Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

1462:, president of the Louisiana Women's Rejection League and the wife of a former Louisiana governor. Especially in the South, the question of women's suffrage was closely tied to issues of race. While both white and black women worked toward women's suffrage, some white suffragists tried to appease southern states by arguing that votes for women could counter the black vote, strengthening white supremacy. For the anti-suffragists in the south (the "Antis"), the federal amendment was viewed as a "Force Bill", one that Congress could use to enforce voting provisions not only for women, but for African-American men who were still effectively disenfranchised even after passage of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments. Carrie Catt warned suffrage leaders in Tennessee that the "Anti-Suffs" would rely on "lies, innuendoes, and near truths", raising the issue of race as a powerful factor in their arguments. 673: 952:(NAWSA), the group directed its efforts to win state-level support for suffrage. Suffragists had to campaign publicly for the vote in order to convince male voters, state legislators, and members of Congress that American women wanted to be enfranchised and that women voters would benefit American society. Suffrage supporters also had to convince American women, many of whom were indifferent to the issue, that suffrage was something they wanted. Apathy among women was an ongoing obstacle that the suffragists had to overcome through organized grassroots efforts. Despite the suffragists' efforts, no state granted women suffrage between 1896 and 1910, and the NAWSA shifted its focus toward passage of a national constitutional amendment. Suffragists also continued to press for the right to vote in individual states and territories while retaining the goal of federal recognition. 875: 1514: 1907: 1972:, few women turned out to vote in the first national elections after the Nineteenth Amendment gave them the right to do so. In 1920, 36 percent of eligible women voted (compared with 68 percent of men). The low turnout among women was partly due to other barriers to voting, such as literacy tests, long residency requirements, and poll taxes. Inexperience with voting and persistent beliefs that voting was inappropriate for women may also have kept turnout low. The participation gap was lowest between men and women in swing states at the time, in states that had closer races such as Missouri and Kentucky, and where barriers to voting were lower. By 1960, women were turning out to vote in presidential elections in greater numbers than men and a trend of higher female voting engagement has continued into 2018. 1868:. Maryland citizens Mary D. Randolph, "'a colored female citizen' of 331 West Biddle Street", and Cecilia Street Waters, "a white woman, of 824 North Eutaw Street", applied for and were granted registration as qualified Baltimore voters on October 12, 1920. To have their names removed from the list of qualified voters, Oscar Leser and others brought suit against the two women on the sole grounds that they were women, arguing that they were not eligible to vote because the Constitution of Maryland limited suffrage to men and the Maryland legislature had refused to vote to ratify the Nineteenth Amendment. Two months before, on August 26, 1920, the federal government had proclaimed the amendment incorporated into the Constitution. 2381: 1041: 1920: 1856: 1183: 1124: 2276:... represents the emancipation of womanhood. The release of the feminine principal in humanity, the moral integration of human evolution come to rescue torn and struggling humanity from its savage self." Congress denied passage of several bills to move the statue, whose place in the crypt also held brooms and mops. In 1963, the crypt was cleaned for an exhibition of several statues including this one, which had been dubbed "The Women in the Bathtub". In 1995 on the 75th anniversary of the Nineteenth Amendment, women's groups renewed congressional interest in the monument and on May 14, 1997, the statue was finally returned to the rotunda. 1230: 1493:

on the reconsideration motion by preventing a quorum. Thirty-seven legislators fled to Decatur, issuing a statement that ratifying the amendment would violate their oath to defend the state constitution. The ploy failed. Speaker Walker was unable to muster any additional votes in the allotted time. When the House reconvened to take the final procedural steps that would reaffirm ratification, Tennessee suffragists seized an opportunity to taunt the missing Anti delegates by sitting at their empty desks. When ratification was finally confirmed, a suffragist on the floor of the House rang a miniature Liberty Bell.

1523: 1481:, supported ratification, most lawmakers were still undecided. Anti-suffragists targeted members, meeting their trains as they arrived in Nashville to make their case. When the General Assembly convened on August 9, both supporters and opponents set up stations outside of chambers, handing out yellow roses to suffrage supporters and red roses to the "Antis". On August 12, the legislature held hearings on the suffrage proposal; the next day the Senate voted 24–5 in favor of ratification. As the House prepared to take up the issue of ratification on August 18, lobbying intensified. House Speaker 749: 44: 2390: 4897: 4827: 4795: 4737: 4700: 4661: 4624: 4580: 4502: 4460: 1213:

widespread pacifist sentiment of many of her colleagues and supporters. As women joined the labor force to replace men serving in the military and took visible positions as nurses, relief workers, and ambulance drivers to support the war effort, NAWSA organizers argued that women's sacrifices made them deserving of the vote. By contrast, the NWP used the war to point out the contradictions of fighting for democracy abroad while restricting it at home. In 1917, the NWP began picketing the White House to bring attention to the cause of women's suffrage.

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January 1918 passed by only one vote. The vote was then carried into the Senate where Wilson made an appeal on the Senate floor, an unprecedented action at the time. In a short speech, the President tied women's right to vote directly to the war, asking, "Shall we admit them only to a partnership of suffering and sacrifice and toil and not to a partnership of privilege and right?" On September 30, 1918, the proposal fell two votes short of passage, prompting the NWP to direct campaigning against senators who had voted against the amendment.

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both Virginia and Illinois state senates voted to ratify, although both were blocked in the house chambers. In 2017, 45 years after the amendment was originally submitted to states, the Nevada legislature became the first to ratify it following expiration of the deadlines. Illinois lawmakers followed in 2018. Another attempt in Virginia passed the Assembly but was defeated on the state senate floor by one vote. The most recent effort to remove the deadline was in early 2019, with proposed legislation from

1288: 11317: 2534: 409: 635: 1489:, a Republican, had voted to table the resolution both times. When the vote was held again, Burn voted yes. The 24-year-old said he supported women's suffrage as a "moral right", but had voted against it because he believed his constituents opposed it. In the final minutes before the vote, he received a note from his mother, urging him to vote yes. Rumors immediately circulated that Burn and other lawmakers had been bribed, but newspaper reporters found no evidence of this. 1413: 421: 1143:) would focus on passing a federal suffrage amendment; women who believed they could influence their state legislatures would focus on amending their state constitutions and Southern states would focus on gaining primary suffrage (the right to vote in state primaries). Simultaneously, the NAWSA worked to elect congressmen who supported suffrage for women. By 1915, NAWSA was a large, powerful organization, with 44 state chapters and more than two million members. 433: 1466: 2548: 1221:", continued their protests on the sidewalks outside the White House. On July 4, 1917, police arrested 168 of the protesters, who were sent to prison in Lorton, Virginia. Some of these women, including Lucy Burns and Alice Paul, went on hunger strikes; some were force-fed while others were otherwise harshly treated by prison guards. The release of the women a few months later was largely due to increasing public pressure. 2200: 944:, a Senator from California who was a women's suffrage advocate. Stanton and other women testified before the Senate in support of the amendment. The proposal sat in a committee until it was considered by the full Senate and rejected in a 16-to-34 vote in 1887. An amendment proposed in 1888 in the U.S. House of Representatives called for limited suffrage for women who were spinsters or widows who owned property. 740:, among others, called for a national constitutional amendment to "prohibit the several states from disenfranchising any of their citizens on the ground of sex". The campaign was the first national petition drive to feature woman suffrage among its demands. While suffrage bills were introduced into many state legislatures during this period, they were generally disregarded and few came to a vote. 1017:(AERA), an organization that supported suffrage for women and for African-American men. A national movement in support of suffrage for African-American women began in earnest with the rise of the black women's club movement. In 1896, club women belonging to various organizations promoting women's suffrage met in Washington, D.C. to form the 1961:, politicians realized the women's bloc they had feared did not actually exist and they did not need to cater to what they considered as "women's issues" after all. The eventual appearance of an American women's voting bloc has been tracked to various dates, depending on the source, from the 1950s to 1970. Around 1980, a nationwide 2272:, where it stood for less than a month until Johnson discovered that an inscription stenciled in gold lettering on the back of the monument had been removed. The inscription read, in part: "Woman, first denied a soul, then called mindless, now arisen declares herself an entity to be reckoned. Spiritually, the woman movement 2322:, began on August 26, 1973. There usually is heightened attention and news media coverage during momentous anniversaries such as the 75th (1995) and 100th (2020), as well as in 2016 because of the presidential election. For the amendment's centennial, several organizations announced large events or exhibits, including the 1877:

ratified the amendment, providing a sufficient number of state ratifications to adopt the Nineteenth Amendment even without Tennessee and West Virginia. The court also ruled that Tennessee's and West Virginia's certifications of their state ratifications was binding and had been duly authenticated by their respective

1064:, the second African-American woman to receive a degree from Howard University Law School, joined the National Woman Suffrage Association in 1878 when she delivered their convention's keynote address. Tensions between African-American and white suffragists persisted, even after the NWSA and AWSA merged to form the 2071:. In California, women won the right to serve on juries four years after passage of the Nineteenth Amendment. In Colorado, it took 33 years. Women continue to face obstacles when running for elective offices, and the Equal Rights Amendment, which would grant women equal rights under the law, has yet to be passed. 1081:, failed African-American women, most visibly by refusing to allow them to march in the nation's first suffrage parade in Washington, D.C. While the NAWSA directed Paul not to exclude African-American participants, 72 hours before the parade African-American women were directed to the back of the parade; 2665:

Because of a mistake in wording in the introduction of the bill, but not the amendment itself, Illinois reaffirmed passage of the amendment on June 17 and submitted a brief to confirm that the second vote was merely a legal formality. The U.S. Secretary of State agreed that the first ratification was

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capitol steps of the design for a license plate in recognition of women's suffrage. The commemorative license plate would be available for new or existing car registrations in the state. The year 2020 marks the centennial of the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment, as well as the 150th anniversary of

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Though accusations of bribery did not cause the Tennessee legislature to reconsider its ratification of the suffrage amendment, Alice Paul immediately cautioned that "women are not yet fully free" and that women "can expect nothing from the politicians...until they stand as a unit in a party of their

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voting yes. This provided the final ratification necessary to add the amendment to the Constitution, making the United States the twenty-seventh country in the world to give women the right to vote. Upon signing the ratification certificate, the Governor of Tennessee sent it by registered mail to the

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The same day ratification passed in the General Assembly, Speaker Walker filed a motion to reconsider. When it became clear he did not have enough votes to carry the motion, representatives opposing suffrage boarded a train, fleeing Nashville for Decatur, Alabama to block the House from taking action

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Thousands of African-American women were active in the suffrage movement, addressing issues of race, gender, and class, as well as enfranchisement, often through the church but eventually through organizations devoted to specific causes. While white women sought the vote to gain an equal voice in the

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African-Americans had gained the right to vote, but for 75 percent of them it was granted in name only, as state constitutions kept them from exercising that right. Prior to the passage of the amendment, Southern politicians held firm in their convictions not to allow African-American women to vote.

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continued to say the amendment would never be approved by the November 1920 elections and that special sessions were a waste of time and effort. Other opponents to ratification filed lawsuits requiring the federal amendment to be approved by state referendums. By June 1920, after intense lobbying by

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In 1914 the constitutional amendment proposed by Sargent, which was nicknamed the "Susan B. Anthony Amendment", was once again considered by the Senate, where it was again rejected. In April 1917 the "Anthony Amendment", which eventually became the Nineteenth Amendment, was reintroduced in the House

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The NWSA attempted several unsuccessful court challenges in the mid-1870s. Their legal argument, known as the "New Departure" strategy, contended that the Fourteenth Amendment (granting universal citizenship) and Fifteenth Amendment (granting the vote irrespective of race) together guaranteed voting

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inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion, or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the

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argued that it would set their efforts back and make sacrifices of what progress they had made. In response to these concerns, a provision known as "the Hayden rider" was added to the ERA to retain special labor protections for women, and passed the Senate in 1950 and 1953, but failed in the House.

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Poll taxes and literacy tests kept Latina women from voting. In Puerto Rico, for example, women did not receive the right to vote until 1929, but was limited to literate women until 1935. Further, the 1975 extensions of the Voting Rights Act included requiring bilingual ballots and voting materials

1170:'s inauguration. The procession of more than 5,000 participants, the first of its kind, attracted a crowd of an estimated 500,000, as well as national media attention, but Wilson took no immediate action. In March 1917, the Congressional Union joined with Women's Party of Western Voters to form the 947:

By the 1890s, suffrage leaders began to recognize the need to broaden their base of support to achieve success in passing suffrage legislation at the national, state, and local levels. While western women, state suffrage organizations, and the AWSA concentrated on securing women's voting rights for

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mobilized conservative women in opposition, four states rescinded their ratification, although whether a state may do so is disputed. The amendment did not reach the necessary 38 states by the deadline. President Carter signed a controversial extension of the deadline to 1982, but that time saw no

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of Michigan reintroduced it in 1971, leading to its approval by the House of Representatives that year. After it passed in the Senate on March 22, 1972, it went to state legislatures for ratification. Congress originally set a deadline of March 22, 1979, by which point at least 38 states needed to

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The ratification process required 36 states, and completed with the approval by Tennessee. Though not necessary for adoption, the following states subsequently ratified the amendment. Some states did not call a legislative session to hold a vote until later, others rejected it when it was proposed

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In the 1990s, ERA supporters resumed efforts for ratification, arguing that the pre-deadline ratifications still applied, that the deadline itself can be lifted, and that only three states were needed. Whether the amendment is still before the states for ratification remains disputed, but in 2014

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and not subject to a state constitution's limitations. Finally, those bringing suit asserted the Nineteenth Amendment was not adopted because Tennessee and West Virginia violated their own rules of procedure. The court ruled that the point was moot because Connecticut and Vermont had subsequently

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Leser said the amendment "destroyed State autonomy" because it increased Maryland's electorate without the state's consent. The Supreme Court answered that the Nineteenth Amendment had similar wording to the Fifteenth Amendment, which had expanded state electorates without regard to race for more

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continued to oppose giving women the vote. Suffragists pressured President Wilson to call a special session of Congress and he agreed to schedule one for May 19, 1919. On May 21, 1919, the amendment passed the House 304 to 89, with 42 votes more than was necessary. On June 4, 1919, it was brought

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of the Fourteenth Amendment did not provide voting rights to U.S. citizens; it only guaranteed additional protection of privileges to citizens who already had them. If a state constitution limited suffrage to male citizens of the United States, then women in that state did not have voting rights.

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operates at the local, state, and national level, with over 1,000 local and 50 state leagues, and one territory league in the U.S. Virgin Islands. Some critics and historians question whether creating an organization dedicated to political education rather than political action made sense in the

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In 1918, President Wilson faced a difficult midterm election and would have to confront the issue of women's suffrage directly. Fifteen states had extended equal voting rights to women and, by this time, the President fully supported the federal amendment. A proposal brought before the House in

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started in 1914, women in eight states had already won the right to vote, but support for a federal amendment was still tepid. The war provided a new urgency to the fight for the vote. When the U.S. entered World War I, Catt made the controversial decision to support the war effort, despite the

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of 1921, which expanded maternity care during the 1920s. Newly enfranchised women and women's groups prioritized a reform agenda rather than party loyalty and their first goal was the Sheppard-Towner Act. It was the first federal social security law and made a dramatic difference before it was

570:, began to grant women the right to vote. In 1878, a suffrage proposal that would eventually become the Nineteenth Amendment was introduced to Congress, but was rejected in 1887. In the 1890s, suffrage organizations focused on a national amendment while still working at state and local levels. 2627:

U.S. Constitution, Fourteenth Amendment, Section 2, states, in part: "But when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice President of the United States, Representatives in Congress, the Executive and Judicial officers of a State, or the members of the

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did so. It is arguable which State was considered first to ratify the amendment. While Illinois's legislature passed the legislation an hour prior to Wisconsin, Wisconsin's delegate, David James, arrived earlier and was presented with a statement establishing Wisconsin as the first to ratify.

