Nine Years' War - Knowledge

3025: 3501:(1659), thus depriving Louis XIV of all his gains since his personal rule began. This meant for the Emperor and the German princes the reconquest of Lorraine, Strasbourg, parts of Alsace, and some Rhineland fortresses. Leopold I had tried to disentangle himself from the Turkish war to concentrate on the coming struggle, but the French invasion of the Rhineland had encouraged the Turks to stiffen their terms for peace and make demands the Emperor could not conceivably accept. Leopold I's decision to side with the coalition (against the opposition of many of his advisers) was, therefore, a decision to intervene in the west while continuing to fight the Ottomans in the Balkans. Although the Emperor's immediate concerns were for the Rhineland, the most important parts of the treaty were the secret articles pledging England and the States-General to assist him in securing the Spanish succession should Charles II die without an heir, and to use their influence to secure 4236: 3917: 4185:(Catinat's second-in-command), had secretly been negotiating a bi-lateral agreement to end the war in Italy. Central to the discussions were the two French fortresses that flanked the Duke's territory – Pinerolo and Casale, the latter now completely cut off from French assistance. By now Victor Amadeus had come to fear the growth of Imperial military power and political influence in the region (now more than he feared the French) and the threat it posed to Savoyard independence. Knowing, therefore, that the Imperials were planning to besiege Casale the Duke proposed that the French garrison surrender to him following a token show of force, after which the fortifications would be dismantled and handed back to the Duke of Mantua. Louis XIV was compelled to accept, and after a sham siege and nominal resistance Casale surrendered to Amadeus on 9 July 1695; by mid-September the place had been razed. 4781:

disadvantage: without as large a maritime commerce as benefited the Allies, the French were unable to supply as many experienced sailors for their navy. Most importantly, though, Louis XIV had to concentrate his resources on the army at the expense of the fleet, enabling the Dutch, and the English in particular, to outdo the French in ship construction. However, naval actions were comparatively uncommon and, just like battles on land, the goal was generally to outlast rather than to destroy one's opponent. Louis XIV regarded his navy as an extension of his army – the French fleet's most important role was to protect the French coast from enemy invasion. Louis used his fleet to support land and amphibious operations or the bombardment of coastal targets, designed to draw enemy resources from elsewhere and thus aid his land campaigns on the continent.

2312: 4083: 2698:(Valdesi). The constant threat of interference and intrusion into his domestic affairs was a source of concern for Victor Amadeus, and in 1687, the Duke's policy started to become increasingly anti-French as he searched for a chance to assert his aspirations and concerns. Criticism of Louis XIV's regime spread all over Europe. The Truce of Ratisbon, followed by the revocation of the Edict of Nantes, caused suspicion as to Louis's true intentions. Many also feared the King's supposed designs on universal monarchy, the uniting of the Spanish and the German crowns with that of France. In response, representatives from the Emperor, the southern German princes, Spain (motivated by the French attack in 1683 and the imposed truce of 1684) and Sweden (in its capacity as princes in the Empire) met in 3819: 2839:, listing his grievances: he demanded that the Truce of Ratisbon be turned into a permanent resolution, and that Fürstenburg be appointed Archbishop-Elector of Cologne. He also proposed to occupy the territories that he believed belonged to his sister-in-law regarding the Palatinate succession. The Emperor and the German princes, the Pope, and William of Orange were quite unwilling to grant these demands. For the Dutch in particular, Louis's control of Cologne and Liège would be strategically unacceptable, for with these territories in French hands the Spanish Netherlands 'buffer-zone' would be effectively bypassed. The day after Louis issued his manifesto – well before his enemies could have known its details – the main French army crossed the Rhine as a prelude to 3379: 909: 606: 594: 582: 570: 558: 546: 267: 3068: 3853: 4285:(who had replaced the sick de Lorge the previous year), was content to remain behind his fortified lines. Although Baden took Ebernburg on 27 September, news of the peace brought an end to the desultory campaign, and both armies drew back from one another. In Catalonia, however, French forces (now also reinforced with troops from Italy) achieved considerable success when Vendôme, commanding some 32,000 troops, besieged and captured Barcelona. The garrison, under Prince George of Hesse-Darmstadt, capitulated on 10 August. Yet it had been a hard-fought contest: French casualties amounted to about 9,000, and the Spanish had suffered some 12,000 killed, wounded or lost. 955: 864: 852: 4002: 2331:(1648) provided Louis XIV with the justification for the Reunions. These treaties had awarded France territorial gains, but owing to the vagaries of their language (as with most treaties of the time) they were notoriously imprecise and self-contradictory, and never specified exact boundary lines. That imprecision often led to differing interpretations of the text and resulted in long disputes over frontier zones, where one side might gain a town or area and its "dependencies", but it was often unclear what the dependencies were. The machinery needed to determine the territorial ambiguities was already in place through the medium of the 2615: 2570: 4157: 4635:

fullest advantage. William III also continued to prioritise the security of the Dutch Republic, and in 1698 the Dutch garrisoned a series of fortresses in the Spanish Netherlands as a barrier to French attack – future foreign policy would centre on the maintenance and extension of these barrier fortresses. However, the question of the Spanish inheritance was not discussed at Ryswick, and it remained the most important unsolved question of European politics. Within three years Charles II of Spain would be dead, and Louis XIV and the Grand Alliance would again plunge Europe into conflict – the

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crisis reshaped French strategy, forcing commanders to redraft plans to fit the dictates of fiscal shortfalls. In the background, Louis XIV's agents were working hard diplomatically to unhinge the coalition but the Emperor, who had secured with the Allies his 'rights' to the Spanish succession should Charles II die during the conflict, did not desire a peace that would not prove personally advantageous. The Grand Alliance would not come apart as long as there was money available and a belief that the growing strength of their armies would soon be much greater than those of France.

945: 840: 828: 816: 804: 792: 780: 768: 756: 744: 732: 720: 708: 696: 684: 672: 305: 3909:. However, with their commander falling ill with smallpox, and concluding that holding Embrun was untenable, the Allies abandoned Dauphiné in mid-September, leaving behind seventy villages and châteaux burned and pillaged. The attack on Dauphiné had required Noailles give up troops to bolster Catinat, condemning him to a passive campaign in Catalonia; but on the Rhine the French gained the upper hand. De Lorge devoted much of his effort imposing contributions in Swabia and up to Franconia. In October the French commander relieved the siege of 2561:(Regensburg), signed on 15 August by France on one side and by the Emperor and Spain on the other, rewarded the French with Strasbourg, Luxembourg and the gains of the Reunion (Courtrai and Dixmude were returned to Spain). The resolution was not a definitive peace but only a truce for 20 years. However, Louis had sound reasons to feel satisfied since the Emperor and German princes were fully occupied in Hungary, and in the Dutch Republic, William of Orange remained isolated and powerless, largely because of the pro-French mood in Amsterdam. 4228:

a barrier against future French aggression; French tariffs on Dutch commerce; and the territorial settlements in the Rhine–Moselle areas regarding the Reunions and the recent conquests, particularly the strategically important city of Strasbourg. Louis XIV had succeeded in establishing the principle that a new treaty would be fixed within the framework of the Treaties of Westphalia and Nijmegen, and the Truce of Ratisbon, but with the Emperor's demands for Strasbourg, and William III's insistence that he be recognized as King of England

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1695, the strain of which had reduced the Maritime Powers to a fiscal crisis while the French struggled under the weight of a shattered economy. Yet there were aggressive commanders: William III, Boufflers, and Luxembourg had the will to win but their methods were hampered by numbers, supply, and communications. The French commanders were also restricted by Louis XIV and Louvois who distrusted field campaigns, preferring Vauban, the taker of fortifications, rather than campaigns of movement.

59: 2865: 4734: 4021:, an essential preliminary to future operations against Namur. Elsewhere, de Lorge marched and manoeuvred against Baden on the Rhine with undramatic results before the campaign petered out in October; while in Italy, the continuing problems with French finance and a complete breakdown in the supply chain prevented Catinat's push into Piedmont. However, in Catalonia the fighting proved more eventful. On 27 May Marshal Noailles, supported by French warships, soundly defeated the 4106:, but despite Boufflers' stout defence Namur finally fell on 5 September. The siege had cost the Allies a great deal in men and resources, and had pinned down William III's army through the whole summer campaign; but the recapture of Namur, together with the earlier prize of Huy, had restored the Allied position on the Meuse, secured communications between their armies in the Spanish Netherlands and those on the Moselle and Rhine, while greatly damaging Louis' Reputation. 3723: 4255:, and other small towns. Amongst other concessions Louis XIV also promised not to interfere in Savoy's religious policy regarding the Vaudois, provided the Duke prevents any communication between them and French Huguenots. In return, Amadeus agreed to abandon the Grand Alliance and join with Louis XIV – if necessary – to secure the neutralisation of northern Italy. The Emperor, diplomatically outmanoeuvred, was compelled to accept peace in the region by signing the 363: 344: 2602:. The direct effect on France of the loss of the community is debatable, but the flight helped destroy the pro-French faction in the Dutch Republic because of its Protestant affiliations, and the exodus of Huguenot merchants and the harassment of Dutch merchants living in France also greatly affected Franco-Dutch trade. The persecution had another effect on Dutch public opinion since the conduct of the Catholic King of France made them look more anxiously at 3098:. Louis XIV had considered William's invasion as a declaration of war between France and the Dutch Republic (officially declared on 26 November); but he did little to stop the invasion – his main concern was the Rhineland. Moreover, French diplomats had calculated that William's action would plunge England into a protracted civil war that would either absorb Dutch resources or draw England closer to France. However, after his forces landed unhindered at 929: 618: 290: 254: 3595: 3159: 2391: 899: 534: 522: 510: 498: 486: 466: 356: 337: 3127:

Leopold ... recognized his leadership. William's English subjects played subordinate or even minor roles in diplomatic and military affairs, having a major share only in the direction of the war at sea. Parliament and the nation had to provide money, men and ships, and William had found it expedient to explain his intentions ... but this did not mean that Parliament or even ministers assisted in the formulation of policy.

2756: 240: 889: 459: 447: 435: 423: 411: 399: 387: 375: 330: 4543: 3815:), but the Maritime Powers were also keen for peace. Talks were hampered, however, by Louis' reluctance to cede his earlier gains (at least those made in the Reunions) and, in his deference to the principle of the divine right of kings, his unwillingness to recognise William III's claim to the English throne. For his part William was intensely suspicious of the Sun King and his supposed designs for universal monarchy. 2851:'s revolt in Hungary; while in the west and north, William of Orange was fast becoming the leader of a coalition of Protestant states, anxious to join with the Emperor and Spain, and end the hegemony of France. Louis wanted a short defensive war, yet by crossing the Rhine that summer he began a long war of attrition; a war framed by interests of the state, its defensible frontiers, and the balance of power in Europe. 3949:

objective for the French that year. To still make something of the campaign Louis ordered Luxembourg and Vauban to take Charleroi, the last Spanish stronghold on the sambre, sandwiched between the French fortifications of Mons and Namur. The French captured the town on 10 October which, together with the earlier prizes of Mons, Namur and Huy, provided the French with a new and impressive forward line of defence.

3489: 227: 4653: 4757:, but while each was rated for 120 guns, they never carried this full complement and were too large for practical purposes: the former only sailed on one campaign and was destroyed at La Hogue; the latter languished in port until sold in 1694. By the 1680s, French ship-design was at least equal to its English and Dutch counterparts, and by the Nine Years' War the French fleet had surpassed ships of the 4300: 4458: 2715: 2279:

1672. Instead, he would rely upon France's clear military superiority to achieve specific strategic objectives along his borders. Proclaimed the "Sun King", a more mature Louis, conscious that he had failed to achieve decisive results against the Dutch, had turned from conquest to security by using threats, rather than open war, to intimidate his neighbours into submission.

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William did aim to secure his new position in Britain. By seeking refuge in France and subsequently invading Ireland, James II had given William III the ideal instrument to convince the English parliament that entry into a major European war was unavoidable. With the support of Parliament, William III and Mary II declared war on 17 May (O.S.); they then passed the

4694:. The only decisive action during the whole war came in Ireland where William III crushed the forces of James II in a campaign for legitimacy and control of Britain and Ireland. But, unlike Ireland, Louis XIV's continental wars were never fought without compromise: the fighting provided a foundation for diplomatic negotiations and did not dictate a solution. 5313:, Louis's determination to break the power of Leopold I was a sign that the Louis's ultimate aim was European hegemony. With the Austrian Habsburgs defeated, France would be the only power capable of driving the Ottomans from Germany, whose princes might reward Louis XIV by electing him or one of his progeny as Holy Roman Emperor. To the historian 2627:

the Huguenot presence gave an immense boost to anti-French discourse and joined forces with elements in England that had already been highly suspicious of James. Moreover, conflicts between French and English commercial interests in North America had caused severe friction between both countries since the French had grown antagonistic towards the

3953: 2402:, on the right bank of the Rhine, a bridge that Holy Roman Empire ("imperial") troops had regularly exploited during the latter stages of the Dutch War. By forcibly taking the imperial city, the French now controlled two of the three bridgeheads over the Rhine, the others being Breisach, which was already in French hands, and 4708:. But the adoption of the flintlock was uneven, and, until 1697, for every three Allied soldiers that were equipped with the new muskets, two soldiers were still handicapped by matchlocks: French second-line troops were issued matchlocks as late as 1703. These weapons were further enhanced with the development of the socket- 4125:, aimed at destroying the trade of the Maritime Powers. Vauban argued that this strategic change would deprive the enemy of its economic base without costing Louis XIV money that was far more urgently needed to maintain France's armies on land. Privateers cruising either as individuals or in complete squadrons from 3929:

million people. Nevertheless, as a prelude to offering generous peace terms before the Grand Alliance Louis XIV planned to go over to the offensive: Luxembourg would campaign in Flanders, Catinat in northern Italy, and in Germany, where Louis XIV had hoped for a war-winning advantage, Marshal de Lorge would attack

3016:, finally capitulated on 10 October. The invasion of the Rhineland had united the German princes in their opposition to Louis XIV who had lost more than he had gained that year along the Rhine. The campaign had also created a diversion of French forces and sufficient time for William of Orange to invade England. 4785:

contrast, the English fleet started the war with 173 vessels of all types, and ended it with 323. Between 1694 and 1697 the French built 19 first- to fifth-rated ships; the English built 58 such vessels, and the Dutch constructed 22. Thus the maritime powers outbuilt the French at a rate of four vessels to one.

2843:, the key post between Luxembourg (annexed in 1684) and Strasbourg (seized in 1681), and other Rhineland towns. This pre-emptive strike was intended to intimidate the German states into accepting his conditions, while encouraging the Ottoman Turks to continue their own struggle with the Emperor in the east. 4716:– jammed down the firearm's barrel – not only prevented the musket from firing but was also a clumsy weapon that took time to fix properly, and even more time to unfix. In contrast, the socket-bayonet could be drawn over the musket's muzzle and locked into place by a lug, converting the musket into a short 4669:

and entrenched lines. Positional warfare played a wide variety of roles: fortresses controlled bridgeheads and passes, guarded supply routes, and served as storehouses and magazines. However, fortresses hampered the ability to follow success on the battlefield – defeated armies could flee to friendly

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The campaign season typically lasted from May through October. Winter campaigns were rare for lack of animal fodder, but the French practice of storing food and provisions in magazines brought them considerable advantage, often enabling them to take to the field weeks before their foes. Nevertheless,

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went to the Caribbean hoping to intercept the Spanish silver fleet; this was a double threat since capture of the silver would give France a major financial boost and the Spanish ships also carried English cargoes. The strategy failed, but combined with de Pointis' expedition of 1697, it demonstrated

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of 7 October, to which the French immediately acceded. Italy was neutralised and the Nine Years' War in the peninsula came to an end. Savoy had emerged as an independent sovereign House and a key second-rank power: the Alps, rather than the River Po, would be the boundary of France in the south-east.

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on 29 July was a close and costly encounter but French forces, whose cavalry once again showed their superiority, prevailed. William was however able to quickly replace his losses, while Luxembourg's infantry was so battered that he had to refrain from besieging Liège, the city that had been the main

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with the loss of some 800 men and all his heavy guns. With Louis XIV concentrating his resources in Alsace and the Low Countries, Catinat was forced onto the defensive. The initiative in northern Italy now passed to the Allies who, as early as August, had 45,000 men (on paper) in the region, enabling

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in August. The Catalan campaign settled down in 1690, but a new front in Piedmont-Savoy proved more eventful. A ferment of religious animosities and Savoyard hatred of the French produced a theatre characterised by massacres and atrocities: constant guerrilla attacks by the armed populace were met by

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brought a rapid end to James II's reign. On 13 February 1689 (O.S.) William of Orange became King William III of England – reigning jointly with his wife Mary – and bound together the fortunes of England and the Dutch Republic. Yet few people in England suspected that William had sought the crown for

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was the Protestant heir to the English throne, her husband William of Orange had been reluctant to act against James II for fear it would ruin her succession prospects. Yet if England was left to itself the situation could become desperate for the Dutch Republic: Louis XIV might intervene and so make

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The representatives of the Dutch Republic, England, and Spain signed the treaty on 20 September 1697. Emperor Leopold I, desperate for a continuation of the war so as to strengthen his own claims to the Spanish succession, initially resisted the treaty, but because he was still at war with the Turks

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of 1664. Although Louis XIV continued to shelter James II, he now recognised William III as King of England, and undertook not to actively support the candidature of James II's son. He also gave way over the Palatinate and Cologne issues. Beyond this, the French gained recognition of their ownership

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representing the Dutch. By the spring of 1696 the talks covered the whole panorama of problems that were proving an obstacle to peace. The most difficult of these were the recognition of the Prince of Orange as the King of England and the subsequent status of James II in France; the Dutch demand for

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In the winter of 1695–1696, Louis XIV had come to the conclusion that he had been drawn into an unwinable war of attrition by the Maritime powers. He therefore initiated peace talks with William III. However, William only wanted to make peace after bringing Louis to his knees and therefore planned a

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on 4 October 1693 ended in a resounding French victory. Turin now lay open to attack but further manpower and supply difficulties prevented Catinat from exploiting his gain, and all the French could get out of their victory was renewed breathing-space to restock what was left of Pinerolo. Elsewhere,

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The Elector of Bavaria consented to add his name to the Grand Alliance on 4 May 1690, while the Elector of Brandenburg joined the anti-French coalition on 6 September. However, few of the minor powers were as devoted to the common cause, and all protected their own interests; some never hesitated to

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The Duke of Lorraine also joined the Alliance at the same time as England, while the King of Spain (who had been at war with France since April) and the Duke of Savoy signed in June 1690. The Allies had offered Victor Amadeus handsome terms to join the Grand Alliance, including the return of Casale

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James II's ill-advised attempts to Catholicise the army, government and other institutions had proved increasingly unpopular with his mainly Protestant subjects. His open Catholicism and his dealings with Catholic France had also strained relations between England and the Dutch Republic, but because

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operated best in bombarding targets on shore. Sea battles rarely proved decisive. Fleets faced the almost impossible task of inflicting enough damage on ships and men to win a clear victory: ultimate success depended not on tactical brilliance but on sheer weight of numbers. Here Louis XIV was at a

