimated 10% of eggs will survive to hatch and a mere 1% of young that hatch will successfully reach adulthood. The full range of causes for mortality of young Nile crocodiles is not well understood, as very young and small Nile crocodiles or well-concealed nests are only sporadically observed.
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on land. Once their prey is dead, they rip off and swallow chunks of flesh. When groups are sharing a kill, they use each other for leverage, biting down hard and then twisting their bodies to tear off large pieces of meat in a "death roll". They may also get the necessary leverage by lodging their
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Subadult and smaller adult Nile crocodiles use their bodies and tails to herd groups of fish toward a bank, and eat them with quick sideways jerks of their heads. Some crocodiles of the species may habitually use their tails to sweep terrestrial prey off balance, sometimes forcing the prey specimen
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that during aestivation, young crocodiles of 60 to 90 cm (24 to 35 in) total length would dig tunnels around 1.2 to 1.8 m (3 ft 11 in to 5 ft 11 in) in depth for most, with some tunnels measuring more than 2.7 m (8 ft 10 in), the longest there being
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In South Africa, Nile crocodiles are more easily observed in winter because of the extensive amount of time they spend basking at this time of year. More time is spent in water on overcast, rainy, or misty days. In the southern reaches of their range, as a response to dry, cool conditions that they
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Generally, Nile crocodiles are relatively inert creatures, as are most crocodilians and other large, cold-blooded creatures. More than half of the crocodiles observed by Cott (1961), if not disturbed, spent the hours from 9:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. continuously basking with their jaws open if
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in their blood, which allows them to sit motionless in water for up to 2 hours. Levels of lactic acid as high as they are in a crocodile would kill most vertebrates. However, exertion by crocodilians can lead to death due to increasing lactic acid to lethal levels, which in turn leads to failure of
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Most biologists who have engaged in months or even years of field work with Nile crocodiles, including Cott (1961), Graham and Beard (1968) and
Guggisberg (1972), have found that with sufficient precautions, their own lives and the lives of their local guides were rarely, if ever, at risk in areas
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Hatchling Nile crocodiles are between 280 and 300 mm (11 and 12 in) long at first and weigh around 70 g (2.5 oz). The hatchlings grow approximately that length each year for the first several years. The new mother will protect her offspring for up to two years, and if there are
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and South Africa have found evidence of nesting females at least 4.1 m (13 ft 5 in) in length. In the
Olifants River in South Africa, rainfall influenced the size of nesting females as only larger females (greater than 3 m (9 ft 10 in)) nested during the driest years.
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occurs when they are about 3.3 m (10 ft 10 in) long and mass of 155 kg (342 lb), being fairly consistent. On the other hand, that for females is rather more variable, and may be indicative of the health of a regional population based on size at sexual maturity. On average,
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The Nile crocodile possesses unique predation behavior characterized by the ability of preying both within water, where it is best adapted, and out of it, which often results in unpredictable attacks on almost any other animal up to twice its size. Most hunting on land is done at night by lying in
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in an average-sized adult, so as a rule, they are anything but voracious eaters. Young crocodiles feed more actively than their elders, according to studies in Uganda and Zambia. In general, at the smallest sizes (0.3β1 m (1 ft 0 in β 3 ft 3 in)), Nile crocodiles were
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Adult Nile crocodiles have a dark bronze colouration above, with faded blackish spots and stripes variably appearing across the back and a dingy off-yellow on the belly, although mud can often obscure the crocodile's actual colour. The flanks, which are yellowish-green in colour, have dark patches
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According to
Bourquin (2008), the average breeding female in southern Africa is between 3 and 3.6 m (9 ft 10 in and 11 ft 10 in). Earlier studies support that breeding is often inconsistent in females less than 3 m (9 ft 10 in) and clutch size is smaller, a
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Nile crocodiles are apex predators throughout their range. In the water, this species is an agile and rapid hunter relying on both movement and pressure sensors to catch any prey unfortunate enough to present itself inside or near the waterfront. Out of water, however, the Nile crocodile can only
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Nile crocodiles usually dive for only a few minutes at a time, but can swim under water up to 30 minutes if threatened. If they remain fully inactive, they can hold their breath for up to 2 hours (which, as aforementioned, is due to the high levels of lactic acid in their blood). They have a rich
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spp., were all relatively broad-snouted, indicating a specialization at hunting sizeable prey, such as large mammals and freshwater turtles, the latter much larger than any in present-day Africa. Studies have since shown these other
African crocodiles to be only more distantly related to the Nile
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Generally, the adult male Nile crocodile is between 3.5 and 5 m (11 ft 6 in and 16 ft 5 in) in length and weighs 225 to 750 kg (496 to 1,653 lb). However, specimens exceeding 6.1 m (20 ft) in length and 1,000 kg (2,200 lb) in weight have been
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Regional reportage from numerous areas with large crocodile populations nearby indicate, per district or large village, that crocodiles often annually claim about a dozen or more lives per year. Miscellaneous examples of areas in the last few decades with a dozen or more fatal crocodile attacks
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measuring 1.83 m (6 ft 0 in), the average clutch size was only 15. Graham and Beard (1968) hypothesized that, while females do continue to grow as do males throughout life, that past a certain age and size that females much over 3.2 m (10 ft 6 in) in length in Lake
2740:). Unsurprisingly, once exposed to the elements as hatchlings, the young, small Nile crocodiles are even more vulnerable. Most of the predators of eggs also opportunistically eat young crocodiles, including monitors and marabous, plus almost all co-existing raptorial birds, including vultures,
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When Nile crocodiles have been entirely free from disturbance in the past, they may nest gregariously with the nest lying so close together that after hatching time the rims of craters are almost contiguous. These communal nesting sites are not known to exist today, perhaps being most recently
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in their stomachs, which are stones swallowed by animals for various purposes. Although this is clearly a deliberate behaviour for the species, the purpose is not definitively known. Gastroliths are not present in hatchlings, but increase quickly in presence within most crocodiles examined at
2828:
remain as the only predatory threat to young crocodiles. Perhaps no predator is more deadly to young Nile crocodiles than larger crocodiles of their own species, as, like most crocodilians, they are cannibalistic. This species may be particularly dangerous to their own kind considering their
5963:
Rockfort; Krysko; Mazzotti; Shirley; Parry; Wasilewski; Beauchamp; Gillette; Metzger; Squires & Somma (2016). "Molecular analysis confirming the introduction of Nile crocodile, Crocodylus niloticus
Laurenti 1768 (Crocodylidae), in Southern Florida, with an assessment of potential for
520:
is determined by size. Large, old males are at the top of this hierarchy and have first access to food and the best basking spots. Crocodiles tend to respect this order; when it is infringed, the results are often violent and sometimes fatal. Like most other reptiles, Nile crocodiles lay
2929:
The conservation situation is more grim in
Central and West Africa presumably for both the Nile and West African crocodiles. The crocodile population in this area is much more sparse, and has not been adequately surveyed. While the natural population in these areas may be lower due to a
2715:
in the south of crocodile's range. Opportunistic mammals who attack Nile crocodile nests have included wild pigs, medium-sized wild cats and baboon troops. Like Nile monitors, mammalian predators probably locate crocodile nests by scent as the padded-down mound is easy to miss visually.
2615:. The behaviour of the female Nile crocodile is considered unpredictable and may be driven by the regional extent of prior human disturbance and human persecution rather than natural variability. In some areas, the mother crocodiles will only leave the nest if she needs to cool off (
2598:
where two such sites remaining until 1952. In one area, 17 craters were found in an area of 25 yd Γ 22 yd (75 ft Γ 66 ft), in another 24 in an area of 26 yd Γ 24 yd (78 ft Γ 72 ft). Communal nesting areas also reported from
2977:
practices. Some deaths of crocodiles appeared to have been caused by this dangerous salinity, and this one-time stronghold for breeding crocodiles has experienced a major population decline. In yet another historic crocodile stronghold, the
Olifants River, which flows through
2450:) across land in unison. In South Africa, a game warden far from water sources in a savannah-scrub area reported that he saw a crocodile jump up and grab a donkey by the neck and then drag the prey off. Small carnivores are readily taken opportunistically, including
1669:, although modified for their ectothermic nature due to an elongated cardiac septum, physiologically similar to the heart of a bird, which is especially efficient at oxygenating their blood. As in all crocodilians, Nile crocodiles have exceptionally high levels of
2321:
a crocodile's mouth, but not likely as a habitual behaviour. MacFarland and Reeder, reviewing the evidence in 1974, found that: "Extensive observations of Nile crocodiles in regular or occasional association with various species of potential cleaners (e.g.
3991:
Hekkala, E.; Shirley, M.H.; Amato, G.; Austin, J.D.; Charter, S.; Thorbjarnarson, J.; Vliet, K.A.; Houck, M.L.; Desalle, R. & Blum, M.J. (2011). "An ancient icon reveals new mysteries: mummy DNA resurrects a cryptic species within the Nile crocodile".
725:
materials and habitat preferences. The separation of the two is not recognized by the IUCN as their last evaluations of the group was in 2008 and 2009, years before the primary publications supporting the distinctiveness of the West African crocodiles.
1757:
the mouth are exceptionally weak, allowing a person to easily hold them shut, and even larger crocodiles can be brought under control by the use of duct tape to bind the jaws together. The broadest snouted modern crocodilians are alligators and larger
2997:, that could overeat fish populations on which other species, including birds, rely. One of the fish predators seriously affected by the unchecked mesopredator fish populations (due again to crocodile declines) is humans, particularly with respect to
2421:) as a group (sometimes including three or four dozen crocodiles), tolerating each other. Much of the food from crocodile stomachs may come from scavenging carrion, and the crocodiles could be viewed as performing a similar function at times as do
1652:
on the belly, which are much more conspicuous on some of the more modestly sized crocodilians. The species, however, also has small, oval osteoderms on the sides of the body, as well as the throat. The Nile crocodile shares with all crocodilians a
2225:, crocodiles rarely bask at all through the day, unlike crocodiles from most other areas, for unknown reasons, usually sitting motionless partially exposed at the surface in shallows, with no apparent ill effects from the lack of basking on land.
1825:
reportedly average 3.65 m (12 ft 0 in) in length. In comparison, the saltwater crocodile and gharial reportedly both average around 4 m (13 ft 1 in), so are about 30 cm (12 in) longer on average, and the
4087:
Storrs G. W. (2003). "Late Miocene-early Pliocene crocodilian fauna of Lothagam, Southwest Turkana basin, Kenya", in Leakey M. G. & Harris J. M. (eds), Lothagam: the Dawn of Humanity in Eastern Africa. Columbia University Press, New York.
1722:). The enlarged fourth lower tooth fits into the notch on the upper jaw and is visible when the jaws are closed, as is the case with all true crocodiles. Hatchlings quickly lose a hardened piece of skin on the top of their mouths called the
2837:
Conservation organizations have determined that the main threats to Nile crocodiles, in turn, are loss of habitat, pollution, hunting, and human activities such as accidental entanglement in fishing nets. Though the Nile crocodile has been
712:
in their ventral surface than other known populations, and thus are of lesser value in leather trading, accounting for an exceptionally large (possibly overpopulated) local population there in the late 20th century. The segregation of the
2986:, are the primary cause. Much of the contamination of crocodiles occurs when they consume fish themselves killed by pollutants. Additional ecological surveys and establishing management programs are necessary to resolve these questions.
1926:) (due to its small size and extreme adaptability in habitat and flexibility in diet), seem to actually be more abundant. This speciesβ historic range, however, was even wider. They were found as far north as the Mediterranean coast in
1674:
the animal's internal organs. This is rarely recorded in wild crocodiles, normally having been observed in cases where humans have mishandled crocodiles and put them through overly extended periods of physical struggling and stress.
2567:
within that given region. The benefits of this are presumably that nest flooding risk is considerably reduced at this time and the stage at which hatchlings begin their lives out of the egg falls roughly at the beginning of the
2949:. Additional factors are a loss of wetland habitats, which is addition to direct dredging, damming and irrigation by humans, has retracted in the east, south and north of the crocodile's range, possibly in correlation with
2511:
female at 2.75 m (9 ft 0 in) reportedly never lays more than 35 eggs, while a female measuring 3.64 m (11 ft 11 in) can expect a clutch of up to 95 eggs. In "stunted" newly mature females from
4160:
Robert W. Meredith; Evon R. Hekkala; George Amato; John Gatesy (2011). "A phylogenetic hypothesis for Crocodylus (Crocodylia) based on mitochondrial DNA: Evidence for a trans-Atlantic voyage from Africa to the New World".
3027:
Much of the hunting of and general animosity toward Nile crocodiles stems from their reputation as a man-eater, which is not entirely unjustified. Despite most attacks going unreported, the Nile crocodile along with the
532:
The Nile crocodile is one of the most dangerous species of crocodile and is responsible for hundreds of human deaths every year. It is common and is not endangered, despite some regional declines or extirpations in the
2921:
and South Africa. Crocodile farming is one of the few burgeoning industries in Zimbabwe. Unlike American alligator flesh, Nile crocodile meat is generally considered unappetizing although edible as tribes such as the
2916:
crocodiles for their skins have been successfully implemented in this area, and even countries with quotas are moving toward ranching. In 1993, 80,000 Nile crocodile skins were produced, the majority from ranches in
2368:
on solid ground, to chase prey. No matter where they attack prey, this and other crocodilians take practically all of their food by ambush, needing to grab their prey in a matter of seconds to succeed. They have an
648:
Although no subspecies are currently formally recognized, as many as seven have been proposed, mostly due to variations in appearance and size noted in various populations throughout Africa. These have consisted of
2563:) is in August through December. In crocodiles between these distributions egg-laying is in intermediate months, often focused between April and July. The dates correspond to about a month or two into the
2250:. Only the largest individuals engaging in aestivation leave the burrow to sun on the warmest days; otherwise, these crocodiles rarely left their burrows. Aestivation has been recorded from May to August.
1894:), which averages 188 kg (414 lb) in males and 124 kg (273 lb) in females, and attains a maximum known weight of 313 kg (690 lb), far less than that of large male crocodiles.
1917:
The Nile crocodile is presently the most common crocodilian in Africa. Among crocodilians today, only the saltwater crocodile occurs over a broader geographic area, although other species, especially the
2720:
sometimes follow monitors to pirate crocodile eggs for themselves to consume, although can also dig out nests on their own with their massive, awl-like bills if they can visually discern the nest mound.
4587:
Koshiba-Takeuchi K.; A. Mori; B. Kaynak; J. Cebra-Thomas; T. Sukonnik; R. Georges; S. Latham; L. Beck; R. Henkelman; B. Black; E. Olson; J. Wade; J. Takeuchi; M. Nemer; S. Gilbert; B. Bruneau (2009).
2982:, numerous crocodile deaths have been reported. These are officially due to unknown causes but analysis has indicated that environmental pollutants caused by humans, particularly the burgeoning
3101:
Except the populations of Botswana, Egypt, Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Uganda, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe which are included in CITES Appendix II.
5019:
1865:, is considered to be one of the largest living Nile crocodiles in captivity. It measures 5 m (16 ft 5 in) in length and weighs 800 kg (1,800 lb). In 2007, at the
2157:, waterways of other woodlands and the perimeter of forests. In Madagascar, the remnant population of Nile crocodiles has adapted to living within caves. Nile crocodiles may make use of
3081:, are more likely to be attacked. Many fisherman and other workers who are not poverty-stricken will go out of their way to avoid waterways known to harbor large crocodile populations.
1817:
in breeding maturity was 3.16 m (10 ft 4 in) and 137.5 kg (303 lb). Per Graham (1968), the average length and weight of a large sample of adult crocodiles from
2442:) and instead of dragging it into the water, was observed to pull the kill further on land into the cover of the bush. Two subadult crocodiles were once seen carrying the carcass of a
1846:
Groupings of crocodiles like this can include crocodiles of various sizes, but seldom of less than 2 m (6 ft 7 in), lest a cannibalistic large specimen launch an attack.
4865:
Erickson, G. M.; Gignac, P. M.; Lappin, A. K.; Vliet, K. A.; Brueggen, J. D. & Webb, G. J. W. (2014). "A comparative analysis of ontogenetic bite-force scaling among Crocodylia".