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became key early leaders in the U.S. women's suffrage movement, often referred to at the time as the "woman suffrage movement". Mott's support of women's suffrage stemmed from a summer spent with the Seneca Nation, one of the six tribes in the Iroquois Confederacy, where women had significant

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Wyoming as a territory was the first globally to grant women full voting rights in 1869. In 1892, Wyoming's Theresa Jenkins was the first woman to serve as a national party convention delegate; now in 1919 she thanked Wyoming legislators for their unanimous decision to support the Nineteenth

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in 1890. By the early 1900s, white suffragists often adopted strategies designed to appease the Southern states at the expense of African-American women. At conventions in 1901 and 1903, in Atlanta and New Orleans, NAWSA prevented African Americans from attending. At the 1911 national NAWSA

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succeeded Susan B. Anthony as the president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association. Catt revitalized NAWSA, turning the focus of the organization to the passage of the federal amendment while simultaneously supporting women who wanted to pressure their states to pass suffrage

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The amendment did not have the full support of women's rights activists, and was opposed by Carrie Catt and the League of Women Voters. Whereas the NWP believed in total equality, even if that meant sacrificing benefits given to women through protective legislation, some groups like the

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than fifty years by that time despite rejection by six states (including Maryland). Leser further argued that the state constitutions in some ratifying states did not allow their legislatures to ratify. The court replied that state ratification was a federal function granted under

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own", saying that discrimination still exists "on the statute books which will not be removed by the ratification". Paul charged that the amendment passed only because "it at last became more expedient for those in control of the Government to aid suffrage than to oppose it".

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which is named after the Nineteenth Amendment, reflecting the organization's mission "to empower women—particularly those underserved by and underrepresented in American media—with the information, community and tools they need to be equal participants in our democracy."

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By August 2, 1919, 14 states had approved ratification. By the end of 1919, 22 had ratified the amendment. In other states support proved more difficult to secure. Much of the opposition to the amendment came from Southern Democrats; only two former Confederate states

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Amendments). Some unsuccessfully argued that the Fifteenth Amendment, which prohibited denying voting rights "on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude", implied suffrage for women. Despite their efforts, these amendments did not enfranchise women.

618:, but the powerful women's voting bloc that many politicians feared failed to fully materialize until decades later. Additionally, the Nineteenth Amendment failed to fully enfranchise African American, Asian American, Hispanic American, and Native American women (see 2118:

and the NWP did not believe the Nineteenth Amendment would be enough to ensure men and women were treated equally, and in 1921 the NWP announced plans to campaign for another amendment which would guarantee equal rights not limited to voting. The first draft of the

551:, which called for equality between the sexes and included a resolution urging women to secure the vote. Pro-suffrage organizations used a variety of tactics including legal arguments that relied on existing amendments. After those arguments were struck down by the 2131:

Amendment", stated: "No political, civil, or legal disabilities or inequalities on account of sex or on account of marriage, unless applying equally to both sexes, shall exist within the United States or any territory subject to the jurisdiction thereof." Senator

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staged marches, demonstrations, and hunger strikes while pointing out the contradictions of fighting abroad for democracy while limiting it at home by denying women the right to vote. The work of both organizations swayed public opinion, prompting President

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legislature refused to ratify the amendment and attempted to prevent other states from doing so. Carrie Catt began appealing to Western governors, encouraging them to act swiftly. By the end of 1919, a total of 22 states had ratified the amendment.

2039:, which prohibited racial discrimination in voting. For the first time, states were forbidden from imposing discriminatory restrictions on voting eligibility, and mechanisms were placed allowing the federal government to enforce its provisions. 715:

is traditionally held as the start of the American women's rights movement. Attended by nearly 300 women and men, the convention was designed to "discuss the social, civil, and religious rights of women", and culminated in the adoption of the

846:, allowed the women's suffrage issue to be raised as the western territories progressed toward statehood. Through the activism of suffrage organizations and independent political parties, women's suffrage was included in the constitutions of 2655:

While Illinois was the first state to complete the ratification process, Wisconsin was the first to have its ratification recognized by the U.S. State Department, following a three-day cross-country race by representatives of both states to

696:, for which voter qualifications were explicitly delegated to the individual states. While women had the right to vote in several of the pre-revolutionary colonies in what would become the United States, after 1776, with the exception of 1999:

remained disfranchised after the passage of the amendment. Election officials regularly obstructed access to the ballot box. As newly enfranchised African-American women attempted to register, officials increased the use of methods that

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After U.S. Supreme Court decisions between 1873 and 1875 denied voting rights to women in connection with the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments, suffrage groups shifted their efforts to advocating for a new constitutional amendment.

720:. Signed by 68 women and 32 men, the ninth of the document's twelve resolved clauses reads, "Resolved, That it is the duty of the women of this country to secure to themselves their sacred right to the elective franchise." Conveners 778:. The NWSA's main effort was lobbying Congress for a women's suffrage amendment to the U.S. Constitution. The AWSA generally focused on a long-term effort of state campaigns to achieve women's suffrage on a state-by-state basis. 9112: 6732: 5585: 528:, on June 4, 1919. It was then submitted to the states for ratification, achieving the requisite 36 ratifications to secure adoption, and thereby went into effect, on August 18, 1920. The Nineteenth Amendment's adoption was 1438:. In the middle of July 1919, both opponents and supporters of the Anthony Amendment arrived in Nashville to lobby the General Assembly. Carrie Catt, representing the NAWSA, worked with state suffragist leaders, including 2148:

believed the loss of benefits relating to safety regulations, working conditions, lunch breaks, maternity provisions, and other labor protections would outweigh what would be gained. Labor leaders like Alice Hamilton and

1505:, whose office received it at 4:00 a.m. on August 26, 1920. Once certified as correct, Colby signed the Proclamation of the Women's Suffrage Amendment to the U.S. Constitution in the presence of his secretary only. 2256:'s first post-ratification national convention in Washington, D.C. The Party presented it as a gift "from the women of the U.S." The monument is installed in the Capitol rotunda and features busts of Susan B. Anthony, 2757:

West Virginia's ratification followed the dramatic turnaround of a voting block instigated by state Senator Jesse A. Bloch demonstrated against by suffragists from around the nation who had descended upon the state

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was simultaneously voting on the amendment and approved it at 4:15 p.m. Out of concern that both houses voting at the same time would "vitiate their action", the House approved the amendment a second time at

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Prior to the start of the General Assembly session on August 9, both supporters and opponents had lobbied members of the Tennessee Senate and House of Representatives. Though the Democratic governor of Tennessee,

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After adoption of the Nineteenth Amendment, women still faced political limitations. Women had to lobby their state legislators, bring lawsuits, and engage in letter-writing campaigns to earn the right to sit on

893:, began to consider suffrage bills in the 1870s and 1880s. Several held voter referendums, but they were unsuccessful until the suffrage movement was revived in the 1890s. Full women's suffrage continued in 5938:

McCammon, H.; Chaudhuri, S.; Hewitt, L.; Muse, C.; Newman, H.; Smith, C.; Terrell, T. (2008). "Becoming Full Citizens: The U.S. Women's Jury Rights Campaigns, the Pace of Reform, and Strategic Adaptation".

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Washington was holding out to have the honor of being the last state to ratify but, in the end, a female legislator brought the matter to the floor and ratification was unanimously approved in both houses.

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Illinois courts denied Myra Bradwell's application to practice law in that state because she was a married woman and due to her marital status she could not be bound by legal contracts she made with her

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Breaking a 48–48 vote tie, Tennessee's ratification passed when 24-year old Representative Harry T. Burn remembered his mother writing him to "help Mrs. Catt put the rat in ratification" by supporting

6069:"WOMAN'S PARTY ALL READY FOR EQUALITY FIGHT; Removal Of All National and State Discriminations Is Aim. SENATE AND HOUSE TO GET AMENDMENT; A Proposed Constitutional Change To Be Introduced On October 1" 1458:, state president of the Southern Women's Rejection League of the Susan. B. Anthony Amendment, who had served as dean and chair of philosophy at Christian College in Columbia. Pearson was assisted by 2572: 2307:

and his mother. Representative Burn, at the urging of his mother, cast the deciding vote on August 18, 1920, making Tennessee the final state needed for the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment.

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political process, African-American women often sought the vote as a means of racial uplift and as a way to effect change in the post-Reconstruction era. Notable African-American suffragists such as

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refused, saying she was "in favor of colored people voting", but did not want to alienate others in the suffrage movement. Even NAWSA's more radical Congressional Committee, which would become the

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in August 1915. They wrote passionately about African-American women's need for the vote. Burroughs, asked what women could do with the ballot, responded pointedly: "What can she do without it?"

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were beaten by officials. Incidents such as this, threats of violence and job losses, and legalized prejudicial practices blocked women of color from voting. These practices continued until the

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U.S. Constitution, Article I, Section 2, states, in part: "the electors in each state shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the state legislature"

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brought it to Congress that year, but it did not make it to the floor for a vote. It was introduced in every congressional session from 1921 to 1971, usually not making it out of committee.

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New Mexico's ratification came a day after the hundredth anniversary of Susan B. Anthony's birth; suffragists used this centennial to lament that ratification had not yet been achieved.

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to help newly enfranchised women exercise their responsibilities as voters. Originally only women could join the league, but in 1973 the charter was modified to include men. Today, the

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Petition for Universal Suffrage which Asks for an Amendment to the Constitution that Shall Prohibit the Several States from Disenfranchising Any of Their Citizens on the Ground of Sex

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specific states, efforts at the national level persisted through a strategy of congressional testimony, petitioning, and lobbying. After the AWSA and NWSA merged in 1890 to form the

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legislation. The strategy, which she later called "The Winning Plan", had several goals: women in states that had already granted presidential suffrage (the right to vote for the

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Adoption of the Nineteenth Amendment enfranchised 26 million American women in time for the 1920 U.S. presidential election. Many legislators feared that a powerful women's

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When the Fifteenth Amendment enfranchised African-American men, Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony abandoned the AERA, which supported universal suffrage, to found the

1174:(NWP), whose aggressive tactics included staging more radical acts of civil disobedience and controversial demonstrations to draw more attention to the women's suffrage issue. 9987: 9967: 9957: 9718: 7946: 2158:

called on Congress to pass the amendment, but the Hayden rider was controversial, meeting with opposition from the NWP and others who felt it undermined its original purpose.

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arose in the 1950s and 1960s, which posited voting rights as civil rights. Nearly a thousand civil rights workers converged on the South to support voting rights as part of

10613: 10017: 10012: 10007: 10002: 9997: 8941: 8908: 4928:"House Resolution 5, Enacted 01/07/2020: Joyously Celebrating the 100th Anniversary of Rhode Island's Ratification of the 19th Amendment, Granting Women the Right to Vote" 2971: 1945:

allowed to lapse in 1929. Other efforts at the federal level in the early 1920s that related to women labor and women's citizenship rights included the establishment of a

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Native Americans were granted citizenship by an Act of Congress in 1924, but state policies prohibited them from voting. In 1948, a suit brought by World War II veteran

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Carrie Chapman Catt and Alice Paul immediately mobilized members of the NAWSA and NWP to pressure states to ratify the amendment. Within a few days, the legislatures of

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to citizens of the United States on the basis of sex, in effect recognizing the right of women to vote. The amendment was the culmination of a decades-long movement for

11680: 8231: 6898: 7649: 3917: 388: 254: 9915: 9085: 9025: 8427: 7634: 7624: 6355:"The Suffragist Statue Trapped in a Broom Closet for 75 Years: The Portrait Monument was a testament to women's struggle for the vote that remained hidden till 1997" 6068: 2013: 700:, all states adopted constitutions that denied voting rights to women. New Jersey's constitution initially granted suffrage to property-holding residents, including 239: 227: 8266: 6579: 9919: 9911: 9119: 9030: 9020: 7644: 7639: 7629: 7619: 463: 249: 244: 234: 222: 10829: 10333: 9848: 9010: 7599: 2943: 2587: 200: 3471:. File Unit: Bills and Resolutions Originating in the House of Representatives during the 50th Congress, 1885–1887. National Archives and Records Administration 11675: 11405: 10256: 10204: 8988: 7604: 7573: 7568: 3468:

House Joint Resolution (H.J. Res.) 159, Proposing an Amendment to the Constitution to Extend the Right to Vote to Widows and Spinsters who are Property Holders

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On August 26, 2016, a monument commemorating Tennessee's role in providing the required 36th state ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment was unveiled in

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a license to practice law was not a violation of the U.S. Constitution and refused to extend federal authority in support of women's citizenship rights. In

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The court also said that, since the secretaries of state of Tennessee and West Virginia had accepted the ratifications, that they were necessarily valid.

2885:"Image 8 of Report of the Woman's Rights Convention, held at Seneca Falls, New York, July 19th and 20th, 1848. Proceedings and Declaration of Sentiments" 1037:, it was the largest federation of African-American women's clubs in the nation. After 1914 it became the National Association of Colored Women's Clubs. 175: 148: 11076: 11055: 10731: 10618: 10239: 9897: 9429: 8826: 8256: 8151: 7519: 7499: 7489: 6758: 2016:

was adopted in 1962, whereby the states were prohibited from making voting conditional on poll or other taxes, paving the way to more reforms with the

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attempted to table the ratification resolution, but was defeated twice with a vote of 48–48. The vote on the resolution would be close. Representative

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2 of the Fourteenth Amendment explicitly discriminated between men and women by only penalizing states which deprived adult male citizens of the vote.

153: 133: 123: 11695: 11114: 8983: 7961: 7529: 7524: 7509: 7504: 7494: 7484: 5177: 1130:, President of the National American Woman Suffrage Association, organized the "Winning Plan" that helped secure passage of the Nineteenth Amendment. 163: 158: 143: 138: 128: 118: 9424: 4070:"The House's 1918 Passage of a Constitutional Amendment Granting Women the Right to Vote | US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives" 2457:

chronicling the Seneca Falls Convention through the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment. Another documentary was released in 1999 by filmmaker

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granted partial voting rights that allowed women to vote in school board elections in 1893 and Idaho granted women suffrage in 1896. Beginning with

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In 2018, Utah launched a campaign called Better Days 2020 to "popularize Utah women's history". One of its first projects was the unveiling on the

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and Tom Yohe, states, in part, "Not a woman here could vote, no matter what age, Then the Nineteenth Amendment struck down that restrictive rule

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resulted in Native Americans gaining the right to vote in New Mexico and Arizona, but some states continued to bar them from voting until 1957.

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Hasen, Richard L., and Leah Litman. "Thin and Thick Conceptions of the Nineteenth Amendment Right to Vote and Congress's Power to Enforce It".