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on William was discovered. Most other fronts were also relatively quiet throughout 1696: the armies along the Rhine, and in Catalonia, marched and counter-marched but little was achieved. Louis XIV's hesitancy to engage with the Allies (despite the confidence of his generals) may have reflected his

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who would become one of Louis XIV's best generals. But the balance of military power was turning dangerously against the French. In Spain, in the Rhineland, and in the Low Countries, Louis XIV's forces only barely held their own: the bombardment of the French channel ports, the threats of invasion,

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While French arms had proved successful at Namur the proposed descent on England was a failure. James II believed that there would be considerable support for his cause once he had established himself on English soil, but a series of delays and conflicting orders ensured a very uneven naval contest

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now held actual command) overrode strategic necessity in the other theatres and forestalled a plan to besiege Namur or Charleroi. For the Emperor and the German princes, though, the most serious fact of 1690 was that the Turks had been victorious on the Danube, requiring them to send reinforcements

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representing Emperor Leopold I. Like the Dutch the English were not preoccupied with territorial gains on the Continent, but were deeply concerned with limiting the power of France to defend against a Jacobite restoration (Louis XIV threatened to overthrow the Glorious Revolution and the precarious

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William III regarded the war as an opportunity to reduce the power of France and protect the Dutch Republic, while providing conditions that would encourage trade and commerce. Although there remained territorial anomalies, Dutch war aims did not involve substantial alterations to the frontier; but

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Louis XIV now mastered the Rhine south of Mainz to the Swiss border, but although the attacks kept the Turks fighting in the east, the impact on Leopold I and the German states had the opposite effect of what had been intended. The League of Augsburg was not strong enough to meet the threat, but on

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a year later had convinced the French that the Emperor, in alliance with Spain and William of Orange, would soon turn his attention towards France and retake what had recently been won by Louis's military intimidation. In response, Louis XIV sought to guarantee his territorial gains of the Reunions

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Although James II had permitted the Huguenots to settle in England, he had enjoyed an amicable relationship with his fellow Catholic Louis XIV since James realised the importance of the friendship for his own Catholicising measures at home against the suspicions of the Protestant majority. However,

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believed that James II was closer to his cousin Louis XIV than to his son-in-law and nephew William, which engendered suspicion and, in turn, hostility between Louis and William. Louis's seemingly endless territorial claims, coupled with his persecution of Protestants, enabled William of Orange and

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to keep France's enemies out. To construct a proper system, however, the King needed to acquire more land from his neighbours to form a solid forward line. That rationalisation of the frontier would make it far more defensible and define it more clearly in a political sense, but it also created the

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of France, now at the height of his power, sought to impose religious unity in France and to solidify and expand his frontiers. He had already won personal glory by conquering new territory, but he was no longer willing to pursue an open-ended militarist policy of the kind that he had undertaken in

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and gains on the right bank of the Rhine were relinquished and restored to their rulers. Louis XIV also recognised William III as the rightful king of England, while the Dutch acquired barrier fortresses in the Spanish Netherlands to help secure their borders and were granted a favorable commercial

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The war had allowed William III to destroy militant Jacobitism and helped bring Scotland and Ireland under more direct control. England emerged as a great economic and naval power and became an important player in European affairs, allowing her to use her wealth and energy in world politics to the

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fell to French forces on 20 March, followed by Nice on 1 April, forestalling any chance of an Allied invasion of France along the coast. Meanwhile, to the north, in the Duchy of Savoy, the Marquis of La Hoguette took Montmélian (the region's last remaining stronghold) on 22 December – a major loss

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After his flight from England in December 1688, James II had been given refuge by Louis XIV, who provided him financial and diplomatic assistance. Accompanied by 6,000 French troops, on 12 March 1689 he landed in Ireland, where he was backed by the majority Catholic population. His supporters were

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for the Empire. With the Ottomans appearing close to collapse, Louis XIV's ministers, Louvois and Colbert de Croissy, felt it essential to have a quick resolution along the German frontier before the Emperor turned from the Balkans to lead a comparatively united German Empire against France on the

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on 3 August. The Allies enjoyed some initial success, but as French reinforcements came up William III's advance stalled. The Allies retired from the field in good order, and both sides claimed victory: the French because they repulsed the assault; the Allies because they had saved Liège from the

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entering Louis' government as ministers of state. From 1691 onwards the king and Pomponne pursued efforts to unglue the Grand Alliance, including secret talks with Emperor Leopold I and, from August, attempts of religious solidarity with Catholic Spain. The approaches made to Spain came to naught

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lay. In contrast Louis XIV had embarked on a policy of overt military intimidation to retain Savoy in the French orbit, and had envisaged the military occupation of parts of Piedmont (including the citadel of Turin) to guarantee communications between Pinerolo and Casale. French demands on Victor

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on 12 September had emboldened it. In the hope that Leopold I would now make peace in the east and come to his assistance, Charles II declared war on France on 26 October. However, the Emperor had decided to continue the Turkish war in the Balkans and to compromise in the west for the time being.

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observed in 1697, "Now it is frequent to have armies of 50,000 men of a side spend the whole campaign in dodging – or, as it is genteelly called – observing one another, and then march off into winter quarters." In fact, during the Nine Years' War, field armies had waxed to nearly 100,000 men in

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The Treaty of Turin started a scramble for peace. With the continual disruption of trade and commerce politicians from England and the Dutch Republic were desirous for an end to the war. France was also facing economic exhaustion, but above all Louis XIV was becoming convinced that Charles II of

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By 1693 the French army had reached an official size of over 400,000 men (on paper), but Louis XIV was facing an economic crisis. France and northern Italy witnessed severe harvest failures resulting in widespread famine which, by the end of 1694, had accounted for the deaths of an estimated two

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agreed to a treaty to supply William III with 7,000 troops in return for a subsidy. However, in March 1691 Sweden and Denmark put aside their mutual distrust and made a treaty of armed neutrality for the protection of their commerce and to prevent the war spreading north. To the annoyance of the

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French arms at Heidelberg, Rosas, Huy, Landen, Charleroi and Marsaglia had achieved considerable battlefield success, but with the severe hardships of 1693 continuing through to the summer of 1694 France was unable to expend the same level of energy and finance for the forthcoming campaign. The

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supreme command within the alliance throughout the Nine Years' War. His experience and knowledge of European affairs made him the indispensable director of Allied diplomatic and military strategy, and he derived additional authority from his enhanced status as king of England – even the Emperor

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Once the Allies had secured a clear superiority in numbers the French found it prudent not to contest them in fleet action. At the start of the Nine Years' War the French fleet had 118 rated vessels and a total of 295 ships of all types. By the end of the war the French had 137 rated ships. In

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Thus, the Reunions carved territory from the frontiers of present-day Germany, and the annexations established French power in Italy. However, by seeking to construct his impregnable border, Louis XIV so alarmed the other European states that a general war, which he had sought to avoid, became

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Another contributing factor for the lack of decisive action was the necessity to fight for secure resources. Armies were expected to support themselves in the field by imposing contributions (taxing local populations) upon a hostile, or even neutral, territory. Subjecting a particular area to

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The war dragged on for several years longer in a series of desultory sallies and frontier raids: neither the leaders in England nor France thought of weakening their position in Europe for the sake of a knock-out blow in North America. By the terms of the Treaty of Ryswick, the boundaries and

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was a focal point of dispute between the Protestant English and Catholic French colonists, both of whom claimed a share of its territory and trade. Although important to the colonists, the North American theatre of the Nine Years' War was of secondary importance to European statesmen. Despite

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Maritime Powers the Swedes now saw their rôle outside the great power-struggle of the Nine Years' War, exploiting opportunities to increase their own maritime trade. Nevertheless, Louis XIV at last faced a powerful coalition aimed at forcing France to recognise Europe's rights and interests.

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political settlement by supporting the old king over the new one). William III had secured his goal of mobilising Britain's resources for the anti-French coalition, but the Jacobite threat in Scotland and Ireland meant only a small English expeditionary force could be committed to assist the

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The success of William's invasion of England rapidly led to the coalition he had long desired. On 12 May 1689 the Dutch and the Holy Roman Emperor had signed an offensive compact in Vienna, the aims of which were no less than to force France back to her borders as they were at the end of the

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in the Spanish Netherlands. The French hoped that Namur's seizure might inspire the Dutch to make peace, but if not, its capture would nevertheless be an important pawn at any future negotiations. With 60,000 men (protected by a similar force of observation under Luxembourg), Marshal Vauban

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In Italy the secret negotiations were proving more productive, with the French possession of Pinerolo now central to the talks. When Amadeus threatened to besiege Pinerolo the French, concluding that its defence was not now possible, agreed to hand back the stronghold on condition that its

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Louis XIV and his ministers had hoped for a quick resolution similar to that secured from the War of the Reunions, but by 1688 the situation was drastically different. In the east, an Imperial army, now manned with veteran officers and men, had dispelled the Turkish threat and crushed

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that the major issues were resolved. William III had no intention of continuing the war or pressing for Leopold I's claims in the Rhineland or for the Spanish succession: it seemed more important for Dutch and British security to obtain Louis XIV's recognition of the 1688 revolution.

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by forcing his German neighbours into converting the Truce of Ratisbon into a permanent settlement. However, a French ultimatum issued in 1687 failed to gain the desired assurances from the Emperor whose victories in the east made the Germans less anxious to compromise in the west.

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to electoral rank had impaired Leopold I's influence in Germany. The Protestant princes had also blamed him for the religious clause in the treaty, which stipulated that the lands of the Reunions that France was to surrender would remain Catholic, even those that had been forcibly

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in northern Italy. Boufflers invested Mons on 15 March with some 46,000 men, while Luxembourg commanded a similar force of observation. After some of the most intense fighting of all of Louis XIV's wars the town inevitably capitulated on 8 April. Luxembourg proceeded to take

3139:

and other Dutch officers and officials were appointed by William III in key positions in the English military organisation to reform the English army according to the Dutch model and train the troops in the 'Dutch Exercise', a musketry drill more commonly referred to as

4582:, Mons, Courtrai, Charleroi and Ath in the Low Countries. The Maritime Powers asked for no territory, but the Dutch were given a favourable commercial treaty, of which the most important provision was to relax regulations to favour Dutch trade and return to the French 4164:

For their part, the Allied navy expended more shells on St Malo, Granville, Calais, and Dunkirk; likewise on Palamos in Catalonia where Charles II had appointed the Marquis of Gastañaga as the governor-general. The Allies sent Austrian and German reinforcements under

4109:

Meanwhile, the recent fiscal crisis had brought about a transformation in French naval strategy – the Maritime Powers now outstripped France in shipbuilding and arming, and increasingly enjoyed a numerical advantage. Suggesting the abandonment of fleet warfare,

2542:

With Leopold I unwilling to fight on two fronts, a strong neutralist party in the Dutch Republic tying William's hands and the Elector of Brandenburg stubbornly holding to his alliance with Louis, no possible outcome could occur but complete French victory.

4570:, Louis XIV kept the whole of Alsace, including Strasbourg. Lorraine returned to its duke (although France retained rights to march troops through the territory), and the French abandoned all gains on the right bank of the Rhine – Philppsburg, Breisach, 4690:

contributions was deemed more important than pursuing a defeated army from the battlefield to destroy it. It was primarily financial concerns and availability of resources that shaped campaigns, as armies struggled to outlast the enemy in a long war of

3829:

Over the winter of 1691/92 the French devised a grand plan to gain the ascendancy over their enemies – a design for the invasion of England in one more effort to support James II in his attempts to regain his kingdoms; and a simultaneous assault on

4724:

in 1690, German battalions armed only with muskets repulsed French cavalry attacks more effectively than units conventionally armed with pikes, while Catinat had abandoned his pikes altogether before undertaking his Alpine campaign against Savoy.

4280:

the town on 15 May while Marshals Boufflers and Villeroi covered the siege; after an assault on 5 June the Count of Roeux surrendered and the garrison marched out two days later. The Rhineland theatre in 1697 was again quiet: the French commander,

4013:

In the Spanish Netherlands Luxembourg still had 100,000 men; but he was outnumbered. Lacking sufficient supplies to mount an attack, Luxembourg was unable to prevent the Allies from capturing Dixmude, and on 27 September 1694 the Allies under the

2581:

At Ratisbon in 1684, France had been in a position to impose its will on Europe; however, after 1685, its dominant military and diplomatic position began to deteriorate. One of the main factors for the diminution was Louis XIV's revocation of the

4102:, which was considered to be the strongest fortress in Europe. In a role reversal of 1692 Coehoorn conducted the siege of the stronghold under William III, and the Electors of Bavaria and Brandenburg. The French had attempted diversions with the 3900:

Meanwhile, in southern Europe the Duke of Savoy with 29,000 men (substantially exceeding Catinat's number who had sent some troops to the Netherlands) invaded Dauphiné via the mountain trails shown to them by the Vaudois. The Allies invested

3748:; but these acts proved to have no political nor strategic consequence. The final action of note in the Low Countries came on 19 September when Luxembourg's cavalry surprised and defeated the rear of the Allied forces in a minor action near 3730:

French successes in 1690 had checked the Allies on most of the mainland fronts, yet their victories had not broken the Grand Alliance. With the hope of unhinging the coalition French commanders in 1691 prepared for an early double-blow: the

4235: 2980:

levelled Mannheim. Oppenheim and Worms were finally destroyed on 31 May, followed by Speyer on 1 June, and Bingen on 4 June. In all, French troops burnt over 20 substantial towns as well as numerous villages and remaining medieval castles.

2992:. The Germans prepared to take back what they had lost, and in 1689 formed three armies along the Rhine. The smallest of these, initially under the Elector of Bavaria, protected the upper Rhine between the lines north of Strasbourg to the 4045:, opening the route to Barcelona. With the Spanish King threatening to make a separate peace with France unless the Allies came to his assistance, William III prepared the Anglo-Dutch fleet for action. Part of the fleet under Admiral 2694:, a northern Italian state that was nominally part of the Empire. From their fort at Pinerolo, the French were able to exert considerable pressure on the Duke of Savoy and to force him to persecute his own Protestant community, the 3892:

on 2–3 June. With the Allies now dominant in the English Channel James II's invasion was abandoned. Yet the battle itself was not the death-blow for the French navy: the subsequent mismanagement and underfunding of the fleet under

4440:

and Hudson's Bay French influence now predominated but William III, who had made the interests of the Bay Company a cause of war in North America, was not prepared to hazard his European policy for the sake of their pursuit. The

4512:, but mutual suspicion between the English and Spanish limited joint operations. The Allies had the naval advantage in these isolated areas, though it proved impossible to keep the French from supplying their colonial forces. 2734:

were still busy fighting the Ottoman Turks in Hungary. Many of the petty princes were reluctant to act due to the fear of French retaliation. Nevertheless, Louis XIV watched with apprehension Leopold I's advances against the

3839:

on 29 May. The town soon fell but the citadel – defended by van Coehoorn – held out until 30 June. Endeavouring to restore the situation in the Spanish Netherlands William III surprised Luxembourg's army near the village of

3648:

to the east. The Elector of Bavaria – now Imperial commander-in-chief following Lorraine's death in April – could offer nothing on the lower or upper Rhine, and the campaign failed to produce a single major battle or siege.

2536:

a recognition of the legality of the recent Reunions, but the Spanish were unwilling to see any more of their holdings fall under Louis's jurisdiction. Spain's military options were highly limited, but the Ottoman defeat at

2972:, intent on denying enemy troops local resources and prevent them from invading French territory. By 20 December, Louvois had selected all the cities, towns, villages and châteaux intended for destruction. On 2 March 1689, 2955:

troops under the Elector of Bavaria from the Ottoman front to defend south Germany. The French had not prepared for such an eventuality. Realising that the war in Germany was not going to end quickly and that the Rhineland

4578:. Additionally, the new French fortresses of La Pile, Mont Royal and Fort Louis were to be demolished. To win favour with Madrid over the Spanish succession question, Louis XIV evacuated Catalonia in Spain and Luxembourg, 2182:

in 1678 as the most powerful monarch in Europe. Using a combination of aggression, annexation, and quasi-legal means, he then set about extending his gains to strengthen France's frontiers, culminating in the 1683 to 1684

4670:

fortifications, enabling them to recover and rebuild their numbers from less threatened fronts. Many lesser commanders welcomed these relatively predictable, static operations to mask their lack of military ability. As

3622:

commanded French forces in this theatre but in 1689, while the French concentrated on the Rhine, it produced little more than a stand-off – the most significant engagement occurred when William's second-in-command, the

2238:. Although engagements generally favoured Louis' armies, neither side was able to gain a significant advantage, and by 1696 the main belligerents were financially exhausted, making them keen to negotiate a settlement. 2650:

Many in Germany reacted negatively to the persecution of the Huguenots, which disabused the Protestant princes of the idea that Louis XIV was their ally against the intolerant practices of the Catholic Habsburgs. The

3964:(with reinforcements from the Rhine and Catalan fronts), forcing the Duke of Savoy to abandon the siege and bombardment of Pinerolo (25 September – 1 October) before withdrawing to protect his rear. The resultant 3573:

Amadeus, and their determination to prevent the Duke from achieving his dynastic aims, were nothing less than an attack on Savoyard independence, convincing the Duke that he had to stand up to French aggression.

2426:. All of the Reunion claims and annexations were important strategic points of entry and exit between France and its neighbours and were immediately fortified by Vauban and incorporated into his fortress system. 2492:

Ever since Leopold I's intervention in the Franco-Dutch War, Louis XIV considered him his most dangerous enemy, although there was little reason to fear him. Leopold I was weak and was in grave danger along his

2671:, and threatened further annexations of the Rhineland. Thus, Frederick-William, spurning his French subsidies, ended his alliance with France and reached agreements with William of Orange, the Emperor and King 5317:, the argument is compelling but not absolutely conclusive since distracting the Austrians by encouraging the Turks was an old French stratagem and did not itself prove Louis XIV's lust for universal monarchy. 4885:

With the growing Ottoman threat in the east, Louis XIV, the Most Christian King, had deemed it impolitic, cynically to some, for him to continue the assault in 1682, which could be seen as aiding the infidel.

4871:

Piedmont was now hemmed in by two massive French-occupied fortresses: Casale on the eastern flank and, on its western edge, Pinerolo, which had been annexed by France 50 years earlier in defiance of the 1631

4307:

The European war was reflected in North America, where it was known as King William’s War, though the North American contest was very different in meaning and scale. The European war declaration arrived amid

3888:'s 82 rated English and Dutch vessels. Nevertheless, the French were forced to disengage: some escaped, but the 15 ships that had sought safety in Cherbourg and La Hogue were destroyed by English seamen and 4685:, 1695. Fortifications consisted of low-level, geometric earthworks; the ground plan was polygonal with a pentangle bastion at each salient angle, covered by ravelins, hornworks, crownworks, and demi-lunes. 8185: 8175: 4744:

In 1688 the most powerful navies were the French, English, and Dutch; the Spanish and Portuguese navies had suffered serious declines in the 17th century. The largest French ships of the period were the

3763:

North Italian campaign 1690–96. The territories of Victor Amadeus II, the Duke of Savoy, comprised the County of Nice, Duchy of Savoy and the Principality of Piedmont, which contained the capital city,

4519:

in 1693 and the loss of the Smyrna convoy caused intense anger among English merchants who demanded increased global protection from the navy. In 1696, a combination of regular French naval forces and

4178: 3534: 3790:

them to regain Carmagnola in October. Louis XIV offered peace terms in December, but anticipating military superiority for the following campaign Amadeus was not prepared to negotiate seriously.