9012:
4113:
Brochu, C. A. & Storrs, G. W. (2012). "A giant crocodile from the Plio-Pleistocene of Kenya, the phylogenetic relationships of Neogene African crocodylines, and the antiquity of
5103:"Potential Adult Neurogenesis in the Telencephalon and Cerebellar Cortex of the Nile Crocodile Revealed with Doublecortin Immunohistochemistry: ADULT NEUROGENESIS IN NILE CROCODILE"
1897:
Nile crocodiles from cooler climates, like the southern tip of Africa, may be smaller, reaching maximum lengths of only 4 m (13 ft 1 in). A crocodile population from
700:
was found to be more variable than that of any other currently recognized crocodile species, and at least some of these variations were related to locality. For example, a study on
2926:
may opportunistically feed on them. According to Graham and Beard (1968), Nile crocodile meat has an "indescribable" and unpleasant taste, greasy texture and a "repellent" smell.
1710:(about a dozen less than alligators have). For most of a crocodile's life, broken teeth can be replaced. On each side of the mouth, five teeth are in the front of the upper jaw (
2941:, extirpation may be a serious threat in some of these areas. At some point in the 20th century, the Nile crocodile appeared to have been extirpated as a breeding species from
493:
and wait for the opportunity for a prey item to come well within attack range. Even swift prey are not immune to attack. Like other crocodiles, Nile crocodiles have a powerful
6432:
MoleΓ³n, M., SΓ‘nchezβZapata, J. A., SebastiΓ‘nβGonzΓ‘lez, E., & OwenβSmith, N. (2015). Carcass size shapes the structure and functioning of an African scavenging assemblage.
4704:
1905:, and elsewhere in West Africa reaches only 2 to 3 m (6 ft 7 in to 9 ft 10 in) in length, but it is now largely recognized as a separate species, the
5484:
Hekkala, E. R.; Amato, G.; DeSalle, R. & Blum, M. J. (2009). "Molecular assessment of population differentiation and individual assignment potential of Nile crocodile (
501:
that sink into flesh, allowing a grip that is almost impossible to loosen. They can apply high force for extended periods of time, a great advantage for holding down large
5219:
2467:
aquatic zones. Large mammalian predators in Africa are often social animals and obligated to feed almost exclusively on land. The Nile crocodile is a strong example of an
3883:
Schmitz, A.; Mansfeld, P.; Hekkala, E.; Shine, T.; Nickel, H.; Amato, G.; BΓΆhme, W. (2003). "Molecular evidence for species level divergence in African Nile crocodiles
2796:) can also take some young Nile crocodiles. Mammalian carnivores take many hatchlings as well as large turtles and snakes, large predatory freshwater fish, such as the
2646:
to help crack the shell and release her offspring. Once the eggs hatch, the female may lead the hatchlings to water, or even carry them there in her mouth, as female
805:, despite its very large size (about 20β30% bigger than a Nile crocodile with a skull length estimated up to 97 cm (38 in)), is more closely related to the
4468:. In: Crocodiles: Their Ecology, Management, and Conservation. IUCN Special Publication of Crocodile Specialist Groups of the Species Survival Commission. pp. 17β43.
7894:
Wallace, K. M.; Leslie, A. J. & Coulson, T. (2011). "Living with predators: a focus on the issues of humanβcrocodile conflict within the lower Zambezi valley".
3001:, an important commercial fish that has declined due to excessive predation. The Nile crocodile also consumes dead animals that would otherwise pollute the waters.
5223:
4267:
Hekkala, E.; Gatesy, J.; Narechania, A.; Meredith, R.; Russello, M.; Aardema, M. L.; Jensen, E.; Montanari, S.; Brochu, C.; Norell, M.; Amato, G. (27 April 2021).
6028:
2885:
2382:, Kenya, 48.4% of crocodiles had empty stomachs. The stomachs of brooding females are always empty, meaning that they can survive several months without food.
422:, occurring mostly in the eastern, southern, and central regions of the continent, and lives in different types of aquatic environments such as lakes, rivers,
7693:
7373:
1821:(formerly known as Lake Rudolf), Kenya was 3.66 m (12 ft 0 in) and body mass of 201.6 kg (444 lb). Similarly, adult crocodiles from
2333:) ... have resulted in only a few reports of sandpipers removing leeches from the mouth and gular scutes and snapping at insects along the reptile's body."
8729:
6496:
Bishop, J. M.; Leslie, A. J.; Bourquin, S. L.; O'Ryan, C. (2009). "Reduced effective population size in an overexploited population of the Nile crocodile (
5593:
Martin, Jeremy E.; Richardin, Pascale; Perrichon, Gwendal; Pochat-Cottilloux, Yohan; Phouybanhdyt, Brian; Salaviale, Celine; Adrien, Jerome (27 May 2022).
853:
were both somewhat larger, with projected total lengths up to 7.5β7.6 m (24 ft 7 in β 24 ft 11 in). As well as being larger,
7985:
3823:
5048:
2812:
predators can essentially enter a feeding frenzy. It may take a few years before predation is no longer a major cause of mortality for young crocodiles.
2586:
has recently exploded along banks traditionally used by crocodiles as nesting sites and caused nest failures by blocking sunlight over the nest chamber.
4988:
2373:
metabolism, so can survive for long periods between meals. However, for such large animals, their stomachs are relatively small, not much larger than a
2258:. Nile crocodiles normally crawl along on their bellies, but they can also "high walk" with their trunks raised above the ground. Smaller specimens can
6209:
3124:"Phylogenetic analysis of a new morphological dataset elucidates the evolutionary history of Crocodylia and resolves the long-standing gharial problem"
7219:
Thorbjarnarson, J. (1999). "Crocodile tears and skins: international trade, economic constraints, and limits to the sustainable use of crocodilians".
525:; these are guarded by the females but also males, making the Nile crocodiles one of few reptile species whose males contribute to parental care. The
1621:
Most morphological attributes of Nile crocodiles are typical of crocodilians as a whole. Like all crocodilians, for example, the Nile crocodile is a
6016:
5381:
8893:
5470:
2989:
The Nile crocodile is the top predator in its environment, and is responsible for checking the population of mesopredator species, such as the
2703:) eggs and about 25% of saltwater crocodile nests. Mammalian predators can take nearly as heavy of a toll, especially large mongooses such the
8942:
7593:
2142:, and dams, favoring open, broad bodies of water over smaller ones. They are often found in waters adjacent to various open habitats such as
7408:
Whitfield, A. K. & Taylor, R. H. (2009). "A review of the importance of freshwater inflow to the future conservation of Lake St Lucia".
9074:
7554:"Crocodile attack in Australia: an analysis of its incidence and review of the pathology and management of crocodilian attacks in general"
5811:
Spatial distribution responses of the Nile Crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus) to temporal habitat changes in Pongolapoort Dam, KwaZulu-Natal
5085:
2130:
Nile crocodiles may be able to tolerate an extremely broad range of habitat types, including small brackish streams, fast-flowing rivers,
6373:
2172:, the Nile crocodile possesses salt glands like all true crocodiles (i.e., excluding alligators and caimans), and does on occasion enter
7525:
McGregor, J. (2005). "Crocodile crimes: people versus wildlife and the politics of postcolonial conservation on Lake Kariba, Zimbabwe".
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had gastroliths in their stomach despite being shot miles away from any sources for the stones; the same holds true for specimens from
7638:
9129:
8476:
5448:
1729:
In a search for the largest crocodilian skulls in museums, the largest verifiable Nile crocodile skulls found were several housed in
4708:
2087:
post-dates the arrival of Nile crocodiles on Madagascar. Nile Crocodiles occur in the western and southern parts of Madagascar from
792:
was about the same size as the extant African Nile crocodiles and shared similar physical characteristics to this specific species.
8867:
7344:
Shirley, M. H.; Oduro, W. & Beibro, H. Y. (2009). "Conservation status of crocodiles in Ghana and CΓ΄te-d'Ivoire, West Africa".
4808:"Insights into the Ecology and Evolutionary Success of Crocodilians Revealed through Bite-Force and Tooth-Pressure Experimentation"
8906:
7758:
Anderson, R. M. & May, R. M. (1985). "Helminth infections of humans: mathematical models, population dynamics, and control".
2635:
6148:"An experimental and morphometric test of the relationship between vertebral morphology and joint stiffness in Nile crocodiles (
2808:, when they enter river systems. When crocodile nests are dug out and the young placed in water by the mother, in areas such as
8467:
7330:
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4920:
1805:
The Nile crocodile is the largest crocodilian in Africa, and is generally considered the second-largest crocodilian after the
9114:
7963:
7070:
5264:
4941:
4645:
3533:
3417:
3368:
2342:
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5798:
Abundance, distribution and population trends of Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus) in Gonarezhou National Park, Zimbabwe
4269:"Paleogenomics illuminates the evolutionary history of the extinct Holocene "horned" crocodile of Madagascar, Voay robustus"
1665:, eyes, and ears are situated on the top of the head, so the rest of the body can remain concealed under water. They have a
9119:
8012:
2180:. They have been known to enter the sea in some areas, with one specimen having been recorded 11 km (6.8 mi) off
9099:
2413:). Groups of Nile crocodiles may travel hundreds of meters from a waterway to feast on a carcass. They also feed on dead
9124:
4215:
2953:. Retraction of wetlands due both to direct habitat destruction by humans and environmental factor possibly related to
2069:, which were supposed to have likely colonized the island very recently, after the extinction of the endemic crocodile
2246:
3.65 m (12 ft 0 in). Crocodiles in aestivation are lethargic, entering a state similar to animals that
2083:
from Madagascar was found to be around 7,500 years old based on radiocarbon dating, suggesting that the extinction of
9109:
7775:
5813:. The Ecology of Nile Crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus) in Pongolapoort Dam, Northern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, 49.
5231:
4093:
3343:
3318:
746:
have revealed that the Nile crocodile is actually more closely related to the crocodiles of the Americas, namely the
478:
2046:. The Nile crocodile's current range of distribution extends from the regional tributaries of the Nile in Sudan and
9033:
8749:
8628:
4211:"Tip-dating and homoplasy: reconciling the shallow molecular divergences of modern gharials with their long fossil"
3257:
Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 5th Working Meeting of the IUCN/SSC Crocodile Specialist Group, Gainesville, Florida
2572:, when water levels are still relatively low but insect prey is in recovery. Preferred nesting locations are sandy
2516:
Turkana no longer breed (supported by the physiology of the females examined here); however, subsequent studies in
1991:
6445:
Loveridge, J. P., & Blake, D. K. (1972). Techniques in the immobilisation and handling of the Nile crocodile,
9104:
9089:
8947:
8650:
7097:
Morpurgo, B.; Gvaryahu, G. & Robinzon, B. (1993). "Aggressive behaviour in immature captive Nile crocodiles,
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Somaweera, R.; Brien, M. & Shine, R. (2013). "The role of predation in shaping crocodilian natural history".
6882:
Vergne, A. L.; Avril, A.; Martin, S.; Mathevon, N. (2007). "Parentβoffspring communication in the Nile crocodile
3608:
Cott, H.B. (1961). "Scientific results of an inquiry into the ecology and economic status of the Nile crocodile (
1962:. The Nile crocodile has historically been recorded in areas where they are now regionally extinct. For example,
17:
5717:"Genetic barcoding facilitates captive and wild management of three cryptic African crocodile species complexes"
5342:"Large predators and their prey in a southern African savanna: a predator's size determines its prey size range"
8809:
7664:
Inskip, C. & Zimmermann, A. (2009). "Human-felid conflict: a review of patterns and priorities worldwide".
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Hoffman, L. C.; Fisher, P. P. & Sales, J. (2000). "Carcass and meat characteristics of the Nile crocodile (
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Combrink, X.; KorrΓ»bel, J. L.; Kyle, R.; Taylor, R.; Ross, P. (2011). "Evidence of a declining Nile crocodile (
7145:
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Downs, C. T.; Greaver, C. & Taylor, R. (2008). "Body temperature and basking behaviour of Nile crocodiles (
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The ecology, conservation and management of Nile crocodiles Crocodylus niloticus in a human dominated landscape
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of 70 to 100 years, though no crocodilian species commonly exceeds a lifespan of 50 to 60 years in captivity.
9051:
7447:) as a keystone species for aquatic ecosystem conservation in South Africa: The case of the Olifants River".
4996:
2213:
481:, taking a variety of prey, with a diet consisting mostly of different species of fish, reptiles, birds, and
365:(true area of occupancy considerably smaller and western African populations now considered to belong to the
7923:"Humanβwildlife conflict in Mozambique: a national perspective, with emphasis on wildlife attacks on humans"
6396:
6213:
3695:
470:, with females usually about 30% smaller than males. The crocodile has thick, scaly, heavily armoured skin.
801:
was thought to be the closest relative of the Nile crocodile, but more recent research has indicated that
8706:
3070:
2118:
477:; a very aggressive crocodile, they are capable of taking almost any animal within their range. They are
5930:
5666:
Another relict population , in the Tagant hills of Mauretania, was found to be probably extinct in 1996.
3766:
Sideleau, B. & Britton, A. R. C. (2012). "A preliminary analysis of worldwide crocodilian attacks".
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4069:. Crocodiles. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan, 3rd edn (eds Manolis SC, Stevenson C), 84β89.
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2313:
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1644:. Their skin has a number of poorly understood integumentary sense organs that may react to changes in
993:
837:
200:
9038:
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2559:), the nesting season is December through February while in the southern limits (i.e. South Africa or
2551:
season can fall in nearly every month of the year. In the northern extremes of the distribution (i.e.
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Zisadza-Gandiwa, P., Gandiwa, E., Jakarasi, J., van der Westhuizen, H., & Muvengwi, J. (2013).
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Alderton, D. (1998). Crocodiles & alligators of the world. Cassell Illustrated, 978-0713723823.
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for its meat and leather in some parts of Africa. Successful sustainable-yield programs focused on
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1987:
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2695:) (the Australian ecological equivalent of the Nile monitor) succeeds in depredating about 90% of
1879:
489:, they can wait for hours, days, and even weeks for the suitable moment to attack. They are agile
9084:
2471:. Outside water, crocodiles can meet competition from other dominant savannah predators, notably
1974:
in the early 19th century (1810β1820). Today, Nile crocodiles are widely found in, among others,
1842:
1029:
337:
8986:
8934:
4500:"Structure, innervation and response properties of integumentary sensory organs in crocodilians"
2626:
At a reported incubation period of about 90 days, the stage is notably shorter than that of the
529:
are also protected for a period of time, but hunt by themselves and are not fed by the parents.
30:"African crocodile" redirects here. For the crocodile inhabiting west and northwest Africa, see
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Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 21st Working Meeting of the IUCN-SSC Crocodile Specialist Group
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1648:, presumably allowing them to track prey movements in the water. The Nile crocodile has fewer
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Mohapatra, B.; Warrell, D. A.; Suraweera, W.; Bhatia, P.; Dhingra, N.; Jotkar, R. M. (2011).
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On average, sexual maturity is obtained from 12 to 16 years of age. For males, the onset of
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4422:
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4331:"A new horned crocodile from the Plio-Pleistocene hominid sites at Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania"
4170:
4126:
4003:
3896:
3283:
2979:
2696:
2525:. Most females nest only every two to three years while mature males may breed every year.
2356:
1866:
1822:
1794:
1654:
1317:
1158:
1140:
1110:
878:
780:
687:
7484:"The decline of the Nile crocodile population in Loskop dam, Olifants River, South Africa"
6820:"Effects of Incubation Temperature on Crocodiles and the Evolution of Reptilian Oviparity"
4793:
Endangered Reptiles and Amphibians of the World β II. The Black Caiman, Melanosuchus niger
3015:
721:) from the Nile crocodile has been supported by morphological characteristics, studies of
8:
8643:
8509:
8393:
7998:
6282:
5595:"The oldest occurrence of Crocodylus in Madagascar and the Holocene crocodylian turnover"
4732:"Crocodylian snouts in space and time: phylogenetic approaches toward adaptive radiation"
3029:
2821:
2797:
2765:
2653:
2582:
2492:
2352:
2169:
1806:
1201:
459:
454:
recorded. It is the largest predator in Africa, and may be considered the second-largest
148:
7460:
7421:
7322:
7275:
7232:
7032:
6899:
6741:
6689:
6617:
6513:
6086:
5732:
5357:
5310:
4978:, in Lake St Lucia, Kwazulu/Natal, South Africa. PhD thesis. Drexel University, PA, USA.
4823:
4664:
4604:
4426:
4348:
4174:
4159:
4130:
4007:
3900:
3287:
2663:
1114:
8691:
8402:
8312:
8117:
7979:
7871:
7846:
7793:
7735:
7708:
7287:
7244:
7201:
7126:
7044:
6984:
6919:
6868:
6755:
6625:
6495:
6400:
6128:
5872:
5746:
5657:
5622:
5505:
5322:
5252:
5132:
5101:
Ngwenya, Ayanda; Patzke, Nina; Herculano-Houzel, Suzana; Manger, Paul R. (April 2018).