2264:. More than fifty women's groups with delegates from every state were represented at the dedication ceremony in 1921 that was presided over by 1470: 1259:, 36 Republican senators were joined by 20 Democrats to pass the amendment with 56 yeas, 25 nays, and 14 not voting. The final vote tally was: 88: 83: 2421:

The Nineteenth Amendment has been featured in a number of songs, films, and television programs. The 1976 song "Sufferin' Till Suffrage" from

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in what would become the United States, but by 1807 every state constitution had denied women even limited suffrage. Organizations supporting

11690: 9399: 8966: 8206: 7448: 7428: 7423: 961: 874: 704:, but the state rescinded women's voting rights in 1807 and did not restore them until New Jersey ratified the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920. 93: 73: 68: 7262: 10999: 10694: 10602: 8644: 7696: 2730:

New Jersey ratified following a rally producing a petition of over 140,000 signatures supporting the state's ratification of the amendment.

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The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex.

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both the NAWSA and the NWP, the amendment was ratified by 35 of the necessary 36 state legislatures. Ratification would be determined by

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to announce his support of the suffrage amendment in 1918. It passed in 1919 and was adopted in 1920, withstanding two legal challenges,

6947: 590:, supported the war effort, making the case that women should be rewarded with enfranchisement for their patriotic wartime service. The 11207: 10651: 10413: 10269: 10261: 9358: 7892: 7418: 7381: 6968: 6255: 5801: 1878: 843: 60: 25: 1250:

Between January 1918 and June 1919, the House and Senate voted on the federal amendment five times. Each vote was extremely close and

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emerged as important leaders whose different strategies helped move the Nineteenth Amendment forward. Entry of the United States into

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Jones, Robert B.; Byrnes, Mark E. (Fall 2009). "The "Bitterest Fight": The Tennessee General Assembly and the Nineteenth Amendment".

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With Mississippi's ratification in 1984, the amendment was now ratified by all states existing at the time of its adoption in 1920.

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and Frances O'Connor, respectively, as they help secure the Nineteenth Amendment. In August 2018, former U.S. Secretary of State

2439:... Yes the Nineteenth Amendment Struck down that restrictive rule." In 2018, various recording artists released an album called 2166:

ratify the amendment. It reached 35 by 1977, with broad bipartisan support including both major political parties and Presidents

449: 11528: 11270: 11171: 10090: 9262: 8437: 8106: 7984: 6186: 2406: 2291:, features likenesses of suffragists who were particularly involved in securing Tennessee's ratification: Carrie Chapman Catt; 1962: 1155: 693: 521: 10161: 8121: 7117:

Gidlow, Liette. "The Sequel: The Fifteenth Amendment, the Nineteenth Amendment, and Southern Black Women's Struggle to Vote".

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brought further participation and support. However, state officials continued to refuse registration until the passage of the

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During the Reconstruction era, women's rights leaders advocated for inclusion of universal suffrage as a civil right in the

11498: 11240: 10926: 10212: 9892: 9770: 9373: 9232: 8872: 8392: 8186: 2577: 11103: 10994: 10799: 10689: 10351: 10295: 10244: 9867: 9808: 9750: 9453: 9343: 9283: 9048: 8768: 8387: 7979: 6733:"Dolly Parton Hopes to "Uplift Women" in New Song That Highlights 19th Amendment: Women's Right to Vote [Listen]" 4525: 3172: 2582: 1981: 1303: 1057: 1049: 771: 767: 3591: 2161:

The growing, productive women's movements of the 1960s and 1970s renewed support for the amendment. U.S. Representative

2008:, described as fraud, intimidation, poll taxes, and state violence. In 1926, a group of women attempting to register in 933:

in 1914. All states that were successful in securing full voting rights for women before 1920 were located in the West.

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Goodstein, A. (1998). "A Rare Alliance: African American and White Women in the Tennessee Elections of 1919 and 1920".

4110: 3681: 3421: 2918: 1497: 1381: 807: 552: 343: 10989: 10898: 10893: 10684: 10346: 9129: 8367: 7729: 7404: 7334: 7311: 7053: 6215: 6170: 5521: 5482: 5123: 3838: 3800: 3708: 3645: 3351: 2676: 1950: 1014: 701: 33: 2240:, quarry carved into statue called the "Portrait Monument" (originally known as the "Woman's Movement") by sculptor 11119: 11109: 10983: 10752: 10678: 10274: 10075: 10034: 9793: 9723: 9484: 8867: 8211: 4152: 1052:

in 1869, saying black men should not receive the vote before white women. In response, African-American suffragist

736:. In 1865, at the conclusion of the war, a "Petition for Universal Suffrage", signed by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and 9872: 4637: 4434: 1881:. As a result of the court's ruling, Randolph and Waters were permitted to become registered voters in Baltimore. 10919: 10310: 10217: 9946: 9823: 9740: 9713: 9521: 9247: 8998: 8216: 8201: 5838:"Women's Equality Day celebrates the 19th Amendment. For nonwhite women, the fight to vote continued for decades" 5408: 4871: 4713: 2702:

Montana was not only the first Western state to ratify, it was also the first state to elect a woman to Congress.

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on February 15, 1921, six months after the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment, on the 101st anniversary of

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first few years after ratification, suggesting that the League of Women Voters diverted the energy of activists.

1946: 1158:

in 1913 to pressure the federal government to take legislative action. One of their first acts was to organize a

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DuBois, Ellen Carol, et al. "Interchange: Women's Suffrage, the Nineteenth Amendment, and the Right to Vote".

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They had to fight to secure not only their own right to vote, but the right of African-American men as well.

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Congress proposed the Nineteenth Amendment on June 4, 1919, and the following states ratified the amendment.

11306: 6766: 5537: 5263: 10423: 10366: 9828: 9760: 9755: 9735: 8887: 8685: 8116: 7989: 7794: 7676: 7476: 5181: 2323: 2150: 1919: 1855: 350: 277: 6333: 4674: 1182: 1040: 10597: 10507: 10478: 10393: 10316: 10188: 9657: 9448: 9353: 8901: 8805: 8763: 8758: 8161: 7847: 7812: 6645: 6116: 5472: 4927: 2370: 2280: 2269: 2032: 1123: 1026: 563:, called for a new constitutional amendment guaranteeing women the same right to vote possessed by men. 11004: 10699: 10324: 9637: 9313: 9278: 8855: 8302: 8271: 7994: 7759: 7754: 7070: 6627:"Introducing The 19th: A Nonprofit, Nonpartisan Newsroom To Inform, Engage And Empower America's Women" 6045: 5842: 2380: 1496:

On August 18, 1920, Tennessee narrowly approved the Nineteenth Amendment, with 50 of 99 members of the

685: 622:). Shortly after the amendment's adoption, Alice Paul and the National Woman's Party began work on the 485: 6608:"New media outlet covering the intersection of women and politics launches as 2020 election kicks off" 2303:, unveiled another sculpture by LeQuire, this one depicting 24-year-old freshman state representative 11547: 11523: 11284: 11265: 11029: 10962: 10868: 10724: 10637: 10141: 10131: 10111: 9924: 9414: 9102: 8603: 8483: 8282: 8014: 7837: 7714: 7560: 6429: 2253: 2036: 2017: 1171: 1159: 1078: 817: 782: 717: 707:

While scattered movements and organizations dedicated to women's rights existed previously, the 1848

591: 548: 355: 7048:. New Essays in American Constitutional History. Washington, D.C.: American Historical Association. 4896: 4826: 4794: 4736: 4699: 4660: 4623: 4579: 4501: 4459: 3661:

Goodier, S.; Pastorello, K. (2017). "A Fundamental Component: Suffrage for African American Women".

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the first women voting in Utah, which was the first state in the nation where women cast a ballot.

1793:: March 29, 1941 (after being rejected on February 24, 1920; not certified until February 25, 1958) 5245: 4529: 2023:

African-Americans continued to face barriers preventing them from exercising their vote until the

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Center for American Women and Politics (CAWP), Eagleton Institute of Politics, Rutgers University

4976: 4359: 2598: 2319: 1941: 991: 708: 544: 7351: 6162: 5115: 5107: 3890: 3565:"Perspective | It's time to return black women to the center of the history of women's suffrage" 1229: 762:

The women's suffrage movement, delayed by the American Civil War, resumed activities during the

11301: 11156: 11146: 10942: 10757: 10670: 10512: 10484: 10340: 9592: 9489: 9216: 9063: 8525: 8044: 7969: 7916: 7867: 7691: 5916: 5163: 4801: 4769: 4559: 4554: 2944:"Women of color were cut out of the suffragist story. Historians say it's time for a reckoning" 2487: 2470: 2257: 2120: 2110: 2097: 2093: 1884:

Another challenge to the Nineteenth Amendment's adoption was dismissed by the Supreme Court in

1522: 1096: 878: 752: 725: 623: 560: 517: 294: 7362: 7161: 4476: 3343: 1817:: July 1, 1969 (after being rejected on January 28, 1920; not certified until August 22, 1973) 10851: 10085: 9708: 9338: 9151: 8732: 8111: 8079: 7910: 7739: 7686: 7357: 6491: 6205: 5739: 5511: 5366: 5341: 5313: 5206: 4679: 4603: 4331: 4325: 3686: 3303: 3269: 2024: 1965:

had emerged, with women usually favoring the Democratic candidate in presidential elections.

1679: 1555: 1539: 1450:, a Tennessee native who had participated in protests at the White House and toured with the 1006: 748: 567: 287: 7367: 6580:"Trump honors 100th anniversary of 19th Amendment by announcing pardon for Susan B. Anthony" 680:

men at the first Women's Rights Convention, held in Seneca Falls, New York, during July 1848

43: 11613: 11410: 11037: 10814: 10780: 10520: 10489: 10428: 10282: 9652: 8877: 8432: 8146: 8141: 8096: 8069: 8019: 7764: 5144: 4364: 4204: 2539: 2300: 2284: 1996: 1891: 1820: 1443: 1397: 1088: 937: 812: 525: 413: 6710: 6406: 2748:

Oklahoma's ratification followed a presidential intervention urging legislators to ratify.

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undefined. The only directly elected body created under the original Constitution was the

8: 11639: 11484: 11465: 11226: 11187: 11161: 10873: 10845: 10388: 10065: 9632: 8860: 8649: 8377: 8241: 8029: 7974: 7877: 7734: 5975: 5846: 5806: 5563: 5559:"Was women's suffrage a failure? What new evidence tells us about the first women voters" 5357: 4519: 3569: 3043: 2976: 2948: 2567: 2296: 2009: 1969: 1886: 1459: 1291:

Highest level of women's suffrage laws just before adoption of the Nineteenth Amendment:

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Why Movements Succeed or Fail: Opportunity, Culture, and the Struggle for Woman Suffrage

6969:"Hillary Clinton Is Producing a Television Series on Women's Fight to Win Voting Rights" 6820: 4004: 3214: 2884: 2803: 2389: 1085:

defied these instructions and joined the Illinois unit, prompting telegrams of support.

504:, at both the state and national levels, and was part of the worldwide movement towards 11421: 10806: 10560: 10497: 10398: 10178: 9622: 9561: 9437: 9237: 9201: 8562: 8546: 8407: 8221: 8196: 8181: 8091: 8059: 8049: 8009: 7999: 7297: 6973: 6548: 6517: 6153: 6133: 5995: 5956: 5759: 5667: 5433: 5369: 5344: 5209: 4876: 4806: 4774: 4524:. Vol. 6: 1900–1920. Rochester, New York: J. J. Little & Ives Company for the 4360:"Tennessee Fails to Reconsider Suffrage Vote — Fight for All Rights Still Facing Women" 4281: 4246: 4051: 3984: 3484: 3447: 3017: 2516:

announced plans to make a television series based on Elaine Weiss's best-selling book,

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political power, including the right to choose and remove chiefs and veto acts of war.

3918:"How Women Got the Vote Is a Far More Complex Story Than the History Textbooks Reveal" 3306: 3272: 2633:

whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State." (emphasis added)

11597: 11429: 11348: 11095: 10791: 10536: 10459: 10403: 10288: 10060: 9677: 9585: 9293: 8919: 8882: 8628: 8613: 8593: 8467: 8342: 8321: 8293: 7897: 7724: 7330: 7323: 7307: 7270: 7237: 7212: 7187: 7176: 7143: 7104: 7097: 7074: 7049: 7030: 7009: 6998: 6928: 6839:"Not for Ourselves Alone: The Story of Elizabeth Cady Stanton & Susan B. Anthony" 6553: 6211: 6166: 6088: 6073: 5764: 5659: 5620: 5517: 5478: 5441: 5425: 5119: 4533: 4515: 4481: 4439: 4335: 4181: 4106: 3834: 3796: 3757:"SISTERHOOD: The Black Suffragist: Trailblazers of Social Justice—A Documentary Film" 3641: 3347: 3336: 2924: 2914: 2500: 2495:, providing an overview of the women's movement leading to the Nineteenth Amendment. 2423: 2411: 2353: 2155: 2145: 1478: 1455: 1447: 1002: 890: 847: 839: 770:(NWSA), led by suffrage leaders Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony, and the 614:

The Nineteenth Amendment enfranchised 26 million American women in time for the

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would emerge in American politics. This fear led to the passage of such laws as the

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A federal amendment intended to grant women the right to vote was introduced in the

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Not for Ourselves Alone: The Story of Elizabeth Cady Stanton & Susan B. Anthony

10975: 10823:

Not for Ourselves Alone: The Story of Elizabeth Cady Stanton & Susan B. Anthony

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Not For Ourselves Alone: The Story of Elizabeth Cady Stanton & Susan B. Anthony

2338: 2249: 2241: 2212: 2179: 2162: 2085: 1864: 1573: 1502: 1421: 1341: 1313: 1233: 1218: 1187: 1163: 1107: 1074: 941: 756: 737: 712: 601: 556: 282: 6283:"99 years ago Florida led in women's suffrage. Are equal rights still a priority?" 6114:

Cott, Nancy (1984). "Feminist Politics in the 1920s: The National Woman's Party".

5406:

Lemons, J. Stanley (1969). "The Sheppard-Towner Act: Progressivism in the 1920s".

4930:. House of Representatives of the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations 4126: 4034:

Lunardini, C.; Knock, T. (1980). "Woodrow Wilson and Woman Suffrage: A New Look".

3682:"African American Women and the Nineteenth Amendment (U.S. National Park Service)" 1766:

and then reversed their decisions years later, with the last taking place in 1984.

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in 1910, seven more western states passed women's suffrage legislation, including

11358: 11343: 10376: 10050: 9838: 9206: 9181: 8789: 8737: 8618: 8577: 8488: 8412: 8316: 8298: 8034: 8004: 7862: 7231: 7202: 7168:

100 Years of the Nineteenth Amendment: An Appraisal of Women's Political Activism

7134: 7129: 7064: 7024: 6993: 6240: 3630: 3435: 3422:"Rethinking Article V: term limits and the Seventeenth and Nineteenth Amendments" 2680: 2553: 2509: 2474: 2124: 2048: 1430: 1070: 983: 437: 6374:"Alan LeQuire's Women Suffrage Monument unveiled in Nashville's Centennial Park" 6041:"In 2019, women's rights are still not explicitly recognized in US Constitution" 5892:"It's been 70 years since court ruled Native Americans could vote in New Mexico" 4384: 4175: 2287:. The memorial, erected by the Tennessee Suffrage Monument, Inc. and created by 2058:

National immigration laws prevented Asians from gaining citizenship until 1952.