4073:. The Allied naval presence compelled the French fleet back to the safety of Toulon, which, in turn, forced Noailles to withdraw to the line of the Ter, harassed en route by General Trinxería's 3410:

of around 36,000, although many were poorly equipped and it was almost impossible to feed, pay and supply so many. Although they quickly occupied much of Ireland, including largely Protestant

8170: 7963: 4926:

The Duke of Savoys' dynastic pretensions included a serious claim on the Spanish succession that provided an alternative to the rival claims of the Grand Dauphin and the Austrian Habsburgs.

4665:

military operations during the Nine Years' War did not produce decisive results. The war was dominated by what may be called "positional warfare" – the construction, defence, and attack of

8180: 4477:

to bombard the Anglo-Dutch fleet; this attack proved foolhardy but extended the war into the Far East. In 1693 the Dutch launched an expedition against their French commercial rivals at

4264:

Spain was near death and he knew that the break-up of the coalition would be essential if France was to benefit from the dynastic battle ahead. The contending parties agreed to meet at

3798:

After the sudden death of the influential Louvois in July 1691 Louis XIV had assumed a more active role in the direction of military policy, relying on advice from experts such as the

4602:

and could not face fighting France alone, he also sought terms and signed on 30 October. The Emperor's finances were in a bad state, and the dissatisfaction aroused by the raising of

7913: 8110: 4496:

and the Americas were historically an area of conflict between England and Spain but the two were now allies. Outside North America, French interests were far less significant.

3190: 1473: 999: 1404: 1463: 1028: 3144:. To make their dominance over the English army less painful for the British, the Dutch agreed that an Englishman would always be in command of a combined Anglo-Dutch fleet. 6656:, p. 198. Victor Amadeus thought it would be to his advantage to have Casale dismantled and neutralized. Because of its position it would then be at the mercy of Savoy. 3322: 1150: 4524:

the vulnerability of English interests in the Caribbean and North America; their protection in future conflicts became a matter of urgency. In May 1697 French naval forces

4515:

By 1693, it was clear the campaigns in Flanders had not dealt a decisive blow to either the Dutch Republic or England, so the French switched to attacking their trade. The

4094:

In 1695 French arms suffered two major setbacks: first was the death on 5 January of Louis XIV's greatest general of the period, Marshal Luxembourg (to be succeeded by the

1392: 1382: 4898:. Forty-nine were warships of more than twenty cannon. Eight of these could count as third rates of 60–68 cannon. Additionally there were nine frigates, twenty-eight 4268:(Rijswijk) and come to a negotiated settlement. But as talks continued through 1697, so did the fighting, and on 16 April the Allies, under Maximilian of Bavaria, re-took 2663:. However, there were motivations other than religious adherence that disabused him and other German princes of his allegiance to France. Louis XIV had pretensions in the 4761:, whose designs stagnated in the 1690s. Innovation in the Royal Navy, however, did not cease. At some stage in the 1690s, for example, English ships began to employ the 1511: 1426: 1088: 1083: 4469:

When news of the European war reached Asia, English, French and Dutch colonial governors and merchants quickly took up the struggle. In October 1690 the French Admiral

3876:, and lasted six days. At the action off Cape Barfleur on 29 May, the French fleet of 44 rated vessels under Admiral Tourville put up stern resistance against Admirals 3726:

Siege of Mons 1691. While he never commanded a battle in the open field, Louis XIV attended many sieges (at a safe distance) until advancing age limited his activities.

1187: 1145: 4352:

Friction over Indian relations worsened in 1688 with French incursions against the Iroquois in upstate New York, and with Indian raids against smaller settlements in

1974: 1197: 2879:– besieged the Elector of Trier's fortress of Philippsburg on 27 September 1688. After a vigorous defence it fell on 30 October. Louis XIV's army proceeded to take 2430:

inevitable. His fortresses covered his frontiers but also projected French power. Only two statesmen might hope to oppose Louis XIV. One was William of Orange, the

1229: 1103: 4022: 3060:

in the Palatinate (too busy to consider serious intervention in the Spanish Netherlands or to move against the south-eastern Dutch provinces along the Rhine) the

3115:

did not see that the offer of joint monarchy carried with it the corollary of a declaration of war, but the subsequent actions of the deposed king finally swung

1732: 1219: 3897:, coupled with Louis' own personal lack of interest, were central to France's loss of naval superiority over the English and Dutch during the Nine Years' War. 3521:(1 Will. & Mar. c. 34), which prohibited all English trade and commerce with France, effective 24 August. This Anglo-Dutch alignment was the basis for the 3457:. James returned to France to urge an immediate invasion of England, but the Anglo-Dutch fleet soon regained maritime supremacy, and the opportunity was lost. 2827:. There was no prospect of the Pope, already in deep conflict with Louis, favouring the French candidate, and on 26 August he awarded the election to Clement. 1177: 1172: 1068: 4015: 427: 1073: 2868:

Rhine campaign 1688–89. French forces cross the Rhine at Strasbourg and proceed to invest Philippsburg – the key to the middle Rhine – on 27 September 1688.

4607:

converted – a clear defiance of the Westphalia settlement. However, the Emperor had netted an enormous accretion of power: Leopold I's son,

3753: 646: 4133:, with seven ships of the line, captured vessels from the English East India Company that were said to have yielded 10 million livres. In May 1696, 3183: 2450:

wanted no further conflict with France, and both were fully aware of the current weaknesses of Spain and the empire, whose important German princes from

1123: 992: 490: 3977:, both sides entered winter quarters. Meanwhile, the French navy achieved victory in its final fleet action of the war. On 27 June Tourville's combined 3636: 688: 3052:. By the end of 1687, therefore, William had envisaged intervention, and by early 1688 he had secretly begun to make active preparations. The birth of 4320:, who controlled much of that trade. The French were determined to hold the St. Lawrence country and to extend their power over the vast basin of the 3933:. In the event, Heidelberg fell on 22 May before Luxembourg's army took to the field in the Netherlands, but the new Imperial commander on the Rhine, 3631:

on 25 August. However, by 1690 the Spanish Netherlands had become the main seat of the war where the French formed two armies: Boufflers' army on the

5182:, p. 499. Although it did not technically belong to France, Louis XIV had integrated Lorraine into his kingdom after he had occupied it in 1670. 3315: 3008:

finally yielded the town on 8 September. Meanwhile, on the lower Rhine stood the Elector of Brandenburg who, aided by the celebrated Dutch engineer

2936: 2283: 3752:. Now that the defence of the Spanish Netherlands depended almost wholly on the Allies William III insisted on replacing its Spanish governor, the 3618:. The importance of the Spanish Netherlands was the result of its geographic position, sandwiched between France and the Dutch Republic. Initially 3557: 2411: 2254:

treaty. However, both sides viewed the peace as only a pause in hostilities, since it failed to resolve who would succeed the ailing and childless

4910:

to carry the soldiers, 120 small transports to carry five thousand horses and about seventy supply vessels. Also, sixty fishing vessels served as

4546:

Map of European borders as they stood after the Treaty of Ryswick and just prior to Louis XIV's last great war, the War of the Spanish Succession.

3845:

same fate as Namur. However, due to the nature of late 17th-century warfare the battle, like Fleurus before it, produced little of consequence. (

1504: 3083:

carrying soldiers and 120 for the five thousand horses required by the cavalry and supply train. For propaganda purposes, English admiral

3916: 3176: 2532:

on 1 September 1683 and renewed the siege of Luxembourg, which had been abandoned the previous year. The French required of the Emperor and of

985: 3768:

In 1691 there was little significant fighting in the Catalan and Rhineland fronts. In contrast, the northern Italian theatre was very active.

3064:

unanimously gave William their full support in the knowledge that the overthrow of James II was in the security interests of their own state.

8155: 4046: 3803: 1967: 538: 3308: 2518: 7919: 4765:, greatly improving their performance, particularly in heavy weather. (The French navy did not adopt the wheel for another thirty years.) 4282: 5462: 3530: 2471: 1791: 1725: 4170: 3894: 2299:

paradox that while Louis's ultimate goals were defensive, he pursued them by offensive means. He grabbed the necessary territory in the

784: 8150: 6106:"William and Mary, 1688: An Act for Prohibiting all Trade and Commerce with France. [Chapter XXXIV. Rot. Parl. pt. 4. nu. 14.]" 3687:

took most of the Victor Amadeus II's exposed Duchy of Savoy, routing the Savoyard army in the process until only the great fortress of

3675: 3419: 1497: 658: 470: 3550: 3460:

By the end of 1690, French and Jacobite troops were confined to the south and west of Ireland. Although repulsed with heavy losses at

4082: 2808: 2652: 574: 4095: 2311: 772: 3445:

until early 1692. At the same time, William III assumed command of government troops in Ireland and gained an important success at

2876: 2611:

his party to gain the ascendancy in the Dutch Republic and finally lay the groundwork for his long-sought alliance against France.

2108: 1960: 1874: 8160: 2434:

of the United Provinces of the Dutch Republic, the natural leader of Protestant opposition, and the other was Holy Roman Emperor

3799: 3131:

Before British forces could effectively take part in the war, the English army had to be reorganised. James' commander-in-chief

6716:

Rowlands describes this as little short of a humiliation for Louis XIV when set alongside French demands in the summer of 1690.

4559: 3934: 3403: 3084: 2985: 1718: 868: 586: 514: 3773:

for the Grand Alliance. However, by comparison the French campaign on the Piedmontese plain was far from successful. Although

7889: 7791: 7668: 7648: 7503: 7379: 7294: 5100: 5030: 4465:, June 1693. French victory and the capture of the Smyrna convoy was the most significant English mercantile loss of the war. 4334: 3465: 3132: 3028:

The formation of the Dutch fleet that sailed for England. With more than 450 ships, it was about three times the size of the

2668: 403: 3818: 3619: 820: 7848: 7704: 7641:

Opkomst en Ondergang van Nederlands Gouden Vloot – Door de ogen van de zeeschilders Willem van de Velde de Oude en de Jonge

7629: 7550: 7484: 7418: 7398: 4364:, expanded the war with a series of raids on the northern borders of the English settlements: first was the destruction of 3056:

to James's second wife in June displaced William's wife Mary as James's heir apparent. With the French busy creating their

2940: 2775:. The territory of the archbishopric lay along the left bank of the Rhine and included three fortresses of the river-line: 2130: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1786: 3581:

supplied the contingents due from his German possessions to the Allied cause (6,000 men and 12 warships), while in August

2258:

as ruler of the Spanish Empire, a question that had dominated European politics for over 30 years. This would lead to the

7915:

Forging a Coalition Army: William III, the Grand Alliance, and the Confederate Army in the Spanish Netherlands, 1688–1697

4069:. The remainder of the fleet under Admiral Russell was ordered to the Mediterranean, linking up with Spanish vessels off 3973:

in Catalonia on 9 June before withdrawing into Roussillon. When his opponent, Medina-Sidonia, abandoned plans to besiege

3715:, but lacking sufficient troops, and with sickness rife within his army, Catinat was obliged to withdraw back across the 3522: 3136: 2287: 2157: 218: 4660:. Once the town had been captured the garrison would withdraw into the citadel, which then had to be separately reduced. 2920: 1781: 1776: 712: 7465: 6895: 4525: 3877: 3807: 2932: 2406:, which Louis XIV had lost by the Treaty of Nijmegen. On the same day that Strasbourg fell, French forces marched into 2061: 1756: 1387: 502: 8002:

Utiliteyt voor de gemeene saake. De Zeeuwse commissievaart en haar achterban tijdens de Negenjarige Oorlog, 1688-1697.

4620: 4177:

In the meantime the diplomatic breakthrough was made in Italy. For two years the Duke of Savoy's Minister of Finance,

2443: 7430:

War, State, and Society in Liège: How a Small State of the Holy Roman Empire Survived the Nine Year's War (1688–1697)

4146: 3624: 3378: 3061: 2872: 1811: 1431: 1234: 760: 391: 3985:(a fleet of between 200 and 400 Allied merchant vessels travelling under escort to the Mediterranean) as it rounded 3910: 2291: 700: 8135: 7866: 7827: 7775: 7760: 7742: 7723: 7569: 7522: 7446: 7411:

War and the State in Early Modern Europe; Spain, the Dutch Republic and Sweden as Fiscal-Military States, 1500–1660

7351: 7332: 7313: 7275: 7253: 7231: 7203: 4211: 4166: 3869: 3856: 3644: 3438: 2041: 1924: 1879: 1796: 1674: 1644: 724: 4486: 8165: 8125: 8105: 8100: 8095: 4746: 4631:

in 1699 – consolidated the Austrian Habsburgs and tipped the European balance of power in favour of the Emperor.

748: 4160:

Duke of Noailles (1650–1708). Due to illness Vendôme replaced Noailles as French commander in Catalonia in 1695.

3778: 2800: 8145: 8130: 4752: 4103: 3560:) and of Pinerolo to himself. His adhesion to the Allied cause would facilitate the invasion of France through 3091: 3048:

James II his vassal; or James, wishing to distract his subjects, might even join with Louis in a repetition of

2410:, in northern Italy. The fortress was not taken in the process of the Reunions but had been purchased from the 2160:. Although largely concentrated in Europe, fighting spread to colonial possessions in the Americas, India, and 1909: 1108: 439: 83: 3635:, and a larger force to the west under Humières' successor – and Louis XIV's greatest general of the period – 2706:, partly because of his anger at Louis's failure to go on crusade against the Turks, gave his secret support. 8140: 8115: 7685: 7248:. Vol. VI: The Rise of Great Britain and Russia 1688–1725. Cambridge University Press. pp. 223–53. 4636: 4401: 4182: 3382:

Godert de Ginkel, successfully commanded the Anglo-Dutch forces in Ireland after William III left for England

3239: 3103: 3075:

The invasion fleet consisted of 463 ships and 40,000 men on board, roughly twice the size of the

2973: 2435: 2419: 2259: 2222:

secured English resources and support for the Alliance. Over the next few years, fighting focused around the

2215: 2103: 2056: 2004: 1904: 1271: 622: 550: 2521:

and Hungary to join with the Sultan's forces and free their territory from Habsburg rule. When the Ottomans

4608: 4345:), to attack frontier settlements. Almost all resources sent to the colonies by England were to defend the 3502: 3450: 3112: 2840: 2210:

to seize additional territories beyond it. This move was designed to extend his influence and pressure the

2034: 2029: 2024: 2014: 2009: 1999: 1894: 1869: 1864: 1859: 1854: 1849: 1555: 1545: 1478: 1421: 1140: 20: 8040: 5281:, p. 38. Frederick William would not move against France since he hoped, with French aid, to conquer 4130: 3067: 2792: 4409: 4357: 4224: 3053: 2997: 2768: 2019: 1806: 1629: 1602: 562: 50: 2639:

as encroaching upon their own possessions. The rivalry had spread to the other side of the world, where

4251:

on 29 August 1696, by which provision Louis XIV also returned, intact, Montmélian, Nice, Villefranche,

4216: 4121:

Vauban advocated the use of the fleet backed by individual shipowners fitting out their own vessels as

3666:

had led French forces there aimed at bringing further pressure to bear on the Spanish by re-igniting a

3518: 3512:

Marshal Vauban (1633–1707), Louis XIV's greatest military engineer and one of his most trusted advisers

2071: 1659: 1441: 832: 3441:. By May 1690 the rising had been largely suppressed, although pockets of resistance continued in the 3012:, besieged Kaiserswerth. Kaiserswerth fell on 26 June before the Elector led his army on Bonn, which, 2996:. On the middle Rhine stood the largest army under the best Imperial general, and commander-in-chief, 2784: 2748: 8120: 4437: 4385: 3643:; but his success produced little benefit – Louis XIV's concerns for the dauphin on the Rhine (where 3538: 3498: 3392: 3200: 3153: 2804: 2644: 2614: 2165: 1929: 1694: 1634: 1565: 1446: 1239: 1113: 796: 190: 6888:

Britain and Colonial Maritime War in the Early Eighteenth Century: Silver, Seapower and the Atlantic

4001: 3135:, had disbanded the English army in December 1688 so it had to be effectively rebuilt from scratch. 4721: 4470: 4150: 3852: 3670:

against Charles II, which initially broke out in 1687. Exploiting the situation, Noailles captured

3667: 3655: 3640: 3461: 3289: 3269: 2831: 2557:

in December and Luxembourg in June 1684, Charles II was compelled to accept Louis XIV's peace. The

1699: 1684: 1679: 1619: 1343: 1321: 1301: 1209: 1043: 4720:

yet leaving it capable of fire. The disadvantage of the pike came to be widely recognised: at the

4558:. The Swedes were the official mediators, but it was through the private efforts of Boufflers and 4303:

19th-century print showing Quebec batteries firing on William Phips' squadron during October 1690.

3005: 2364: 2344: 8090: 8085: 8080: 8075: 8070: 8065: 8060: 8055: 8050: 8045: 6105: 4776:

were also used but were mainly successful against anchored and stationary targets, while the new

4682: 4446: 4429: 4361: 4195: 3446: 3434: 3396: 3351: 3332: 3259: 3234: 2628: 2046: 1766: 1587: 1560: 1355: 1291: 1266: 3944:

and on 23 July, Luxembourg found William's army near the villages of Neerwinden and Landen. The

3111:

himself or that his aim was to bring England into the war against France on the Dutch side. The

2960:

would not be a brief and decisive parade of French glory, Louis XIV and Louvois resolved upon a

2718:

Louvois (1641–1691), Louis XIV's belligerent secretary of state at the height of his powers, by

2442:

Europe. Both wanted to act, but effective opposition in 1681–1682 was out of the question since

2368: 2316: 7107:, p. 155. Different authorities credit both Hugh Mackay and Vauban for the socket bayonet. 5391: 4915: 4616: 4516: 4248: 4054: 3989:. The Allies lost approximately 90 merchant ships with a value of some 30 million livres. 3982: 3782: 3663: 3582: 3407: 2928: 2619: 2517:

of Poland, unsuccessfully, against siding with Leopold I and pressed the malcontent princes of

2455: 2451: 2200: 2196: 1884: 1771: 1689: 1468: 1453: 610: 598: 348: 4232:

the conclusion of hostilities, it hardly seemed worthwhile in calling for a peace conference.

2835:

Rhine and reverse the Ratisbon settlement. On 24 September Louis published his manifesto, his

2799:. When the Elector died on 3 June, Louis XIV pressed for the pro-French Bishop of Strasbourg, 7838: 4762: 4603: 4294: 4099: 3841: 3836: 3786: 3116: 2812: 2772: 2459: 2387:

itself was then blockaded with the intention of it becoming part of his defensible frontier.