4842:
4807:
4686:
4621:
4588:
4573:
4524:
4499:
4434:
4367:
4330:
4303:
4268:
4239:
4210:
4142:
3936:
3745:
3625:
3295:
3185:
3152:
3123:
2813:
2627:
2237:
cannot survive externally, crocodiles may dig and take refuge in tunnels and engage in
2165:
1955:
1666:
1513:
747:
419:
375:
195:
7767:
6980:
6697:
5907:
5529:(Grandidier & Vaillant, 1872) from Madagascar in the Museum fΓΌr Naturkunde Berlin"
2666:. During this time, the mothers may pick up their offspring either in their mouths or
1517:
1205:
8968:
8818:
8711:
8686:
8420:
8330:
8171:
8126:
7876:
7781:
7771:
7740:
7575:
7240:
7118:
7114:
7066:
6911:
6404:
6173:
6111:
Kofron, C. P. (1993). "Behavior of Nile crocodiles in a seasonal river in Zimbabwe".
5938:
5911:
5700:
5679:
5626:
5614:
5464:
5366:
5341:
5260:
5227:
5136:
5124:
4864:
4847:
4678:
4626:
4529:
4438:
4372:
4308:
4290:
4244:
4186:
4089:
4019:
4015:
3994:
3529:
3413:
3364:
3339:
3314:
3183:
3157:
2704:
2671:
2374:
2147:
2112:
1995:
1919:
1851:
1495:
1235:
1231:
797:
771:
467:
418:
habitats in Africa, where it is present in 26 countries. It is widely distributed in
8658:
7291:
7248:
7205:
7130:
7048:
6988:
6341:"Predator-prey relationships amongst the larger mammals of the Kruger National Park"
5837:
Age determination of living Nile crocodiles from the cortical stratification of bone
5750:
5661:
5640:
de Smet, Klaas (January 1998). "Status of the Nile crocodile in the Sahara desert".
5411:
4146:
2957:
is perhaps linked to the extinction of Nile crocodiles in the last few centuries in
1706:
The mouths of Nile crocodiles are filled with 64 to 68 sharply pointed, cone-shaped
1258:
9007:
8734:
8384:
8321:
7934:
7903:
7866:
7858:
7763:
7730:
7720:
7673:
7565:
7538:
7534:
7505:
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7425:
7353:
7326:
7279:
7236:
7193:
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7036:
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6864:
6831:
6759:
6745:
6693:
6652:
6621:
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6352:
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5777:
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5540:
5509:
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5361:
5314:
5114:
4874:
4837:
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4743:
4690:
4668:
4616:
4608:
4569:
4519:
4511:
4430:
4362:
4352:
4329:
Brochu, C. A.; Jackson Njau; Robert J. Blumenschine; Llewellyn D. Densmore (2010).
4298:
4280:
4234:
4224:
4178:
4134:
4011:
3904:
3741:
3675:
3621:
3291:
3203:
3147:
3137:
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3010:
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2631:
2616:
2177:
1460:
1254:
829:
581:
509:
268:
255:
8823:
7706:
7170:. Proceedings of the First Working group of the Crocodile Specialist Group, 2, 98.
6923:
6672:
Leslie, A. J. & Spotila, J. R. (2001). "Alien plant threatens Nile crocodile (
5890:
Leslie, A. J. & Spotila, J. R. (2000). "Osmoregulation of the Nile crocodile,
5610:
5281:
Crocodiles Inside Out: A Guide to the Crocodilians and Their Functional Morphology
4589:"Reptilian heart development and the molecular basis of cardiac chamber evolution"
4586:
2748:. Many "large waders" are virulent predators of crocodile hatchlings, from dainty
1404:
347:
9025:
8955:
8754:
8744:
8618:
8500:
8411:
8059:
7725:
7262:
Revol, B. (1995). "Crocodile farming and conservation, the example of Zimbabwe".
6521:
6029:"Nile crocodiles captured in South Florida still have scientists seeking answers"
5089:
4832:
4484:
4464:
4357:
4138:
2938:
2801:
2503:
2255:
2088:
1630:
1456:
806:
755:
617:
486:
4182:
434:
and brackish lakes and rarely also saltwater. Its range once stretched from the
8739:
8636:
8162:
7392:
7388:
6474:
4285:
3908:
3062:
3038:
2970:
2954:
2950:
2923:
2712:
2620:
2299:
2181:
2055:
1645:
1609:
882:
743:
613:
605:
589:
553:
7939:
7922:
7862:
7678:
7358:
7040:
6907:
5653:
5578:
5561:
5501:
5150:
2973:, highly saline water has been pumped into the already brackish waters due to
9094:
9068:
8919:
8794:
8587:
8447:
8189:
8090:
8075:
7990:
7654:. In The Eastern and Southern African Lion Conservation Workshop (pp. 11β13).
7179:
6560:
6539:
6357:
6340:
5942:
5782:
5765:
5618:
5483:
5420:
4294:
3990:
3194:
2983:
2881:
2773:
2733:
2717:
2600:
2544:
2529:
2468:
2295:
2287:
2209:
2193:
2154:
1902:
1827:
1753:
to measure 22 kN (5,000 lbf). However, the muscles responsible for
897:
886:
813:) among living species. Two other fossil species from Africa retained in the
522:
474:
388:
168:
163:
88:
7920:
7709:"Snakebite mortality in India: a nationally representative mortality survey"
7500:
7483:
6881:
4043:
Spatial and genetic analyses of Africa's sacred crocodile: Crocodylus suchus
8293:
8278:
8213:
8204:
7744:
7579:
6915:
6836:
6819:
6657:
6640:
6537:
6177:
6145:
5915:
5867:
5850:
5545:
5524:
5128:
4851:
4748:
4731:
4682:
4630:
4533:
4376:
4312:
4248:
4229:
4190:
4023:
3882:
3858:
3680:
3663:
3230:
3161:
2854:
2817:
2749:
2684:
2608:
2569:
2512:
2414:
2379:
2330:
2265:
2259:
2222:
2158:
2051:
1875:
1857:
An old male individual, named "Big Daddy", housed at Mamba Village Centre,
1818:
1763:
1690:
1634:
913:
701:
455:
443:
139:
46:
7880:
7785:
7600:. Charles Darwin University, Northern Territory, Australia. Archived from
7122:
7001:
Cott, H.B. (1971). Parental care in Crocodilia, with special reference to
5450:
English: largest and longest Crocodile I have ever seen in Entebbe, Uganda
5396:
Thorbjarnarson, J. B., Messel, H., King, F. W., & Ross, J. P. (1992).
4442:
8960:
8880:
8803:
8491:
8228:
8053:
7552:
Caldicott, D. G.; Croser, D.; Manolis, C.; Webb, G.; Britton, A. (2005).
7481:
7197:
5592:
3184:
Isberg, S.; Combrink, X.; Lippai, C. & Balaguera-Reina, S.A. (2019).
3074:
2880:
An estimated 250,000 to 500,000 individuals occur in the wild today. The
2848:
2604:
2370:
2291:
2238:
2123:
2107:
2047:
2035:
1967:
1670:
665:(the Malagasy or Madagascar Nile crocodile, regionally also known as the
63:
8833:
5684:
in south-eastern Mauritania, with observations on their natural history"
5677:
5293:
Hutton, J. M. (1987). "Growth and feeding ecology of the Nile crocodile
4612:
3259:. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN Crocodile Specialist Group. pp. 174β228.
3142:
2843:
properties. The population was severely depleted, and the species faced
2228:
2106:
The species was previously thought to extend in range into the whole of
2092:
1786:
8872:
8696:
8541:
8303:
8022:
7847:"Crocodile bites and traditional beliefs in Korogwe District, Tanzania"
7283:
7083:
6210:"Nile Crocodile: Photos, Video, E-card, Map β National Geographic Kids"
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Shine, T.; BΓΆhme, W.; Nickel, H.; Thies, D. F. & Wilms, T. (2001).
4974:
Leslie, A.J. (1997). The ecology and physiology of the Nile crocodile,
4515:
3313:(Second ed.). New York: Marshall Cavendish Benchmark. p. 53.
3066:
2974:
2844:
2805:
2789:
2724:
Predators of Nile crocodiles eggs have ranged from insects such as the
2667:
2577:
2564:
2487:
2398:
2393:
2387:
2278:
2066:
2023:
1971:
1943:
1870:
1750:
1738:
1730:
1711:
944:
874:
818:
696:
673:(the Ethiopian Nile crocodile; this would be the nominate subspecies),
439:
435:
415:
411:
361:
298:
278:
108:
73:
8885:
7893:
7510:
5826:(Doctoral dissertation, Division of Biology, Imperial College London).
5741:
5716:
4878:
4560:
Shute, C. & A. Bellairs (2010). "The external ear in Crocodilia".
2535:
2521:
Breeding females along the Olifants were overall larger than those in
1677:
8854:
8668:
8660:
8578:
8458:
8108:
7650:
Frank, L., Hemson, G., Kushnir, H., & Packer, C. (January 2006).
7468:
7429:
7331:
10.1002/1097-0010(200002)80:3<390::AID-JSFA540>3.0.CO;2-G
7061:
Hancock, James A.; Kushlan, James Anthony and Kahl, M. Philip (1992)
6750:
5119:
5102:
3728:
Kofron, C. P. (1990). "The reproductive cycle of the Nile crocodile (
2946:
2931:
2326:
2309:
2305:
2247:
2135:
1963:
1723:
1658:
1649:
1622:
870:
709:
526:
517:
427:
288:
212:
113:
57:
8765:
7907:
7343:
7304:
7096:
6725:
6124:
5326:
4805:
4673:
1749:
The bite force exerted by an adult Nile crocodile has been shown by
8859:
8788:
8554:
8047:
8041:
8035:
7969:
6851:
Pooley, A. C. (2009). "Nest opening response of the Nile crocodile
5100:
4335:
3785:
3058:
3046:
2994:
2918:
2905:
2893:
2820:
can prey on yearlings. Once they reach their juvenile stage, large
2777:
2757:
2688:
2560:
2522:
2517:
2435:
2151:
2096:
2043:
2039:
2007:
1979:
1734:
1719:
832:
739:
722:
490:
232:
103:
98:
83:
78:
68:
50:
7398:(Doctoral dissertation, Stellenbosch: University of Stellenbosch).
3255:
Pooley, A. C. (1982). "The status of African crocodiles in 1980".
2115:
occurs between the two species, but this remains to be confirmed.
9046:
8672:
8563:
8073:
6795:. 1st edition. William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd., Johannesburg.
6710:
Adamson, J. (1956). HΓΆhnel Island (South Island) in Lake Rudolf.
6068:
5318:
4806:
Erickson, GM; Gignac PM; Steppan SJ; Lappin AK; Vliet KA (2012).
3664:"Social signals and behaviors of adult alligators and crocodiles"
3041:, or are deadly only as vectors of disease or infection, such as
2998:
2990:
2966:
2889:
2869:
2863:
2839:
2825:
2793:
2745:
2591:
2552:
2476:
2472:
2422:
2406:
2283:
2143:
2100:
2027:
2003:
1975:
1951:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1858:
1799:
1771:
1715:
1662:
785:
534:
513:
242:
118:
93:
7921:
Dunham, K. M.; Ghiurghi, A.; Cumbi, R. & Urbano, F. (2010).
2164:
on occasion. Although not a regular sea-going species as is the
130:
8846:
8664:
8144:
7958:
7652:
Lions, conflict and conservation in Eastern and Southern Africa
6966:
6046:
Loveridge, J. (1984). "Thermoregulation in the Nile crocodile,
4266:
3020:
2962:
2909:
2901:
2874:
2859:
2785:
2643:
2639:
2612:
2595:
2322:
2019:
2015:
1999:
1983:
1814:
1810:
1759:
1637:
890:
625:
573:
482:
450:
has one of the largest undisturbed Nile crocodile populations.
431:
222:
6212:. Kids.nationalgeographic.com. 17 October 2002. Archived from
4208:
2204:
568:, meaning "from the Nile River". The Nile crocodile is called
512:
spots and large food sources, such as schools of fish and big
9020:
8994:
7407:
6638:
6538:
Swanepoel, D.G.J.; Ferguson, N.S. & Perrin, M.R. (2000).
6256:
Brady Barr, Dangerous Encounters. Retrieved on 25 April 2013.
6146:
Molnar, J. L.; Pierce, S. E. & Hutchinson, J. R. (2014).
5962:
5392:
5390:
5279:
Richardson, K. C., G. J. W. Webb, and S. C. Manolis. (2002).
5081:
Laurenti, 1768. USGS Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database.
4465:
The forensic identification of crocodilian hides and products
3765:
3526:
Crocodiles: Their Natural History, Folklore, and Conservation
3128:
3078:
3042:
2958:
2942:
2913:
2897:
2741:
2677:
2573:
2556:
2443:
2426:
2317:
2173:
2139:
2131:
2031:
2011:
1959:
1947:
1927:
1883:
1862:
1707:
842:
814:
789:
498:
447:
423:
185:
179:
6817:
5931:"Nile Crocodiles Found Really Far Out of Africa. In Florida"
5848:
5339:
2884:
assesses the Nile crocodile as "Least Concern (LR/lc)". The
2816:
can take crocodile hatchlings up to a few months of age and
7482:
Botha, H.; Van Hoven, W. & Guillette Jr, L. J. (2011).
6944:(Doctoral dissertation, University of Southern California).
6671:
5889:
5714:
4927:. Masters of Science Thesis, The University of East Africa.
4763:
Whitaker R.; Whitaker N. (2008). "Who's got the biggest?".
4497:
3770:. Gland: IUCN Crocodile Specialist Group. pp. 111β114.
2945:, but has locally re-established in some areas such as the
2548:
2430:
prey under branches or stones, before rolling and ripping.
2365:
2071:
1898:
1887:
1626:
927:
902:
502:
494:
7551:
6641:"Adaptations to underground nesting in birds and reptiles"
5387:
5024:): the Status of and Trade in the Nile Crocodile in Kenya"
4781:
National Geographic documentary; "Bite Force", Brady Barr.
4112:
3818:
3816:
3814:
3361:
The Deadly Balance Predators and People in a Crowded World
2150:
but can also acclimate to well-wooded swamps, extensively
2138:. In East Africa, they are found mostly in rivers, lakes,
734:
Although originally thought to be the same species as the
8276:
7986:
Multimedia information from National Geographic Kids site
7757:
7571:
10.1580/1080-6032(2005)16[143:CAIAAA]2.0.CO;2
7443:
Ashton, P. J. (2010). "The demise of the Nile crocodile (
6806:
Crocodilians: Their Natural History and Captive Husbandry
6600:
Modha, M. L. (1967). "The ecology of the Nile crocodile (
6479:) in the Panhandle Region of the Okavango Delta, Botswana
5680:"Rediscovery of relict populations of the Nile crocodile
4707:. World Association of Zoos and Aquariums. Archived from
4548:
Crocodilians: Their Natural History and Captive Husbandry
3661:
3270:
Modha, M. L. (1967). "The Ecology of the Nile Crocodile (
3122:
Rio, Jonathan P.; Mannion, Philip D. (6 September 2021).
1970:
in Egypt. They are thought to have become extinct in the
1641:
7663:
6942:) in the Mariarano River system, Northwestern Madagascar
4723:
2662:
multiple nests in the same area, the mothers may form a
2461:
1640:
running down its back and tail, and powerful, elongated
704:
in Kenya (informally this population would be placed in
6397:
10.1644/1545-1410(2001)671<0001:ac>2.0.co;2
6018:, Nile Crocodiles Found Near Miami, Researchers Confirm
4891:
3811:
2886:
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species
7449:
Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems
7410:
Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems
5409:
4762:
4413:
Pooley, A. C.; Gans, C. (1976). "The Nile crocodile".
3802:
3649:. CABI International Publishing. UK and Massachusetts.
3338:. New York: Marshall Cavendish Benchmark. p. 31.
2232:
Crocodiles are deft and agile swimmers when motivated.
7014:
6886:: do newborns' calls show an individual signature?".
6773:
Mitchell, B. L. (1946). "A naturalist in Nyasaland".