11563: 11534: 11276: 10502: 10183: 10166: 10146: 10136: 9647: 9642: 9443: 9409: 9363: 8727: 8706: 8690: 8654: 8598: 8567: 8382: 7227: 6377: 6013: 4889: 4819: 4787: 4729: 4692: 4653: 4616: 4572: 4494: 4452: 2454: 2311: 2191:, accumulating 188 co-sponsors and pending in Congress as of August 2019. 2133: 2028: 1895: 1894:, came from a state that already allowed women to vote and so Fairchild lacked 1832: 1814: 1451: 1238: 1167: 1053: 1030: 987: 854:(1870). Women's suffrage in Utah was revoked in 1887, when Congress passed the 851: 596: 11316: 6857: 6688: 6454: 6187:"Conversations with Alice Paul: Woman Suffrage and the Equal Rights Amendment" 4160: 2333:

On the 100th anniversary of the ratification of the 19th Amendment, President

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asked the organization to formally denounce white supremacy. NAWSA president

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Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

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How the Vote Was Won: Woman Suffrage in the Western United States, 1868–1914

6948:"Hillary Clinton and Steven Spielberg to make TV series on women's suffrage" 2928: 11368: 11333: 10552: 10544: 9511: 9252: 9186: 7005: 6952: 6287: 5445: 5178:"Ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment by the Florida Legislature, 1969" 3466: 3177: 2999: 2505: 2444: 2428: 2334: 2318:

An annual celebration of the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment, known as

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Nannie Helen Burroughs holding a Woman's National Baptist Convention banner

995: 743: 634: 3716: 2871:

The Right to Vote: The Contested History of Democracy in the United States

2573:

List of female United States presidential and vice presidential candidates

2447:'s song inspired by the Nineteenth Amendment is called "A Woman's Right". 2443:, featuring songs inspired by the 27 amendments to the U.S. Constitution; 998:

advocated for suffrage in tandem with civil rights for African-Americans.

566:

By the late 19th century, new states and territories, particularly in the

11166: 10911: 9672: 8784: 8664: 6630: 6474:"New Utah license plates celebrating Utah women's suffrage now available" 3142: 2478: 2432: 2265: 2171: 1937: 1838: 1772: 1412: 1209: 579: 6879: 6838: 5671: 4250: 2972:"Millions of women voted this election. They have the Iroquois to thank" 2084:

In 1920, about six months before the Nineteenth Amendment was ratified,

626:, which they believed was a necessary additional step towards equality. 432: 11507: 11353: 11338: 11249: 9662: 8509: 6137: 6089:"The Proposed Equal Rights Amendment: Contemporary Ratification Issues" 5709: 5513:

Votes Without Leverage: Women in American Electoral Politics, 1920–1970

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Votes Without Leverage: Women in American Electoral Politics, 1920–1970

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Nenadic, Susan L. (May 2019). "Votes for Women: Suffrage in Michigan".

2482: 2402: 2398: 2115: 1733: 1715: 1645: 1256: 1151: 1147: 1100: 906: 775: 697: 575: 571: 493: 425: 5999: 5538:"THE GENDER GAP, Voting Choices In Presidential Elections; Fact Sheet" 3980: 3978: 3464: 3451: 3103:

Mintz, Steven (July 2007). "The Passage of the Nineteenth Amendment".

1862:

The U.S. Supreme Court unanimously upheld the amendment's validity in

1465: 1454:, represented the NWP. Opposing them were the "Antis", in particular, 889:

Existing state legislatures in the West, as well as those east of the

11384: 10361: 8417: 7183: 7125: 6584: 4977:"'An Act of Tardy Justice': The Story of Women's Suffrage in Indiana" 4103:

Winning the Vote: the Triumph of the American Woman Suffrage Movement

3891:"Carrie Chapman Catt (1859–1947) | Turning Point Suffragist Memorial" 2458: 1954: 1826: 1757: 1627: 1545: 1435: 1401: 1356: 6129: 5421: 4599:"State Ratifies Equal Suffrage; Few Women Present as Measure Passes" 4277: 4047: 2211:"The Portrait Monument" (originally "Woman's Movement") by sculptor 1404:

worked to organize 13 states to resist ratifying the amendment. The

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Activism addressing federal women's suffrage was minimal during the

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Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996

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Constitutional Orphan: Gender Equality and the Nineteenth Amendment

6899:"Suffrage On Screen: Five Vital Films About How Women Won the Vote" 6236:"Illinois approves Equal Rights Amendment, 36 years after deadline" 5991: 5952: 3975: 3443: 2466: 2349: 1796: 1790: 1784: 1739: 1685: 1669: 1621: 1609: 1603: 1551: 1535: 1405: 1385: 1377: 1364: 1360: 898: 859: 689: 513: 497: 6256:"Bid to revive Equal Rights Amendment in Virginia fails by 1 vote" 3756: 2504:

depicting suffragists Alice Paul and Lucy Burns, played by actors

766:(1865–1877). Two rival suffrage organizations formed in 1869: the 8452: 7882: 6667:"Bob Dorough: 9 Best 'Schoolhouse Rock!' Songs from the Composer" 5611:"19th Amendment: How far have women in politics come since 1920?" 4996: 4994: 4910: 4908: 4906: 2237: 1808: 1802: 1778: 1727: 1703: 1697: 1615: 1393: 926: 914: 894: 7252:

Forging the Franchise: The Political Origins of the Women's Vote

1805:: September 8, 1953 (after being rejected on September 22, 1919) 1013:; Purvis would go on to serve on the executive committee of the 9566: 5252:. Vol. 4, no. 45. p. 2 – via Google Books. 5072: 3793:

The Embattled Vote in America: From the Founding to the Present

3217:. Legal Information Institute, Cornell University School of Law 2831:. Legal Information Institute, Cornell University School of Law 2055:

in certain regions, making it easier for Latina women to vote.

1799:: February 21, 1952 (after being rejected on February 12, 1920) 1709: 1691: 1561: 930: 918: 910: 676:

Text of the small ad that attracted a diverse meeting of women

5048: 4991: 4903: 3632:

African American Women in the Struggle for the Vote, 1850–1920

2268:. After the ceremony, the statue was moved temporarily to the 1400:

were the first states to defeat ratification. The governor of

11606: 11476: 11437: 11218: 10577: 5707:

Paul, Alice (February 16, 1921). "The White Woman's Burden".

5038: 5036: 5023: 5021: 5019: 5017: 5015: 5013: 5011: 5009: 4854: 4852: 4850: 4848: 4846: 4844: 4842: 4840: 4838: 4836: 4752: 4750: 4748: 4746: 1721: 1651: 1591: 1373: 1092: 543:

became more active in the mid-19th century and, in 1848, the

7099:

The Modern Temper: American Culture and Society in the 1920s

7026:

Supreme Court Cases on Gender and Sexual Equality, 1787–2001

6207:

On Account of Sex: The Politics of Women's Issues, 1945–1968

4370:

Morris is writer for "Fight for All Rights..." article only.

4105:. Santa Cruz, CA: American Graphic Press. pp. 408–427. 2352:, sometimes stylized The 19th*, is a nonprofit, independent 1255:

before the Senate and, after Southern Democrats abandoned a

1177: 9577: 6229: 6227: 5937: 5108:"Black Women's Culture of Resistance and the Right to Vote" 5095:. Berkeley Heights, NJ: Ensloe Publishers, Inc. p. 75. 5060: 3665:. ITHACA; LONDON: Cornell University Press. pp. 71–91. 3515: 2858:(3). Lansing, Michigan: Historical Society of Michigan: 18. 1823:: February 20, 1970 (after being rejected on July 24, 1919) 1639: 1597: 1567: 863: 661: 582:

helped to shift public perception of women's suffrage. The

5180:. Institute of Museum and Library Services. Archived from 5033: 5006: 4833: 4743: 955: 10748:

Susan B. Anthony Birthplace Museum (Adams, Massachusetts)

10614:

Art in the women's suffrage movement in the United States

6759:"SECONDARY SOURCE—One Woman, One Vote: A PBS Documentary" 6233: 4330:. Berkeley Heights, NJ: Ensloe Publishers, Inc. pp. 3503: 3465:

United States House of Representatives (April 30, 1888).

1841:: March 22, 1984 (after being rejected on March 29, 1920) 1236:

political cartoon aimed at President Wilson published in

1033:, and Ida B. Wells-Barnett were founding members. Led by 881:

before the Senate Committee on Privileges and Elections.

10753:

Susan B. Anthony Childhood House (Battenville, New York)

9120:

Voting Accessibility for the Elderly and Handicapped Act

6735:. Nash Country Daily. September 18, 2018. Archived from 6274: 6224: 3958:"How World War I helped give US women the right to vote" 3795:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p. 120. 3532: 3530: 3342:. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. pp. 3317: 3315: 1927:

ad targeted female votes for 1920 presidential election.

1060:, which supported suffrage for women and for black men. 744:

Reconstruction Amendments and woman suffrage (1865–1877)

520:

in 1878. However, a suffrage amendment did not pass the

2588:

Representation of the People (Equal Franchise) Act 1928

1099:, an educator and activist, contributed to an issue of 11630:

Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

11456:

Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

11203:

Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

10889:

Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

8949: 6544:"The Complex History of the Women's Suffrage Movement" 5869:"On this day, all Indians made United States citizens" 5375: 4802:"Women Suffrage Amendment Wins in Legislature (pt. 2)" 4770:"Women Suffrage Amendment Wins in Legislature (pt. 1)" 3173:"5 things you might not know about the 19th Amendment" 2493:

Women in the 19th Century: Crash Course US History #31

1968:

According to political scientists J. Kevin Corder and

1829:: June 11, 1970 (after being rejected on July 1, 1920) 1787:: March 6, 1923 (after being rejected on June 2, 1920) 1775:: September 14, 1920, reaffirmed on September 21, 1920 524:

until May 21, 1919, which was quickly followed by the

11072:

Elizabeth Cady Stanton House (Seneca Falls, New York)

7403: 5871:. National Constitution Center—constitutioncenter.org 5686:"African American Women and the Nineteenth Amendment" 5246:"Maryland League for State Defense Starts Great Suit" 4353: 4351: 3542: 3527: 3312: 3283: 3281: 3123: 1118: 10334:

Centenary of Women's Suffrage Commemorative Fountain

7233:

U.S. Women in Struggle: A Feminist Studies Anthology

6578:

Jackson, David; Collins, Michael (August 18, 2020).

5452: 5106:

Hine, Darlene Clark; Farnham, Christie Anne (1997).

4471: 4469: 4429: 4427: 2997: 2529: 2465:. It used archival footage and commentary by actors 1942:

Sheppard–Towner Maternity and Infancy Protection Act

9125:

Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act

5650:Nelson, Marjory (1979). "women suffrage and race". 5112:

Women of the American South: A Multicultural Reader

3663:

Women Will Vote: Winning Suffrage in New York State

2299:; and Sue Shelton White. In June 2018, the city of 11077:Elizabeth Cady Stanton House (Tenafly, New Jersey) 11056:Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony Papers 10732:Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony Papers 8827:Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 7322: 7175: 7096: 6997: 6210:. University of California Press. pp. 31–32. 6152: 4348: 3991:. New York: The Modern Library, 2011, pp. 171–174. 3629: 3335: 3278: 1217:and Senate. Picketing NWP members, nicknamed the " 1204:-year campaign in front of the White House (1917). 869: 5350: 5277: 5224: 5222: 5220: 5218: 4466: 4424: 3831:The Woman's Hour: The Great Fight to Win the Vote 3660: 2849: 2705: 2519:The Woman's Hour: The Great Fight to Win the Vote 1748:: March 10, 1920, confirmed on September 21, 1920 1224: 11652: 9086:U.S. Department of Justice Civil Rights Division 7363:CRS Annotated Constitution: Nineteenth Amendment 6903:Rights Info: Human Rights News, Views & Info 5755:"How the Suffrage Movement Betrayed Black Women" 5516:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 10, 210. 4644:. Independence, Kansas. June 16, 1919. p. 1 3402:University of Missouri–Kansas City School of Law 3333: 2687: 535:Before 1776, women had a vote in several of the 11406:Belmont–Paul Women's Equality National Monument 10619:Music and women's suffrage in the United States 10240:Women's suffrage organizations and publications 7166:McCammon, Holly J., and Lee Ann Banaszak, eds. 6858:"Women's Suffrage: Crash Course US History #31" 6316:"No room for fourth bust on suffragist statue?" 5976:"The Nineteenth Amendment and Women's Equality" 5733:"Civil Rights in America: Racial Voting Rights" 5093:The Nineteenth Amendment: Women's Right to Vote 4327:The Nineteenth Amendment: Women's Right to Vote 3944:Born for Liberty: A History of Women in America 3739:"National Association of Colored Women's Clubs" 3079: 3077: 11681:History of women's rights in the United States 10127:National Women's Rights Convention (1850–1869) 8838:Bibliography of the United States Constitution 6577: 5215: 4810:. New York, New York. June 17, 1919. p. 9 4778:. New York, New York. June 17, 1919. p. 1 4485:. Madison, Wisconsin. June 10, 1919. p. 1 4033: 3938: 3111:(3). Organization of American Historians: 47. 1471:National Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage 555:, suffrage organizations, with activists like 11676:History of voting rights in the United States 11492: 11234: 10927: 10645: 9593: 9400:Disfranchisement after the Reconstruction era 8935: 7389: 7299:A History of the American Suffragist Movement 7267:Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture 7225: 7119:Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 6790:"'One Woman, One Vote': A Documentary Review" 6703: 5497: 5387: 4974: 4607:. Detroit, Michigan. June 11, 1919. p. 1 4563:. Detroit, Michigan. June 10, 1919. p. 1 4263: 3862:"Votes for Women means Votes for Black Women" 3398:"Woman suffrage and the Nineteenth Amendment" 3249: 3247: 3234: 3232: 3102: 2751: 2679:approved the amendment at 4:13 p.m. The 2628:Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the 2621: 457: 11671:Amendments to the United States Constitution 11000:National American Woman Suffrage Association 10758:Susan B. Anthony House (Rochester, New York) 10695:National American Woman Suffrage Association 6896: 6711:"27: The Most Perfect Album | Radiolab" 6352: 6234:Rick Pearson; Bill Lukitsch (May 31, 2018). 6159:Modern American Women: A Documentary History 6067:Henning, Arthur Sears (September 26, 1921). 4880:. Ogden, Utah. September 30, 1919. p. 6 4555:"Michigan Third to Put O.K. on Suffrage Act" 4293: 4005:"Nineteenth Amendment | History & Facts" 3946:. New York: The Free Press. pp. 164–72. 3915: 3627: 3391: 3389: 3387: 3074: 2512:and Academy Award-winning director/producer 2453:is a 1995 PBS documentary narrated by actor 2328:National Archives and Records Administration 2090:National American Woman Suffrage Association 2088:and Carrie Chapman Catt agreed to merge the 1429:Resistance to ratification took many forms: 1113: 1066:National American Woman Suffrage Association 950:National American Woman Suffrage Association 584:National American Woman Suffrage Association 9497:Democratic backsliding in the United States 9135:Military and Overseas Voter Empowerment Act 7295: 6650:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 5491: 5477:. Cambridge University Press. p. 157. 5105: 5078: 5066: 5054: 5042: 5027: 5000: 4914: 4858: 4756: 4477:"Wisconsin O.K.'s Suffrage; Illinois First" 4385:"Ratification of Constitutional Amendments" 4236: 4199: 4197: 3338:Westering Women and the Frontier Experience 3098: 3096: 3094: 3092: 2761: 11499: 11485: 11241: 11227: 10941: 10934: 10920: 10652: 10638: 10270:Emmeline and Christabel Pankhurst Memorial 9600: 9586: 8942: 8928: 7396: 7382: 7046:Women and the U.S. Constitution, 1776–1920 6689:"Schoolhouse Rock—Sufferin' 'til Suffrage" 6541: 6081: 4949:Conkright, Bessie Taul (January 7, 1920). 4675:"Assembly to O. K. Suffrage with Dispatch" 4593: 4591: 4589: 4549: 4547: 4443:. Ottawa, Kansas. June 10, 1919. p. 1 4305: 3709:"A National Association for Colored Women" 3244: 3229: 2770: 2724: 2711:Approved by governor on December 15, 1919. 1931: 962:African-American women's suffrage movement 844:establishment of territorial constitutions 688:, adopted in 1789, left the boundaries of 464: 450: 11307:Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 10603:Women's Suffrage Centennial silver dollar 6518:"Women's Equality Day | American holiday" 6161:. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. pp. 6150: 6038: 5799: 5730: 5139:"House Beats Suffrage by 62 to 22 Vote". 4948: 4720:. Fremont, Ohio. June 17, 1919. p. 1 3384: 3372: 3197: 3195: 2733: 2104: 2079: 1986: 1178:Woman suffrage and World War I patriotism 16:1920 amendment mandating women's suffrage 11416:United States ten-dollar bill (proposed) 11115:United States ten-dollar bill (proposed) 10786:United States ten-dollar bill (proposed) 10174:1920 United States presidential election 8894:Scene at the Signing of the Constitution 7260: 7200: 7062: 7029:. United States Supreme Court (Sharpe). 7022: 6897:McNeil-Walsh, Gemma (February 6, 2018). 6542:Schuessler, Jennifer (August 15, 2019). 6203: 6060: 5731:Salvatore, Susan Cianci (June 7, 2019). 5228: 4683:. Dayton, Ohio. June 16, 1919. p. 9 4406:"Claim Wisconsin First to O.K. Suffrage" 4299: 4194: 3790: 3521: 3238: 3089: 3083: 3068: 2742: 2669: 2659: 2651: 2649: 2636: 2198: 2042: 1918: 1905: 1854: 1521: 1512: 1508: 1464: 1411: 1286: 1278: 5 Republicans Not voting/abstained 1228: 1181: 1122: 1039: 965: 873: 747: 671: 662:Early woman suffrage efforts (1776–1865) 633: 11208:Women's Rights National Historical Park 10414:Women's Rights National Historical Park 9142:National Voter Registration Act of 1993 9098:Title I of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 7352:19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution 7130:"Book 9: War, Peace, and All That Jazz" 7094: 6605: 6599: 6427: 6353:Boissoneault, Lorraine (May 13, 2017). 6313: 6309: 6307: 6305: 6066: 5831: 5829: 5827: 5825: 5800:Contreras, Russell (November 1, 2018). 5795: 5793: 5791: 5789: 5787: 5785: 5752: 5726: 5724: 5645: 5643: 5641: 5393: 5243: 4586: 4544: 4173: 3911: 3909: 3907: 3360: 3171:Flock, Elizabeth (September 10, 2019). 2969: 2913:. New York: New York University Press. 2868: 2714: 2696: 2693:Approved by governor on August 2, 1919. 2612: 1890:, because the party bringing the suit, 1334: Municipal suffrage in some cities 956:African-American woman suffrage efforts 11653: 11529:Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage 11271:Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage 10091:Suffragette bombing and arson campaign 9379:United States Virgin Islands residents 7320: 6945: 6868:from the original on November 3, 2021. 6664: 6314:Goolsby, Denise (September 19, 2016). 6281:Gross, Samantha J. (August 26, 2019). 6197: 6039:Rohlinger, Deana (December 13, 2018). 5889: 5802:"How the Native American Vote Evolved" 5649: 5509: 5470: 5405: 5381: 5239: 5237: 4872:"Utah Ratifies the Suffrage Amendment" 4514: 4357: 4323: 4232: 4230: 4228: 4226: 4174:Keyssar, Alexander (August 15, 2001). 4151:Shuler, Marjorie (September 4, 1920). 4150: 4100: 4096: 4094: 4092: 4090: 3999: 3997: 3856: 3854: 3852: 3850: 3824: 3822: 3820: 3818: 3816: 3814: 3812: 3676: 3674: 3672: 3623: 3621: 3619: 3617: 3559: 3557: 3548: 3536: 3509: 3419: 3395: 3321: 3192: 3129: 2970:Nordell, Jessica (November 24, 2016). 2908: 2407:Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage 1688:: January 6, 1920 (4:00 p.m. EST) 1269: 9 Democrats Not voting/abstained 1156:Congressional Union for Women Suffrage 830:the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the 816:the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the 11696:Women's suffrage in the United States 11635:Women's suffrage in the United States 11480: 11461:Women's suffrage in the United States 11222: 11193:Women's suffrage in the United States 10915: 10879:Women's suffrage in the United States 10633: 10132:Trial of Susan B. Anthony (1872–1873) 9947:International Woman Suffrage Alliance 9581: 8923: 7377: 7368:Woman Suffrage and the 19th Amendment 7124: 7043: 6966: 6371: 6280: 5973: 5458: 4979:. Indiana Women's Suffrage Centennial 4382: 4378: 4376: 4311: 4029: 4027: 4025: 3885: 3883: 3828: 3786: 3784: 3782: 3780: 3778: 3776: 3774: 3772: 3770: 3287: 3170: 3166: 3164: 2941: 2873:. New York: Basic Books. p. 173. 2646: 2142:Women's Joint Congressional Committee 1548:: June 10, 1919 (11:42 a.m. CDT) 1019:National Association of Colored Women 970:Suffragist and civil rights activist 866:until it achieved statehood in 1896. 668:Women's suffrage in the United States 502:women's suffrage in the United States 11691:Progressive Era in the United States 10659: 10485:"The March of the Women" (1910 song) 10213:List of suffragists and suffragettes 10076:Women's Coronation Procession (1911) 8972:House Electors Qualifications Clause 8873:Constitution Day and Citizenship Day 7173: 6992: 6787: 6624: 6471: 6455:"Listen to your Mother: a Mom-ument" 6302: 6113: 5917:"Puerto Rico and the 19th Amendment" 5835: 5822: 5782: 5746: 5721: 5706: 5638: 5244:Bronson, Minnie (November 6, 1920). 3904: 3715:. September 11, 2017. Archived from 3378: 3366: 3253: 3201: 2605: 2578:List of suffragists and suffragettes 2061: 1469:Headquarters of the anti-suffragist 11162:Nora Stanton Barney (granddaughter) 10995:National Woman Suffrage Association 10690:National Woman Suffrage Association 8861:Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom 8388:Incorporation of the Bill of Rights 7358:Our Documents: Nineteenth Amendment 7000:America's Constitution: A Biography 6606:Ellison, Sarah (January 27, 2020). 6193:. Suffragists Oral History Project. 5578: 5551: 5234: 5110:. In Farnham, Christie Anne (ed.). 4526:National Woman Suffrage Association 4435:"Two States Ratify Votes for Women" 4358:Morris, Mildred (August 19, 1920). 4223: 4087: 3994: 3847: 3809: 3749: 3701: 3669: 3614: 3554: 1850: 1328: School, bond, or tax suffrage 1058:American Woman Suffrage Association 1050:National Woman Suffrage Association 1001:As early as 1866, in Philadelphia, 772:American Woman Suffrage Association 768:National Woman Suffrage Association 645:The Nineteenth Amendment provides: 13: 11582:Women's Social and Political Union 11390:Women's Social and Political Union 11198:National Women's Rights Convention 10884:National Women's Rights Convention 10869:1873 trial for unauthorized voting 10455:National Voting Rights Museum (US) 10419:Women's Suffrage National Monument 10235:Historiography of the Suffragettes 10189:Selma to Montgomery marches (1965) 9369:Northern Mariana Islands residents 8951:Voting rights in the United States 7952:Drafting and ratification timeline 7697:District of Columbia Voting Rights 6967:Shoot, Brittany (August 1, 2018). 6713:. WNYC Studios. September 19, 2018 6372:Bliss, Jessica (August 26, 2016). 6151:Dollinger, Genora Johnson (1997). 5090: 4714:"Ohio Legislature Favors Suffrage" 4373: 4167: 4144: 4022: 3880: 3767: 3161: 2364: 1959:U.S. presidential election in 1924 1874:Article V of the U.S. Constitution 1678:: January 6, 1920 (1:00 p.m. 1498:Tennessee House of Representatives 1119:A new focus on a federal amendment 320:Drafting and ratification timeline 14: 11707: 11157:Harriot Stanton Blatch (daughter) 10990:American Equal Rights Association 10899:Susan B. Anthony Pro-Life America 10894:Susan B. Anthony abortion dispute 10685:American Equal Rights Association 10347:Turning Point Suffragist Memorial 9130:Federal Voting Assistance Program 7405:Constitution of the United States 7345: 7325:Women and the American Experience 6855: 6818: 6472:Burt, Spencer (October 3, 2018). 