2169: 1831: 1550: 1528: 1377: 1182: 1155: 1098: 1063: 1058: 73: 7226:. Vol. VI: The Rise of Great Britain and Russia 1688–1725. Cambridge University Press. 4704:. The new firing mechanism provided superior rates of fire and accuracy over the cumbersome 4360:, capitalising on disorganisation in New York and New England following the collapse of the 3759: 6503:, p. 153. 30 million livres was equivalent to the entire French naval budget for 1692. 5651: 4478: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4365: 4203: 3902: 3769: 3732: 3603: 3578: 3480:

in October, allowing the bulk of the Williamite forces to be shipped to the Low Countries.

3264: 3229: 3013: 2672: 2664: 2599: 2569: 2529: 2463: 2324: 1801: 1664: 1654: 1639: 1624: 1592: 1582: 1416: 1296: 1118: 1048: 1038: 4156: 4079:. By shielding Barcelona in this way the Allies kept Spain in the war for two more years. 3802:

and Vauban. Louvois' death also brought changes to state policy with the less adventurous

2947:

that mobilised the forces of north Germany. Meanwhile, the Emperor recalled the Bavarian,

1761: 8: 7241: 4970: 4935:

John Childs calls the recapture of Namur the most important event of the Nine Years' War.

4628: 4417: 4346: 4277: 4207: 4169:, a cousin of the Queen of Spain, while the French replaced the ailing Noailles with the 4129:, St Malo and the smaller ports, achieved significant success. For example, in 1695, the 4026: 4018: 3974: 3965: 3885: 3873: 3696: 3366: 3346: 3254: 3107: 3095: 3037: 2660: 2603: 2546: 2533: 2487: 2380: 2340: 2328: 2300: 2255: 2223: 2219: 2184: 2175: 2113: 2093: 1919: 1826: 1649: 1489: 1350: 1333: 1286: 1224: 1192: 1167: 1128: 1093: 856: 634: 451: 362: 343: 259: 199: 159: 78: 4623:. Additionally, Prince Eugene of Savoy's decisive victory over the Ottoman Turks at the 4445:, abandoned by their English allies, were obliged to open separate negotiations, and by 3756:, with the Elector of Bavaria, thus overcoming delays in getting decisions from Madrid. 2505:

from the south. Louis had encouraged and assisted the Ottoman drive against Leopold I's

2295: 2218:

and German princes supported the Dutch in opposing French aims, while the November 1688

26:

For the Japanese war commonly referred to in English as the Former Nine Years' War, see

7816: 7608: 7600: 5411: 4873: 4852: 4612: 4551: 4436:

outposts of New France, New England, and New York remained substantially unchanged. In

4425: 4393: 4256: 4075: 3822: 3684: 3628: 3477: 3469: 3442: 3361: 3088: 3044: 3009: 2977: 2727: 2640: 1597: 1436: 1365: 1338: 1214: 1033: 898: 808: 533: 521: 509: 497: 485: 465: 415: 367: 355: 336: 245: 67: 7579:

Magennis, Eoin (1998). "A 'Beleaguered Protestant'?: Walter Harris and the Writing of

3956:

Catalan campaign 1689–1697. The Catalan front was the smallest of the Nine Years' War.

7988:

The New Cambridge Modern History, VI: The Rise of Great Britain and Russia, 1688–1725

7885: 7878:

De Veertigjarige Oorlog 1672–1712: de strijd van de Nederlanders tegen de Zonnekoning

7862: 7844: 7823: 7787: 7771: 7756: 7738: 7719: 7700: 7664: 7644: 7625: 7612: 7565: 7546: 7518: 7499: 7480: 7461: 7442: 7414: 7394: 7375: 7347: 7328: 7309: 7290: 7271: 7263: 7249: 7227: 7199: 6891: 5415: 5310: 4895: 4844: 4691: 4567: 4537: 4501: 4353: 4321: 3921: 3906: 3860: 3543: 3526: 3473: 3356: 3284: 3214: 3004:

and opened trenches around Mainz on 22/23 July. After a bloody two months siege, the

3001: 2848: 2820: 2731: 2558: 2514: 2506: 2483: 2407: 2211: 2188: 2153: 2083: 1742: 1458: 1360: 1316: 1251: 944: 908: 839: 827: 815: 803: 791: 779: 767: 755: 743: 731: 719: 707: 695: 683: 671: 605: 593: 581: 569: 557: 545: 379: 309: 304: 272: 186: 182: 46: 4697:

The major advancement in weapon technology in the 1690s was the introduction of the

3602:

The main fighting of the Nine Years' War took place around France's borders: in the

3468:

and returned to Flanders. Despite receiving reinforcements and a new general in the

2815:. With neither candidate able to secure the necessary two-thirds of the vote of the 2618:

Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg (1620–1688). He was succeeded by his son,

2573:

William of Orange (1650–1702), portrayed here as King William III of England by Sir

7592: 5403: 4590: 4389: 4338: 4116: 3986: 3945: 3279: 3219: 2703: 2656: 2594:

fled to England, the Dutch Republic, Switzerland, and Germany, and spread tales of

2522: 2376: 2352: 2271: 2250: 2242: 2179: 2088: 1889: 1577: 1311: 1256: 1078: 474: 144: 4432:

and the expedition on the St Lawrence failed, while the French retook Port Royal.

3546:

in the coalition in the Spanish Netherlands for the first three years of the war.

2356: 5454: 4978: 4678: 4624: 4595: 4462: 4316:, economically vital to both French and English colonies, and influence over the 4050: 3749: 3692: 3632: 3508: 3454: 3249: 2896: 2583: 2574: 2384: 2371:, and by August, Louis XIV had secured the whole of Alsace with the exception of 2066: 2051: 1934: 1281: 1053: 736: 4860: 4856: 4848: 4769: 4369: 4174:

and the loss of Namur were causes of great anxiety for the King at Versailles.

3952: 3741: 3615: 3415: 3224: 3087:

was nominally put in command, but in reality operational control remained with

3076: 3029: 2961: 2912: 2900: 2892: 2816: 2736: 2719: 2691: 2502: 2498: 2423: 2390: 2231: 2118: 1669: 1261: 928: 888: 617: 458: 446: 434: 422: 410: 398: 386: 374: 329: 294: 289: 283: 232: 195: 5407: 4768:

Combat between naval fleets was decided by cannon duels delivered by ships in

2969: 8034: 7806: 7692: 4954: 4911: 4717: 4405: 4215:

knowledge of the secret talks that had begun more than a year earlier – with

4199: 3978: 3970: 3812: 3426:

with 15,000 reinforcements, but logistics failures meant his army stalled at

3423: 3418:

and were forced to retreat at the end of July. In August, Williamite general

3274: 3244: 2796: 2760: 2510: 2494: 1914: 1816: 1614: 1306: 1276: 4733: 3688: 3651: 3639:. On 1 July Luxembourg secured a clear tactical victory over Waldeck at the 3168: 3158: 2864: 2398:

On 30 September 1681, French troops also seized Strasbourg and its outpost,

58: 7697:

Three Victories and a Defeat: The Rise and Fall of the First British Empire

7682:

Louis XIV, Vittorio Amedeo II and French Military Failure in Italy, 1689–96

7677: 5314: 4713: 4671: 4220: 3881: 3712: 3598:

The Low Countries c. 1700: the principal theatre during the Nine Years' War

3556:

to Mantua (he hoped it would revert to him upon the death of the childless

2993: 2824: 2403: 2191:

guaranteed these new borders for twenty years, but concerns among European

2123: 1994: 1939: 977: 526: 27: 5864: 5862: 4329:

numerical superiority, the English colonists suffered repeated defeats as

3722: 3300: 2682:

The flight of the Huguenots in southern France caused outright war in the

4777: 4497: 4421: 4309: 4142: 4087: 4030: 3961: 3141: 2989: 2884: 2730:

had little military power – the Empire and its Allies in the form of the

2695: 2632: 2431: 2161: 2149: 133: 7604: 3561: 2830:

On 6 September, Leopold I's forces under the Elector of Bavaria secured

2675:, the last of which by temporarily putting aside their differences over 2363:. The courts usually found in Louis XIV's favour. By 1680, the disputed 7976: 7596: 5886: 5859: 5458: 4974: 4758: 4509: 4505: 4330: 4325: 4058: 3930: 3774: 3704: 3679: 3388: 3162: 2904: 2636: 2595: 2587: 2447: 2372: 2192: 2076: 1821: 7993:–––. "From the Nine Years War to the War of the Spanish Succession." 5971: 4034: 3905:, which capitulated on 15 August, before sacking the deserted town of 2528:

Taking advantage of the Ottoman threat in the east, Louis invaded the

2367:, lying between Franche-Comté and Alsace, had been separated from the 1952: 5282: 4962: 4903: 4773: 4705: 4698: 4666: 4555: 4520: 4493: 4313: 4252: 4138: 4134: 4122: 4042: 3889: 3671: 3611: 3607: 3594: 2952: 2944: 2888: 2780: 2676: 2607: 2591: 2554: 2375:. The Chamber of Reunion of Metz soon laid claims to land around the 2332: 2275: 2235: 2227: 844: 676: 8186:

Wars of succession involving the states and peoples of South America

8176:

Wars of succession involving the states and peoples of North America

7882:

The 40 Years' War 1672–1712: the Dutch struggle against the Sun King

4449:

they agreed to remain neutral in any future Anglo-French conflicts.

4276:. Vauban and Catinat (now with troops freed from the Italian front) 3863:. The last act of the battle – French ships set on fire at La Hogue. 3433:

The Scottish Jacobites suffered heavy losses in securing victory at

1710: 4958: 4571: 4442: 4397: 4396:. In August a land force commanded by Colonel Winthrop set off for 4317: 4265: 4240: 4062: 3913:

on the left bank of the Rhine before returning to winter quarters.

3565: 3049: 2923:

put it under heavy bombardment, but it did not fall to the French.

2880: 2767:

Another testing point concerned the pro-French Archbishop-Elector,

2699: 2687: 2655:

answered the revocation of the Edict of Nantes by promulgating the

2550: 2439: 2415: 2348: 174: 170: 163: 129: 3745: 2755: 4899: 4709: 4657: 4656:

Siege of Mainz, 1689. Many of the larger fortified complexes had

4542: 4474: 4342: 4247:

fortifications were demolished. The terms were formalised as the

4137:

slipped the blockade of Dunkirk and struck a Dutch convoy in the

4126: 3708: 3700: 3427: 3122:

British historian J. R. Jones states that King William was given

2916: 2788: 2467: 125: 6458: 5392:"Huguenot Contributions to English Pan-Protestantism, 1685-1700" 4333:

effectively organised its French regulars, local militiamen and

4272:. The main French goal that year in the Spanish Netherlands was 4153:, earning him, and the king, a share of 10 million livres. 4141:, burning 45 of its ships; on 18 June 1696 he won the battle at 3937:, provided a strong defence and prevented further French gains. 3488: 2875:, Vauban, and 30,000 men – all under the nominal command of the 2622:, who proved to be one of William of Orange's most loyal allies. 2438:, the leader of anti-French forces in the Holy Roman Empire and 2294:, developed France's defensive strategy. Vauban had advocated a 7532:——— (2020). "States in Conflict, 1661–1763". 7372:

Revolution: The Great Crisis of the British Monarchy, 1685–1720

4701: 4652: 4583: 4579: 4413: 4269: 4066: 4038: 4006: 3569: 3525:, ratified on 20 December by William III representing England, 3411: 3099: 2948: 2908: 2740: 2538: 2360: 2303:, a strategy that combined legalism, arrogance and aggression. 2246: 121: 7661:

The Command of the Ocean: A Naval History of Britain 1649–1815

5584:

The Ottoman Centuries: The Rise and Fall of the Turkish Empire

4299: 4288: 100:

27 September 1688 – 20 September 1697

8171:

Wars of succession involving the states and peoples of Europe

5987: 4966: 4907: 4482: 4457: 4070: 3831: 3080: 3071:

William of Orange Landing at Brixham, Torbay, 5 November 1688

2965: 2795:, the small state astride the strategic highway of the river 2214:

into accepting his territorial and dynastic claims. However,

2207: 918: 653: 641: 629: 278: 6911: 6909: 6907: 6659: 6590: 3846: 3662:

The smallest front of the war was in Catalonia. In 1689 the

3106:), many welcomed William with open arms, and the subsequent 2635:

colonies, but the English looked upon French pretensions in

8181:

Wars of succession involving the states and peoples of Asia

7010: 7008: 6945: 6855: 6767: 5959: 5935: 4615:(1690), and the Emperor's candidate for the Polish throne, 4575: 4400:, while a naval force, commanded by the future governor of 3736: 3716: 2927:

22 October 1688 the powerful German princes, including the

2791:

itself. Moreover, the archbishop was also prince-bishop of

2776: 2744: 2714: 2683: 2399: 2336: 178: 7122: 7088: 7086: 6371: 6208: 4642: 3695:

led 12,000 men and soundly defeated Victor Amadeus at the

3551:

Savoyard–Waldensian wars § Renversement des alliances

1519: 6969: 6933: 6904: 6831: 6779: 6719: 6316: 5052: 4950: 4550:

The peace conference opened in May 1697 in William III's

4273: 4053:

on 18 June, before bombarding French coastal defences at

3941: 3691:

remained in ducal hands; while to the south in Piedmont,

2513:

that he would not support the Emperor. He had also urged

7638: 7059: 7047: 7005: 6400: 6398: 6220: 6023: 5892: 5868: 5811: 5736: 5697: 5673: 5670:

states Clement was awarded the election on 18 September.

5468: 5356: 5233: 5132: 5018: 4049:

would remain in the north, first leading the disastrous

2988:

declared war on France on 11 February 1689, beginning a

2883:, which capitulated on 11 November, shortly followed by 2394:

Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I (1640–1705), artist unknown

8111:

17th-century military history of the Kingdom of England

7784:

Monarchy and Revolution. The English State in the 1680s

7110: 7083: 7071: 7025: 7023: 6843: 6819: 6807: 6736: 6734: 6698: 6688: 6686: 6446: 6383: 6348: 6346: 6333: 6331: 6292: 6169: 6167: 6074: 5947: 5910: 5753: 5751: 5685: 5344: 5088: 5042: 5040: 4392:

Conference, colonial representatives elected to invade

3414:, they were unable to capture the key northern port of 2319:. The Sun King was the most powerful monarch in Europe. 7134: 6993: 6981: 6921: 6671: 6578: 6554: 6244: 6232: 5874: 5823: 5726: 5724: 5709: 5631: 5629: 5107: 5064: 4619:, had carried the day over Louis XIV's candidate, the 4239:

19th century depiction of the arrival of diplomats in

2702:

to form a defensive league of the Rhine in July 1686.

6802:

The Thirteen Colonies: The Settling of North America,

6530: 6434: 6395: 6198: 6196: 6194: 6064: 6062: 6047: 6011: 5847: 5775: 5480: 5434: 5432: 5383: 5373: 5371: 5151: 5149: 5147: 2771:, and the question of his succession in the state of 2199:

led to the creation of the Grand Alliance, headed by

16:

War (1688–97) between France and a European coalition

8009:

Giant of Grand the Siècle: The French Army 1610–1715

7158: 7020: 6957: 6867: 6731: 6683: 6635: 6623: 6566: 6542: 6518: 6506: 6482: 6470: 6422: 6410: 6343: 6328: 6304: 6280: 6268: 6256: 6179: 6164: 6128: 6116: 6086: 5748: 5602: 5516: 5197: 5185: 5037: 5006: 4500:

twice changed hands. There was sporadic conflict in

2418:, enabled France to tie down Victor Amadeus II, the 8016:The Crisis of French Sea Power 1688–1697: From the 7803:

Heart of Europe: A History of the Holy Roman Empire

7170: 7146: 7035: 6746: 6035: 5999: 5898: 5835: 5799: 5787: 5763: 5721: 5626: 5614: 5564: 5552: 5528: 5492: 5320: 5221: 5209: 5161: 5127:

War in the Modern Great Power System: 1495 to 1975.

5076: 4994: 3476:on 12 July 1691; the war in Ireland ended with the 2296:

system of impregnable fortresses along the frontier

7815: 7344:Short Oxford History of France – Old Regime France 6191: 6059: 5540: 5504: 5429: 5368: 5332: 5288: 5257: 5245: 5144: 4194:large offensive in the Spanish Netherlands, but a 3483: 3430:and suffered heavily from sickness and desertion. 2282:Louis XIV, along with his chief military advisor, 5586:(Morrow Quill Paperbacks: New York, 1977) p. 350. 4587:of the western half of the island of Hispaniola. 3960:In northern Italy, meanwhile, Catinat marched on 3577:exact a high price for continuing their support. 2887:. Other towns fell without resistance, including 2803:, to succeed him. The Emperor, however, favoured 2379:of Metz, Toul and Verdun and most of the Spanish 19:For the unrelated Irish war of 1593 to 1603, see 8032: 7986:–––. The Nine Years' War" in J. S. Bromley, ed. 7768:American Colonies: The Settling of North America 4914:. Most of the warships had been provided by the 4489:was overwhelmed and surrendered on 6 September. 2414:, which, together with the French possession of 2315:Equestrian portrait of Louis XIV (1638–1715) by 7953:William III and the Defence of European Liberty 7735:War, Diplomacy and the Rise of Savoy, 1690–1720 7439:The Boyne and Aughrim: The War of the Two Kings 7212: 5274: 5272: 5029:sfnp error: no target: CITEREFVan_Niwegen2020 ( 3674:on 22 May, but a larger Spanish army under the 2854: 2206:In September 1688 Louis led an army across the 7995:The New Cambridge Modern History VI: 1688–1725 7960:The Army, James II and the Glorious Revolution 3000:. Charles V cleared away the French threat on 6796: 6794: 4149:with another privateer squadron attacked and 3992: 3825:. Dutch military engineer and rival of Vauban 3785:'s relief force, precipitously abandoned the 3744:at the end of May, while Boufflers bombarded 3464:in September, William transferred command to 3316: 3198: 3184: 3050:the attack made on the Dutch Republic in 1672 1968: 1726: 1505: 993: 7977:The Character of the Nine Years War, 1688–97 7875: 7818:The Emergence of the Great Powers; 1685–1715 7560:———; Scott, H. M. (1983). 7388: 7268:The Art of Warfare in the Age of Marlborough 6665: 6596: 6464: 5965: 5941: 5654:traditionally provided the electoral bishop. 5641: 5269: 4388:followed. In response, on 1 May 1690 at the 3492:James II (1633–1701) c. 1690, artist unknown 2606:, now the Catholic King of England. Many in 2549:was brief and devastating. With the fall of 1007: 6610:War, Diplomacy, and Imperialism: 1618–1763, 6157: 6155: 6153: 6151: 6149: 6147: 6145: 6143: 5099:sfn error: no target: CITEREFBartlett1997 ( 5024: 4289:North American theatre (King William's War) 4188: 3330: 2859: 2564: 2525:, Louis did nothing to help the defenders. 7753:War, Diplomacy, and Imperialism: 1618–1763 7559: 6975: 6915: 6791: 6725: 6322: 5993: 5817: 5742: 5703: 5679: 5647: 5474: 5362: 5278: 5239: 5138: 4198:in England made this impossible. A French 3793: 3323: 3309: 3191: 3177: 1975: 1961: 1733: 1719: 1512: 1498: 1000: 986: 250: 198:gains the right to garrison troops in the 7970:The British Army of William III 1698–1702 7911: 7213:Bartlett, Thomas; Jeffery, Keith (1997). 5953: 5390:Mitchell, William H. F. (9 August 2021). 5070: 5058: 4452: 3969:Noailles secured the valuable seaport of 3589: 3453:gave the French temporary control of the 3165:risings in Ireland and Scotland 1689–1691 2659:, which invited the fleeing Huguenots to 2586:, which caused the dispersal of France's 2477: 236: 7713: 7578: 7306:The Nine Years' War and the British Army 7284: 7262: 7196:The Defeat of James Stuart's Armada 1692 7077: 7014: 6618:Memorandum on the French Frontier, 1678, 6452: 6226: 6140: 6080: 5981: 5457:, was the sister of Louis XIV's father, 5389: 5113: 5094: 4732: 4677: 4651: 4647: 4589: 4541: 4456: 4298: 4234: 4155: 4081: 4000: 3951: 3915: 3851: 3817: 3758: 3721: 3650: 3593: 3507: 3487: 3472:, the Franco-Irish army was defeated at 3377: 3157: 3066: 3023: 2863: 2754: 2713: 2613: 2568: 2389: 2310: 2265: 8004:2 Volumes. Middelburg/Zoutelande, 2001. 7934: 7918:. Ohio State University. Archived from 7781: 7562:The Rise of the Great Powers: 1648–1815 7493: 7436: 7363:History of the United States of America 7221: 7116: 7092: 6951: 6885: 6861: 6849: 6825: 6813: 6773: 6298: 6214: 6053: 6029: 5880: 5829: 4894:There were seventy-five vessels of the 4643:Weapons, technology, and the art of war 3699:on 18 August. Catinat immediately took 3147: 2647:had already embarked upon hostilities. 1982: 8033: 7800: 7732: 7658: 7619: 7427: 7391:Austria's Wars of Emergence, 1683–1797 7369: 7322: 7303: 7193: 7140: 7128: 7104: 7029: 6927: 6677: 6653: 6584: 6560: 6500: 6377: 6365: 6250: 6238: 6173: 6122: 6092: 6017: 5977: 5916: 5853: 5841: 5781: 5757: 5663: 5608: 5522: 5486: 5450: 5203: 5046: 5012: 4560:William Bentinck, the Earl of Portland 4356:. The Governor General of New France, 3940:In the Low Countries, the French took 2986:Imperial Diet of the Holy Roman Empire 2245:, French control over the entirety of 132:, North America, South America, Asia, 7962:. Manchester University Press, 1980. 7691: 7639:Prud'homme van Reine, Ronald (2009). 7540: 7458:Seven Years War in Dictionary of Wars 7408: 7365:. Vol. 1. The MacMillan Company. 7360: 7341: 7240: 6939: 6837: 6785: 6536: 6440: 6404: 6185: 6134: 5558: 5498: 5191: 5000: 4728: 4372:, Maine, in August. In February 1690 4210:had earlier been discarded after the 3533:representing the Dutch Republic, and 3437:in July 1689, including their leader 3304: 3172: 2523:besieged Vienna in the spring of 1683 1956: 1740: 1714: 1493: 981: 8156:Wars involving the Holy Roman Empire 7972:. Manchester University Press, 1987. 7898: 7856: 7855:Previously published in hardback as 7836: 7813: 7531: 7512: 7474: 7455: 7176: 7164: 7152: 7065: 7053: 7041: 6999: 6987: 6963: 6873: 6752: 6740: 6704: 6692: 6641: 6629: 6572: 6548: 6524: 6512: 6488: 6476: 6428: 6416: 6389: 6352: 6337: 6310: 6286: 6274: 6262: 6202: 6068: 6041: 6005: 5904: 5805: 5793: 5769: 5730: 5715: 5691: 5635: 5620: 5570: 5546: 5534: 5510: 5438: 5377: 5350: 5338: 5326: 5306: 5294: 5263: 5251: 5227: 5215: 5179: 5167: 5155: 5129:University Press of Kentucky. p. 90. 5082: 4531: 4349:, the "crown jewels" of the empire. 3505:election to succeed him as Emperor. 2941:Charles I, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel 1609:New England, Acadia and Newfoundland 8011:. Cambridge University Press, 1997. 7907:] (in Dutch). Martinus Nijhoff. 6764:Childs states 25,000 French troops. 3137:Hendrik Trajectinus, Count of Solms 2709: 2501:were threatening to overrun all of 2152:conflict from 1688 to 1697 between 13: 7945: 7496:The Glorious Revolution in America 7325:Warfare in the Seventeenth Century 5453:, p. 144. James II's mother, 4906:. Transports included seventy-six 3981:and Toulon squadrons ambushed the 3079:, with 49 warships, 76 3014:having endured a heavy bombardment 2933:John George III, Elector of Saxony 2667:in the name of his sister-in-law, 2472:Frederick William I of Brandenburg 14: 8197: 8151:Wars involving the Dutch Republic 8026: 8022:guerre de course. The Hague, 1974 7287:Marlborough as Military Commander 6890:. Boydell Press. pp. 30–34. 6614:Memorandum on Privateering, 1695, 6368:, pp. 175–179; sources vary. 4114:, in favour of commerce-raiding, 3781:, on learning of the approach of 3133:Louis de Duras, Earl of Feversham 2195:states over French expansion and 7536:(2nd ed.). pp. 167–89. 7534:The Cambridge History of Warfare 7515:The Wars of Louis XIV: 1667–1714 7246:The New Cambridge Modern History 7224:The New Cambridge Modern History 7098: 6879: 6758: 6710: 6647: 6602: 6494: 6358: 5930:Britain and the World, 1649–1815 5597:The Wars of Louis XIV: 1667–1714 4929: 4810:57,410 Imperial, 70,000 Habsburg 4167:Prince George of Hesse-Darmstadt 3735:in the Spanish Netherlands, and 3449:in July 1690, before victory at 2164:. Related conflicts include the 953: 943: 927: 917: 907: 897: 887: 862: 850: 838: 826: 814: 802: 790: 778: 766: 754: 742: 730: 718: 706: 694: 682: 670: 652: 640: 628: 616: 604: 592: 580: 568: 556: 544: 532: 520: 508: 496: 484: 464: 457: 445: 433: 421: 409: 397: 385: 373: 361: 354: 342: 335: 328: 303: 288: 277: 265: 252: 238: 225: 57: 7905:The Dutch States Army: Part VII 7643:. Amsterdam: De Arbeiderspers. 7308:. Manchester University Press. 6098: 5922: 5668:New Cambridge Modern History VI 5657: 5589: 5576: 5444: 5396:Journal of Early Modern History 5300: 5173: 5119: 4920: 4888: 4879: 4865: 4837: 4813: 4033:; the French proceeded to take 3811:(the Nine Years' War was not a 3678:forced him to withdraw back to 3484:War aims and the Grand Alliance 2976:torched Heidelberg; on 8 March 2739:. Habsburg victories along the 2598:at the hands of the monarch of 2553:in early November, followed by 2474:remained in the pay of France. 2249:was officially recognized, but 8161:Wars involving the Netherlands 7884:] (in Dutch). Prometheus. 7837:——— (1970). 7737:. Cambridge University Press. 7583:in Mid-18th-Century Ireland". 7475:——— (2006). 7389:Hochedlinger, Michael (2003). 7323:——— (2003). 7285:——— (2003). 7244:(1971). Bromley, J. S. (ed.). 7198:. Leicester University Press. 4944: 4843:A coalition that included the 4829:War of the Palatine Succession 4804: 4795: 4594:The Peace of Ryswick 1697, by 4481:on the south-eastern coast of 3092:Cornelis Evertsen the Youngest 2590:community. As many as 200,000 2422:, and to threaten the Spanish 428:John Adolphus of Holstein-Plön 1: 7935:Goubert, Pierre, ed. (1991). 7901:Het Staatsche Leger: Deel VII 7686:The English Historical Review 7622:James II; A study in kingship 7498:. Wesleyan University Press. 7361:Elson, Henry William (1908). 7215:A Military History of Ireland 4987: 4833:War of the English Succession 4825:War of the League of Augsburg 4801:Including 11,000 Dutch troops 4637:War of the Spanish Succession 3872:was fought at the tip of the 3683:draconian reprisals. In 1690 3119:behind William's war policy. 2823:, the matter was referred to 2787:, excluding the free-city of 2260:War of the Spanish Succession 2216:Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor 7981:Cambridge Historical Journal 7937:The Course of French History 7733:Storrs, Christopher (1999). 7222:Bromley, J. S., ed. (1971). 4788: 4368:, in July 1689; followed by 3868:in the English Channel. The 3402:James' Catholic deputy, the 2855:Nine years of war: 1688–1697 2801:Wilhelm Egon von Fürstenberg 2351:, dealing respectively with 2290:, and his technical expert, 2241:Under the terms of the 1697 1023:Flanders and the Lower Rhine 689:François-Henri of Luxembourg 7: 7912:Stapleton, John. M (2003). 7876:Van Nimwegen, Olaf (2020). 7786:. London: Blandford Press. 7346:. Oxford University Press. 6364:Fleet strengths taken from 5893:Prud'homme van Reine (2009) 5869:Prud'homme van Reine (2009) 5650:, p. 42. The Bavarian 4485:; the small garrison under 4408:(who earlier on 11 May had 4380:was attacked; massacres at 4358:Louis de Buade de Frontenac 4225:Everhard van Weede Dijkvelt 4212:Jacobite assassination plot 4051:amphibious assault on Brest 3627:, defeated Humières at the 2998:Charles V, Duke of Lorraine 2990:unified imperial war effort 2759:Max Emanuel (1662–1726) by 2645:French East India Companies 2306: 2270:In the years following the 10: 8202: 7755:. Harper & Row, 1973. 7585:Eighteenth-Century Ireland 7432:. Leuven University Press. 7186: 6886:Satsuma, Shinsuke (2013). 4535: 4292: 4219:acting for Louis XIV, and 4029:on the banks of the river 3993:War and diplomacy: 1694–95 3568:, where the naval base of 3548: 3519:Trade with France Act 1688 3151: 3035: 3019: 2964:policy in the Palatinate, 2943:, reached an agreement in 2937:Ernest Augustus of Hanover 2481: 913:: 127,410 (annual average) 25: 18: 7782:Western, John R. (1972). 7751:Symcox, Geoffrey (ed.). 7688:, 2000, 115(462): 534–69. 5408:10.1163/15700658-bja10019 4821:War of the Grand Alliance 4086:Siege of Namur (1695) by 4025:'s Spanish forces at the 3342: 3210: 3202:Williamite War in Ireland 3154:Williamite War in Ireland 2509:lands and he assured the 2166:Williamite war in Ireland 1990: 1752: 1536: 1019: 971: 966: 877: 318: 211: 92: 56: 44: 39: 21:Nine Years' War (Ireland) 7428:Goorts, Roeland (2019). 6976:McKay & Scott (1983) 6916:McKay & Scott (1983) 6726:McKay & Scott (1983) 6323:McKay & Scott (1983) 5994:McKay & Scott (1983) 5818:McKay & Scott (1983) 5743:McKay & Scott (1983) 5704:McKay & Scott (1983) 5680:McKay & Scott (1983) 5648:McKay & Scott (1983) 5475:McKay & Scott (1983) 5465:, was James II's sister. 5363:McKay & Scott (1983) 5279:McKay & Scott (1983) 5240:McKay & Scott (1983) 5139:McKay & Scott (1983) 4528:and plundered the city. 4471:Abraham Duquesne-Guitton 4428:. They were repulsed in 4189:Road to Ryswick: 1696–97 2911:and, above all, the key 2860:Rhineland and the Empire 2565:Persecution of Huguenots 2347:and a superior court at 2286:, his foreign minister, 2197:anti-Protestant policies 599:Frederick of Brandenburg 8136:Wars involving Scotland 7990:(1970) pp. 223–67. 7718:. Thames & Hudson. 7714:Spielman, John (1977). 7545:. Thames & Hudson. 7494:Lovejoy, David (1987). 7479:. Infobase Publishing. 7456:Kohn, George C (2000). 7342:Doyle, William (2001). 7194:Aubrey, Philip (1979). 4712:. Its predecessor, the 4683:Bombardment of Brussels 4362:Dominion of New England 4145:; and in May 1697, the 4104:bombardment of Brussels 3924:in a contemporary print 3837:invested the stronghold 3794:Heavy fighting: 1692–93 3447:The Battle of the Boyne 3334:Jacobite rising of 1689 2747:in September 1686, and 2339:(technically, the only 2327:(1678) and the earlier 972:680,000 military deaths 84:Bombardment of Brussels 51:French–Habsburg rivalry 8166:William III of England 8126:Wars involving England 8106:17th-century conflicts 8101:17th century in France 8096:17th century in Europe 7857:Wolf, John B. (1968). 7814:Wolf, John B. (1962). 7801:Wilson, Peter (2016). 7659:Rodger, N.A.M (2004). 7543:Prince Eugene of Savoy 7437:Kinross, John (1998). 7270:. Spellmount Limited. 6110:British History Online 4916:Admiralty of Amsterdam 4741: 4686: 4661: 4598: 4547: 4466: 4453:Asia and the Caribbean 4304: 4243: 4206:, while a plan for an 4161: 4098:); the second was the 4091: 4010: 3957: 3925: 3864: 3826: 3783:Prince Eugene of Savoy 3765: 3727: 3659: 3599: 3590:Expanding war: 1690–91 3583:Christian V of Denmark 3513: 3493: 3383: 3166: 3129: 3072: 3033: 2929:Elector of Brandenburg 2869: 2841:investing Philippsburg 2764: 2723: 2653:Elector of Brandenburg 2623: 2578: 2478:Fighting on two fronts 2395: 2320: 761:Jacques Henri de Duras 749:Anne-Jules de Noailles 319:Commanders and leaders 8146:Wars involving Sweden 8131:Wars involving France 7620:Miller, John (1978). 