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Although no nation specifically affirmed Hay’s proposal, Hay announced that each of the powers had granted consent in principle and treaties made after 1900 make reference to the
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had issued the "Open Door Notes" of
September–November 1899, followed by a diplomatic circular in July 1900, asking that all of the major world powers with vested interests in
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289:, to the Republic of China. The Nine-Power Treaty was one of several treaties concluded at the Washington Naval Conference. Other major agreements included the
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The Nine-Power Treaty, concurrent with the
Shantung Treaty of the Washington Naval Conference, effectively prompted Japan to return territorial control of
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were preparing to carve China up into colonies, Hay also added provisions that
Chinese territorial and administrative integrity should be maintained.
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Treaty
Relations Between the United States and the Far East (with Special Reference to the Four-Power, Five-Power, and Nine-Power Treaties)
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declare formally that they would maintain an 'open door' to allow all nations equal rights and equal access to the
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but to no avail. However, the treaty eventually had a role in checking
Japanese aggression during the 1932
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The Nine-Power Treaty lacked any enforcement regulations, and when violated by Japan during its
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The United States was especially leery of
Japanese designs on China, after the
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Sadao Asada, "Japan's 'Special
Interests' and the Washington Conference."
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Fenwick, C. G. "The Nine Power Treaty and the
Present Crisis in China".
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as an international issue, and had all of the attendees (United States,
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1922 treaty affirming the sovereignty and territorial integrity of China
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of 1921–1922, the United States government again raised the
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in 1917, which was soon shown to be completely ineffective.
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179:. Nonetheless, competition between the various powers for
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One
Hundred Years of Sea Power: The U.S. Navy, 1890-1990
492:. Library of Congress Legislative Reference Service.
409:"Battle of Shanghai (1937) – Republican China Blog"
450:. Rutgers University Press, 1968. pp. 79–136.
387:"Office of the Historian - Milestones - 1921-1936"
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29:, the driving force behind the Open Door policy.
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542:Treaties of the Republic of China (1912–1949)
376:(Rutgers University Press, 1968). pp. 79–136.
335:effectively ended the Nine-Power Treaty.
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455:American Journal of International Law
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156:in China. Fearing that the
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321:after the outbreak of the
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323:Second Sino-Japanese War
309:in 1931 and creation of
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224:Lansing–Ishii Agreement
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488:Myer, Carl L (1936).
426:Baer, George (1996).
307:invasion of Manchuria
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210:(1904–1905) and the
154:spheres of influence
56:Nine-Power Agreement
327:Battle of Shanghai
315:economic sanctions
212:Twenty-One Demands
208:Russo-Japanese War
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171:Copy of the treaty
146:Qing-dynasty China
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444:Ellis, L. Ethan.
391:history.state.gov
295:Five-Power Treaty
291:Four-Power Treaty
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234:During the
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80:as per the
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339:References
120:, and the
311:Manchukuo
216:Manchuria
283:Shandong
272:Portugal
191:rights,
187:rights,
185:railroad
158:European
142:John Hay
118:Portugal
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459:JSTOR
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260:Italy
193:loans
162:Japan
110:Japan
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50:九カ国条約
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64:九國公約
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