5890:Oxford, Andrew (August 2, 2018). 5510:Harvey, Anna L. (July 13, 1998). 5471:Harvey, Anna L. (July 13, 1998). 5310:"Maryland and the 19th Amendment" 4101:Cooney, Robert P. J. Jr. (2005). 2911:Woman Suffrage and Women's Rights 2808:LII / Legal Information Institute 2677:Michigan House of Representatives 2194: 1995:Three million women south of the 1538:: June 10, 1919 (10:48 a.m. 1166:on March 3, 1913, the day before 1015:American Equal Rights Association 1011:Philadelphia Suffrage Association 897:after it became a state in 1890. 11315: 11147:Henry Brewster Stanton (husband) 11104:Women's Rights Pioneers Monument 10830:Douglass–Anthony Memorial Bridge 10800:Women's Rights Pioneers Monument 10498:"Sister Suffragette" (1964 song) 10296:Women's Rights Pioneers Monument 10142:Woman Suffrage Procession (1913) 10112:Declaration of Sentiments (1848) 9537:Ranked-choice voting in the U.S. 9454:Women's poll tax repeal movement 7808:Convention to propose amendments 7236:. University of Illinois Press. 7023:Anzalone, Christopher A (2002). 6960: 6939: 6921: 6890: 6872: 6849: 6831: 6812: 6788:Leab, Amber (November 4, 2008). 6781: 6751: 6725: 6681: 6665:Litman, Kevin (April 25, 2018). 6658: 6618: 6571: 6535: 6510: 6484: 6465: 6447: 6421: 6403:Tennessee Suffrage Monument, Inc 6391: 6365: 6346: 6326: 6248: 6204:Harrison, Cynthia Ellen (1989). 6179: 6144: 6107: 6032: 6006: 5967: 5931: 5909: 5883: 5861: 5753:Staples, Brent (July 28, 2018). 5700: 5678: 5603: 5530: 5503: 5464: 5399: 5331: 5302: 5256: 5196: 5170: 5151: 5132: 5114:. New York: NYU Press. pp. 5099: 5084: 4895: 4825: 4793: 4735: 4698: 4659: 4622: 4578: 4500: 4458: 4153:"Out of Subjection Into Freedom" 2583:List of women's rights activists 2546: 2532: 2388: 2379: 2094:National Council of Women Voters 1982:Women's poll tax repeal movement 1554:: June 10, 1919 (4:15 p.m. 1526:Sewing stars on a suffrage flag. 1091:, a leader in both the NACW and 638:The Nineteenth Amendment in the 619: 431: 419: 407: 42: 10311:Kate Sheppard National Memorial 10071:Battle of Downing Street (1910) 9714:1902 Commonwealth Franchise Act 9081:U.S. Commission on Civil Rights 8999:Privileges or Immunities Clause 7261:Van West, Carroll, ed. (1998). 6985: 6946:Nevins, Jake (August 1, 2018). 6496:National Women's History Museum 5409:The Journal of American History 5285:"258 U.S. 130—Leser v. Garnett" 5166:. February 12, 1920. p. 2. 5147:. February 12, 1920. p. 1. 4968: 4942: 4920: 4864: 4762: 4706: 4667: 4642:The Independence Daily Reporter 4630: 4508: 4398: 4317: 4266:The Journal of Southern History 4257: 4205:"Women's Suffrage in Wisconsin" 4119: 4062: 3950: 3932: 3866:National Women's History Museum 3731: 3654: 3584: 3458: 3327: 3293: 3259: 3207: 3135: 3062: 3036: 2991: 1282: 870:Post-Reconstruction (1878–1910) 832:Privileges or Immunities Clause 616:1920 U.S. presidential election 11524:1913 Woman Suffrage Procession 11506: 11266:1913 Woman Suffrage Procession 11248: 11172:James Livingston (grandfather) 11013:International Council of Women 10708:International Council of Women 10122:Ohio Women's Convention (1850) 10107:Seneca Falls Convention (1848) 9359:District of Columbia residents 9289:Multiple non-transferable vote 9212:Voter registration in the U.S. 9157:Election Assistance Commission 8977:Congressional Elections Clause 8423:Separation of church and state 6763:Women's Suffrage and the Media 4239:Tennessee Historical Quarterly 3916:Ault, Alicia (April 9, 2019). 3628:Terborg-Penn, Rosalyn (1998). 3143:"America's Founding Documents" 2963: 2935: 2902: 2877: 2862: 2843: 2821: 2796: 1975: 1225:Final congressional challenges 940:for the first time in 1878 by 109:Amendments to the Constitution 1: 10984:Women's Loyal National League 10679:Women's Loyal National League 9542:National Voting Rights Museum 9152:Help America Vote Act of 2002 7927:Virginia Ratifying Convention 5941:American Journal of Sociology 5616:The Christian Science Monitor 4383:Mount, Steve (January 2007). 2998:United States Senate (1865). 2784: 2563:Feminism in the United States 2485:, the best-selling author of 1910: 1384:voted for ratification, with 858:in 1887 that also prohibited 694:U.S. House of Representatives 656: 11686:Presidency of Woodrow Wilson 10228:in majority-Muslim countries 10218:Timeline of women's suffrage 10157:Silent Sentinels (1917–1919) 10086:Open Christmas Letter (1914) 10035:2019–2020 Hong Kong protests 9607: 9405:Timeline of women's suffrage 8888:National Constitution Center 8686:Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer 7985:Assemble and Petition Clause 7354:from the Library of Congress 5919:. U.S. National Park Service 5688:. U.S. National Park Service 4209:Wisconsin Historical Society 2909:DuBois, Ellen Carol (1998). 2789: 2594:Timeline of women's suffrage 2491:, produced a video entitled 2324:National Constitution Center 1417:"The Big Issue At The Polls" 1054:Frances Ellen Watkins Harper 988:Frances Ellen Watkins Harper 838:Continued settlement of the 516:amendment was introduced in 512:movement. The first women's 7: 11110:Johnstown, New York, statue 10598:New Zealand ten-dollar note 10265:(Emmeline Pankhurst statue) 10179:"Give Us the Ballot" (1957) 10117:Rochester Convention (1848) 9902:Constitutional amendments: 9688:Women's liberation movement 9459:History of direct democracy 9449:Selma to Montgomery marches 9192:Initiatives and referendums 8759:Charles Cotesworth Pinckney 7813:State ratifying conventions 7750:Equal Opportunity to Govern 7745:Electoral College abolition 7672:Congressional Apportionment 7296:Weatherford, Doris (1998). 7201:Monopoli, Paula A. (2020). 7089:Journal of American History 6880:"Women in the 19th Century" 6154:"Women and Labor Militancy" 6117:Journal of American History 5264:"Leser v. Garnett page 217" 4718:The Fremont Daily Messenger 4036:Political Science Quarterly 3791:Lichtman, Allan J. (2018). 2942:Weber, Liz (June 3, 2019). 2869:Keyssar, Alexander (2000). 2525: 2344: 2033:Selma to Montgomery marches 1953:in 1920 and passage of the 810:rejected this argument. In 375:Preamble and Articles I–VII 271:Congressional Apportionment 10: 11712: 10137:Suffrage Hikes (1912–1914) 9279:First-past-the-post voting 9049:U.S. Department of Justice 7370:from the National Archives 7071:Princeton University Press 6399:"Too Few Statues of Women" 5590:Cambridge University Press 5586:"Counting Women's Ballots" 5158:"The Suffrage Amendment". 2441:27: The Most Perfect Album 2409:were subjects of the film 2401:(left, while in jail) and 2368: 2183:additional ratifications. 2108: 2004:, in an opinion piece for 1979: 1901: 959: 885:, January 16, 1878, p. 501 686:United States Constitution 665: 486:United States Constitution 11666:1920 in American politics 11622: 11590: 11574: 11514: 11448: 11398: 11377: 11324: 11313: 11256: 11180: 11139: 11085: 11064: 11048: 11030:History of Woman Suffrage 11021: 10972: 10963:Declaration of Sentiments 10949: 10861: 10838: 10766: 10740: 10725:History of Woman Suffrage 10716: 10667: 10605:(2020 U.S. commemorative) 10468: 10442: 10424:International Women's Day 10201: 10099: 10043: 9942: 9935: 9696: 9615: 9467: 9415:Woman Suffrage Procession 9387: 9306: 9271: 9225: 9174: 9167: 9103:Voting Rights Act of 1965 9039: 8957: 8846: 8818: 8798: 8777: 8746: 8720: 8699: 8673: 8637: 8586: 8555: 8539: 8518: 8497: 8476: 8460: 8451: 8330: 8212:Privileges and Immunities 8025:Congressional enforcement 7960: 7947:Rhode Island ratification 7838:Articles of Confederation 7825: 7803: 7780:Parental Rights amendment 7705: 7662: 7587: 7559: 7538: 7475: 7471: 7462: 7411: 7263:"Woman Suffrage Movement" 7174:Mead, Rebecca J. (2004). 7063:Banaszak, Lee A. (1996). 6821:"Not For Ourselves Alone" 6430:"Woman Suffrage Movement" 5498:Moses & Hartmann 1995 4951:"Women Hold Jubilee Meet" 4521:History of Woman Suffrage 3420:Kobach, Kris (May 1994). 3396:Kobach, Kris (May 1994). 3334:Myres, Sandra L. (1982). 2252:'s birth, and during the 2074: 2037:Voting Rights Act of 1965 2018:Voting Rights Act of 1965 1392:not doing so until 1920. 1114:Proposal and ratification 862:; it was not restored in 818:Supreme Court of Illinois 783:Reconstruction Amendments 718:Declaration of Sentiments 549:Declaration of Sentiments 356:Reconstruction Amendments 10508:Women's suffrage in film 10479:The Women's Marseillaise 10367:Suffragette Handkerchief 10245:Women's rights activists 10025:Hong Kong 1 July marches 9354:American Samoa residents 9093:Civil Rights Act of 1960 9076:Civil Rights Act of 1957 8443:Unitary executive theory 8217:Privileges or Immunities 7932:New York Circular Letter 7922:Massachusetts Compromise 7226:Moses, Claire Goldberg; 6157:. In Ware, Susan (ed.). 3638:Indiana University Press 2371:Women's suffrage in film 2295:; Abby Crawford Milton; 2236:-ton marble slab from a 1951:U.S. Department of Labor 1770: 1501:U.S. Secretary of State 1322: Municipal suffrage 702:single and married women 522:House of Representatives 414:United States portal 24:This article is part of 10957:Seneca Falls Convention 10776:Susan B. Anthony dollar 10609:2020 US ten-dollar bill 10593:Susan B. Anthony dollar 10530:Not for Ourselves Alone 10152:Suffrage Special (1916) 10081:Great Pilgrimage (1913) 10030:2014 Hong Kong protests 9628:Right to run for office 9059:Enforcement Act of 1870 8994:Equal Protection Clause 8363:Dormant Commerce Clause 8207:Presidential succession 7942:Fayetteville Convention 7937:Hillsborough Convention 7873:Three-fifths Compromise 7853:Philadelphia Convention 7843:Mount Vernon Conference 7730:Campaign finance reform 7209:Oxford University Press 7140:Oxford University Press 7044:Baker, Jean H. (2009). 6522:Encyclopædia Britannica 6334:"The Portrait Monument" 4009:Encyclopedia Britannica 3418:See also: Excerpt from 3105:OAH Magazine of History 2014:Twenty-fourth Amendment 1932:Women's voting behavior 1344:suffrage in some cities 1275: 8 Republicans Nay 1160:women's suffrage parade 1146:In a break with NAWSA, 992:Fannie Barrier Williams 709:Seneca Falls Convention 629: 545:Seneca Falls convention 11548:National Woman's Party 11302:Equal Rights Amendment 11285:National Woman's Party 11152:Theodore Stanton (son) 10943:Elizabeth Cady Stanton 10671:Elizabeth Cady Stanton 10276:Elizabeth Cady Stanton 9925:1965 Voting Rights Act 9064:Second Enforcement Act 8526:William Samuel Johnson 8398:Nondelegation doctrine 7970:Admission to the Union 7917:Anti-Federalist Papers 7868:Connecticut Compromise 7321:Woloch, Nancy (1984). 7158:Georgetown Law Journal 7138:. New York, New York: 7095:Dumenil, Lynn (1995). 7091:106.3 (2019): 662–694. 6862:CrashCourse on YouTube 6492:"Women's Equality Day" 6434:Tennessee Encyclopedia 5810:. Great Falls, Montana 5271:Independence Institute 5164:Lenoir, North Carolina 4975:Morgan, Anita (2019). 4638:"Suffrage is Ratified" 4560:The Detroit Free Press 3829:Weiss, Elaine (2018). 3117:10.1093/maghis/21.3.47 2488:The Fault in Our Stars 2337:posthumously pardoned 2258:Elizabeth Cady Stanton 2254:National Woman's Party 2219: 2123:, written by Paul and 2121:Equal Rights Amendment 2111:Equal Rights Amendment 2105:Equal Rights Amendment 2098:League of Women Voters 2080:League of Women Voters 1987:African-American women 1928: 1916: 1859: 1527: 1519: 1473: 1426: 1352: 1243: 1205: 1172:National Woman's Party 1131: 1097:Nannie Helen Burroughs 1079:National Woman's Party 1056:and others joined the 1045: 974: 886: 883:New York Daily Graphic 879:Elizabeth Cady Stanton 759: 753:Elizabeth Cady Stanton 726:Elizabeth Cady Stanton 681: 654: 642: 624:Equal Rights Amendment 592:National Woman's Party 561:Elizabeth Cady Stanton 508:and part of the wider 10852:Mary Stafford Anthony 10257:Belmont–Paul Monument 10184:Freedom Summer (1964) 10061:Women's Sunday (1908) 9517:Elections in the U.S. 9374:Puerto Rico residents 9113:covered jurisdictions 8733:Richard Dobbs Spaight 8202:Presidential Electors 8177:Original Jurisdiction 8117:Full Faith and Credit 7990:Assistance of Counsel 7911:The Federalist Papers 7740:Crittenden Compromise 7302:. Santa Barbara, CA: 7121:17.3 (2018): 433–449. 5740:National Park Service 5314:National Park Service 4680:The Dayton Daily News 4604:Lansing State Journal 4324:Monroe, Judy (1998). 