7541:McKay, Derek (1977). 7513:Lynn, John A (1999). 7460:. Facts on File Inc. 7304:Childs, John (1991). 5125:Levy, Jack S (1983). 4736: 4681: 4655: 4648:Military developments 4593: 4545: 4460: 4310:long-running tensions 4302: 4238: 4217:François de Callières 4202:was prevented by the 4159: 4085: 4016:Duke of Holstein-Plön 4004: 3955: 3935:Prince Louis of Baden 3919: 3855: 3821: 3779:Marquis of Feuquières 3762: 3725: 3654: 3597: 3511: 3491: 3395:was accompanied by a 3381: 3161: 3124: 3113:Convention Parliament 3070: 3027: 2867: 2758: 2717: 2617: 2572: 2393: 2365:County of Montbéliard 2314: 2266:Background: 1678–1687 1432:Barfleur and La Hogue 967:Casualties and losses 773:François de Neufville 575:Maximilian of Bavaria 8141:Wars involving Spain 8116:Electoral Palatinate 7983:11#2 (1954): 168–82. 7939:. London: Routledge. 7861:. London: Gollancz. 7822:. Harper & Row. 7716:Leopold I of Austria 7370:Harris, Tim (2006). 5463:Mary, Princess Royal 5461:. William's mother, 4566:By the terms of the 4366:Dover, New Hampshire 4337:allies (notably the 4312:over control of the 4204:Bombardment of Givet 3754:Marquis of Gastañaga 3676:Duke of Villahermosa 3579:Charles XI of Sweden 3148:Ireland and Scotland 2919:failed to surrender 2673:Charles XI of Sweden 2629:Hudson's Bay Company 2470:and (significantly) 2369:Duchy of Württemberg 2325:Treaties of Nijmegen 2317:René-Antoine Houasse 1235:Sant Esteve d'en Bas 7899:Wijn, J.W. (1950). 7843:. London: Panther. 7409:Glete, Jan (2001). 7131:, pp. 219–221. 7068:, pp. 264–265. 7056:, pp. 372–373. 6954:, pp. 473–474. 6942:, pp. 252–253. 6864:, pp. 489–490. 6840:, pp. 227–228. 6788:, pp. 226–227. 6776:, pp. 215–218. 6467:, pp. 236–237. 6380:, pp. 118–121. 6217:, pp. 650–651. 5996:, pp. 138–140. 5694:, pp. 192–193. 5353:, pp. 167–169. 4629:Treaty of Karlowitz 4347:English West Indies 4208:invasion of England 4088:Jan van Huchtenburg 4027:Battle of Torroella 4023:Marquis of Escalona 3966:Battle of Marsaglia 3920:1693 detonation of 3874:Cherbourg peninsula 3808:Marquis de Pomponne 3804:Duc de Beauvilliers 3697:Battle of Staffarda 3604:Spanish Netherlands 3108:Glorious Revolution 3096:Philips van Almonde 3038:Glorious Revolution 3006:Marquis of Huxelles 2669:Elizabeth Charlotte 2547:War of the Reunions 2534:Charles II of Spain 2530:Spanish Netherlands 2497:borders, where the 2488:War of the Reunions 2381:Duchy of Luxembourg 2329:Peace of Westphalia 2256:Charles II of Spain 2224:Spanish Netherlands 2220:Glorious Revolution 2185:War of the Reunions 2176:Louis XIV of France 1984:Franco-Spanish wars 1572:Quebec and New York 1388:Cartagena de Indias 1334:Invasion of England 701:Sébastien de Vauban 647:Francisco de Agurto 563:Charles of Lorraine 471:Frederick Schomberg 452:Philips van Almonde 200:Spanish Netherlands 79:Battle of Marsaglia 8014:Symcox, Geoffrey. 7597:10.3828/eci.1998.8 7477:Dictionary of Wars 7441:. Windrush Press. 7264:Chandler, David G. 6707:, pp. 591–92. 6612:236: For Vauban's 6392:, pp. 574–75. 5718:, pp. 542–43. 5666:, p. 15. The 5025:Van Niwegen (2020) 4874:Treaty of Cherasco 4742: 4729:Naval developments 4687: 4662: 4613:King of the Romans 4599: 4548: 4467: 4447:the treaty of 1701 4426:St. Lawrence River 4410:seized the capital 4305: 4295:King William's War 4257:Treaty of Vigevano 4244: 4162: 4131:Marquis of Nesmond 4092: 4011: 3958: 3946:ensuing engagement 3926: 3865: 3857:Battle of La Hogue 3827: 3823:Menno van Coehoorn 3800:Marquis of Chamlay 3777:fell in June, the 3766: 3728: 3660: 3637:Marshal Luxembourg 3629:Battle of Walcourt 3600: 3514: 3499:Franco-Spanish War 3494: 3478:Treaty of Limerick 3470:Marquis de St Ruth 3404:Earl of Tyrconnell 3397:rising in Scotland 3384: 3167: 3089:Lieutenant-Admiral 3073: 3034: 3010:Menno van Coehoorn 2870: 2837:Mémoire de raisons 2813:Elector of Bavaria 2765: 2728:League of Augsburg 2724: 2624: 2579: 2396: 2383:. The fortress of 2341:Chamber of Reunion 2321: 2288:Colbert de Croissy 2172:in North America. 2170:King William's War 1215:Second Brotherhood 869:Earl of Tyrconnell 809:Marquis de St Ruth 797:Antoine de Caumont 416:Menno van Coehoorn 68:Battle of Barfleur 7997:pp. 381–409. 7951:Baxter, Stephen. 7891:978-90-446-3871-4 7793:978-0-7137-3280-1 7770:. Penguin, 2002. 7670:978-0-393-06050-8 7663:. Penguin Group. 7650:978-90-295-6696-4 7505:978-0-8195-6177-0 7381:978-0-7139-9759-0 7296:978-1-86227-195-1 7002:, pp. 80–81. 6666:Van Nimwegen 2020 6597:Van Nimwegen 2020 6465:Van Nimwegen 2020 6032:, pp. 27–28. 5984:, pp. 6–111. 5966:Van Nimwegen 2020 5942:Van Nimwegen 2020 5311:John Baptist Wolf 5309:, p. 18. To 5061:, pp. 88–89. 4896:Dutch States Navy 4845:Holy Roman Empire 4722:Battle of Fleurus 4627:– leading to the 4611:, had been named 4568:Treaty of Ryswick 4538:Treaty of Ryswick 4532:Treaty of Ryswick 4406:Sir William Phips 4200:counter-offensive 3922:Heidelberg castle 3861:Adriaen van Diest 3656:Battle of Fleurus 3641:Battle of Fleurus 3625:Prince of Waldeck 3544:Dutch States Army 3527:Anthonie Heinsius 3375: 3374: 3298: 3297: 3094:and Vice-Admiral 3045:his daughter Mary 2913:fortress of Mainz 2821:cathedral chapter 2807:, the brother of 2559:Truce of Ratisbon 2515:John III Sobieski 2484:Great Turkish War 2212:Holy Roman Empire 2201:William of Orange 2189:Truce of Ratisbon 2178:emerged from the 2139: 2138: 1950: 1949: 1744:Anglo-French Wars 1708: 1707: 1566:Hudson Bay (1697) 1546:Hudson Bay (1686) 1487: 1486: 976: 975: 833:Anne de Tourville 440:Cornelis Evertsen 380:Anthonie Heinsius 273:Holy Roman Empire 207: 206: 183:Holy Roman Empire 47:Anglo-French Wars 8193: 8121:Global conflicts 8018:guerre d'escadre 8000:Francke, Johan, 7975:Clark, George. " 7940: 7931: 7929: 7927: 7922:on 13 March 2022 7908: 7895: 7872: 7854: 7850:978-0-58603332-6 7833: 7821: 7810: 7809:: Belknap Press. 7797: 7748: 7729: 7710: 7706:978-0-14028984-8 7674: 7654: 7635: 7631:978-0-41365290-4 7616: 7581:Fiction Unmasked 7575: 7556: 7552:978-0-50087007-5 7537: 7528: 7509: 7490: 7486:978-0-81606578-3 7471: 7452: 7433: 7424: 7420:978-0-41522645-5 7404: 7400:978-0-58229084-6 7385: 7366: 7357: 7338: 7319: 7300: 7281: 7259: 7237: 7218: 7209: 7180: 7174: 7168: 7162: 7156: 7150: 7144: 7138: 7132: 7126: 7120: 7114: 7108: 7102: 7096: 7090: 7081: 7075: 7069: 7063: 7057: 7051: 7045: 7039: 7033: 7027: 7018: 7012: 7003: 6997: 6991: 6990:, p. 54–55. 6985: 6979: 6973: 6967: 6961: 6955: 6949: 6943: 6937: 6931: 6925: 6919: 6913: 6902: 6901: 6883: 6877: 6871: 6865: 6859: 6853: 6847: 6841: 6835: 6829: 6823: 6817: 6811: 6805: 6798: 6789: 6783: 6777: 6771: 6765: 6762: 6756: 6750: 6744: 6738: 6729: 6723: 6717: 6714: 6708: 6702: 6696: 6690: 6681: 6675: 6669: 6663: 6657: 6651: 6645: 6639: 6633: 6627: 6621: 6606: 6600: 6594: 6588: 6582: 6576: 6570: 6564: 6558: 6552: 6546: 6540: 6534: 6528: 6522: 6516: 6510: 6504: 6498: 6492: 6486: 6480: 6474: 6468: 6462: 6456: 6450: 6444: 6438: 6432: 6426: 6420: 6414: 6408: 6402: 6393: 6387: 6381: 6375: 6369: 6362: 6356: 6350: 6341: 6335: 6326: 6320: 6314: 6308: 6302: 6296: 6290: 6284: 6278: 6272: 6266: 6260: 6254: 6248: 6242: 6236: 6230: 6224: 6218: 6212: 6206: 6200: 6189: 6183: 6177: 6171: 6162: 6159: 6138: 6132: 6126: 6120: 6114: 6113: 6102: 6096: 6090: 6084: 6078: 6072: 6066: 6057: 6051: 6045: 6039: 6033: 6027: 6021: 6015: 6009: 6003: 5997: 5991: 5985: 5975: 5969: 5963: 5957: 5954:Stapleton (2003) 5951: 5945: 5939: 5933: 5926: 5920: 5919:, p. 21–22. 5914: 5908: 5902: 5896: 5890: 5884: 5878: 5872: 5866: 5857: 5851: 5845: 5839: 5833: 5827: 5821: 5815: 5809: 5803: 5797: 5791: 5785: 5779: 5773: 5767: 5761: 5755: 5746: 5740: 5734: 5728: 5719: 5713: 5707: 5701: 5695: 5689: 5683: 5677: 5671: 5661: 5655: 5645: 5639: 5633: 5624: 5618: 5612: 5606: 5600: 5593: 5587: 5580: 5574: 5568: 5562: 5556: 5550: 5544: 5538: 5532: 5526: 5520: 5514: 5508: 5502: 5496: 5490: 5484: 5478: 5472: 5466: 5448: 5442: 5436: 5427: 5426: 5424: 5422: 5387: 5381: 5375: 5366: 5360: 5354: 5348: 5342: 5336: 5330: 5324: 5318: 5304: 5298: 5292: 5286: 5276: 5267: 5261: 5255: 5249: 5243: 5237: 5231: 5225: 5219: 5213: 5207: 5201: 5195: 5189: 5183: 5177: 5171: 5165: 5159: 5153: 5142: 5136: 5130: 5123: 5117: 5111: 5105: 5104: 5092: 5086: 5080: 5074: 5071:Stapleton (2003) 5068: 5062: 5059:Stapleton (2003) 5056: 5050: 5044: 5035: 5034: 5022: 5016: 5010: 5004: 4998: 4981: 4948: 4936: 4933: 4927: 4924: 4918: 4892: 4886: 4883: 4877: 4869: 4863: 4841: 4835: 4817: 4811: 4808: 4802: 4799: 4617:August of Saxony 4554:at Ryswick near 4526:raided Cartagena 4430:Battle of Quebec 4420:), set sail for 4283:Marshal Choiseul 4151:seized Cartagena 4147:Baron of Pointis 4117:guerre de course 4112:guerre d'escadre 4096:Duke of Villeroi 4041:on 29 June, and 3987:Cape St. Vincent 3719:for the winter. 3664:Duke of Noailles 3645:Marshal de Lorge 3620:Marshal Humières 3466:Godert de Ginkel 3406:, had raised an 3337: 3335: 3325: 3318: 3311: 3302: 3301: 3275:Cork and Kinsale 3205: 3203: 3193: 3186: 3179: 3170: 3169: 3058:cordon sanitaire 2769:Maximilian Henry 2710:Prelude: 1687–88 2704:Pope Innocent XI 2657:Edict of Potsdam 2377:Three Bishoprics 2272:Franco-Dutch War 2243:Peace of Ryswick 2180:Franco-Dutch War 1985: 1977: 1970: 1963: 1954: 1953: 1747: 1745: 1735: 1728: 1721: 1712: 1711: 1531: 1524: 1514: 1507: 1500: 1491: 1490: 1307:Cork and Kinsale 1014: 1012: 1002: 995: 988: 979: 978: 958: 957: 956: 949:: 362,000 (peak) 948: 947: 932: 931: 922: 921: 912: 911: 902: 901: 893:: 102,000 (peak) 892: 891: 867: 866: 865: 855: 854: 853: 843: 842: 831: 830: 819: 818: 807: 806: 795: 794: 785:Louis de Bourbon 783: 782: 771: 770: 759: 758: 747: 746: 735: 734: 723: 722: 713:Duc de Boufflers 711: 710: 699: 698: 687: 686: 675: 674: 659:Carlos de Gurrea 657: 656: 645: 644: 633: 632: 621: 620: 609: 608: 597: 596: 585: 584: 573: 572: 561: 560: 549: 548: 537: 536: 525: 524: 513: 512: 501: 500: 489: 488: 479: 469: 468: 462: 461: 450: 449: 438: 437: 426: 425: 414: 413: 404:Godert de Ginkel 402: 401: 392:Georg of Waldeck 390: 389: 378: 377: 366: 365: 359: 358: 347: 346: 340: 339: 333: 332: 308: 307: 293: 292: 282: 281: 271: 269: 268: 262: 258: 256: 255: 248: 244: 242: 241: 231: 229: 228: 169:France restores 145:Peace of Ryswick 111: 109: 105: 94: 93: 61: 37: 36: 8201: 8200: 8196: 8195: 8194: 8192: 8191: 8190: 8041:Nine Years' War 8031: 8030: 8029: 7948: 7946:Further reading 7943: 7925: 7923: 7892: 7869: 7851: 7830: 7794: 7745: 7726: 7707: 7671: 7651: 7632: 7572: 7553: 7525: 7506: 7487: 7468: 7449: 7421: 7401: 7382: 7354: 7335: 7316: 7297: 7278: 7256: 7234: 7217:. Cambridge UP. 7206: 7189: 7184: 7183: 7175: 7171: 7163: 7159: 7151: 7147: 7139: 7135: 7127: 7123: 7115: 7111: 7103: 7099: 7091: 7084: 7078:Chandler (1990) 7076: 7072: 7064: 7060: 7052: 7048: 7040: 7036: 7028: 7021: 7015:Chandler (1990) 7013: 7006: 6998: 6994: 6986: 6982: 6974: 6970: 6962: 6958: 6950: 6946: 6938: 6934: 6926: 6922: 6914: 6905: 6898: 6884: 6880: 6872: 6868: 6860: 6856: 6848: 6844: 6836: 6832: 6824: 6820: 6812: 6808: 6799: 6792: 6784: 6780: 6772: 6768: 6763: 6759: 6751: 6747: 6739: 6732: 6724: 6720: 6715: 6711: 6703: 6699: 6691: 6684: 6676: 6672: 6664: 6660: 6652: 6648: 6640: 6636: 6628: 6624: 6607: 6603: 6595: 6591: 6583: 6579: 6571: 6567: 6559: 6555: 6547: 6543: 6535: 6531: 6523: 6519: 6511: 6507: 6499: 6495: 6487: 6483: 6475: 6471: 6463: 6459: 6453:Chandler (1990) 6451: 6447: 6439: 6435: 6427: 6423: 6415: 6411: 6403: 6396: 6388: 6384: 6376: 6372: 6363: 6359: 6351: 6344: 6336: 6329: 6321: 6317: 6309: 6305: 6297: 6293: 6285: 6281: 6273: 6269: 6261: 6257: 6249: 6245: 6237: 6233: 6227:Spielman (1977) 6225: 6221: 6213: 6209: 6201: 6192: 6184: 6180: 6172: 6165: 6161:Rowlands (2000) 6160: 6141: 6133: 6129: 6121: 6117: 6104: 6103: 6099: 6091: 6087: 6081:Spielman (1977) 6079: 6075: 6067: 6060: 6052: 6048: 6040: 6036: 6028: 6024: 6016: 6012: 6004: 6000: 5992: 5988: 5982:Magennis (1998) 5980:, p. 440; 5976: 5972: 5964: 5960: 5952: 5948: 5940: 5936: 5927: 5923: 5915: 5911: 5903: 5899: 5891: 5887: 5879: 5875: 5867: 5860: 5852: 5848: 5840: 5836: 5828: 5824: 5816: 5812: 5804: 5800: 5792: 5788: 5780: 5776: 5768: 5764: 5756: 5749: 5741: 5737: 5729: 5722: 5714: 5710: 5702: 5698: 5690: 5686: 5678: 5674: 5662: 5658: 5646: 5642: 5634: 5627: 5619: 5615: 5607: 5603: 5594: 5590: 5581: 5577: 5569: 5565: 5557: 5553: 5545: 5541: 5533: 5529: 5521: 5517: 5509: 5505: 5497: 5493: 5485: 5481: 5473: 5469: 5455:Henrietta Maria 5449: 5445: 5437: 5430: 5420: 5418: 5388: 5384: 5376: 5369: 5361: 5357: 5349: 5345: 5337: 5333: 5325: 5321: 5305: 5301: 5293: 5289: 5277: 5270: 5262: 5258: 5250: 5246: 5238: 5234: 5226: 5222: 5214: 5210: 5202: 5198: 5190: 5186: 5178: 5174: 5166: 5162: 5154: 5145: 5137: 5133: 5124: 5120: 5112: 5108: 5098: 5093: 5089: 5081: 5077: 5069: 5065: 5057: 5053: 5045: 5038: 5028: 5023: 5019: 5011: 5007: 4999: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4984: 4949: 4945: 4940: 4939: 4934: 4930: 4925: 4921: 4893: 4889: 4884: 4880: 4870: 4866: 4842: 4838: 4818: 4814: 4809: 4805: 4800: 4796: 4791: 4737:French warship 4731: 4650: 4645: 4625:Battle of Zenta 4621:Prince of Conti 4596:Barend Wijnveld 4540: 4534: 4517:Battle of Lagos 4487:François Martin 4455: 4297: 4291: 4249:Treaty of Turin 4196:monetary crisis 4191: 4171:Duke of Vendôme 4005:Bombardment of 3995: 3796: 3733:capture of Mons 3693:Nicolas Catinat 3592: 3553: 3486: 3455:English Channel 3439:Viscount Dundee 3376: 3371: 3338: 3333: 3331: 3329: 3299: 3294: 3206: 3201: 3199: 3197: 3156: 3150: 3102:on 5 November ( 3040: 3022: 2862: 2857: 2712: 2584:Edict of Nantes 2575:Godfrey Kneller 2567: 2490: 2482:Main articles: 2480: 2385:Luxembourg City 2309: 2268: 2148:was a European 2146:Nine Years' War 2142: 2141: 2140: 2135: 1986: 1983: 1981: 1951: 1946: 1748: 1743: 1741: 1739: 1709: 1704: 1556:2nd Fort Albany 1551:1st Fort Albany 1532: 1527: 1523:Nine Years' War 1522: 1520: 1518: 1488: 1483: 1015: 1011:Nine Years' War 1010: 1008: 1006: 962: 959:: 36,000–39,000 954: 952: 942: 936: 933:: 24,500 (peak) 926: 916: 906: 903:: 87,440 (peak) 896: 886: 873: 863: 861: 851: 849: 837: 825: 821:Duc de Humières 813: 801: 789: 777: 765: 753: 741: 737:Nicolas Catinat 729: 717: 705: 693: 681: 669: 663: 651: 639: 627: 615: 611:Eugene of Savoy 603: 591: 579: 567: 555: 543: 531: 519: 507: 495: 483: 475: 463: 456: 444: 432: 420: 408: 396: 384: 372: 360: 353: 341: 334: 327: 314: 302: 287: 286: 276: 275: 266: 264: 263: 253: 251: 249: 239: 237: 235: 226: 224: 223: 152: 136: 122:Mainland Europe 107: 103: 101: 88: 62: 40:Nine Years' War 31: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8199: 8189: 8188: 8183: 8178: 8173: 8168: 8163: 8158: 8153: 8148: 8143: 8138: 8133: 8128: 8123: 8118: 8113: 8108: 8103: 8098: 8093: 8091:1697 in Europe 8088: 8086:1696 in Europe 8083: 8081:1695 in Europe 8078: 8076:1694 in Europe 8073: 8071:1693 in Europe 8068: 8066:1692 in Europe 8063: 8061:1691 in Europe 8058: 8056:1690 in Europe 8053: 8051:1689 in Europe 8048: 8046:1688 in Europe 8043: 8028: 8027:External links 8025: 8024: 8023: 8012: 8007:Lynn, John A. 8005: 7998: 7991: 7984: 7973: 7966: 7958:Childs, John. 7956: 7955:. London, 1966 7947: 7944: 7942: 7941: 7932: 7909: 7896: 7890: 7873: 7867: 7849: 7834: 7828: 7811: 7798: 7792: 7779: 7766:Taylor, Alan. 7764: 7749: 7743: 7730: 7724: 7711: 7705: 7693:Simms, Brendan 7689: 7675: 7669: 7656: 7649: 7636: 7630: 7617: 7576: 7570: 7557: 7551: 7538: 7529: 7523: 7510: 7504: 7491: 7485: 7472: 7467:978-0816041572 7466: 7453: 7447: 7434: 7425: 7419: 7406: 7399: 7386: 7380: 7374:. Allen Lane. 7367: 7358: 7352: 7339: 7333: 7320: 7314: 7301: 7295: 7289:. Spellmount. 