5985:"Introduction of Nile Crocodiles in southern Florida"
5766:"A Cultural Herpetology of Nile Crocodiles in Africa"
4412:
3798:
3796:
3794:
2603:(up until the 1930s) and also in the 20th century at
1718:), and 14 or 15 are on either side of the lower jaw (
497:
that is unique among all animals, and sharp, conical
7015:
Berry, PSM; Dowsett, RJ (2003). "Pel's Fishing Owl,
4559:
3614:
The Transactions of the Zoological Society of London
2630:(110β120 days) but slightly longer than that of the
1762:. For example, a 3.9 m (12 ft 10 in)
1341:
1321:
1052:
1033:
997:
977:
931:
822:
appear to be closely related to the Nile crocodile:
653:(informally named the East African Nile crocodile),
5983:Rochford, Michael R.; et al. (30 April 2016).
5894:, in Lake St. Lucia, Kwazulu/Natal, South Africa".
1694:
Details of the skull from a juvenile Nile crocodile
7844:
7218:
5020:"Non-detriment Finding Studies on Nile Crocodile (
4885:
3853:
3851:
3849:
3847:
3845:
3791:
3523:
2623:or other animals while she is temporarily absent.
508:Nile crocodiles are relatively social. They share
7692:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
7372:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
6481:. Doctoral dissertation. Stellenbosch University.
6338:
5398:Crocodiles: An action plan for their conservation
5204:. A. & W. Visual Library, Greenwich, CT, 113.
4209:Michael S. Y. Lee; Adam M. Yates (27 June 2018).
2930:less-than-ideal environment and competition with
1604:
9066:
7820:The Black Death, 1346β1353: the complete history
5041:
4550:. Editiona Chimaira. Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
3209:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T45433088A3010181.en
1625:with four short, splayed legs, a long, powerful
7598:CrocBITE, Worldwide Crocodilian Attack Database
6772:
5715:Shirley; Villanova; Vliet & Austin (2015).
5522:
4959:(2). IUCN - Species Survival Commission: 12β13.
4562:Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London
4204:
4202:
4200:
3842:
3641:
3639:
3637:
3635:
2277:Nile crocodiles have been widely known to have
2269:Drawing depicting the relationship between the
2192:Nile crocodiles have been recently captured in
8020:
7389:Habitat vulnerability for the Nile crocodile (
7311:Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture
7143:
6723:
6577:
6544:) in the Olifants River, Kruger National Park"
6475:The population ecology of the Nile Crocodile (
4262:
4260:
4258:
3922:
3920:
3918:
3519:
3517:
3515:
3513:
3511:
3509:
3507:
3505:
3503:
3501:
3499:
3497:
3495:
3493:
3491:
3489:
3487:
3485:
3483:
3481:
3479:
3477:
3475:
3473:
3471:
3469:
3467:
3465:
3463:
3461:
3459:
3457:
3455:
3453:
3451:
3449:
3447:
3445:
1714:), 13 or 14 are in the rest of the upper jaw (
877:study by Lee & Yates simultaneously using
8644:
8006:
7442:
6962:
6960:
6958:
6956:
6954:
6952:
6950:
6850:
6676:) breeding in Lake St. Lucia, South Africa".
6639:Seymour, R. S. & Ackerman, R. A. (1980).
6533:
6531:
6371:
6303:
6110:
6045:
5562:"The crocodile caves of Ankarana, Madagascar"
5559:
5292:
4729:
4037:
4035:
4033:
3926:
3727:
3443:
3441:
3439:
3437:
3435:
3433:
3431:
3429:
3427:
3425:
3404:
3402:
3400:
3254:
1837:
7524:
7184:) population at Lake Sibaya, South Africa".
6938:Spatial distribution of the Nile crocodile (
6599:
6469:
6467:
6465:
6463:
6461:
6459:
6268:
6052:Symposia of the Zoological Society of London
5849:Mazzotti, F. J. & Dunson, W. A. (1989).
5340:Radloff, F. G. & Du Toit, J. T. (2004).
5011:
4458:
4456:
4454:
4452:
4197:
4061:
4059:
4057:
4055:
4053:
4051:
3632:
3410:The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats.
3398:
3396:
3394:
3392:
3390:
3388:
3386:
3384:
3382:
3380:
2475:, which in Africa are represented by lions,
1685:
708:) found that the local crocodiles have more
683:(now widely considered a separate species).
8477:Central African slender-snouted crocodile (
6578:Pitman, C.R.S. (1941). "About crocodiles".
6334:
6332:
5469:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
5410:Balaguera-Reina, S.A.; Velasco, A. (2019).
5249:The Guinness book of animal facts and feats
4643:
4324:
4322:
4255:
3964:
3962:
3960:
3958:
3956:
3954:
3952:
3950:
3948:
3946:
3915:
3761:
3759:
3757:
3755:
3274:Laurenti) on Central Island, Lake Rudolf".
2657:A grouping of yearling baby Nile crocodiles
2316:which enter the crocodile's mouth and pick
1912:
900:study using DNA extracted from the extinct
669:, which translates to Malagasy crocodile),
564:("worm"), referring to its rough skin; and
8651:
8637:
8013:
7999:
7978:
7833:Mosquito: The story of man's deadliest foe
7831:Spielman, A., & d'Antonio, M. (2002).
7641:. 2008 IUCN SSC Crocodile Specialist Group
7634:
7632:
7186:South African Journal of Wildlife Research
7063:Storks, Ibises and Spoonbills of the World
6947:
6573:
6571:
6528:
6491:
6489:
6487:
6451:National Museums and Monuments of Rhodesia
6199:MacFarland & Reeder 1974, pp. 464β483.
6106:
6104:
5763:
4970:
4968:
4966:
4894:A guide to the reptiles of southern Africa
4784:
4408:
4406:
4030:
3986:
3984:
3982:
3980:
3978:
3976:
3974:
3878:
3876:
3657:
3655:
3607:
3422:
3121:
2732:) to predators as large and formidable as
2678:Natural mortality of young Nile crocodiles
2547:about one to two months after mating. The
893:age) data, as revised by the 2021 Hekkala
346:
157:
129:
8301:
7938:
7870:
7734:
7724:
7677:
7569:
7509:
7499:
7357:
7261:
7166:Cott, H. B., & Pooley, A. C. (1971).
6835:
6804:Trutnau, L. & Sommerland, R. (2006).
6749:
6656:
6595:
6593:
6559:
6456:
6356:
6264:
6262:
6167:
5896:Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A
5866:
5809:Champion, G., & Downs, C. T. (2015).
5781:
5740:
5699:
5577:
5544:
5384:", National Geographic News, 18 June 2002
5365:
5216:Kruger : portrait of a national park
5196:
5194:
5192:
5190:
5188:
5118:
4915:
4913:
4911:
4909:
4907:
4905:
4903:
4841:
4831:
4747:
4672:
4620:
4523:
4449:
4404:
4402:
4400:
4398:
4396:
4394:
4392:
4390:
4388:
4386:
4366:
4356:
4302:
4284:
4238:
4228:
4153:
4108:
4106:
4104:
4102:
4083:
4081:
4079:
4077:
4075:
4048:
3826:. Library.sandiegozoo.org. Archived from
3723:
3721:
3719:
3717:
3679:
3662:Garrick, L. D. & Lang, J. W. (1977).
3377:
3207:
3151:
3141:
8468:West African slender snouted crocodile (
8106:
6775:Nyasaland Agricultural Quarterly Journal
6329:
6271:"On terrestrial hunting in crocodilians"
5982:
5446:
5186:
5184:
5182:
5180:
5178:
5176:
5174:
5172:
5170:
5168:
4942:"Observations of large Nile crocodiles (
4939:
4799:
4756:
4478:
4476:
4474:
4319:
4045:. ETD Collection for Fordham University.
3943:
3933:: evidence for a cryptic species complex
3752:
3647:Crocodiles: Biology, Husbandry, Diseases
3603:
3601:
3599:
3597:
3595:
3593:
3591:
3589:
3587:
3585:
3583:
3581:
3579:
3577:
3575:
3573:
3571:
3569:
3567:
3565:
3014:
2868:
2853:
2652:
2534:
2486:
2392:
2346:
2264:
2227:
2203:
2117:
2103:in modern times, but occur very rarely.
1841:
1793:
1785:
1697:
1689:
1676:
1608:
7629:
7558:Wilderness & Environmental Medicine
7146:"Herodotus on How to Catch a Crocodile"
6818:Webb G.J.W.; Cooper-Preston H. (1989).
6568:
6484:
6316:
6236:"Nile Crocodile β Crocodylus niloticus"
6101:
5992:Herpetological Conservation and Biology
5966:Herpetological Conservation and Biology
5928:
5639:
5525:"The late Pleistocene horned crocodile
5213:
4963:
4935:
4933:
4892:Alexander, G. & Marais, J. (2007).
4546:Trutnau, L. & R. Sommerlad (2006).
3971:
3873:
3652:
3563:
3561:
3559:
3557:
3555:
3553:
3551:
3549:
3547:
3545:
3333:
3023:to lessen the risk of crocodile attacks
2832:
2636:temperature-dependent sex determination
694:, the appearance of the Nile crocodile
628:. It also sometimes referred to as the
540:
14:
9067:
6590:
6297:
6259:
5286:
5055:. Wildliferanching.com. Archived from
4900:
4498:Leitch, D. B.; Catania, K. C. (2012).
4482:Grigg, G., & Kirshner, D. (2015).
4383:
4099:
4072:
3714:
3308:
3179:
3177:
3175:
3173:
3171:
3115:
690:of the various populations, including
8770:
8769:
8632:
8539:
8538:
8275:
8072:
7994:
6540:"Nesting ecology of Nile crocodiles (
6324:Handbook of alligators and crocodiles
5964:establishment, spread, and impacts".
5165:
5083:Retrieved July 14, 2006 from the USGS
4953:Crocodile Specialist Group Newsletter
4765:Crocodile Specialist Group Newsletter
4485:Biology and Evolution of Crocodylians
4471:
4163:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
3929:A geometric morphometric analysis of
3859:"IUCN-SSC Crocodile Specialist Group"
3363:. London: Bloomsbury Publishing Plc.
3269:
3248:
2462:Interspecific predatory relationships
2343:Dietary biology of the Nile crocodile
2187:
9052:E2BA8C36-663A-417F-893C-0FB3746D0786
9000:78E3779F-D0B2-0C8C-2B24-1CD04761158B
6808:. 1 edition. Brahm, A.S., Frankfurt.
6304:Barker, R. D. (1953). "Crocodiles".
5816:
5382:Desert-Adapted Crocs Found in Africa
5283:. Surrey Beatty and Sons, Australia.
5246:
5200:Graham, A., & Beard, P. (1973).
4930:
3612:) in Uganda and Northern Rhodesia".
3542:
3528:. David & Charles. p. 195.
3358:
3223:
3004:
2397:Feeding on a dead wildebeest in the
2308:claimed that Nile crocodiles have a
1661:to cleanse its eyes with tears. The
661:(the South African Nile crocodile),
9075:IUCN Red List least concern species
6604:) on Central Island, Lake Rudolf".
5421:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
5071:
4067:Nile crocodile Crocodylus niloticus
3780:Both words originate in the Bible.
3195:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
3168:
2336:
2065:Isolated populations also exist in
657:(the West African Nile crocodile),
24:
7845:Scott, R. & Scott, H. (1994).
7168:The status of crocodiles in Africa
6869:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1977.tb04137.x
6626:10.1111/j.1365-2028.1967.tb00763.x
5599:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
5523:Bickelmann, C.; Klein, N. (2009).
4574:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1955.tb07813.x
4435:10.1038/scientificamerican0476-114
4216:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
4119:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
3746:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1990.tb04014.x
3626:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1961.tb00220.x
3296:10.1111/j.1365-2028.1967.tb00763.x
473:Nile crocodiles are opportunistic
138:At Le Bonheur Crocodile Farm near
25:
9141:
7951:
7395:) in the Okavango Delta, Botswana
7019:, preying on a small crocodile".
6981:10.1655/HERPMONOGRAPHS-D-11-00001
5929:Bakalar, Nicholas (23 May 2016).
5151:"Nile crocodile: Definition from"
5017:
9130:National symbols of Sierra Leone
8750:Famous crocodiles and alligators
8612:
7957:
7914:
7887:
7838:
7825:
7812:
7762:. Vol. 24. pp. 1β101.
7760:Advances in Parasitology vol. 24
7751:
7713:PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases
7700:
7657:
7644:
7616:
7594:"About human-crocodile conflict"
7586:
7545:
7518:
7475:
7436:
7401:
7380:
7337:
7298:
7255:
7241:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1999.00011.x
7212:
7173:
7160:
7137:
7090:
7076:
7055:
7008:
6995:
6930:
6875:
6844:
6811:
6798:
6785:
6766:
6717:
6704:
6665:
6632:
6439:
6426:
6365:
5851:"Osmoregulation in crocodilians"
5701:10.1046/j.1365-3008.2001.00187.x
5367:10.1111/j.0021-8790.2004.00817.x
5077:Somma, Louis A. (19 June 2002).
4016:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2011.05245.x
3935:(Master of Science). Iowa City:
2208:Adult Nile crocodile basking at
2122:Open savanna on the bank of the
1992:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1966:recorded the species inhabiting
1516:
1459:
1403:
1257:
1234:
1204:
1113:
795:At one time, the fossil species
677:(the Kenyan Nile crocodile) and
458:reptile in the world, after the
199:
61:
7144:Sheridan, Paul (14 June 2015).
6250:
6228:
6202:
6193:
6184:
6156:Journal of Experimental Biology
6139:
6062:
6039:
6021:
6010:
5976:
5956:
5922:
5883:
5842:
5829:
5803:
5790:
5757:
5708:
5671:
5633:
5586:
5553:
5516:
5477:
5440:
5403:
5374:
5333:
5273:
5240:
5207:
5143:
5094:
4981:
4896:. Cape Town: Struik Publishers.
4858:
4775:
4697:
4637:
4580:
4553:
4540:
4504:Journal of Experimental Biology
4491:
3803:Stevenson-Hamilton, J. (1954).
3774:
3688:
2482:
1744:
7539:10.1016/j.geoforum.2004.06.007
7065:. Princeton University Press.
6793:Discoveries of a Crocodile Man
6095:10.1016/j.jtherbio.2008.02.001
3352:
3327:
3302:
3263:
3095:
2873:Nile crocodiles in captivity,
2491:A float of Nile crocodiles in
1850:Like all crocodiles, they are
1605:Characteristics and physiology
359: approximate range
13:
1:
8322:Hall's New Guinea crocodile (
7768:10.1016/S0065-308X(08)60561-8
7682:(inactive 28 September 2024).
7362:(inactive 28 September 2024).
7264:Biodiversity and Conservation
6698:10.1016/S0006-3207(00)00177-4
6602:Crocodylus niloticus laurenti
5908:10.1016/s1095-6433(00)00215-4
5611:10.1080/02724634.2021.2063058
5299:The Journal of Animal Ecology
3108:
2770:Ephippiorhynchus senegalensis
2351:A Nile crocodile attacking a
2214:Murchison Falls National Park
9115:National symbols of Djibouti
7726:10.1371/journal.pntd.0001018
7148:. anecdotesfromantiquity.net
7115:10.1016/0031-9384(93)90373-n
6522:10.1016/j.biocon.2009.05.016
6306:Tanganyika Notes and Records
4833:10.1371/journal.pone.0031781
4358:10.1371/journal.pone.0009333
4139:10.1080/02724634.2012.652324
2199:
2134:, dams, and tidal lakes and
2095:. They have been spotted in
729:
7:
9120:National symbols of Lesotho
8707:Madras Crocodile Bank Trust
7101:, in relation to feeding".
5800:. Water SA, 39(1), 165β170.
4921:The Lake Rudolf Crocodile (
4183:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.03.026
3824:"Nile Crocodile Fact Sheet"
3524:Guggisberg, C.A.W. (1972).
3071:Lower Zambezi National Park
2858:Large adults in captivity,
2079:However in 2022 a skull of
643:
430:. It occasionally inhabits
10:
9146:
9100:Reptiles described in 1768
8702:List of crurotarsan genera
8510:Osbornβs dwarf crocodile (
7818:Benedictow, O. J. (2004).
6936:Jablonicky, C. A. (2013).
6606:African Journal of Ecology
6339:Pienaar, U. D. V. (1969).
6075:Journal of Thermal Biology
5770:Conservation & Society
5220:Braamfontein, Johannesburg
4286:10.1038/s42003-021-02017-0
4041:Cunningham, S. W. (2015).
3909:10.1016/j.crpv.2003.07.002
3276:African Journal of Ecology
3008:
2650:have been observed doing.