4159:: 360. Archived from 3687:National Park Service 2210: 2127:and first named "the 2043:Other minority groups 2025:civil rights movement 1922: 1909: 1858: 1525: 1516: 1509:Ratification timeline 1468: 1415: 1290: 1232: 1185: 1126: 1043: 1007:Harriet Forten Purvis 969: 877: 806:rights to women. The 751: 675: 647: 637: 396:Unratified Amendments 263:Unratified Amendments 52:Preamble and Articles 11661:1920 in American law 11614:Lucy Burns Institute 11411:2012 ten-dollar coin 11167:Daniel Cady (father) 11122:Elizabeth C. Stanton 10815:The Mother of Us All 10781:Susan B. Anthony Day 10522:Shoulder to Shoulder 10491:The Mother of Us All 10434:Women's Equality Day 10429:Susan B. Anthony Day 10283:Suffragette Memorial 9888:District of Columbia 9658:Non-resident citizen 8902:A More Perfect Union 8878:Constitution Gardens 8799:Convention Secretary 8461:Convention President 8433:Symmetric federalism 8428:Separation of powers 8162:Necessary and Proper 8157:Natural-born citizen 8102:Freedom of the Press 8040:Copyright and Patent 8030:Contingent Elections 7848:Annapolis Convention 7250:Teele, Dawn Langan. 6739:on November 12, 2018 6691:. Schoolhouserock.tv 5980:The Yale Law Journal 5896:Santa Fe New Mexican 5316:. September 12, 2019 5145:Portsmouth, Virginia 4365:The Washington Times 3989:The Feminist Promise 3761:The Black Suffragist 3713:The Black Suffragist 3596:The Black Suffragist 3408:on November 10, 2010 3044:"Universal Suffrage" 2599:Women's Equality Day 2540:United States portal 2320:Women's Equality Day 2301:Knoxville, Tennessee 2285:Nashville, Tennessee 2244:was unveiled at the 1963:gender gap in voting 1892:Charles S. Fairchild 1879:secretaries of state 1642:: September 30, 1919 1636:: September 10, 1919 1444:Abby Crawford Milton 1027:Josephine St. Pierre 1009:helped to found the 996:Ida B. Wells-Barnett 820:'s refusal to grant 813:Bradwell v. Illinois 532:on August 26, 1920. 478:Nineteenth Amendment 36:of the United States 10854:(sister, associate) 10846:Daniel Read Anthony 10389:Hunger Strike Medal 10066:Black Friday (1910) 8909:Worldwide influence 8650:Gunning Bedford Jr. 8378:Executive privilege 8358:Criminal sentencing 8281:Title of Nobility ( 8272:Taxing and Spending 8172:Oath or Affirmation 8132:House Apportionment 7995:Case or Controversy 7878:Committee of Detail 7770:"Liberty" amendment 7735:Christian amendment 7329:. New York: Knopf. 6929:"Iron Jawed Angels" 6845:. November 7, 1999. 6612:The Washington Post 6459:RoadsideAmerica.com 6262:. February 21, 2019 5847:The Washington Post 5807:Great Falls Tribune 5619:. August 18, 2010. 5564:The Washington Post 5358:Fairchild v. Hughes 5184:on October 13, 2011 5141:The Portsmouth Star 5081:, pp. 242–243. 5003:, pp. 232–233. 4917:, pp. 231–233. 3570:The Washington Post 3524:, pp. 133–134. 3512:, pp. 325–326. 2977:The Washington Post 2949:The Washington Post 2889:Library of Congress 2568:History of feminism 2451:One Woman, One Vote 2297:Juno Frankie Pierce 2154:In 1958, President 2010:Birmingham, Alabama 1970:Christina Wolbrecht 1957:in 1922. After the 1925:Ladies Home Journal 1887:Fairchild v. Hughes 1742:: February 23, 1920 1736:: February 16, 1920 1730:: February 12, 1920 1724:: February 11, 1920 1672:: December 12, 1919 1630:: September 8, 1919 1296: Full suffrage 1136:Carrie Chapman Catt 1128:Carrie Chapman Catt 1062:Mary Ann Shadd Cary 1035:Mary Church Terrell 1023:Frances E.W. Harper 980:Mary Church Terrell 972:Mary Church Terrell 827:Minor v. Happersett 608:Fairchild v. Hughes 588:Carrie Chapman Catt 438:Politics portal 389:Amendments XI–XXVII 11422:Jailed for Freedom 11132:(1999 documentary) 10959:, 1848, co-founder 10826:(1999 documentary) 10807:Jailed for Freedom 10532:(1999 documentary) 10399:Suffrage jewellery 9623:Universal suffrage 9562:Voter registration 9438:Give Us the Ballot 9334:Transgender people 9238:Grandfather clause 9202:Provisional ballot 8563:William Livingston 8547:Alexander Hamilton 8353:Criminal procedure 8348:Constitutional law 8283:Foreign Emoluments 8247:State of the Union 8232:Self-Incrimination 8222:Recess appointment 8015:Compulsory Process 7677:Titles of Nobility 7283:on August 10, 2010 7228:Hartmann, Heidi I. 7170:(Oxford UP, 2018). 6646:cite press release 6549:The New York Times 6093:EveryCRSReport.com 5974:Brown, J. (1993). 5836:Williams, Sherri. 5760:The New York Times 5500:, pp. xx–xxi. 5057:, p. 237-238. 4877:The Ogden Standard 4807:The New York Times 4775:The New York Times 4516:Harper, Ida Husted 4412:. November 2, 1919 3985:Christine Stansell 3592:"The Black Church" 3149:. October 30, 2015 2293:Anne Dallas Dudley 2220: 2006:The New York Times 1929: 1917: 1860: 1781:: February 8, 1921 1718:: February 9, 1920 1712:: February 7, 1920 1706:: January 26, 1920 1700:: January 16, 1920 1694:: January 12, 1920 1666:: December 4, 1919 1660:: December 1, 1919 1654:: November 5, 1919 1648:: November 1, 1919 1528: 1520: 1474: 1440:Anne Dallas Dudley 1427: 1353: 1272:36 Republicans Yea 1252:Southern Democrats 1244: 1242:on October 3, 1917 1206: 1132: 1046: 975: 887: 856:Edmunds-Tucker Act 808:U.S. Supreme Court 764:Reconstruction era 760: 682: 643: 620:§ Limitations 553:U.S. Supreme Court 300:D.C. Voting Rights 278:Titles of Nobility 11648: 11647: 11599:Iron Jawed Angels 11474: 11473: 11430:Iron Jawed Angels 11349:Inez Haynes Irwin 11216: 11215: 11096:Portrait Monument 11038:The Woman's Bible 10909: 10908: 10792:Portrait Monument 10627: 10626: 10538:Iron Jawed Angels 10460:Umbrella Movement 10404:Suffragette penny 10318:Millicent Fawcett 10289:Portrait Monument 10197: 10196: 10051:WSPU march (1906) 9868:African Americans 9786:Spain (Civil War, 9678:Compulsory voting 9575: 9574: 9522:Electoral College 9344:African Americans 9302: 9301: 9294:One man, one vote 9263:Voter suppression 8917: 8916: 8883:Constitution Week 8868:Independence Mall 8856:National Archives 8814: 8813: 8629:Gouverneur Morris 8614:Thomas Fitzsimons 8594:Benjamin Franklin 8468:George Washington 8368:Enumerated powers 8343:Concurrent powers 8338:Balance of powers 8167:No Religious Test 8107:Freedom of Speech 7898:Independence Hall 7821: 7820: 7725:Bricker amendment 7658: 7657: 7269:. Thomas Nelson. 7243:978-0-252-02166-4 7218:978-0-190-09280-1 7193:978-0-8147-5676-8 7160:(2020): 2019–63. 7149:978-0-19-509514-2 7110:978-0-8090-6978-1 7103:. Hill and Wang. 7080:978-1-4008-2207-2 7036:978-0-7656-0683-9 7015:978-0-8129-7272-6 6629:(Press release). 6498:. August 26, 2013 6409:on April 10, 2020 6074:The Baltimore Sun 6014:"Current Numbers" 5396:, pp. 23–30. 5250:The Woman Patriot 5160:Lenoir News-Topic 4482:The Capital Times 4440:The Ottawa Herald 4410:Milwaukee Journal 4341:978-0-89490-922-1 4314:, pp. 29–33. 4187:978-0-465-02969-3 4177:The Right to Vote 4163:on July 11, 2012. 4157:The Woman Citizen 4074:history.house.gov 3920:. Smithsonian.com 3868:. August 16, 2018 3833:. Penguin Books. 3256:, pp. 35–38. 3147:National Archives 3050:. August 15, 2016 3048:National Archives 2606:Explanatory notes 2501:Iron Jawed Angels 2424:Schoolhouse Rock! 2412:Iron Jawed Angels 2354:news organization 2208: 2062:Other limitations 1760:: August 18, 1920 1479:Albert H. Roberts 1456:Josephine Pearson 1448:Sue Shelton White 1350: No suffrage 1003:Margaretta Forten 891:Mississippi River 848:Wyoming Territory 842:, along with the 640:National Archives 496:from denying the 474: 473: 11703: 11640:Women's suffrage 11554:Silent Sentinels 11541:Suffrage Special 11501: 11494: 11487: 11478: 11477: 11466:Women's suffrage 11319: 11290:Silent Sentinels 11243: 11236: 11229: 11220: 11219: 11188:Women's suffrage 10976:Susan B. Anthony 10936: 10929: 10922: 10913: 10912: 10874:Women's suffrage 10661:Susan B. Anthony 10654: 10647: 10640: 10631: 10630: 10450:Age of candidacy 10383:Holloway Jingles 10357:Pankhurst Centre 10328:(2008 sculpture) 10251:Leser v. Garnett 10056:Mud March (1907) 9940: 9939: 9873:Native Americans 9683:Disfranchisement 9602: 9595: 9588: 9579: 9578: 9532:Electoral system 9527:Electoral reform 9502:Disfranchisement 9490:Native Americans 9480:Campaign finance 9425:U.S. suffragists 9420:Silent Sentinels 9349:Native Americans 9172: 9171: 9069:Ku Klux Klan Act 9054:Enforcement Acts 8944: 8937: 8930: 8921: 8920: 8764:Charles Pinckney 8573:William Paterson 8505:Nathaniel Gorham 8458: 8457: 8237:Speech or Debate 8065:Equal Protection 7775:Ludlow amendment 7760:Flag Desecration 7755:Federal Marriage 7720:Blaine amendment 7682:Corwin Amendment 7473: 7472: 7469: 7468: 7398: 7391: 7384: 7375: 7374: 7340: 7328: 7317: 7292: 7290: 7288: 7279:. Archived from 7247: 7222: 7197: 7181: 7153: 7114: 7102: 7084: 7059: 7040: 7019: 7003: 6994:Amar, Akhil Reed 6979: 6978: 6964: 6958: 6957: 6943: 6937: 6936: 6925: 6919: 6918: 6916: 6914: 6905:. 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Anthony 2242:Adelaide Johnson 2235: 2234: 2230: 2227: 2213:Adelaide Johnson 2209: 2180:Phyllis Schlafly 2178:. However, when 2163:Martha Griffiths 2086:Emma Smith DeVoe 1997:Mason–Dixon line 1915: 1912: 1865:Leser v. Garnett 1851:Legal challenges 1754:: March 22, 1920 1624:: August 2, 1919 1503:Bainbridge Colby 1431:anti-suffragists 1349: 1339: 1333: 1327: 1321: 1311: 1301: 1295: 1266:17 Democrats Nay 1263:20 Democrats Yea 1219:Silent Sentinels 1203: 1202: 1198: 1195: 1188:Silent Sentinels 1164:Washington, D.C. 1108:W. E. B. Du Bois 1075:Anna Howard Shaw 942:Aaron A. Sargent 923:Alaska Territory 840:western frontier 801: 757:Susan B. Anthony 738:Susan B. Anthony 602:Leser v. Garnett 557:Susan B. Anthony 506:women's suffrage 466: 459: 452: 436: 435: 424: 423: 412: 411: 410: 46: 21: 20: 11711: 11710: 11706: 11705: 11704: 11702: 11701: 11700: 11651: 11650: 11649: 11644: 11618: 11586: 11570: 11559:Night of Terror 11516: 11515:Suffrage events 11510: 11505: 11475: 11470: 11444: 11394: 11373: 11359:Inez Milholland 11344:Crystal Eastman 11326: 11320: 11311: 11295:Night of Terror 11258: 11252: 11247: 11217: 11212: 11176: 11135: 11087: 11081: 11060: 11044: 11017: 10974: 10973:Co-founder with 10968: 10945: 10940: 10910: 10905: 10857: 10834: 10768: 10762: 10736: 10712: 10669: 10668:Co-founder with 10663: 10658: 10628: 10623: 10588:(upcoming film) 10514:Votes for Women 10470: 10464: 10438: 10377:Holloway brooch 10372:Holloway banner 10203: 10193: 10162:Night of Terror 10095: 10039: 9931: 9692: 9611: 9606: 9576: 9571: 9463: 9383: 9298: 9267: 9233:Electoral fraud 9221: 9217:Voting in space 9207:Recall election 9182:Absentee ballot 9163: 9041: 9035: 8959: 8953: 8948: 8918: 8913: 8848: 8842: 8810: 8806:William Jackson 8794: 8790:Abraham Baldwin 8773: 8742: 8738:Hugh Williamson 8716: 8695: 8669: 8660:Richard Bassett 8633: 8619:Jared Ingersoll 8582: 8578:Jonathan Dayton 8551: 8535: 8514: 8493: 8489:Nicholas Gilman 8472: 8447: 8413:Reserved powers 8393:Judicial review 8326: 8122:General Welfare 8045:Double Jeopardy 7956: 7883:List of Framers 7863:New Jersey Plan 7817: 7799: 7795:Victims' Rights 7715:Balanced budget 7701: 7654: 7583: 7555: 7534: 7458: 7407: 7402: 7348: 7343: 7337: 7314: 7286: 7284: 7277: 7244: 7219: 7194: 7150: 7135:A History of US 7111: 7081: 7056: 7037: 7016: 7008:trade pbk. ed. 6988: 6983: 6982: 6965: 6961: 6944: 6940: 6933:Rotten Tomatoes 6927: 6926: 6922: 6912: 6910: 6909:on May 17, 2019 6895: 6891: 6886:. May 23, 2013. 6878: 6877: 6873: 6854: 6850: 6837: 6836: 6832: 6817: 6813: 6803: 6801: 6786: 6782: 6772: 6770: 6769:on May 17, 2019 6757: 6756: 6752: 6742: 6740: 6731: 6730: 6726: 6716: 6714: 6709: 6708: 6704: 6694: 6692: 6687: 6686: 6682: 6672: 6670: 6663: 6659: 6643: 6642: 6635: 6633: 6623: 6619: 6604: 6600: 6590: 6588: 6576: 6572: 6562: 6560: 6540: 6536: 6526: 6524: 6516: 6515: 6511: 6501: 6499: 6490: 6489: 6485: 6478:Deseretnews.com 6470: 6466: 6453: 6452: 6448: 6438: 6436: 6426: 6422: 6412: 6410: 6397: 6396: 6392: 6382: 6380: 6370: 6366: 6359:Smithsonian.com 6351: 6347: 6332: 6331: 6327: 6312: 6303: 6293: 6291: 6279: 6275: 6265: 6263: 6254: 6253: 6249: 6241:Chicago Tribune 6232: 6225: 6218: 6202: 6198: 6185: 6184: 6180: 6173: 6149: 6145: 6130:10.2307/1899833 6112: 6108: 6098: 6096: 6095:. July 18, 2018 6087: 6086: 6082: 6065: 6061: 6051: 6049: 6037: 6033: 6023: 6021: 6020:. June 12, 2015 6012: 6011: 6007: 5972: 5968: 5936: 5932: 5922: 5920: 5915: 5914: 5910: 5900: 5898: 5888: 5884: 5874: 5872: 5867: 5866: 5862: 5852: 5850: 5834: 5823: 5813: 5811: 5798: 5783: 5773: 5771: 5751: 5747: 5735: 5729: 5722: 5705: 5701: 5691: 5689: 5684: 5683: 5679: 5648: 5639: 5629: 5627: 5609: 5608: 5604: 5594: 5592: 5584: 5583: 5579: 5569: 5567: 5557: 5556: 5552: 5540: 5536: 5535: 5531: 5524: 5508: 5504: 5496: 5492: 5485: 5469: 5465: 5457: 5453: 5422:10.2307/1900152 5404: 5400: 5392: 5388: 5380: 5376: 5355: 5351: 5336: 5332: 5319: 5317: 5308: 5307: 5303: 5293: 5291: 5283: 5282: 5278: 5273:. October 1921. 5266: 5262: 5261: 5257: 5242: 5235: 5227: 5216: 5201: 5197: 5187: 5185: 5176: 5175: 5171: 5157: 5156: 5152: 5138: 5137: 5133: 5126: 5104: 5100: 5089: 5085: 5077: 5073: 5065: 5061: 5053: 5049: 5041: 5034: 5026: 5007: 4999: 4992: 4982: 4980: 4973: 4969: 4959: 4957: 4947: 4943: 4933: 4931: 4926: 4925: 4921: 4913: 4904: 4894: 4883: 4881: 4870: 4869: 4865: 4857: 4834: 4824: 4813: 4811: 4800: 4792: 4781: 4779: 4768: 4767: 4763: 4755: 4744: 4734: 4723: 4721: 4712: 4711: 4707: 4697: 4686: 4684: 4673: 4672: 4668: 4658: 4647: 4645: 4636: 4635: 4631: 4621: 4610: 4608: 4597: 4596: 4587: 4577: 4566: 4564: 4553: 4552: 4545: 4513: 4509: 4499: 4488: 4486: 4475: 4474: 4467: 4457: 4446: 4444: 4433: 4432: 4425: 4415: 4413: 4404: 4403: 4399: 4389: 4387: 4381: 4374: 4356: 4349: 4342: 4322: 4318: 4310: 4306: 4298: 4294: 4278:10.2307/2587945 4262: 4258: 4235: 4224: 4214: 4212: 4203: 4202: 4195: 4188: 4180:. Basic Books. 