7282: 7276: 7260: 7254: 7238: 7232: 7219: 7210: 7204: 7190: 7188: 7185: 7182: 7181: 7169: 7167:, p. 103. 7157: 7145: 7143:, p. 222. 7133: 7121: 7119:, p. 790. 7117:Bromley (1971) 7109: 7097: 7095:, p. 747. 7093:Bromley (1971) 7082: 7070: 7058: 7046: 7034: 7019: 7017:, p. 235. 7004: 6992: 6980: 6968: 6966:, p. 594. 6956: 6952:Bromley (1971) 6944: 6932: 6930:, p. 205. 6920: 6903: 6897:978-1843838623 6896: 6878: 6876:, p. 262. 6866: 6862:Bromley (1971) 6854: 6852:, p. 488. 6850:Bromley (1971) 6842: 6830: 6828:, p. 315. 6826:Lovejoy (1987) 6818: 6816:, p. 218. 6814:Lovejoy (1987) 6806: 6790: 6778: 6774:Lovejoy (1987) 6766: 6757: 6745: 6743:, p. 261. 6730: 6718: 6709: 6697: 6695:, p. 591. 6682: 6680:, p. 310. 6670: 6668:, p. 251. 6658: 6646: 6644:, p. 589. 6634: 6632:, p. 102. 6622: 6601: 6599:, p. 250. 6589: 6587:, p. 202. 6577: 6575:, p. 246. 6565: 6563:, p. 197. 6553: 6551:, p. 242. 6541: 6539:, p. 248. 6529: 6527:, p. 581. 6517: 6515:, p. 241. 6505: 6493: 6491:, p. 239. 6481: 6479:, p. 236. 6469: 6457: 6445: 6443:, p. 184. 6433: 6431:, p. 233. 6421: 6419:, p. 228. 6409: 6407:, p. 245. 6394: 6382: 6370: 6357: 6355:, p. 227. 6342: 6340:, p. 573. 6327: 6315: 6313:, p. 568. 6303: 6301:, p. 353. 6299:Bromley (1971) 6291: 6289:, p. 564. 6279: 6277:, p. 218. 6267: 6265:, p. 213. 6255: 6253:, p. 188. 6243: 6241:, p. 187. 6231: 6229:, p. 149. 6219: 6215:Bromley (1971) 6207: 6190: 6188:, p. 230. 6178: 6163: 6139: 6137:, p. 240. 6127: 6115: 6097: 6085: 6083:, p. 147. 6073: 6058: 6054:Kinross (1998) 6046: 6044:, p. 215. 6034: 6030:Kinross (1998) 6022: 6020:, p. 405. 6010: 6008:, p. 203. 5998: 5986: 5970: 5968:, p. 191. 5958: 5946: 5944:, p. 190. 5934: 5932:(1980) p. 157. 5921: 5909: 5907:, p. 193. 5897: 5895:, p. 288. 5885: 5883:, p. 260. 5881:Western (1972) 5873: 5871:, p. 289. 5858: 5856:, p. 137. 5846: 5834: 5832:, p. 200. 5830:Bromley (1971) 5822: 5810: 5808:, p. 202. 5798: 5796:, p. 201. 5786: 5784:, p. 172. 5774: 5772:, p. 198. 5762: 5747: 5735: 5733:, p. 194. 5720: 5708: 5696: 5684: 5672: 5656: 5640: 5638:, p. 192. 5625: 5623:, p. 529. 5613: 5601: 5595:Lord Kinross, 5588: 5582:Lord Kinross, 5575: 5573:, p. 191. 5563: 5551: 5539: 5537:, p. 530. 5527: 5515: 5503: 5491: 5489:, p. 145. 5479: 5467: 5443: 5428: 5402:(4): 300–318. 5382: 5367: 5355: 5343: 5331: 5329:, p. 513. 5319: 5299: 5287: 5268: 5256: 5244: 5232: 5230:, p. 164. 5220: 5218:, p. 163. 5208: 5196: 5194:, p. 182. 5184: 5172: 5170:, p. 161. 5160: 5143: 5131: 5118: 5106: 5097:, p. 190. 5087: 5085:, p. 167. 5075: 5063: 5051: 5049:, p. 461. 5036: 5017: 5015:, p. 136. 5005: 5003:, p. 156. 4992: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4983: 4982: 4942: 4941: 4938: 4937: 4928: 4919: 4887: 4878: 4864: 4849:Dutch Republic 4836: 4819:Also known as 4812: 4803: 4793: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4770:line of battle 4730: 4727: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4536:Main article: 4533: 4530: 4461:The Battle of 4454: 4451: 4293:Main article: 4290: 4287: 4190: 4187: 4183:Count of Tessé 4019:recaptured Huy 3994: 3991: 3795: 3792: 3787:Siege of Cuneo 3703:, followed by 3668:peasant rising 3616:Piedmont-Savoy 3591: 3588: 3558:Duke of Mantua 3529:and Treasurer 3523:Grand Alliance 3485: 3482: 3393:war in Ireland 3373: 3372: 3370: 3369: 3364: 3359: 3354: 3349: 3343: 3340: 3339: 3328: 3327: 3320: 3313: 3305: 3296: 3295: 3293: 3292: 3287: 3282: 3277: 3272: 3267: 3262: 3257: 3252: 3247: 3242: 3240:Carrickfergus 3237: 3232: 3227: 3222: 3217: 3211: 3208: 3207: 3196: 3195: 3188: 3181: 3173: 3152:Main article: 3149: 3146: 3085:Arthur Herbert 3077:Spanish Armada 3062:States General 3036:Main article: 3030:Spanish Armada 3021: 3018: 2974:Count of Tessé 2962:scorched earth 2901:Kaiserslautern 2861: 2858: 2856: 2853: 2805:Joseph Clement 2720:Pierre Mignard 2711: 2708: 2692:Duchy of Savoy 2566: 2563: 2503:Central Europe 2479: 2476: 2424:Duchy of Milan 2412:Duke of Mantua 2308: 2305: 2267: 2264: 2232:Duchy of Savoy 2158:Grand Alliance 2137: 2136: 2134: 2133: 2128: 2127: 2126: 2121: 2116: 2109:Coalition Wars 2106: 2101: 2096: 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Alliance 214: 213: 209: 208: 205: 204: 203: 202: 196:Dutch Republic 193: 167: 166:back to Spain. 154: 148: 147: 142: 138: 137: 120: 118: 114: 113: 98: 90: 89: 87: 86: 81: 76: 74:Siege of Namur 71: 64: 63:Left to right: 54: 53: 42: 41: 35: 34: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8198: 8187: 8184: 8182: 8179: 8177: 8174: 8172: 8169: 8167: 8164: 8162: 8159: 8157: 8154: 8152: 8149: 8147: 8144: 8142: 8139: 8137: 8134: 8132: 8129: 8127: 8124: 8122: 8119: 8117: 8114: 8112: 8109: 8107: 8104: 8102: 8099: 8097: 8094: 8092: 8089: 8087: 8084: 8082: 8079: 8077: 8074: 8072: 8069: 8067: 8064: 8062: 8059: 8057: 8054: 8052: 8049: 8047: 8044: 8042: 8039: 8038: 8036: 8021: 8017: 8013: 8010: 8006: 8003: 7999: 7996: 7992: 7989: 7985: 7982: 7978: 7974: 7971: 7967: 7965: 7964:online review 7961: 7957: 7954: 7950: 7949: 7938: 7933: 7921: 7917: 7916: 7910: 7906: 7902: 7897: 7893: 7887: 7883: 7879: 7874: 7870: 7864: 7860: 7852: 7846: 7842: 7841: 7835: 7831: 7825: 7820: 7819: 7812: 7808: 7805:. Cambridge, 7804: 7799: 7795: 7789: 7785: 7780: 7777: 7773: 7769: 7765: 7762: 7758: 7754: 7750: 7746: 7740: 7736: 7731: 7727: 7721: 7717: 7712: 7708: 7702: 7698: 7694: 7690: 7687: 7683: 7679: 7678:Rowlands, Guy 7676: 7672: 7666: 7662: 7657: 7652: 7646: 7642: 7637: 7633: 7627: 7623: 7618: 7614: 7610: 7606: 7602: 7598: 7594: 7590: 7586: 7582: 7577: 7573: 7567: 7563: 7558: 7554: 7548: 7544: 7539: 7535: 7530: 7526: 7520: 7516: 7511: 7507: 7501: 7497: 7492: 7488: 7482: 7478: 7473: 7469: 7463: 7459: 7454: 7450: 7444: 7440: 7435: 7431: 7426: 7422: 7416: 7413:. Routledge. 7412: 7407: 7402: 7396: 7393:. Routledge. 7392: 7387: 7383: 7377: 7373: 7368: 7364: 7359: 7355: 7349: 7345: 7340: 7336: 7330: 7326: 7321: 7317: 7311: 7307: 7302: 7298: 7292: 7288: 7283: 7279: 7273: 7269: 7265: 7261: 7257: 7251: 7247: 7243: 7242:Clark, George 7239: 7235: 7229: 7225: 7220: 7216: 7211: 7207: 7201: 7197: 7192: 7191: 7179:, p. 97. 7178: 7173: 7166: 7161: 7155:, p. 93. 7154: 7149: 7142: 7141:Rodger (2004) 7137: 7130: 7129:Rodger (2004) 7125: 7118: 7113: 7106: 7105:Childs (2003) 7101: 7094: 7089: 7087: 7080:, p. 78. 7079: 7074: 7067: 7062: 7055: 7050: 7044:, p. 44. 7043: 7038: 7031: 7030:Childs (1991) 7026: 7024: 7016: 7011: 7009: 7001: 6996: 6989: 6984: 6978:, p. 53. 6977: 6972: 6965: 6960: 6953: 6948: 6941: 6936: 6929: 6928:Childs (2003) 6924: 6918:, p. 52. 6917: 6912: 6910: 6908: 6899: 6893: 6889: 6882: 6875: 6870: 6863: 6858: 6851: 6846: 6839: 6834: 6827: 6822: 6815: 6810: 6803: 6797: 6795: 6787: 6782: 6775: 6770: 6761: 6755:, p. 37. 6754: 6749: 6742: 6737: 6735: 6728:, p. 51. 6727: 6722: 6713: 6706: 6701: 6694: 6689: 6687: 6679: 6674: 6667: 6662: 6655: 6654:Childs (2003) 6650: 6643: 6638: 6631: 6626: 6619: 6615: 6611: 6605: 6598: 6593: 6586: 6585:Childs (2003) 6581: 6574: 6569: 6562: 6561:Childs (2003) 6557: 6550: 6545: 6538: 6533: 6526: 6521: 6514: 6509: 6502: 6501:Rodger (2004) 6497: 6490: 6485: 6478: 6473: 6466: 6461: 6455:, p. 53. 6454: 6449: 6442: 6437: 6430: 6425: 6418: 6413: 6406: 6401: 6399: 6391: 6386: 6379: 6378:Aubrey (1979) 6374: 6367: 6366:Aubrey (1979) 6361: 6354: 6349: 6347: 6339: 6334: 6332: 6325:, p. 50. 6324: 6319: 6312: 6307: 6300: 6295: 6288: 6283: 6276: 6271: 6264: 6259: 6252: 6251:Childs (2003) 6247: 6240: 6239:Childs (2003) 6235: 6228: 6223: 6216: 6211: 6205:, p. 47. 6204: 6199: 6197: 6195: 6187: 6182: 6176:, p. 24. 6175: 6174:Childs (1991) 6170: 6168: 6158: 6156: 6154: 6152: 6150: 6148: 6146: 6144: 6136: 6131: 6125:, p. 25. 6124: 6123:Childs (1991) 6119: 6111: 6107: 6101: 6095:, p. 27. 6094: 6093:Childs (1991) 6089: 6082: 6077: 6071:, p. 43. 6070: 6065: 6063: 6056:, p. 98. 6055: 6050: 6043: 6038: 6031: 6026: 6019: 6018:Harris (2006) 6014: 6007: 6002: 5995: 5990: 5983: 5979: 5978:Harris (2006) 5974: 5967: 5962: 5956:, p. 21. 5955: 5950: 5943: 5938: 5931: 5928:J. R. Jones, 5925: 5918: 5917:Childs (1991) 5913: 5906: 5901: 5894: 5889: 5882: 5877: 5870: 5865: 5863: 5855: 5854:Rodger (2004) 5850: 5843: 5842:Childs (1991) 5838: 5831: 5826: 5820:, p. 44. 5819: 5814: 5807: 5802: 5795: 5790: 5783: 5782:Wilson (2016) 5778: 5771: 5766: 5760:, p. 17. 5759: 5758:Childs (1991) 5754: 5752: 5745:, p. 43. 5744: 5739: 5732: 5727: 5725: 5717: 5712: 5706:, p. 42. 5705: 5700: 5693: 5688: 5682:, p. 41. 5681: 5676: 5669: 5665: 5664:Childs (1991) 5660: 5653: 5649: 5644: 5637: 5632: 5630: 5622: 5617: 5611:, p. 15. 5610: 5609:Childs (1991) 5605: 5598: 5592: 5585: 5579: 5572: 5567: 5561:, p. 35. 5560: 5555: 5549:, p. 52. 5548: 5543: 5536: 5531: 5525:, p. 13. 5524: 5523:Childs (1991) 5519: 5513:, p. 38. 5512: 5507: 5501:, p. 34. 5500: 5495: 5488: 5487:Miller (1978) 5483: 5477:, p. 40. 5476: 5471: 5464: 5460: 5456: 5452: 5451:Miller (1978) 5447: 5441:, p. 36. 5440: 5435: 5433: 5417: 5413: 5409: 5405: 5401: 5397: 5393: 5386: 5380:, p. 35. 5379: 5374: 5372: 5365:, p. 39. 5364: 5359: 5352: 5347: 5341:, p. 24. 5340: 5335: 5328: 5323: 5316: 5312: 5308: 5303: 5297:, p. 20. 5296: 5291: 5284: 5280: 5275: 5273: 5266:, p. 19. 5265: 5260: 5254:, p. 38. 5253: 5248: 5242:, p. 37. 5241: 5236: 5229: 5224: 5217: 5212: 5206:, p. 11. 5205: 5204:Childs (1991) 5200: 5193: 5188: 5181: 5176: 5169: 5164: 5158:, p. 37. 5157: 5152: 5150: 5148: 5141:, p. 36. 5140: 5135: 5128: 5122: 5116:, p. 35. 5115: 5114:Chandler 2003 5110: 5102: 5096: 5095:Bartlett 1997 5091: 5084: 5079: 5073:, p. 99. 5072: 5067: 5060: 5055: 5048: 5047:Wilson (2016) 5043: 5041: 5032: 5027:, p. 59. 5026: 5021: 5014: 5013:Goorts (2019) 5009: 5002: 4997: 4993: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4964: 4960: 4956: 4952: 4947: 4943: 4932: 4923: 4917: 4913: 4912:landing craft 4909: 4905: 4901: 4897: 4891: 4882: 4875: 4868: 4862: 4858: 4854: 4850: 4846: 4840: 4834: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4816: 4807: 4798: 4794: 4786: 4782: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4766: 4764: 4760: 4756: 4755: 4750: 4749: 4740: 4735: 4726: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4703: 4700: 4695: 4693: 4684: 4680: 4676: 4673: 4668: 4659: 4654: 4640: 4638: 4632: 4630: 4626: 4622: 4618: 4614: 4610: 4605: 4597: 4592: 4588: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4569: 4564: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4544: 4539: 4529: 4527: 4522: 4518: 4513: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4490: 4488: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4472: 4464: 4459: 4450: 4448: 4444: 4439: 4433: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4402:Massachusetts 4399: 4395: 4394:French Canada 4391: 4387: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4350: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4301: 4296: 4286: 4284: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4261: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4242: 4237: 4233: 4231: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4186: 4184: 4180: 4175: 4172: 4168: 4158: 4154: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4118: 4113: 4107: 4105: 4101: 4100:loss of Namur 4097: 4089: 4084: 4080: 4078: 4077: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4017: 4008: 4003: 3999: 3990: 3988: 3984: 3983:Smyrna convoy 3980: 3976: 3972: 3967: 3963: 3954: 3950: 3947: 3943: 3938: 3936: 3932: 3923: 3918: 3914: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3898: 3896: 3895:Pontchartrain 3891: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3848: 3843: 3838: 3833: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3814: 3813:religious war 3809: 3805: 3801: 3791: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3771: 3761: 3757: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3738: 3734: 3724: 3720: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3596: 3587: 3584: 3580: 3574: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3552: 3547: 3545: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3510: 3506: 3504: 3500: 3490: 3481: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3458: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3435:Killiecrankie 3431: 3429: 3425: 3424:Belfast Lough 3421: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3400: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3380: 3368: 3365: 3363: 3360: 3358: 3355: 3353: 3352:Killiecrankie 3350: 3348: 3345: 3344: 3341: 3336: 3326: 3321: 3319: 3314: 3312: 3307: 3306: 3303: 3291: 3288: 3286: 3283: 3281: 3278: 3276: 3273: 3271: 3268: 3266: 3263: 3261: 3258: 3256: 3253: 3251: 3248: 3246: 3243: 3241: 3238: 3236: 3235:Newtownbutler 3233: 3231: 3228: 3226: 3223: 3221: 3218: 3216: 3213: 3212: 3209: 3204: 3194: 3189: 3187: 3182: 3180: 3175: 3174: 3171: 3164: 3160: 3155: 3145: 3143: 3138: 3134: 3128: 3123: 3120: 3118: 3114: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3069: 3065: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3046: 3039: 3031: 3026: 3017: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2982: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2924: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2873:Marshal Duras 2866: 2852: 2850: 2844: 2842: 2838: 2833: 2828: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2762: 2761:Joseph Vivien 2757: 2753: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2733: 2729: 2721: 2716: 2707: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2686:districts of 2685: 2680: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2648: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2621: 2616: 2612: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2576: 2571: 2562: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2543: 2540: 2535: 2531: 2526: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2499:Ottoman