2340:
2075:within the last 2000 years
1838:Size and sexual dimorphism
1798:A large Nile crocodile in
1702:Naturalized crocodile head
994:Crocodylus thorbjarnarsoni
29:
9125:National symbols of Niger
8778:
8720:
8679:
8608:
8576:
8552:
8548:
8534:
8489:
8456:
8446:
8292:
8288:
8271:
8226:
8202:
8160:
8143:
8089:
8085:
8068:
8030:
7940:10.1017/S003060530999086X
7863:10.1136/bmj.309.6970.1691
7679:10.1017/S003060530899030X
7359:10.1017/S0030605309001586
7103:Physiology & Behavior
7041:10.2989/00306520309485380
6969:Herpetological Monographs
6908:10.1007/s00114-006-0156-4
5579:10.1017/S0030605300020470
5502:10.1007/s10592-009-9970-5
5447:Stnts256 (11 June 2022),
5346:Journal of Animal Ecology
4065:Fergusson, R. A. (2010).
3807:. London: Cassell and Co.
3805:Wild life in South Africa
3645:Huchzermeyer, F. (2003).
3336:Crocodiles and alligators
2810:Royal Natal National Park
2364:rely on its limbs, as it
2243:Royal Natal National Park
1686:Skull and head morphology
1613:Side view in South Africa
1508:
1490:
1483:
1451:
1433:
1426:
1419:
1395:
1388:
1370:
1363:
1334:
1314:
1307:
1300:
1249:
1226:
1219:
1196:
1189:
1153:
1135:
1128:
1105:
1098:
1091:
1083:
1046:
1026:
1019:
990:
974:Crocodylus anthropophagus
970:
963:
956:
949:
924:
917:
381:
374:
354:
345:
327:
320:
196:Scientific classification
194:
177:
155:
146:
137:
128:
41:
9110:National symbols of Chad
8430:West African crocodile (
8079:(Alligators and caimans)
6561:10.4102/koedoe.v43i2.197
6473:Bourquin, S. L. (2008).
6358:10.4102/koedoe.v12i1.753
5783:10.4103/0972-4923.197609
5247:Wood, Gerald L. (1982).
3088:
1988:Central African Republic
1913:Distribution and habitat
1657:to protect the eyes and
8730:Fatal alligator attacks
8479:Mecistops leptorhynchus
8247:Smooth-fronted caiman (
8238:Cuvier's dwarf caiman (
7822:. Boydell & Brewer.
7501:10.4314/wsa.v37i1.64109
7084:"The Honey Badger Diet"
6724:Grabham, G. W. (1909).
6678:Biological Conservation
6502:Biological Conservation
6326:. Malabar, FL: Krieger.
6281:: 15β18. Archived from
6275:Herpetological Bulletin
5654:10.1023/A:1003592123079
5214:Paynter, David (1986).
4421:(4): 114β119, 122β124.
3309:Barlas, Robert (2010).
3202:: e.T45433088A3010181.
2711:) in the north and the
2634:. Nile crocodiles have
2497:Disney's Animal Kingdom
2452:African clawless otters
2273:bird and the crocodile.
1781:
1138:Crocodylus novaeguineae
1030:Crocodylus palaeindicus
9105:Crocodilians of Africa
9090:Reptiles of Madagascar
8470:Mecistops cataphractus
8376:New Guinea crocodile (
8349:Philippine crocodile (
8340:Freshwater crocodile (
8181:Broad-snouted caiman (
6372:Larivière, S. (2001).
5835:Hutton, J. M. (1986).
5560:Wilson, J. M. (2009).
5546:10.1002/mmng.200800007
5224:Macmillan South Africa
4919:Graham, A. D. (1968).
4796:, Vermont Herpetology.
4730:Brochu, C. A. (2001).
4705:"Crocodylus niloticus"
4462:Brazaitis, P. (1989).
4273:Communications Biology
4230:10.1098/rspb.2018.1071
3927:Nestler, J.H. (2012).
3889:Comptes Rendus Palevol
3069:, and the area around
3024:
2877:
2866:
2658:
2540:
2499:
2419:Hippopotamus amphibius
2401:
2360:
2312:with a bird named the
2310:symbiotic relationship
2274:
2233:
2217:
2127:
1907:West African crocodile
1847:
1802:
1791:
1737:, sourced from nearby
1703:
1695:
1682:
1614:
1493:Crocodylus intermedius
1376:West African crocodile
1338:Crocodylus falconensis
1298:Africa+New World
1156:Crocodylus mindorensis
841:from Plio-Pleistocene
778:). The fossil species
736:West African crocodile
715:West African crocodile
663:C. n. madagascariensis
367:West African crocodile
32:West African crocodile
8982:Paleobiology Database
8394:Saltwater crocodile (
8358:Morelet's crocodile (
6269:Dinets, V.L. (2011).
5490:Conservation Genetics
5297:at Ngezi, Zimbabwe".
5257:Guinness Superlatives
5107:The Anatomical Record
3412:Sterling Pub Co Inc.
3018:
2872:
2857:
2744:, and large owls and
2656:
2538:
2490:
2396:
2350:
2268:
2254:vocal range and good
2231:
2207:
2168:, and especially the
2121:
2058:of Botswana, and the
1845:
1797:
1789:
1701:
1693:
1681:Nile crocodile's head
1680:
1612:
811:Osteolaemus tetraspis
505:underwater to drown.
8810:Crocodylus niloticus
8780:Crocodylus niloticus
8659:Related articles on
8313:American crocodile (
8118:American alligator (
7975:Encyclopedia of Life
7966:at Wikimedia Commons
7964:Crocodylus niloticus
7445:Crocodylus niloticus
7393:Crocodylus niloticus
7307:Crocodylus niloticus
7221:Conservation Biology
7198:10.3957/056.041.0201
7182:Crocodylus niloticus
7099:Crocodylus niloticus
7003:Crocodylus niloticus
6940:Crocodylus niloticus
6884:Crocodylus niloticus
6853:Crocodylus niloticus
6837:10.1093/icb/29.3.953
6726:"A Crocodile's Nest"
6712:Geographical Journal
6674:Crocodylus niloticus
6658:10.1093/icb/20.2.437
6542:Crocodylus niloticus
6498:Crocodylus niloticus
6477:Crocodylus niloticus
6447:Crocodylus niloticus
6414:on 19 September 2015
6322:Grenard, S. (1991).
6150:Crocodylus niloticus
6071:Crocodylus niloticus
6048:Crocodylus niloticus
5892:Crocodylus niloticus
5868:10.1093/icb/29.3.903
5822:Aust, P. W. (2009).
5682:Crocodylus niloticus
5486:Crocodylus niloticus
5295:Crocodylus niloticus
5079:Crocodylus niloticus
5051:Crocodylus niloticus
5022:Crocodylus niloticus
4976:Crocodylus niloticus
4944:Crocodylus niloticus
4925:Laurenti) Population
4923:Crocodylus niloticus
4749:10.1093/icb/41.3.564
4646:"Warm-hearted crocs"
4644:Summers, A. (2005).
3931:Crocodylus niloticus
3885:Crocodylus niloticus
3730:Crocodylus niloticus
3681:10.1093/icb/17.1.225
3610:Crocodilus niloticus
3334:Haywood, K. (2011).
3272:Crocodylus niloticus
3231:"Appendices | CITES"
3188:Crocodylus niloticus
2980:Kruger National Park
2833:Environmental status
2822:African rock pythons
2788:and some non-wading
2766:saddle-billed storks
2697:freshwater crocodile
2440:Tragelaphus scriptus
2357:Kruger National Park
1986:, Kenya, Egypt, the
1867:Katavi National Park
1832:Tomistoma schlegelii
1823:Kruger National Park
1667:four-chambered heart
1655:nictitating membrane
1454:Crocodylus rhombifer
1436:Crocodylus moreletii
1398:Crocodylus niloticus
1318:Crocodylus checchiai
1252:Crocodylus palustris
1229:Crocodylus siamensis
1159:Philippine crocodile
1141:New Guinea crocodile
1111:Freshwater crocodile
1108:Crocodylus johnstoni
560:("pebble"), Ξ΄ΟαΏΞ»ΞΏΟ,
552:is derived from the
550:Crocodylus niloticus
541:Etymology and naming
407:Crocodylus niloticus
331:Crocodylus niloticus
8619:Reptiles portal
8421:Siamese crocodile (
8331:Orinoco crocodile (
8172:Spectacled caiman (
8127:Chinese alligator (
8120:A. mississippiensis
7857:(6970): 1691β1692.
7639:Crocodilian attacks
7622:Clarke, J. (1969).
7461:2010ACMFE..20..489A
7422:2009ACMFE..19..838W
7386:Shacks, V. (2006).
7323:2000JSFA...80..390H
7276:1995BiCon...4..299R
7233:1999ConBi..13..465T
7086:. The Honey Badger.
7033:2003Ostri..74..133B
6900:2007NW.....94...49V
6888:Naturwissenschaften
6791:Pooley, T. (1982).
6742:1909Natur..80...96G
6690:2001BCons..98..347L
6618:1967AfJEc...5...74M
6514:2009BCons.142.2335B
6087:2008JTBio..33..185D
5764:Pooley, S. (2016).
5733:2015AnCon..18..322S
5721:Animal Conservation
5358:2004JAnEc..73..410R
5311:1987JAnEc..56...25H
5059:on 18 December 2014
4993:National Geographic
4824:2012PLoSO...731781E
4665:2005Natur.434..833S
4613:10.1038/nature08324
4605:2009Natur.461...95K
4488:. CSIRO PUBLISHING.
4427:1976SciAm.234d.114P
4415:Scientific American
4349:2010PLoSO...5.9333B
4175:2011MolPE..60..183M
4131:2012JVPal..32..587B
4008:2011MolEc..20.4199H
3901:2003CRPal...2..703S
3887:(Laurenti, 1786)".
3359:Hart, Adam (2023).
3288:1967AfJEc...5...74M
3143:10.7717/peerj.12094
3030:saltwater crocodile
2814:African fish eagles
2730:Tribolium castaneum
2709:Herpestes ichneumon
2701:Crocodylus johnsoni
2648:American alligators
2583:Chromolaena odorata
2493:Kilimanjaro Safaris
2448:Tragelaphus angasii
2170:saltwater crocodile
2113:habitat segregation
1807:saltwater crocodile
1776:Gavialis gangeticus
1439:Morelet's crocodile
1202:Saltwater crocodile
706:C. n. pauciscutatus
675:C. n. pauciscutatus
634:Ethiopian crocodile
460:saltwater crocodile
385:Crocodylus vulgaris
149:Conservation status
8692:Foramen of Panizza
8403:Borneo crocodile (
8385:Mugger crocodile (
7284:10.1007/BF00055975
7005:. Proc. 1st. work.
6857:Journal of Zoology
6824:American Zoologist
6645:American Zoologist
6285:on 15 October 2011
6216:on 16 January 2009
6169:10.1242/jeb.089904
6073:) during winter".
5935:The New York Times
5855:American Zoologist
5839:. Copeia, 332β341.
5428:: e.T46584A3009688
5253:Enfield, Middlesex
5202:Eyelids of Morning
5088:9 May 2009 at the
4867:Journal of Zoology
4736:American Zoologist
4516:10.1242/jeb.076836
3937:University of Iowa
3734:Journal of Zoology
3668:American Zoologist
3025:
2908:. This species is
2878:
2867:
2659:
2628:American alligator
2543:Females lay their
2541:
2500:
2402:
2361:
2275:
2241:. Pooley found in
2234:
2218:
2188:Invasive potential
2166:American crocodile
2128:
1852:sexually dimorphic
1848:
1803:
1792:
1768:Melanosuchus niger
1704:
1696:
1683:
1633:hide with rows of
1615:
1514:American crocodile
1199:Crocodylus porosus
859:C. thorbjarnarsoni
851:C. thorbjarnarsoni
838:C. thorbjarnarsoni
772:Orinoco crocodiles
686:In a study of the
468:sexually dimorphic
464:Crocodylus porosus
420:sub-Saharan Africa
9062:
9061:
8969:Open Tree of Life
8772:Taxon identifiers
8763:
8762:
8735:Crocodile attacks
8712:The Croc Festival
8687:Crocodilian armor
8626:
8625:
8604:
8603:
8600:
8599:
8530:
8529:
8526:
8525:
8522:
8521:
8501:Dwarf crocodile (
8442:
8441:
8412:Cuban crocodile (
8283:
8282:(True crocodiles)
8267:
8266:
8263:
8262:
8259:
8258:
8154:
8139:
8138:
8100:
8080:
7962:Media related to
7896:Wildlife Research
7071:978-0-12-322730-0
6508:(10): 2335β2341.
6385:Mammalian Species
5742:10.1111/acv.12176
5414:Caiman crocodilus
5266:978-0-85112-235-9
5049:"Nile Crocodile (
4940:Webb, G. (2019).
4879:10.1111/jzo.12081
4659:(7035): 833β834.
4510:(23): 4217β4230.
3995:Molecular Ecology
3861:. Crocodilian.com
3788:name of the Nile.
3535:978-0-7153-5272-4
3418:978-0-85112-235-9
3408:Wood, G. (1983).
3370:978-1-4729-8532-3
3053:annually include
3005:Attacks on humans
2800:, the introduced
2798:African tigerfish
2705:Egyptian mongoose
2693:Varanus giganteus
2672:average life span
2062:in South Africa.
1996:Equatorial Guinea
1924:Caiman crocodilus
1920:spectacled caiman
1601:
1600:
1592:
1591:
1583:
1582:
1574:
1573:
1565:
1564:
1556:
1555:
1547:
1546:
1538:
1537:
1529:
1528:
1511:Crocodylus acutus
1496:Orinoco crocodile
1472:
1471:
1373:Crocodylus suchus
1352:
1351:
1288:
1287:
1279:
1278:
1270:
1269:
1232:Siamese crocodile
1178:
1177:
1169:
1168:
1072:
1071:
1063:
1062:
1008:
1007:
855:C. anthropophagus
847:C. anthropophagus
825:C. anthropophagus
798:Rimasuchus lloydi
630:African crocodile
398:
397:
392:
313:C. niloticus
189:
172:
27:Reptile of Africa
16:(Redirected from
9137:
9055:
9054:
9042:
9041:
9029:
9028:
9016:
9015:
9003:
9002:
8990:
8989:
8977:
8976:
8964:
8963:
8951:
8950:
8938:
8937:
8928:
8927:
8915:
8914:
8902:
8901:
8889:
8888:
8876:
8875:
8863:
8862:
8850:
8849:
8837:
8836:
8827:
8826:
8814:
8813:
8812:
8799:
8798:
8797:
8767:
8766:
8653:
8646:
8639:
8630:
8629:
8617:
8616:
8615:
8550:
8549:
8536:
8535:
8454:
8453:
8367:Nile crocodile (
8299:
8298:
8290:
8289:
8281:
8273:
8272:
8158:
8157:
8153:
8152:
8148:
8104:
8103:
8099:
8098:
8094:
8087:
8086:
8078:
8070:
8069:
8015:
8008:
8001:
7992:
7991:
7982:
7970:"Nile crocodile"
7961:
7945:
7944:
7942:
7918:
7912:
7911:
7891:
7885:
7884:
7874:
7842:
7836:
7829:
7823:
7816:
7810:
7809:
7803:
7799:
7797:
7789:
7755:
7749:
7748:
7738:
7728:
7704:
7698:
7697:
7691:
7683:
7681:
7661:
7655:
7648:
7642:
7636:
7627:
7626:. Stein and Day.
7620:
7614:
7613:
7611:
7609:
7604:on 27 April 2020
7590:
7584:
7583:
7573:
7549:
7543:
7542:
7522:
7516:
7515:
7513:
7503:
7479:
7473:
7472:
7469:10.1002/aqc.1132
7440:
7434:
7433:
7430:10.1002/aqc.1061
7405:
7399:
7384:
7378:
7377:
7371:
7363:
7361:
7341:
7335:
7334:
7302:
7296:
7295:
7259:
7253:
7252:
7216:
7210:
7209:
7177:
7171:
7164:
7158:
7157:
7155:
7153:
7141:
7135:
7134:
7109:(6): 1157β1761.
7094:
7088:
7087:
7080:
7074:
7059:
7053:
7052:
7012:
7006:
6999:
6993:
6992:
6964:
6945:
6934:
6928:
6927:
6879:
6873:
6872:
6848:
6842:
6841:
6839:
6815:
6809:
6802:
6796:
6789:
6783:
6782:
6770:
6764:
6763:
6753:
6751:10.1038/080096a0
6721:
6715:
6708:
6702:
6701:
6669:
6663:
6662:
6660:
6636:
6630:
6629:
6597:
6588:
6587:
6575:
6566:
6565:
6563:
6535:
6526:
6525:
6493:
6482:
6471:
6454:
6443:
6437:
6430:
6424:
6423:
6421:
6419:
6413:
6407:. Archived from
6382:
6369:
6363:
6362:
6360:
6336:
6327:
6320:
6314:
6313:
6301:
6295:
6294:
6292:
6290:
6266:
6257:
6254:
6248:
6247:
6245:
6243:
6232:
6226:
6225:
6223:
6221:
6206:
6200:
6197:
6191:
6188:
6182:
6181:
6171:
6162:(Pt 5): 758β68.
6143:
6137:
6136:
6108:
6099:
6098:
6066:
6060:
6059:
6043:
6037:
6036:
6033:Fox News Science
6025:
6019:
6014:
6008:
6007:
6005:
6003:
5989:
5980:
5974:
5973:
5960:
5954:
5953:
5951:
5949:
5926:
5920:
5919:
5887:
5881:
5880:
5870:
5846:
5840:
5833:
5827:
5820:
5814:
5807:
5801:
5794:
5788:
5787:
5785:
5761:
5755:
5754:
5744:
5712:
5706:
5705:
5703:
5675:
5669:
5668:
5637:
5631:
5630:
5590:
5584:
5583:
5581:
5557:
5551:
5550:
5548:
5520:
5514:
5513:
5488:) populations".
5481:
5475:
5474:
5468:
5460:
5459:
5457:
5444:
5438:
5437:
5435:
5433:
5407:
5401:
5394:
5385:
5378:
5372:
5371:
5369:
5337:
5331:
5330:
5290:
5284:
5277:
5271:
5270:
5251:(3rd ed.).
5244:
5238:
5237:
5218:(1st ed.).
5211:
5205:
5198:
5163:
5162:
5160:
5158:
5147:
5141:
5140:
5122:
5120:10.1002/ar.23738
5098:
5092:
5075:
5069:
5068:
5066:
5064:
5045:
5039:
5038:
5036:
5034:
5028:
5018:Kyalo, Solomon.
5015:
5009:
5008:
5006:
5004:
4995:. Archived from
4989:"Nile Crocodile"
4985:
4979:
4972:
4961:
4960:
4950:
4937:
4928:
4917:
4898:
4897:
4889:
4883:
4882:
4862:
4856:
4855:
4845:
4835:
4803:
4797:
4788:
4782:
4779:
4773:
4772:
4760:
4754:
4753:
4751:
4727:
4721:
4720:
4718:
4716:
4701:
4695:
4694:
4676:
4650:
4641:
4635:
4634:
4624:
4584:
4578:
4577:
4557:
4551:
4544:
4538:
4537:
4527:
4495:
4489:
4480:
4469:
4460:
4447:
4446:
4410:
4381:
4380:
4370:
4360:
4326:
4317:
4316:
4306:
4288:
4264:
4253:
4252:
4242:
4232:
4206:
4195:
4194:
4157:
4151:
4150:
4110:
4097:
4085:
4070:
4063:
4046:
4039:
4028:
4027:
4002:(20): 4199β215.
3988:
3969:
3966:
3941:
3940:
3924:
3913:
3912:
3880:
3871:
3870:
3868:
3866:
3855:
3840:
3839:
3837:
3835:
3830:on 30 April 2017
3820:
3809:
3808:
3800:
3789:
3778:
3772:
3771:
3763:
3750:
3749:
3725:
3712:
3711:
3709:
3707:
3696:"Nile Crocodile"
3692:
3686:
3685:
3683:
3659:
3650:
3643:
3630:
3629:
3605:
3540:
3539:
3521:
3420:
3406:
3375:
3374:
3356:
3350:
3349:
3331:
3325:
3324:
3306:
3300:
3299:
3267:
3261:
3260:
3252:
3246:
3245:
3243:
3241:
3227:
3221:
3220:
3218:
3216:
3211:
3181:
3166:
3165:
3155:
3145:
3119:
3102:
3099:
3055:Korogwe District
3011:Crocodile attack
2939:dwarf crocodiles
2754:Egretta garzetta
2726:red flour beetle
2632:mugger crocodile
2617:thermoregulation
2353:Burchell's zebra
2337:Hunting and diet
2050:in Egypt to the
2018:, South Africa,
1790:Healthy subadult
1659:lachrymal glands
1520:
1486:
1485:
1463:
1429:
1428:
1422:
1421:
1407:
1391:
1390:
1366:
1365:
1343:
1323:
1310:
1309:
1303:
1302:
1261:
1255:Mugger crocodile
1238:
1222:
1221:
1208:
1192:
1191:
1131:
1130:
1117:
1101:
1100:
1094:
1093:
1086:
1085:
1054:
1035:
1022:
1021:
999:
979:
966:
965:
959:
958:
952:
951:
933:
920:
919:
910:
909:
873:based on a 2018
830:Plio-Pleistocene
638:common crocodile
487:ambush predators
387:
358:
350:
333:
269:Archosauriformes
256:Archosauromorpha
204:
203:
183:
166:
161:
160:
133:
123:
60:
45:Temporal range:
39:
38:
21:
9145:
9144:
9140:
9139:
9138:
9136:
9135:
9134:
9065:
9064:
9063:
9058:
9050:
9045:
9037:
9032:
9024:
9019:
9011:
9006:
8998:
8993:
8985:
8980:
8972:
8967:
8959:
8956:Observation.org
8954:
8946:
8941:
8933:
8931:
8923:
8918:
8910:
8905:
8897:
8892:
8884:
8879:
8871:
8866:
8858:
8853:
8845:
8840:
8832:
8830:
8822:
8817:
8808:
8807:
8802:
8793:
8792:
8787:
8774:
8764:
8759:
8755:Sewer alligator
8745:Crocodile tears
8722:
8716:
8675:
8657:
8627:
8622:
8613:
8611:
8596:
8588:False gharial (
8572:
8544:
8518:
8485:
8450:
8438:
8378:C. novaeguineae
8284:
8255:
8222:
8198:
8190:Yacare caiman (
8150:
8149:
8147:
8135:
8096:
8095:
8093:
8081:
8064:
8060:Crocodylomorpha
8026:
8019:
7954:
7949:
7948:
7919:
7915:
7908:10.1071/WR11083
7892:
7888:
7843:
7839:
7830:
7826:
7817:
7813:
7801:
7800:
7791:
7790:
7778:
7756:
7752:
7705:
7701:
7685:
7684:
7662:
7658:
7649:
7645:
7637:
7630:
7624:Man is the Prey
7621:
7617:
7607:
7605:
7592:
7591:
7587:
7550:
7546:
7523:
7519:
7480:
7476:
7441:
7437:
7406:
7402:
7385:
7381:
7365:
7364:
7342:
7338:
7303:
7299:
7260:
7256:
7217:
7213:
7178:
7174:
7165:
7161:
7151:
7149:
7142:
7138:
7095:
7091:
7082:
7081:
7077:
7060:
7056:
7017:Scotopelia peli
7013:
7009:
7000:
6996:
6965:
6948:
6935:
6931:
6880:
6876:
6849:
6845:
6816:
6812:
6803:
6799:
6790:
6786:
6771:
6767:
6722:
6718:
6709:
6705:
6670:
6666:
6637:
6633:
6598:
6591:
6576:
6569:
6536:
6529:
6494:
6485:
6472:
6457:
6444:
6440:
6431:
6427:
6417:
6415:
6411:
6380:
6370:
6366:
6337:
6330:
6321:
6317:
6302:
6298:
6288:
6286:
6267:
6260:
6255:
6251:
6241:
6239:
6238:. Angelfire.com
6234:
6233:
6229:
6219:
6217:
6208:
6207:
6203:
6198:
6194:
6189:
6185:
6144:
6140:
6125:10.2307/1447146
6109:
6102:
6067:
6063:
6044:
6040:
6027:
6026:
6022:
6015:
6011:
6001:
5999:
5987:
5981:
5977:
5961:
5957:
5947:
5945:
5927:
5923:
5888:
5884:
5847:
5843:
5834:
5830:
5821:
5817:
5808:
5804:
5795:
5791:
5762:
5758:
5713:
5709:
5676:
5672:
5638:
5634:
5605:(6): e2063058.
5591:
5587:
5558:
5554:
5521:
5517:
5482:
5478:
5462:
5461:
5455:
5453:
5445:
5441:
5431:
5429:
5408:
5404:
5395:
5388:
5379:
5375:
5338:
5334:
5291:
5287:
5278:
5274:
5267:
5245:
5241:
5234:
5212:
5208:
5199:
5166:
5156:
5154:
5149:
5148:
5144:
5099:
5095:
5090:Wayback Machine
5076:
5072:
5062:
5060:
5047:
5046:
5042:
5032:
5030:
5026:
5016:
5012:
5002:
5000:
4999:on 23 June 2007
4987:
4986:
4982:
4973:
4964:
4948:
4938:
4931:
4918:
4901:
4890:
4886:
4863:
4859:
4804:
4800:
4790:Potts, Ryan J.
4789:
4785:
4780:
4776:
4761:
4757:
4728:
4724:
4714:
4712:
4711:on 9 April 2013
4703:
4702:
4698:
4674:10.1038/434833a
4648:
4642:
4638:
4599:(7260): 95β98.
4585:
4581:
4558:
4554:
4545:
4541:
4496:
4492:
4481:
4472:
4461:
4450:
4411:
4384:
4327:
4320:
4265:
4256:
4207:
4198:
4158:
4154:
4111:
4100:
4086:
4073:
4064:
4049:
4040:
4031:
3989:
3972:
3967:
3944:
3925:
3916:
3881:
3874:
3864:
3862:
3857:
3856:
3843:
3833:
3831:
3822:
3821:
3812:
3801:
3792:
3779:
3775:
3764:
3753:
3726:
3715:
3705:
3703:
3694:
3693:
3689:
3660:
3653:
3644:
3633:
3606:
3543:
3536:
3522:
3423:
3407:
3378:
3371:
3357:
3353:
3346:
3332:
3328:
3321:
3307:
3303:
3268:
3264:
3253:
3249:
3239:
3237:
3229:
3228:
3224:
3214:
3212:
3182:
3169:
3120:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3105:
3100:
3096:
3091:
3079:regional guides
3039:venomous snakes
3013:
3007:
2935:slender-snouted
2835:
2804:, and possibly
2802:largemouth bass
2782:Balaeniceps rex
2762:Scopus umbretta
2738:Crocuta crocuta
2680:
2621:monitor lizards
2504:sexual maturity
2485:
2464:
2411:Panthera pardus
2345:
2339:
2300:Bangweulu Swamp
2202:
2190:
2054:of Angola, the
1950:and across the
1915:
1840:
1784:
1747:
1688:
1607:
1602:
1593:
1584:
1575:
1566:
1557:
1548:
1539:
1530:
1473:
1457:Cuban crocodile
1417:New World
1353:
1289:
1280:
1271:
1179:
1170:
1089:Asia+Australia
1073:
1064:
1009:
807:dwarf crocodile
732:
671:C. n. niloticus
651:C. n. africanus
646:
543:
516:. Their strict
438:throughout the
370:
356:
341:
335:
329:
316:
198:
190:
173:
162:
158:
151:
142:, South Africa
124:
122:
121:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
55:
54:
43:
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:Nile crocodiles
15:
12:
11:
5:
9143:
9133:
9132:
9127:
9122:
9117:
9112:
9107:
9102:
9097:
9092:
9087:
9085:Apex predators
9082:
9077:
9060:
9059:
9057:
9056:
9043:
9030:
9017:
9004:
8991:
8978:
8965:
8952:
8939:
8929:
8916:
8903:
8890:
8877:
8864:
8851:
8838:
8828:
8815:
8800:
8784:
8782:
8776:
8775:
8761:
8760:
8758:
8757:
8752:
8747:
8742:
8740:Crocodile farm
8737:
8732:
8726:
8724:
8718:
8717:
8715:
8714:
8709:
8704:
8699:
8694:
8689:
8683:
8681:
8677:
8676:
8656:
8655:
8648:
8641:
8633:
8624:
8623:
8609:
8606:
8605:
8602:
8601:
8598:
8597:
8595:
8594:
8584:
8582:
8574:
8573:
8571:
8570:
8560:
8558:
8546:
8545:
8532:
8531:
8528:
8527:
8524:
8523:
8520:
8519:
8517:
8516:
8507:
8497:
8495:
8487:
8486:
8484:
8483:
8474:
8464:
8462:
8451:
8444:
8443:
8440:
8439:
8437:
8436:
8427:
8418:
8409:
8400:
8391:
8382:
8373:
8364:
8355:
8351:C. mindorensis
8346:
8337:
8333:C. intermedius
8328:
8319:
8309:
8307:
8296:
8286:
8285:
8269:
8268:
8265:
8264:
8261:
8260:
8257:
8256:
8254:
8253:
8244:
8240:P. palpebrosus
8234:
8232:
8224:
8223:
8221:
8220:
8214:Black caiman (
8210:
8208:
8200:
8199:
8197:
8196:
8187:
8183:C. latirostris
8178:
8168:
8166:
8155:
8141:
8140:
8137:
8136:
8134:
8133:
8124:
8114:
8112:
8101:
8083:
8082:
8066:
8065:
8063:
8062:
8056:
8050:
8044:
8038:
8031:
8028:
8027:
8018:
8017:
8010:
8003:
7995:
7989:
7988:
7983:
7967:
7953:
7952:External links
7950:
7947:
7946:
7913:
7886:
7837:
7824:
7811:
7802:|journal=
7776:
7750:
7699:
7656:
7643:
7628:
7615:
7585:
7544:
7533:(3): 353β369.
7517:
7494:(1): 103β108.
7474:
7455:(5): 489β493.
7435:
7400:
7379:
7336:
7297:
7270:(3): 299β305.
7254:
7227:(3): 465β470.
7211:
7172:
7159:
7136:
7089:
7075:
7054:
7007:
6994:
6946:
6929:
6874:
6843:
6830:(3): 953β971.
6810:
6797:
6784:
6765:
6716:
6703:
6664:
6631:
6589:
6580:Uganda Journal
6567:
6527:
6483:
6455:
6438:
6425:
6376:Aonyx capensis
6364:
6328:
6315:
6296:
6258:
6249:
6227:
6201:
6192:
6190:Hdt. 2.68.4β5.
6183:
6138:
6119:(2): 463β469.
6100:
6061:
6038:
6035:. 20 May 2016.
6020:
6009:
5975:
5955:
5921:
5882:
5841:
5828:
5815:
5802:
5789:
5776:(4): 391β405.
5756:
5727:(4): 322β330.
5707:
5670:
5648:(1β3): 81β86.
5632:
5585:
5552:
5515:
5476:
5439:
5402:
5386:
5373:
5332:
5285:
5272:
5265:
5259:. p. 98.
5239:
5232:
5226:. p. 13.
5206:
5164:
5142:
5113:(4): 659β672.
5093:
5070:
5040:
5010:
4980:
4962:
4929:
4899:
4884:
4857:
4798:
4783:
4774:
4755:
4742:(3): 564β585.
4722:
4696:
4636:
4579:
4568:(4): 741β749.
4552:
4539:
4490:
4470:
4448:
4382:
4318:
4254:
4196:
4169:(1): 183β191.
4152:
4125:(3): 587β602.
4098:
4071:
4047:
4029:
3970:
3942:
3914:
3872:
3841:
3810:
3790:
3773:
3751:
3740:(3): 477β488.
3713:
3702:. 1 March 2014
3687:
3651:
3631:
3620:(4): 211β356.