Turks 2496: 2489: 2485: 2475: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2427: 2425: 2421: 2420:Duke of Savoy 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2392: 2388: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2357:Franche-Comté 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2318: 2313: 2304: 2302: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2280: 2277: 2273: 2263: 2261: 2257: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2239: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2204: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2132: 2129: 2125: 2122: 2120: 2117: 2115: 2112: 2111: 2110: 2107: 2105: 2102: 2100: 2097: 2095: 2092: 2090: 2087: 2085: 2082: 2078: 2075: 2073: 2070: 2068: 2065: 2064: 2063: 2060: 2058: 2055: 2053: 2050: 2048: 2045: 2043: 2040: 2036: 2033: 2031: 2028: 2026: 2023: 2021: 2018: 2016: 2013: 2011: 2008: 2006: 2003: 2001: 1998: 1997: 1996: 1993: 1992: 1989: 1978: 1973: 1971: 1966: 1964: 1959: 1958: 1955: 1941: 1938: 1936: 1933: 1931: 1928: 1926: 1923: 1921: 1918: 1916: 1913: 1911: 1908: 1906: 1903: 1901: 1898: 1897: 1896: 1893: 1891: 1888: 1886: 1883: 1881: 1878: 1876: 1873: 1871: 1868: 1866: 1863: 1861: 1858: 1856: 1853: 1851: 1848: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1830: 1828: 1825: 1823: 1820: 1818: 1815: 1813: 1810: 1808: 1805: 1803: 1800: 1798: 1795: 1793: 1790: 1788: 1785: 1783: 1780: 1778: 1775: 1773: 1770: 1768: 1765: 1763: 1760: 1758: 1755: 1754: 1751: 1746: 1736: 1731: 1729: 1724: 1722: 1717: 1716: 1713: 1701: 1698: 1696: 1693: 1691: 1690:Fort Nashwaak 1688: 1686: 1683: 1681: 1678: 1676: 1673: 1671: 1668: 1666: 1663: 1661: 1658: 1656: 1653: 1651: 1648: 1646: 1643: 1641: 1638: 1636: 1633: 1631: 1628: 1626: 1623: 1621: 1618: 1616: 1613: 1612: 1608: 1607: 1604: 1601: 1599: 1598:Mohawk Valley 1596: 1594: 1591: 1589: 1586: 1584: 1581: 1579: 1576: 1575: 1571: 1570: 1567: 1564: 1562: 1559: 1557: 1554: 1552: 1549: 1547: 1544: 1543: 1539: 1538: 1535: 1530: 1529:North America 1525: 1515: 1510: 1508: 1503: 1501: 1496: 1495: 1492: 1480: 1477: 1475: 1472: 1470: 1467: 1465: 1462: 1460: 1457: 1455: 1452: 1448: 1445: 1443: 1440: 1438: 1435: 1434: 1433: 1430: 1428: 1425: 1423: 1420: 1418: 1415: 1414: 1411:Naval battles 1410: 1409: 1406: 1403: 1402: 1398: 1397: 1394: 1391: 1389: 1386: 1384: 1381: 1379: 1376: 1375: 1371: 1370: 1367: 1364: 1362: 1359: 1357: 1356:Killiecrankie 1354: 1352: 1349: 1345: 1342: 1340: 1337: 1336: 1335: 1332: 1331: 1328:Great Britain 1327: 1326: 1323: 1320: 1318: 1315: 1313: 1310: 1308: 1305: 1303: 1300: 1298: 1295: 1293: 1290: 1288: 1285: 1283: 1280: 1278: 1275: 1273: 1272:Carrickfergus 1270: 1268: 1267:Newtownbutler 1265: 1263: 1260: 1258: 1255: 1253: 1250: 1249: 1245: 1244: 1241: 1238: 1236: 1233: 1231: 1228: 1226: 1223: 1221: 1218: 1216: 1213: 1211: 1208: 1207: 1203: 1202: 1199: 1196: 1194: 1191: 1189: 1186: 1184: 1181: 1179: 1176: 1174: 1171: 1169: 1166: 1165: 1161: 1160: 1157: 1154: 1152: 1149: 1147: 1144: 1142: 1139: 1138: 1134: 1133: 1130: 1127: 1125: 1122: 1120: 1117: 1115: 1114:2nd Diksmuide 1112: 1110: 1107: 1105: 1102: 1100: 1097: 1095: 1092: 1090: 1089:1st Diksmuide 1087: 1085: 1082: 1080: 1077: 1075: 1072: 1070: 1067: 1065: 1062: 1060: 1057: 1055: 1052: 1050: 1047: 1045: 1042: 1040: 1037: 1035: 1032: 1030: 1027: 1026: 1022: 1021: 1018: 1013: 1003: 998: 996: 991: 989: 984: 983: 980: 970: 965: 951: 946: 941: 940: 938: 930: 925: 920: 915: 910: 905: 900: 895: 890: 885: 884: 882: 881: 876: 870: 860: 858: 848: 846: 841: 836: 834: 829: 824: 822: 817: 812: 810: 805: 800: 798: 793: 788: 786: 781: 776: 774: 769: 764: 762: 757: 752: 750: 745: 740: 738: 733: 728: 726: 725:Guy de Lorges 721: 716: 714: 709: 704: 702: 697: 692: 690: 685: 680: 678: 673: 668: 667: 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Moreover, 4306: 4262: 4245: 4229: 4221:Jacob Boreel 4192: 4176: 4163: 4115: 4111: 4108: 4093: 4074: 4037:on 10 June, 4012: 3996: 3959: 3939: 3927: 3899: 3866: 3859:, (1692) by 3828: 3797: 3770:Villefranche 3767: 3729: 3661: 3601: 3575: 3554: 3515: 3495: 3459: 3432: 3401: 3385: 3290:2nd Limerick 3270:1st Limerick 3142:platoon fire 3130: 3125: 3121: 3074: 3057: 3041: 2994:Black Forest 2983: 2957: 2925: 2871: 2849:Imre Thököly 2845: 2836: 2829: 2785:Kaiserswerth 2766: 2725: 2681: 2649: 2625: 2580: 2544: 2527: 2519:Transylvania 2491: 2428: 2404:Philippsburg 2397: 2322: 2281: 2269: 2240: 2205: 2174: 2145: 2143: 2098: 1995:Italian Wars 1899: 1695:Newfoundland 1680:2nd Pemaquid 1675:2nd St. John 1665:Oyster River 1645:1st St. John 1625:Salmon Falls 1620:1st Pemaquid 1561:York Factory 1521: 1322:2nd Limerick 1302:1st Limerick 1141:Philippsburg 1029:Kaiserswerth 1009: 857:James II/VII 527:George Rooke 476: 217: 212:Belligerents 191:Duke Leopold 45:Part of the 32: 28:Zenkunen War 7699:. Penguin. 7564:. Longman. 7517:. Longman. 7327:. Cassell. 7177:Lynn (1999) 7165:Lynn (1999) 7153:Lynn (1999) 7066:Lynn (1999) 7054:Lynn (1999) 7042:Wolf (1962) 7000:Lynn (1999) 6988:Lynn (1999) 6964:Wolf (1970) 6874:Lynn (1999) 6741:Lynn (1999) 6705:Wolf (1970) 6693:Wolf (1970) 6678:Childs 1991 6642:Wolf (1970) 6630:Lynn (1999) 6573:Lynn (1999) 6549:Lynn (1999) 6525:Wolf (1970) 6513:Lynn (1999) 6489:Lynn (1999) 6477:Lynn (1999) 6429:Lynn (1999) 6417:Lynn (1999) 6390:Wolf (1970) 6353:Lynn (1999) 6338:Wolf (1970) 6311:Wolf (1970) 6287:Wolf (1970) 6275:Lynn (1999) 6263:Lynn (1999) 6203:Wolf (1962) 6069:Wolf (1962) 6042:Lynn (1999) 6006:Lynn (1999) 5905:Lynn (1999) 5806:Lynn (1999) 5794:Lynn (1999) 5770:Lynn (1999) 5731:Lynn (1999) 5716:Wolf (1970) 5692:Lynn (1999) 5636:Lynn (1999) 5621:Wolf (1970) 5571:Lynn (1999) 5547:Wolf (1970) 5535:Wolf (1970) 5511:Wolf (1962) 5439:Wolf (1962) 5378:Wolf (1962) 5351:Lynn (1999) 5339:Wolf (1962) 5327:Wolf (1970) 5307:Wolf (1962) 5295:Wolf (1962) 5264:Wolf (1962) 5252:Lynn (1999) 5228:Lynn (1999) 5216:Lynn (1999) 5180:Wolf (1970) 5168:Lynn (1999) 5156:Lynn (1999) 5083:Lynn (2020) 4754:Royal Louis 4498:Saint Kitts 4374:Schenectady 4322:Mississippi 4143:Dogger Bank 3451:Beachy Head 3391:", and the 3280:2nd Athlone 3260:1st Athlone 2970:Württemberg 2885:Frankenthal 2809:Max Emanuel 2732:Holy League 2661:Brandenburg 2633:New England 2432:stadtholder 2274:(1672–78), 2162:West Africa 2150:great power 1583:Schenectady 1479:Dogger Bank 1422:Beachy Head 1393:3rd Guárico 1383:2nd Guárico 1378:1st Guárico 1312:2nd Athlone 1292:1st Athlone 1151:Frankenthal 1135:Upper Rhine 1064:Steenkerque 151:Territorial 134:West Africa 8035:Categories 7926:21 January 6620:see Symcox 5459:Louis XIII 5421:4 November 4988:References 4979:Luxembourg 4975:Oudenaarde 4971:Nieuwpoort 4759:Royal Navy 4706:matchlocks 4667:fortresses 4521:privateers 4510:Hispaniola 4506:Martinique 4479:Pondichéry 4418:Port Royal 4412:of French 4339:Algonquins 4331:New France 4326:Hudson Bay 4181:, and the 4123:privateers 4059:Saint-Malo 3931:Heidelberg 3870:engagement 3775:Carmagnola 3705:Savigliano 3689:Montmélian 3685:Saint-Ruth 3680:Roussillon 3549:See also: 3422:landed in 3387:known as " 3230:Bantry Bay 3117:Parliament 3081:transports 2953:Franconian 2905:Heidelberg 2665:Palatinate 2637:New France 2600:Versailles 2588:Protestant 2373:Strasbourg 2333:parlements 2193:Protestant 1640:Chedabucto 1630:Port Royal 1593:La Prairie 1540:Hudson Bay 1417:Bantry Bay 1405:Pondichéry 1210:Barretinas 1124:2nd Deinze 1104:1st Deinze 1069:Dottignies 635:Charles II 160:Luxembourg 108:1697-09-20 104:1688-09-27 70:(La Hogue) 7859:Louis XIV 7840:Louis XIV 7613:256129781 7591:: 6–111. 6753:Wijn 1950 5599:, p. 350. 5416:238652614 5283:Pomerania 4963:Charleroi 4904:fireships 4902:and nine 4789:Footnotes 4774:fireships 4699:flintlock 4692:attrition 4556:The Hague 4494:Caribbean 4386:Casco Bay 4314:fur trade 4139:North Sea 4135:Jean Bart 4076:miquelets 4043:Hostalric 3911:Ebernburg 3890:fireships 3847:See below 3842:Steenkirk 3672:Camprodon 3612:Catalonia 3608:Rhineland 3535:Königsegg 3531:Jacob Hop 3503:his son's 3443:Highlands 3420:Schomberg 3389:Jacobites 3347:Loup Hill 3265:Waterford 3002:Frankfurt 2945:Magdeburg 2921:Boufflers 2889:Oppenheim 2781:Rheinberg 2677:Pomerania 2620:Frederick 2608:The Hague 2596:brutality 2592:Huguenots 2495:Hungarian 2444:Amsterdam 2436:Leopold I 2276:Louis XIV 2262:in 1701. 2236:Catalonia 2228:Rhineland 2119:1808–1814 2114:1793–1795 2104:1718–1720 2099:1688–1697 2094:1683–1684 2089:1673–1678 2084:1667–1668 2077:1648–1653 2072:1641–1659 2067:1640–1659 2062:1635–1659 2057:1628–1631 2047:1595–1598 2042:1580–1583 2035:1551–1559 2030:1542–1544 2025:1536–1538 2020:1526–1529 2015:1521–1526 2010:1512–1516 2005:1502–1504 2000:1495–1498 1935:1803–1814 1930:1793–1802 1925:1778–1783 1920:1754–1763 1915:1746–1763 1910:1744–1748 1905:1702–1713 1900:1689–1697 1895:1689–1815 1885:1666–1667 1880:1627–1629 1875:1562–1563 1870:1557–1559 1865:1542–1546 1860:1522–1526 1855:1512–1514 1850:1496–1498 1844:1415–1453 1840:1369–1389 1836:1337–1360 1832:1337–1453 1822:1294–1303 1817:1242–1243 1802:1215–1217 1797:1213–1214 1792:1202–1204 1787:1199–1200 1782:1197–1199 1777:1193–1196 1767:1173–1174 1762:1116–1120 1757:1109–1113 1700:Haverhill 1685:Chignecto 1660:Placentia 1442:Cherbourg 1372:Caribbean 1351:Loup Hill 1339:Wincanton 1297:Waterford 1240:Barcelona 1225:Torroella 1204:Catalonia 1193:Marsaglia 1168:Staffarda 1099:2nd Namur 1084:Charleroi 1059:1st Namur 845:Jean Bart 677:Louis XIV 551:Leopold I 112:(8 years) 7695:(2008). 7605:30064327 7266:(1990). 6800:Taylor: 6608:Symcox: 4959:Kortrijk 4900:galliots 4751:and the 4658:citadels 4572:Freiburg 4424:via the 4398:Montreal 4378:New York 4370:Pemaquid 4343:Abenakis 4318:Iroquois 4278:invested 4179:Gropello 4063:Le Havre 4047:Berkeley 3806:and the 3566:Provence 3562:Dauphiné 3539:Stratman 3462:Limerick 3362:Cromdale 3163:Jacobite 3032:of 1588. 2978:Montclar 2915:. After 2881:Mannheim 2832:Belgrade 2737:Ottomans 2700:Augsburg 2688:Piedmont 2631:and the 2604:James II 2551:Courtrai 2507:Habsburg 2448:burghers 2440:Catholic 2416:Pinerolo 2353:Lorraine 2349:Breisach 2345:Besançon 2307:Reunions 2301:Reunions 2251:Lorraine 2156:and the 1635:Falmouth 1447:La Hogue 1437:Barfleur 1427:Alicante 1366:Cromdale 1188:Pinerolo 1162:Piedmont 1146:Mannheim 1109:Brussels 1034:Walcourt 923:: 50,000 878:Strength 260:Scotland 187:Lorraine 175:Breisach 171:Freiburg 164:Kortrijk 130:Scotland 117:Location 106: – 49:and the 8020:to the 7187:Sources 6804:p. 290. 4853:England 4710:bayonet 4604:Hanover 4502:Jamaica 4266:Ryswick 4241:Ryswick 4127:Dunkirk 4035:Palamós 3975:Bellver 3886:Almonde 3884:'s and 3878:Russell 3709:Fossano 3701:Saluzzo 3633:Moselle 3474:Aughrim 3428:Dundalk 3367:Glencoe 3357:Dunkeld 3285:Aughrim 3220:Dromore 3020:Britain 2949:Swabian 2917:Coblenz 2877:Dauphin 2819:of the 2789:Cologne 2773:Cologne 2696:Vaudois 2690:in the 2641:English 2555:Dixmude 2468:Bavaria 2460:Cologne 2284:Louvois 1578:Lachine 1474:Dunkirk 1459:Camaret 1361:Dunkeld 1344:Reading 1317:Aughrim 1257:Dromore 1246:Ireland 1198:Valenza 1094:2nd Huy 1074:1st Huy 1044:Fleurus 477:† 368:Mary II 246:England 181:to the 153:changes 126:Ireland 102: ( 7888: 7865: 7847: 7826: 7790: 7774: 7759: 7741: 7722: 7703: 7667: 7647: 7628: 7611: 7603: 7568: 7549: 7521: 7502: 7483: 7464: 7445: 7417: 7397: 7378: 7350: 7331: 7312: 7293: 7274: 7252: 7230: 7202: 6894: 5414: 4908:fluyts 4847:, the 4702:musket 4609:Joseph 4584:tariff 4580:Chimay 4552:palace 4475:Madras 4422:Quebec 4414:Acadia 4390:Albany 4335:Indian 4270:Deinze 4230:before 4067:Calais 4065:, and 4055:Dieppe 4039:Gerona 4009:, 1694 4007:Dieppe 3962:Rivoli 3903:Embrun 3764:Turin. 3711:, and 3658:, 1690 3614:; and 3606:; the 3570:Toulon 3412:Ulster 3215:Bandon 3100:Torbay 2951:, and 2939:, and 2909:Speyer 2897:Bingen 2817:canons 2783:, and 2749:Mohács 2741:Danube 2684:Alpine 2539:Vienna 2464:Saxony 2408:Casale 2361:Alsace 2292:Vauban 2247:Alsace 2234:, and 2230:, the 2226:, the 2187:. The 2168:, and 2154:France 1670:Groton 1603:Wilton 1588:Quebec 1464:Dieppe 1252:Bandon 1230:Girona 1079:Landen 473: 310:France 270: 257: 243: 230: 185:, and 177:, and 141:Result 7968:–––. 7903:[ 7880:[ 7609:S2CID 7601:JSTOR 5412:S2CID 4967:Namur 4861:Savoy 4857:Spain 4831:, or 4483:India 4463:Lagos 4354:Maine 4071:Cadiz 3979:Brest 3971:Rosas 3882:Rooke 3832:Namur 3750:Leuze 3746:Liège 3742:Halle 3416:Derry 3255:Boyne 3250:Cavan 3245:Newry 3225:Derry 3054:a son 2966:Baden 2958:blitz 2893:Worms 2797:Meuse 2793:Liège 2511:Porte 2456:Trier 2452:Mainz 2208:Rhine 1655:Wells 1615:Dover 1469:Texel 1454:Lagos 1287:Boyne 1282:Cavan 1277:Newry 1262:Derry 1220:Roses 1183:Cuneo 1156:Mainz 1119:Givet 1054:Leuze 7928:2023 7886:ISBN 7863:ISBN 7845:ISBN 7824:ISBN 7788:ISBN 7772:ISBN 7757:ISBN 7739:ISBN 7720:ISBN 7701:ISBN 7665:ISBN 7645:ISBN 7626:ISBN 7566:ISBN 7547:ISBN 7519:ISBN 7500:ISBN 7481:ISBN 7462:ISBN 7443:ISBN 7415:ISBN 7395:ISBN 7376:ISBN 7348:ISBN 7329:ISBN 7310:ISBN 7291:ISBN 7272:ISBN 7250:ISBN 7228:ISBN 7200:ISBN 6892:ISBN 6616:and 5423:2022 5101:help 5031:help 4977:and 4955:Mons 4859:and 4718:pike 4576:Kehl 4574:and 4508:and 4492:The 4384:and 4341:and 4253:Susa 4223:and 3880:'s, 3737:Nice 3717:Alps 3713:Susa 3564:and 3537:and 3408:Army 2984:The 2968:and 2825:Rome 2777:Bonn 2745:Buda 2726:The 2643:and 2545:The 2486:and 2400:Kehl 2359:and 2337:Metz 2323:The 2144:The 2131:1823 2124:1815 2052:1625 1940:1815 1890:1678 1827:1324 1812:1230 1807:1224 1772:1189 1650:York 1399:Asia 1178:Nice 1173:Susa 1049:Mons 1039:Bonn 179:Kehl 162:and 97:Date 7979:." 7593:doi 5404:doi 4951:Ath 4376:in 4274:Ath 4031:Ter 3942:Huy 3907:Gap 3849:). 3104:O.S 2743:at 2446:'s 2343:), 2335:at 1129:Ath 189:to 8037:: 7807:MA 7684:. 7680:. 7607:. 7599:. 7589:13 7587:. 7085:^ 7022:^ 7007:^ 6906:^ 6793:^ 6733:^ 6685:^ 6397:^ 6345:^ 6330:^ 6193:^ 6166:^ 6142:^ 6108:. 6061:^ 5861:^ 5750:^ 5723:^ 5628:^ 5431:^ 5410:. 5400:25 5398:. 5394:. 5370:^ 5271:^ 5146:^ 5039:^ 4973:, 4969:, 4965:, 4961:, 4957:, 4953:, 4855:, 4851:, 4827:, 4823:, 4772:; 4639:. 4504:, 4416:, 4404:, 4061:, 4057:, 3707:, 3610:; 2935:, 2931:, 2907:, 2903:, 2899:, 2895:, 2891:, 2811:, 2779:, 2679:. 2466:, 2462:, 2458:, 2454:, 2355:, 2203:. 1842:, 1838:, 173:, 128:, 124:, 7930:. 7894:. 7871:. 7853:. 7832:. 7796:. 7778:. 7763:. 7747:. 7728:. 7709:. 7673:. 7655:. 7653:. 7634:. 7615:. 7595:: 7574:. 7555:. 7527:. 7508:. 7489:. 7470:. 7451:. 7423:. 7405:; 7403:. 7384:. 7356:. 7337:. 7318:. 7299:. 7280:. 7258:. 7236:. 7208:. 6900:. 6112:. 5425:. 5406:: 5285:. 5103:) 5033:) 4876:. 4119:, 4090:. 3324:e 3317:t 3310:v 3192:e 3185:t 3178:v 2763:. 2722:. 2577:. 1976:e 1969:t 1962:v 1846:) 1834:( 1734:e 1727:t 1720:v 1526:: 1513:e 1506:t 1499:v 1001:e 994:t 987:v 222:: 110:) 30:. 23:.

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