3541:
3534:
3421:
3376:
3369:
3351:
3344:
3326:
3319:
3301:
3262:
3247:
3222:
3167:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3104:
3103:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3063:Niassa Reserve
3006:
3003:
2991:barbel catfish
2971:Lake St. Lucia
2955:global warming
2951:global warming
2834:
2831:
2774:goliath herons
2764:) to towering
2756:) and compact
2734:spotted hyenas
2718:Marabou storks
2713:water mongoose
2679:
2676:
2642:and the upper
2484:
2481:
2463:
2460:
2456:Aonyx capensis
2415:hippopotamuses
2359:, South Africa
2341:Main article:
2338:
2335:
2201:
2198:
2189:
2186:
2162:watering holes
2155:riparian zones
2060:Olifants River
2056:Okavango Delta
1914:
1911:
1880:J. G. Kuhlmann
1839:
1836:
1783:
1780:
1746:
1743:
1687:
1684:
1646:water pressure
1606:
1603:
1599:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1590:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1581:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1572:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1563:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1554:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1545:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1536:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1527:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1507:
1504:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1489:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1475:
1474:
1470:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1450:
1447:
1446:
1443:
1442:
1432:
1427:
1425:
1420:
1418:
1414:
1413:
1410:
1409:
1401:Nile crocodile
1394:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1369:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1350:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1313:
1308:
1306:
1301:
1299:
1295:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1286:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1277:
1276:
1273:
1272:
1268:
1267:
1264:
1263:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1225:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1195:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1176:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1167:
1166:
1163:
1162:
1152:
1149:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1134:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1104:
1099:
1097:
1092:
1090:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1070:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1061:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1025:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1006:
1005:
1002:
1001:
989:
986:
985:
982:
981:
969:
964:
962:
957:
955:
950:
948:
940:
939:
936:
935:
923:
918:
916:
908:
883:DNA sequencing
776:C. intermedius
744:DNA sequencing
742:studies using
731:
728:
692:C. (n.) suchus
680:C. (n.) suchus
645:
642:
542:
539:
475:apex predators
402:Nile crocodile
396:
395:
394:
393:
379:
378:
372:
371:
355:
352:
351:
343:
342:
336:
325:
324:
318:
317:
310:
308:
304:
303:
296:
292:
291:
286:
282:
281:
276:
272:
271:
266:
259:
258:
253:
246:
245:
240:
236:
235:
230:
226:
225:
220:
216:
215:
210:
206:
205:
192:
191:
178:
175:
174:
156:
153:
152:
147:
144:
143:
135:
134:
126:
125:
117:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
44:
42:Nile crocodile
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9142:
9131:
9128:
9126:
9123:
9121:
9118:
9116:
9113:
9111:
9108:
9106:
9103:
9101:
9098:
9096:
9093:
9091:
9088:
9086:
9083:
9081:
9078:
9076:
9073:
9072:
9070:
9053:
9048:
9044:
9040:
9035:
9031:
9027:
9022:
9018:
9014:
9009:
9005:
9001:
8996:
8992:
8988:
8983:
8979:
8975:
8970:
8966:
8962:
8957:
8953:
8949:
8944:
8940:
8936:
8930:
8926:
8921:
8917:
8913:
8908:
8904:
8900:
8895:
8891:
8887:
8882:
8878:
8874:
8869:
8865:
8861:
8856:
8852:
8848:
8843:
8839:
8835:
8829:
8825:
8820:
8816:
8811:
8805:
8801:
8796:
8790:
8786:
8785:
8783:
8781:
8777:
8773:
8768:
8756:
8753:
8751:
8748:
8746:
8743:
8741:
8738:
8736:
8733:
8731:
8728:
8727:
8725:
8719:
8713:
8710:
8708:
8705:
8703:
8700:
8698:
8695:
8693:
8690:
8688:
8685:
8684:
8682:
8678:
8674:
8670:
8666:
8662:
8654:
8649:
8647:
8642:
8640:
8635:
8634:
8631:
8621:
8620:
8607:
8593:
8591:
8590:T. schlegelii
8586:
8585:
8583:
8581:
8580:
8575:
8569:
8567:
8566:G. gangeticus
8562:
8561:
8559:
8557:
8556:
8551:
8547:
8543:
8537:
8533:
8515:
8513:
8508:
8506:
8504:
8499:
8498:
8496:
8494:
8493:
8488:
8482:
8480:
8475:
8473:
8471:
8466:
8465:
8463:
8461:
8460:
8455:
8452:
8449:
8448:Osteolaeminae
8445:
8435:
8433:
8428:
8426:
8424:
8419:
8417:
8415:
8410:
8408:
8406:
8401:
8399:
8397:
8392:
8390:
8388:
8383:
8381:
8379:
8374:
8372:
8370:
8365:
8363:
8361:
8356:
8354:
8352:
8347:
8345:
8343:
8338:
8336:
8334:
8329:
8327:
8325:
8320:
8318:
8316:
8311:
8310:
8308:
8306:
8305:
8300:
8297:
8295:
8291:
8287:
8280:
8274:
8270:
8252:
8250:
8249:P. trigonatus
8245:
8243:
8241:
8236:
8235:
8233:
8231:
8230:
8225:
8219:
8217:
8212:
8211:
8209:
8207:
8206:
8201:
8195:
8193:
8188:
8186:
8184:
8179:
8177:
8175:
8174:C. crocodilus
8170:
8169:
8167:
8165:
8164:
8159:
8156:
8146:
8142:
8132:
8130:
8125:
8123:
8121:
8116:
8115:
8113:
8111:
8110:
8105:
8102:
8092:
8091:Alligatorinae
8088:
8084:
8077:
8076:Alligatoridae
8071:
8067:
8061:
8057:
8055:
8051:
8049:
8045:
8043:
8039:
8037:
8033:
8032:
8029:
8024:
8016:
8011:
8009:
8004:
8002:
7997:
7996:
7993:
7987:
7984:
7981:
7977:
7976:
7971:
7968:
7965:
7960:
7956:
7955:
7941:
7936:
7932:
7928:
7924:
7917:
7909:
7905:
7901:
7897:
7890:
7882:
7878:
7873:
7868:
7864:
7860:
7856:
7852:
7848:
7841:
7834:
7828:
7821:
7815:
7807:
7795:
7787:
7783:
7779:
7777:9780120317240
7773:
7769:
7765:
7761:
7754:
7746:
7742:
7737:
7732:
7727:
7722:
7718:
7714:
7710:
7703:
7695:
7689:
7680:
7675:
7671:
7667:
7660:
7653:
7647:
7640:
7635:
7633:
7625:
7619:
7603:
7599:
7595:
7589:
7581:
7577:
7572:
7567:
7564:(3): 143β59.
7563:
7559:
7555:
7548:
7540:
7536:
7532:
7528:
7521:
7512:
7507:
7502:
7497:
7493:
7489:
7485:
7478:
7470:
7466:
7462:
7458:
7454:
7450:
7446:
7439:
7431:
7427:
7423:
7419:
7415:
7411:
7404:
7397:
7396:
7391:
7390:
7383:
7375:
7369:
7360:
7355:
7351:
7347:
7340:
7332:
7328:
7324:
7320:
7316:
7312:
7308:
7301:
7293:
7289:
7285:
7281:
7277:
7273:
7269:
7265:
7258:
7250:
7246:
7242:
7238:
7234:
7230:
7226:
7222:
7215:
7207:
7203:
7199:
7195:
7191:
7187:
7183:
7176:
7169:
7163:
7147:
7140:
7132:
7128:
7124:
7120:
7116:
7112:
7108:
7104:
7100:
7093:
7085:
7079:
7072:
7068:
7064:
7058:
7050:
7046:
7042:
7038:
7034:
7030:
7026:
7022:
7018:
7011:
7004:
6998:
6990:
6986:
6982:
6978:
6974:
6970:
6963:
6961:
6959:
6957:
6955:
6953:
6951:
6943:
6939:
6933:
6925:
6921:
6917:
6913:
6909:
6905:
6901:
6897:
6893:
6889:
6885:
6878:
6870:
6866:
6862:
6858:
6854:
6847:
6838:
6833:
6829:
6825:
6821:
6814:
6807:
6801:
6794:
6788:
6780:
6776:
6769:
6761:
6757:
6752:
6747:
6743:
6739:
6735:
6731:
6727:
6720:
6713:
6707:
6699:
6695:
6691:
6687:
6683:
6679:
6675:
6668:
6659:
6654:
6650:
6646:
6642:
6635:
6627:
6623:
6619:
6615:
6611:
6607:
6603:
6596:
6594:
6585:
6581:
6574:
6572:
6562:
6557:
6553:
6549:
6545:
6543:
6534:
6532:
6523:
6519:
6515:
6511:
6507:
6503:
6499:
6492:
6490:
6488:
6480:
6478:
6470:
6468:
6466:
6464:
6462:
6460:
6452:
6448:
6442:
6435:
6429:
6410:
6406:
6402:
6398:
6394:
6390:
6386:
6379:
6377:
6368:
6359:
6354:
6350:
6346:
6342:
6335:
6333:
6325:
6319:
6311:
6307:
6300:
6284:
6280:
6276:
6272:
6265:
6263:
6253:
6237:
6231:
6215:
6211:
6205:
6196:
6187:
6179:
6175:
6170:
6165:
6161:
6157:
6153:
6151:
6142:
6134:
6130:
6126:
6122:
6118:
6114:
6107:
6105:
6096:
6092:
6088:
6084:
6080:
6076:
6072:
6065:
6057:
6053:
6049:
6042:
6034:
6030:
6024:
6017:
6013:
5997:
5993:
5986:
5979:
5971:
5967:
5959:
5944:
5940:
5936:
5932:
5925:
5917:
5913:
5909:
5905:
5902:(3): 351β65.
5901:
5897:
5893:
5886:
5878:
5874:
5869:
5864:
5860:
5856:
5852:
5845:
5838:
5832:
5825:
5819:
5812:
5806:
5799:
5793:
5784:
5779:
5775:
5771:
5767:
5760:
5752:
5748:
5743:
5738:
5734:
5730:
5726:
5722:
5718:
5711:
5702:
5697:
5693:
5689:
5685:
5683:
5674:
5667:
5663:
5659:
5655:
5651:
5647:
5643:
5642:Hydrobiologia
5636:
5628:
5624:
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5612:
5608:
5604:
5600:
5596:
5589:
5580:
5575:
5571:
5567:
5563:
5556:
5547:
5542:
5538:
5534:
5533:Fossil Record
5530:
5528:
5527:Voay robustus
5519:
5511:
5507:
5503:
5499:
5495:
5491:
5487:
5480:
5472:
5466:
5452:
5451:
5443:
5427:
5423:
5422:
5417:
5415:
5406:
5399:
5393:
5391:
5383:
5377:
5368:
5363:
5359:
5355:
5351:
5347:
5343:
5336:
5328:
5324:
5320:
5316:
5312:
5308:
5304:
5300:
5296:
5289:
5282:
5276:
5268:
5262:
5258:
5254:
5250:
5243:
5235:
5233:9780869542088
5229:
5225:
5221:
5217:
5210:
5203:
5197:
5195:
5193:
5191:
5189:
5187:
5185:
5183:
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5179:
5177:
5175:
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5153:. Answers.com
5152:
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4908:
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4876:
4872:
4868:
4861:
4853:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4825:
4821:
4818:(3): e31781.
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4218:
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4128:
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4120:
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4095:
4094:0-231-11870-8
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3405:
3403:
3401:
3399:
3397:
3395:
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3385:
3383:
3381:
3372:
3366:
3362:
3355:
3347:
3345:9780761440482
3341:
3337:
3330:
3322:
3320:9780761448594
3316:
3312:
3305:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3266:
3258:
3251:
3236:
3232:
3226:
3210:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3196:
3191:
3189:
3180:
3178:
3176:
3174:
3172:
3163:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3130:
3125:
3118:
3114:
3098:
3094:
3086:
3082:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3050:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3034:
3031:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3002:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2987:
2985:
2984:coal industry
2981:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2933:
2927:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2882:IUCN Red List
2876:
2871:
2865:
2861:
2856:
2852:
2850:
2846:
2841:
2830:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2818:honey badgers
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2750:little egrets
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2722:
2719:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2675:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2655:
2651:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2624:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2601:Lake Victoria
2597:
2593:
2587:
2585:
2584:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2537:
2533:
2531:
2530:mating season
2526:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2508:
2505:
2498:
2494:
2489:
2480:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2469:apex predator
2459:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2431:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2400:
2395:
2391:
2389:
2383:
2381:
2376:
2372:
2367:
2358:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2334:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2301:
2297:
2296:Upper Zambesi
2293:
2289:
2288:Semliki River
2285:
2280:
2272:
2267:
2263:
2261:
2257:
2251:
2249:
2244:
2240:
2230:
2226:
2224:
2215:
2211:
2210:Victoria Nile
2206:
2197:
2195:
2194:South Florida
2185:
2183:
2182:St. Lucia Bay
2179:
2178:marine waters
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2160:
2156:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2125:
2120:
2116:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2102:
2098:
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2078:
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2073:
2068:
2063:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1910:
1908:
1904:
1903:Sahara Desert
1900:
1895:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1855:
1853:
1844:
1835:
1833:
1829:
1828:false gharial
1824:
1820:
1816:
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1801:
1796:
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1304:
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1256:
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1233:
1230:
1224:
1223:
1217:
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1213:
1212:
1209:
1207:
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1200:
1194:
1193:
1187:
1186:
1183:
1182:
1174:
1173:
1165:
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1161:
1160:
1157:
1151:
1150:
1147:
1146:
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1142:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1126:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1112:
1109:
1103:
1102:
1096:
1095:
1088:
1087:
1081:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1068:
1067:
1059:
1058:
1055:
1051:Tirari Desert
1050:
1044:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1036:
1032:
1031:
1024:
1023:
1017:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1004:
1003:
1000:
996:
995:
988:
987:
984:
983:
980:
976:
975:
968:
967:
961:
960:
954:
953:
947:
946:
942:
941:
938:
937:
934:
930:
929:
922:
921:
915:
912:
911:
907:
905:
904:
899:
898:paleogenomics
896:
892:
888:
887:stratigraphic
884:
881:, molecular (
880:
879:morphological
876:
872:
867:
864:
861:, as well as
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
839:
834:
831:
827:
826:
821:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
799:
793:
791:
787:
783:
782:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
727:
724:
720:
716:
711:
707:
703:
699:
698:
693:
689:
684:
682:
681:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
655:C. n. chamses
652:
641:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
622:tanin ha-yeor
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
570:timsah al-nil
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
548:
547:binomial name
538:
536:
530:
528:
524:
519:
515:
511:
506:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
471:
469:
465:
461:
457:
451:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
410:) is a large
409:
408:
403:
390:
386:
383:
382:
380:
377:
373:
368:
364:
363:
353:
349:
344:
339:
334:
332:
326:
323:
322:Binomial name
319:
315:
314:
309:
306:
305:
302:
301:
297:
294:
293:
290:
287:
284:
283:
280:
277:
274:
273:
270:
267:
264:
261:
260:
257:
254:
251:
248:
247:
244:
241:
238:
237:
234:
231:
228:
227:
224:
221:
218:
217:
214:
211:
208:
207:
202:
197:
193:
187:
181:
176:
170:
165:
164:Least Concern
154:
150:
145:
141:
136:
132:
127:
120:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
59:
52:
48:
40:
37:
33:
19:
9080:Crocodylidae
8779:
8610:
8589:
8577:
8565:
8553:
8511:
8503:O. tetraspis
8502:
8490:
8478:
8469:
8457:
8431:
8423:C. siamensis
8422:
8414:C. rhombifer
8413:
8404:
8395:
8387:C. palustris
8386:
8377:
8369:C. niloticus
8368:
8366:
8360:C. moreletii
8359:
8350:
8342:C. johnstoni
8341:
8332:
8323:
8314:
8302:
8294:Crocodylinae
8279:Crocodylidae
8248:
8239:
8227:
8215:
8205:Melanosuchus
8203:
8191:
8182:
8173:
8161:
8128:
8119:
8107:
8097:(Alligators)
8058:Superorder:
8052:(unranked):
7973:
7930:
7926:
7916:
7899:
7895:
7889:
7854:
7850:
7840:
7832:
7827:
7819:
7814:
7759:
7753:
7719:(4): e1018.
7716:
7712:
7702:
7688:cite journal
7669:
7665:
7659:
7651:
7646:
7623:
7618:
7606:. Retrieved
7602:the original
7597:
7588:
7561:
7557:
7547:
7530:
7526:
7520:
7491:
7487:
7477:
7452:
7448:
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7438:
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7409:
7403:
7394:
7387:
7382:
7368:cite journal
7349:
7345:
7339:
7314:
7310:
7306:
7300:
7267:
7263:
7257:
7224:
7220:
7214:
7189:
7185:
7181:
7175:
7167:
7162:
7150:. Retrieved
7139:
7106:
7102:
7098:
7092:
7078:
7062:
7057:
7027:(1β2): 133.
7024:
7020:
7016:
7010:
7002:
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6972:
6968:
6941:
6937:
6932:
6894:(1): 49β54.
6891:
6887:
6883:
6877:
6860:
6856:
6852:
6846:
6827:
6823:
6813:
6805:
6800:
6792:
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6774:
6768:
6736:(2056): 96.
6733:
6729:
6719:
6711:
6706:
6681:
6677:
6673:
6667:
6648:
6644:
6634:
6612:(1): 74β95.
6609:
6605:
6601:
6586:(3): 89β114.
6583:
6579:
6551:
6547:
6541:
6505:
6501:
6497:
6476:
6450:
6446:
6441:
6433:
6428:
6416:. Retrieved
6409:the original
6388:
6384:
6375:
6367:
6348:
6344:
6323:
6318:
6309:
6305:
6299:
6287:. Retrieved
6283:the original
6278:
6274:
6252:
6240:. Retrieved
6230:
6218:. Retrieved
6214:the original
6204:
6195:
6186:
6159:
6155:
6149:
6141:
6116:
6112:
6078:
6074:
6070:
6064:
6055:
6051:
6047:
6041:
6032:
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6000:. Retrieved
5995:
5991:
5978:
5969:
5965:
5958:
5946:. Retrieved
5934:
5924:
5899:
5895:
5891:
5885:
5858:
5854:
5844:
5836:
5831:
5823:
5818:
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5555:
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5479:
5454:, retrieved
5449:
5442:
5430:. Retrieved
5425:
5419:
5413:
5405:
5397:
5376:
5349:
5345:
5335:
5319:10.2307/4797
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5302:
5298:
5294:
5288:
5280:
5275:
5248:
5242:
5215:
5209:
5201:
5155:. Retrieved
5145:
5110:
5106:
5096:
5078:
5073:
5061:. Retrieved
5057:the original
5050:
5043:
5031:. Retrieved
5021:
5013:
5001:. Retrieved
4997:the original
4992:
4983:
4975:
4956:
4952:
4943:
4922:
4893:
4887:
4870:
4866:
4860:
4815:
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4792:
4786:
4777:
4768:
4764:
4758:
4739:
4735:
4725:
4713:. Retrieved
4709:the original
4699:
4656:
4652:
4639:
4596:
4592:
4582:
4565:
4561:
4555:
4547:
4542:
4507:
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4340:
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4276:
4272:
4220:
4214:
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4162:
4155:
4122:
4118:
4117:in Africa".
4114:
4096:pp. 137β159.
4066:
4042:
3999:
3993:
3932:
3928:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3863:. Retrieved
3832:. Retrieved
3828:the original
3804:
3781:
3776:
3767:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3704:. Retrieved
3699:
3690:
3671:
3667:
3646:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3525:
3409:
3360:
3354:
3335:
3329:
3310:
3304:
3282:(1): 74β95.
3279:
3275:
3271:
3265:
3256:
3250:
3238:. Retrieved
3234:
3225:
3213:. Retrieved
3199:
3193:
3187:
3133:
3127:
3117:
3097:
3083:
3075:game wardens
3051:
3035:
3026:
2988:
2928:
2879:
2836:
2781:
2769:
2761:
2753:
2737:
2729:
2723:
2708:
2700:
2692:
2685:Nile monitor
2681:
2660:
2625:
2609:Lake Turkana
2590:recorded at
2588:
2581:
2570:rainy season
2542:
2527:
2513:Lake Turkana
2509:
2501:
2483:Reproduction
2465:
2455:
2447:
2439:
2432:
2418:
2410:
2403:
2384:
2380:Lake Turkana
2362:
2331:water dikkop
2304:
2276:
2252:
2235:
2223:Lake Turkana
2219:
2191:
2129:
2105:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2070:
2064:
2052:Cunene river
1998:, Tanzania,
1923:
1916:
1896:
1892:Panthera leo
1891:
1878:, caught by
1876:South Africa
1856:
1849:
1831:
1819:Lake Turkana
1804:
1775:
1767:
1764:black caiman
1754:
1748:
1745:Biting force
1728:
1705:
1620:
1616:
1510:
1509:
1492:
1491:
1453:
1452:
1435:
1434:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1372:
1371:
1336:
1335:
1316:
1315:
1251:
1250:
1228:
1227:
1198:
1197:
1155:
1154:
1137:
1136:
1107:
1106:
1048:
1047:
1028:
1027:
992:
991:
972:
971:
943:
926:
925:
914:Crocodylinae
901:
894:
868:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
836:
823:
817:
810:
802:
796:
794:
781:C. checchiai
779:
775:
768:C. moreletii
767:
760:C. rhombifer
759:
751:
733:
718:
705:
702:Lake Turkana
695:
691:
685:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
659:C. n. cowiei
658:
654:
650:
647:
637:
633:
629:
621:
609:
601:
593:
585:
577:
569:
565:
561:
557:
549:
544:
531:
507:
472:
463:
452:
444:Lake Turkana
406:
405:
401:
399:
384:
360:
330:
328:
312:
311:
299:
289:Crocodylidae
262:
249:
140:Stellenbosch
56:11.6β0
47:Late Miocene
36:
8881:iNaturalist
8804:Wikispecies
8723:interaction
8492:Osteolaemus
8229:Paleosuchus
8129:A. sinensis
8054:Archosauria
8023:Crocodilian
7835:. Hyperion.
5972:(1): 80β89.
5496:(4): 1435.
5432:16 December
4771:(4): 26β30.
3674:: 225β239.
3045:, rats and
3019:Barrier in
2849:Lake Sibaya
2806:bull sharks
2790:water birds
2605:Rahad River
2594:peninsula,
2578:stream beds
2528:During the
2371:ectothermic
2292:Kafue Flats
2279:gastroliths
2239:aestivation
2148:semi-desert
2124:Kafue River
2048:Lake Nasser
2036:South Sudan
1968:Lake Moeris
1671:lactic acid
869:Below is a
866:crocodile.
479:generalists
466:). Size is
412:crocodilian
9069:Categories
8697:Gastralium
8669:crocodiles
8661:alligators
8542:Gavialidae
8512:O. osborni
8405:C. raninus
8396:C. porosus
8304:Crocodylus
8145:Caimaninae
7933:(2): 185.
7902:(8): 747.
7608:19 January
7511:2263/15965
7416:(7): 838.
7317:(3): 390.
7192:(2): 145.
6684:(3): 347.
6651:(2): 437.
6081:(3): 185.
6058:: 443β467.
5998:(1): 80β89
5861:(3): 903.
5694:(3): 260.
5352:(3): 410.
5063:3 February
5033:3 February
4279:(1): 505.
4115:Crocodylus
3895:(8): 703.
3215:22 January
3136:: e12094.
3109:References
3067:Mozambique
3009:See also:
2975:irrigation
2845:extinction
2784:). Larger
2668:gular fold
2565:dry season
2399:Masai Mara
2388:bite force
2375:basketball
2327:Sandpipers
2081:Crocodylus
2067:Madagascar
2024:Mozambique
2006:, Zambia,
1972:Seychelles
1944:Nile Delta
1871:Brady Barr
1751:Brady Barr
1739:Lake Chamo
1731:Arba Minch
1712:premaxilla
1650:osteoderms
1049:Crocodylus
945:Crocodylus
875:tip dating
863:Rimasuchus
819:Crocodylus
803:Rimasuchus
710:osteoderms
697:sensu lato
688:morphology
667:croco Mada
527:hatchlings
440:Nile River
436:Nile Delta
428:marshlands
416:freshwater
414:native to
362:sensu lato
300:Crocodylus
279:Crocodilia
182:Appendix I
9013:niloticus
8579:Tomistoma
8564:Gharial (
8459:Mecistops
8432:C. suchus
8315:C. acutus
8192:C. yacare
8151:(Caimans)
8109:Alligator
8034:Kingdom:
7804:ignored (
7794:cite book
6975:: 23β51.
6863:: 17β26.
6405:198968982
5943:0362-4331
5627:249146169
5619:0272-4634
5572:: 43β47.
5539:: 13β21.
5137:205414031
5029:. Conabio
4873:: 48β55.
4715:1 January
4295:2399-3642
3235:cites.org
3047:mosquitos
2947:Aswan Dam
2932:sympatric
2778:shoebills
2758:hamerkops
2689:perenties
2314:Trochilus
2306:Herodotus
2271:trochilus
2248:hibernate
2200:Behaviour
2184:in 1917.
2176:and even
2159:ephemeral
2136:estuaries
2089:Sambirano
1964:Herodotus
1956:Palestine
1724:egg tooth
1623:quadruped
871:cladogram
784:from the
764:Morelet's
752:C. acutus
730:Evolution
719:C. suchus
566:niloticus
518:hierarchy
514:carcasses
491:predators
307:Species:
219:Kingdom:
213:Eukaryota
9021:Species+
8925:45433088
8899:10364402
8789:Wikidata
8673:gharials
8555:Gavialis
8324:C. halli
8216:M. niger
8048:Reptilia
8042:Chordata
8040:Phylum:
8036:Animalia
7745:21532748
7580:16209470
7527:Geoforum
7488:Water SA
7292:22195489
7249:83775178
7206:84872578
7131:11950591
7049:87854524
6989:86167446
6916:17106675
6714:478β482.
6312:: 76β78.
6242:16 March
6220:16 March
6178:24574389
5916:10964030
5751:82155811
5662:31823632
5465:citation
5157:16 March
5129:29205884
5086:Archived
4852:22431965
4812:PLOS ONE
4683:15829945
4631:19727199
4534:23136155
4377:20195356
4336:PLoS ONE
4313:33907305
4249:30051855
4223:(1881).
4191:21459152
4147:85103427
4024:21906195
3865:25 April
3834:25 April
3786:biblical
3706:30 April
3162:34567843
3059:Tanzania
2995:lungfish
2919:Zimbabwe
2914:ranching
2906:Zimbabwe
2894:Ethiopia
2826:big cats
2794:pelicans
2746:buzzards
2561:Tanzania
2523:Zimbabwe
2518:Botswana
2477:cheetahs
2473:big cats
2436:bushbuck
2423:vultures
2407:leopards
2216:, Uganda
2146:or even
2126:, Zambia
2099:and the
2097:Zanzibar
2093:TΓ΄lanaro
2044:Cameroon
2040:Botswana
2008:Zimbabwe
1980:Ethiopia
1735:Ethiopia
1720:mandible
1663:nostrils
1635:ossified
833:Tanzania
748:American
644:Taxonomy
376:Synonyms
338:Laurenti
285:Family:
243:Reptilia
233:Chordata
229:Phylum:
223:Animalia
209:Domain:
169:IUCN 3.1
9047:ZooBank
9039:1034995
8873:2441341
8795:Q168745
8665:caimans
8540:Family
8277:Family
8074:Family
8046:Class:
8025:species
8021:Extant
7972:at the
7881:7819989
7872:2542670
7786:3904343
7736:3075236
7457:Bibcode
7418:Bibcode
7352:: 136.
7319:Bibcode
7272:Bibcode
7229:Bibcode
7152:25 June
7123:8346299
7029:Bibcode
7021:Ostrich
6896:Bibcode
6781:: 1β47.
6760:3983082
6738:Bibcode
6686:Bibcode
6614:Bibcode
6510:Bibcode
6391:: 1β6.
6133:1447146
6083:Bibcode
5877:3883493
5729:Bibcode
5510:9053740
5456:13 June
5400:. IUCN.
5354:Bibcode
5307:Bibcode
5003:3 April
4843:3303775
4820:Bibcode
4691:4399224
4661:Bibcode
4622:2753965
4601:Bibcode
4525:4074209
4443:1257732
4423:Bibcode
4368:2827537
4345:Bibcode
4304:8079395
4240:6030529
4171:Bibcode
4127:Bibcode
4004:Bibcode
3897:Bibcode
3784:is the
3700:Animals
3284:Bibcode
3240:1 March
3153:8428266
2999:tilapia
2967:Tunisia
2924:Turkana
2890:Somalia
2864:Tunisia
2786:corvids
2592:Ntoroko
2553:Somalia
2549:nesting
2366:gallops
2323:Plovers
2318:leeches
2286:on the
2284:Mpondwe
2256:hearing
2174:coastal
2144:savanna
2140:marshes
2101:Comoros
2028:Namibia
2004:Burundi
1976:Somalia
1952:Red Sea
1940:Morocco
1936:Algeria
1932:Tunisia
1859:Mombasa
1800:Entebbe
1772:gharial
1760:caimans
1755:opening
1716:maxilla
885:), and
786:Miocene
770:), and
740:genetic
723:genetic
598:Ndebele
594:ngwenya
582:Swahili
556:ΞΊΟΟΞΊΞ·,
535:Maghreb
510:basking
483:mammals
295:Genus:
275:Order:
239:Class:
184: (
167: (
51:Present
8987:158096
8912:202200
8886:341972
8860:CROKNI
8847:795278
8831:ECOS:
8680:Topics
8163:Caiman
7879:
7869:
7784:
7774:
7743:
7733:
7672:: 18.
7578:
7290:
7247:
7204:
7129:
7121:
7069:
7047:
6987:
6924:893348
6922:
6914:
6758:
6730:Nature
6548:Koedoe
6403:
6345:Koedoe
6289:15 May
6176:
6131:
6113:Copeia
6002:22 May
5948:24 May
5941:
5914:
5875:
5749:
5660:
5625:
5617:
5508:
5325:
5263:
5230:
5135:
5127:
4850:
4840:
4689:
4681:
4653:Nature
4629:
4619:
4593:Nature
4532:
4522:
4441:
4375:
4365:
4311:
4301:
4293:
4247:
4237:
4189:
4145:
4092:
4022:
3532:
3416:
3367:
3342:
3317:
3311:Uganda
3160:
3150:
3043:snails
3021:Uganda
2963:Israel
2910:farmed
2902:Zambia
2875:Israel
2860:Djerba
2840:hunted
2792:(i.e.
2742:eagles
2664:crèche
2644:palate
2640:tongue
2613:Malawi
2596:Uganda
2576:, dry
2574:shores
2427:hyenas
2260:gallop
2152:wooded
2132:swamps
2042:, and
2020:Malawi
2016:Angola
2000:Rwanda
1990:, the
1984:Uganda
1942:, the
1901:, the
1815:Zambia
1811:Uganda
1638:scutes
895:et al.
891:fossil
636:, and
626:Hebrew
620:, and
618:Tswana
602:ngwena
574:Arabic
562:drilos
456:extant
432:deltas
424:swamps
391:, 1802
389:Cuvier
357:
340:, 1768
9034:WoRMS
9026:10745
8995:Plazi
8974:35864
8961:79588
8932:NAS:
8894:IRMNG
8721:Human
7288:S2CID
7245:S2CID
7202:S2CID
7127:S2CID
7045:S2CID
6985:S2CID
6920:S2CID
6756:S2CID
6554:(2).
6434:Oikos
6418:3 May
6412:(PDF)
6401:S2CID
6381:(PDF)
6129:JSTOR
5988:(PDF)
5873:JSTOR
5747:S2CID
5658:S2CID
5623:S2CID
5506:S2CID
5323:JSTOR
5133:S2CID
5027:(PDF)
4949:(PDF)
4687:S2CID
4649:(PDF)
4143:S2CID
3129:PeerJ
3089:Notes
2969:. In
2959:Syria
2943:Egypt
2898:Kenya
2557:Egypt
2444:nyala
2032:Sudan
2012:Gabon
1960:Syria
1948:Egypt
1928:Libya
1884:Venda
1863:Kenya
1708:teeth
1631:scaly
843:Kenya
828:from
815:genus
790:Kenya
756:Cuban
614:Sotho
610:kwena
606:Venda
590:Shona
586:garwe
578:mamba
558:kroke
554:Greek
499:teeth
485:. As
448:Kenya
263:Clade
250:Clade
186:CITES
180:CITES
9095:Nile
8948:8501
8943:NCBI
8935:2273
8920:IUCN
8907:ITIS
8868:GBIF
8855:EPPO
8834:1933
8824:ZKNK
8671:and
7927:Oryx
7877:PMID
7806:help
7782:PMID
7772:ISBN
7741:PMID
7694:link
7666:Oryx
7610:2019
7576:PMID
7374:link
7346:Oryx
7309:)".
7154:2015
7119:PMID
7067:ISBN
6912:PMID
6500:)".
6420:2016
6291:2012
6244:2010
6222:2010
6174:PMID
6117:1993
6004:2016
5950:2016
5939:ISSN
5912:PMID
5688:Oryx
5615:ISSN
5566:Oryx
5471:link
5458:2022
5434:2019
5426:2019
5327:4797
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