4172: 4168: 4149: 4145: 4135: 4133: 4127:"To Pass HJR 1" 4125: 4124: 4120: 4113: 4099: 4088: 4078: 4076: 4068: 4067: 4063: 4048:10.2307/2150609 4032: 4023: 4013: 4011: 4003: 4002: 3995: 3983: 3976: 3966: 3964: 3956: 3955: 3951: 3937: 3933: 3923: 3921: 3914: 3905: 3895: 3893: 3889: 3888: 3881: 3871: 3869: 3860: 3859: 3848: 3841: 3827: 3810: 3803: 3789: 3768: 3755: 3754: 3750: 3737: 3736: 3732: 3722: 3720: 3719:on June 6, 2019 3707: 3706: 3702: 3692: 3690: 3680: 3679: 3670: 3659: 3655: 3648: 3626: 3615: 3605: 3603: 3602:on June 6, 2019 3590: 3589: 3585: 3575: 3573: 3563: 3562: 3555: 3547: 3543: 3535: 3528: 3520: 3516: 3508: 3504: 3492: 3491: 3482: 3481: 3474: 3472: 3463: 3459: 3436:Yale Law School 3411: 3409: 3394: 3385: 3381:, pp. 421. 3377: 3373: 3365: 3361: 3354: 3332: 3328: 3320: 3313: 3298: 3294: 3286: 3279: 3264: 3260: 3252: 3245: 3237: 3230: 3220: 3218: 3213: 3212: 3208: 3200: 3193: 3183: 3181: 3169: 3162: 3152: 3150: 3141: 3140: 3136: 3128: 3124: 3101: 3090: 3086:, pp. 6–7. 3082: 3075: 3071:, pp. 5–6. 3067: 3063: 3053: 3051: 3042: 3041: 3037: 3025: 3024: 3015: 3014: 3007: 3005: 2996: 2992: 2982: 2980: 2968: 2964: 2954: 2952: 2940: 2936: 2921: 2907: 2903: 2893: 2891: 2883: 2882: 2878: 2867: 2863: 2848: 2844: 2834: 2832: 2829:"1st Amendment" 2827: 2826: 2822: 2812: 2810: 2802: 2801: 2797: 2792: 2787: 2782: 2781: 2775: 2771: 2766: 2762: 2756: 2752: 2747: 2743: 2738: 2734: 2729: 2725: 2719: 2715: 2710: 2706: 2701: 2697: 2692: 2688: 2674: 2670: 2664: 2660: 2654: 2647: 2641: 2637: 2626: 2622: 2617: 2613: 2608: 2603: 2554:Feminism portal 2552: 2547: 2545: 2538: 2533: 2531: 2528: 2510:Hillary Clinton 2498:The 2004 drama 2475:Sally Kellerman 2436: 2431:and written by 2427:, performed by 2419: 2418: 2417: 2416: 2405:(right) of the 2395: 2394: 2393: 2385: 2384: 2373: 2367: 2365:Popular culture 2347: 2281:Centennial Park 2273: 2246:Capitol rotunda 2232: 2228: 2225: 2223: 2217:Capitol rotunda 2199: 2197: 2125:Crystal Eastman 2113: 2107: 2082: 2077: 2064: 2049:Miguel Trujillo 2045: 2031:, and the 1965 1989: 1984: 1978: 1934: 1913: 1904: 1853: 1845: 1844: 1763: 1618:: July 30, 1919 1612:: July 28, 1919 1594:: June 28, 1919 1588:: June 25, 1919 1582:: June 24, 1919 1576:: June 16, 1919 1570:: June 16, 1919 1564:: June 16, 1919 1511: 1425:, Oct 25, 1919) 1351: 1347: 1345: 1337: 1335: 1331: 1329: 1325: 1323: 1319: 1317: 1309: 1307: 1299: 1297: 1293: 1285: 1227: 1200: 1196: 1193: 1191: 1180: 1121: 1116: 1106:, published by 1089:Mary B. Talbert 1071:Martha Gruening 984:Sojourner Truth 964: 958: 872: 799: 774:(AWSA), led by 746: 670: 664: 659: 632: 470: 430: 418: 408: 406: 360: 304: 260: 259: 103: 35: 17: 12: 11: 5: 11709: 11699: 11698: 11693: 11688: 11683: 11678: 11673: 11668: 11663: 11646: 11645: 11643: 11642: 11637: 11632: 11626: 11624: 11620: 11619: 11617: 11616: 11611: 11610:(2022 musical) 11603: 11594: 11592: 11588: 11587: 11585: 11584: 11578: 11576: 11572: 11571: 11569: 11568: 11567: 11566: 11564:Prison Special 11561: 11551: 11545: 11544: 11543: 11538: 11535:The Suffragist 11526: 11520: 11518: 11517:(co-organized) 11512: 11511: 11504: 11503: 11496: 11489: 11481: 11472: 11471: 11469: 11468: 11463: 11458: 11452: 11450: 11446: 11445: 11443: 11442: 11441:(2022 musical) 11434: 11426: 11418: 11413: 11408: 11402: 11400: 11396: 11395: 11393: 11392: 11387: 11381: 11379: 11375: 11374: 11372: 11371: 11366: 11361: 11356: 11351: 11346: 11341: 11336: 11330: 11328: 11322: 11321: 11314: 11312: 11310: 11309: 11304: 11299: 11298: 11297: 11287: 11282: 11281: 11280: 11277:The Suffragist 11268: 11262: 11260: 11259:co-strategized 11257:Initiated and 11254: 11253: 11246: 11245: 11238: 11231: 11223: 11214: 11213: 11211: 11210: 11205: 11200: 11195: 11190: 11184: 11182: 11178: 11177: 11175: 11174: 11169: 11164: 11159: 11154: 11149: 11143: 11141: 11137: 11136: 11134: 11133: 11125: 11117: 11112: 11107: 11100: 11099:(U.S. Capitol) 11091: 11089: 11083: 11082: 11080: 11079: 11074: 11068: 11066: 11062: 11061: 11059: 11058: 11052: 11050: 11049:Other writings 11046: 11045: 11043: 11042: 11034: 11025: 11023: 11019: 11018: 11016: 11015: 11010: 11006:The Revolution 11002: 10997: 10992: 10987: 10980: 10978: 10970: 10969: 10967: 10966: 10960: 10953: 10951: 10947: 10946: 10939: 10938: 10931: 10924: 10916: 10907: 10906: 10904: 10903: 10902: 10901: 10891: 10886: 10881: 10876: 10871: 10865: 10863: 10859: 10858: 10856: 10855: 10849: 10842: 10840: 10836: 10835: 10833: 10832: 10827: 10819: 10811: 10803: 10796: 10795:(U.S. Capitol) 10788: 10783: 10778: 10772: 10770: 10764: 10763: 10761: 10760: 10755: 10750: 10744: 10742: 10738: 10737: 10735: 10734: 10729: 10720: 10718: 10714: 10713: 10711: 10710: 10705: 10701:The Revolution 10697: 10692: 10687: 10682: 10675: 10673: 10665: 10664: 10657: 10656: 10649: 10642: 10634: 10625: 10624: 10622: 10621: 10616: 10611: 10606: 10600: 10595: 10590: 10582: 10581:(2022 musical) 10574: 10573:(2018 musical) 10566: 10558: 10550: 10542: 10534: 10526: 10518: 10510: 10505: 10503:Suffrage plays 10500: 10495: 10487: 10482: 10474: 10472: 10466: 10465: 10463: 10462: 10457: 10452: 10446: 10444: 10440: 10439: 10437: 10436: 10431: 10426: 10421: 10416: 10411: 10406: 10401: 10396: 10391: 10386: 10379: 10374: 10369: 10364: 10359: 10354: 10349: 10344: 10337: 10330: 10326:Great Petition 10322: 10314: 10307: 10299: 10292: 10285: 10280: 10272: 10267: 10263:Rise up, Women 10259: 10254: 10247: 10242: 10237: 10232: 10231: 10230: 10225: 10215: 10209: 10207: 10199: 10198: 10195: 10194: 10192: 10191: 10186: 10181: 10176: 10171: 10170: 10169: 10167:Prison Special 10164: 10154: 10149: 10147:Suffrage Torch 10144: 10139: 10134: 10129: 10124: 10119: 10114: 10109: 10103: 10101: 10097: 10096: 10094: 10093: 10088: 10083: 10078: 10073: 10068: 10063: 10058: 10053: 10047: 10045: 10041: 10040: 10038: 10037: 10032: 10027: 10022: 10021: 10020: 10015: 10010: 10005: 10000: 9995: 9990: 9985: 9980: 9975: 9970: 9965: 9960: 9955: 9943: 9937: 9933: 9932: 9930: 9929: 9928: 9927: 9922: 9900: 9895: 9890: 9885: 9880: 9875: 9870: 9865: 9855: 9854: 9853: 9852: 9851: 9846: 9841: 9833: 9832: 9831: 9826: 9821: 9819:Cayman Islands 9809:United Kingdom 9806: 9801: 9796: 9791: 9783: 9778: 9773: 9768: 9763: 9758: 9753: 9748: 9743: 9738: 9733: 9728: 9727: 9726: 9721: 9716: 9706: 9700: 9698: 9694: 9693: 9691: 9690: 9685: 9680: 9675: 9670: 9665: 9660: 9655: 9650: 9645: 9640: 9635: 9630: 9625: 9619: 9617: 9613: 9612: 9605: 9604: 9597: 9590: 9582: 9573: 9572: 9570: 9569: 9564: 9559: 9554: 9549: 9544: 9539: 9534: 9529: 9524: 9519: 9514: 9509: 9504: 9499: 9494: 9493: 9492: 9482: 9477: 9471: 9469: 9465: 9464: 9462: 9461: 9456: 9451: 9446: 9444:Freedom Summer 9441: 9434: 9433: 9432: 9422: 9417: 9412: 9410:Suffrage Hikes 9407: 9402: 9397: 9391: 9389: 9385: 9384: 9382: 9381: 9376: 9371: 9366: 9364:Guam residents 9361: 9356: 9351: 9346: 9341: 9336: 9331: 9326: 9321: 9316: 9310: 9308: 9304: 9303: 9300: 9299: 9297: 9296: 9291: 9286: 9284:Gerrymandering 9281: 9275: 9273: 9269: 9268: 9266: 9265: 9260: 9255: 9250: 9245: 9240: 9235: 9229: 9227: 9223: 9222: 9220: 9219: 9214: 9209: 9204: 9199: 9194: 9189: 9184: 9178: 9176: 9169: 9165: 9164: 9162: 9161: 9160: 9159: 9149: 9144: 9139: 9138: 9137: 9132: 9122: 9117: 9116: 9115: 9110: 9100: 9095: 9090: 9089: 9088: 9083: 9073: 9072: 9071: 9066: 9061: 9051: 9045: 9043: 9037: 9036: 9034: 9033: 9031:26th Amendment 9028: 9026:24th Amendment 9023: 9021:23rd Amendment 9018: 9016:19th Amendment 9013: 9011:17th Amendment 9008: 9006:15th Amendment 9003: 9002: 9001: 8996: 8989:14th Amendment 8986: 8981: 8980: 8979: 8974: 8963: 8961: 8958:Constitutional 8955: 8954: 8947: 8946: 8939: 8932: 8924: 8915: 8914: 8912: 8911: 8906: 8898: 8890: 8885: 8880: 8875: 8870: 8865: 8864: 8863: 8852: 8850: 8844: 8843: 8841: 8840: 8835: 8830: 8822: 8820: 8816: 8815: 8812: 8811: 8809: 8808: 8802: 8800: 8796: 8795: 8793: 8792: 8787: 8781: 8779: 8775: 8774: 8772: 8771: 8766: 8761: 8756: 8750: 8748: 8747:South Carolina 8744: 8743: 8741: 8740: 8735: 8730: 8728:William Blount 8724: 8722: 8721:North Carolina 8718: 8717: 8715: 8714: 8709: 8703: 8701: 8697: 8696: 8694: 8693: 8691:Daniel Carroll 8688: 8683: 8677: 8675: 8671: 8670: 8668: 8667: 8662: 8657: 8655:John Dickinson 8652: 8647: 8641: 8639: 8635: 8634: 8632: 8631: 8626: 8621: 8616: 8611: 8606: 8601: 8599:Thomas Mifflin 8596: 8590: 8588: 8584: 8583: 8581: 8580: 8575: 8570: 8568:David Brearley 8565: 8559: 8557: 8553: 8552: 8550: 8549: 8543: 8541: 8537: 8536: 8534: 8533: 8528: 8522: 8520: 8516: 8515: 8513: 8512: 8507: 8501: 8499: 8495: 8494: 8492: 8491: 8486: 8480: 8478: 8474: 8473: 8471: 8470: 8464: 8462: 8455: 8449: 8448: 8446: 8445: 8440: 8438:Taxation power 8435: 8430: 8425: 8420: 8415: 8410: 8405: 8400: 8395: 8390: 8385: 8383:Implied powers 8380: 8375: 8370: 8365: 8360: 8355: 8350: 8345: 8340: 8334: 8332: 8331:Interpretation 8328: 8327: 8325: 8324: 8319: 8314: 8296: 8291: 8286: 8279: 8274: 8269: 8264: 8259: 8254: 8249: 8244: 8239: 8234: 8229: 8227:Recommendation 8224: 8219: 8214: 8209: 8204: 8199: 8194: 8189: 8184: 8179: 8174: 8169: 8164: 8159: 8154: 8149: 8144: 8139: 8134: 8129: 8124: 8119: 8114: 8112:Fugitive Slave 8109: 8104: 8099: 8094: 8089: 8082: 8080:Excessive Bail 8077: 8072: 8067: 8062: 8057: 8052: 8047: 8042: 8037: 8032: 8027: 8022: 8017: 8012: 8007: 8002: 7997: 7992: 7987: 7982: 7980:Appropriations 7977: 7972: 7966: 7964: 7958: 7957: 7955: 7954: 7949: 7944: 7939: 7934: 7929: 7924: 7919: 7914: 7907: 7906: 7905: 7900: 7895: 7890: 7885: 7880: 7875: 7870: 7865: 7860: 7850: 7845: 7840: 7835: 7829: 7827: 7823: 7822: 7819: 7818: 7816: 7815: 7810: 7804: 7801: 7800: 7798: 7797: 7792: 7790:Single subject 7787: 7782: 7777: 7772: 7767: 7762: 7757: 7752: 7747: 7742: 7737: 7732: 7727: 7722: 7717: 7711: 7709: 7703: 7702: 7700: 7699: 7694: 7689: 7684: 7679: 7674: 7668: 7666: 7660: 7659: 7656: 7655: 7653: 7652: 7647: 7642: 7637: 7632: 7627: 7622: 7617: 7612: 7607: 7602: 7597: 7591: 7589: 7585: 7584: 7582: 7581: 7576: 7571: 7565: 7563: 7561:Reconstruction 7557: 7556: 7554: 7553: 7548: 7542: 7540: 7536: 7535: 7533: 7532: 7527: 7522: 7517: 7512: 7507: 7502: 7497: 7492: 7487: 7481: 7479: 7477:Bill of Rights 7466: 7460: 7459: 7457: 7456: 7451: 7446: 7441: 7436: 7431: 7426: 7421: 7415: 7413: 7409: 7408: 7401: 7400: 7393: 7386: 7378: 7372: 7371: 7365: 7360: 7355: 7347: 7346:External links 7344: 7342: 7341: 7335: 7318: 7312: 7293: 7275: 7258: 7248: 7242: 7223: 7217: 7198: 7192: 7171: 7164: 7154: 7148: 7122: 7115: 7109: 7092: 7085: 7079: 7060: 7054: 7041: 7035: 7020: 7014: 6989: 6987: 6984: 6981: 6980: 6959: 6938: 6920: 6889: 6871: 6848: 6830: 6811: 6780: 6750: 6724: 6702: 6680: 6657: 6617: 6598: 6570: 6534: 6509: 6483: 6464: 6446: 6420: 6390: 6378:The Tennessean 6364: 6345: 6325: 6301: 6273: 6247: 6223: 6216: 6196: 6178: 6171: 6143: 6106: 6080: 6059: 6031: 6005: 5992:10.2307/796863 5966: 5953:10.1086/522805 5930: 5908: 5882: 5860: 5821: 5781: 5745: 5720: 5699: 5677: 5637: 5602: 5577: 5550: 5529: 5522: 5502: 5490: 5483: 5463: 5451: 5416:(4): 776–786. 5398: 5386: 5384:, p. 354. 5374: 5349: 5330: 5301: 5276: 5255: 5233: 5214: 5195: 5169: 5150: 5131: 5124: 5098: 5091:Monroe, Judy. 5083: 5071: 5069:, p. 238. 5059: 5047: 5045:, p. 237. 5032: 5030:, p. 233. 5005: 4990: 4967: 4941: 4919: 4902: 4890:Newspapers.com 4863: 4861:, p. 232. 4832: 4820:Newspapers.com 4788:Newspapers.com 4761: 4759:, p. 231. 4742: 4730:Newspapers.com 4705: 4693:Newspapers.com 4666: 4654:Newspapers.com 4629: 4617:Newspapers.com 4585: 4573:Newspapers.com 4543: 4518:, ed. (1922). 4507: 4495:Newspapers.com 4465: 4453:Newspapers.com 4423: 4397: 4372: 4347: 4340: 4316: 4304: 4292: 4256: 4245:(3): 270–295. 4222: 4211:. June 5, 2019 4193: 4186: 4166: 4143: 4118: 4112:978-0977009503 4111: 4086: 4061: 4042:(4): 655–671. 4021: 3993: 3974: 3949: 3940:Evans, Sara M. 3931: 3903: 3879: 3846: 3839: 3808: 3801: 3766: 3748: 3743:Britannica.com 3730: 3700: 3668: 3653: 3646: 3613: 3583: 3553: 3551:, p. 327. 3541: 3539:, p. 334. 3526: 3514: 3502: 3493:|website= 3457: 3444:10.2307/797019 3383: 3371: 3359: 3352: 3326: 3324:, p. 333. 3311: 3292: 3277: 3258: 3243: 3228: 3206: 3191: 3160: 3134: 3132:, p. 307. 3122: 3088: 3073: 3061: 3035: 3026:|website= 2990: 2962: 2934: 2920:978-0585434711 2919: 2901: 2876: 2861: 2842: 2820: 2794: 2793: 2791: 2788: 2786: 2783: 2780: 2779: 2769: 2760: 2750: 2741: 2732: 2723: 2713: 2704: 2695: 2686: 2684:6:13 p.m. 2668: 2658: 2645: 2635: 2620: 2610: 2609: 2607: 2604: 2602: 2601: 2596: 2591: 2585: 2580: 2575: 2570: 2565: 2559: 2558: 2557: 2543: 2527: 2524: 2455:Susan Sarandon 2397: 2396: 2387: 2386: 2378: 2377: 2376: 2375: 2374: 2366: 2363: 2346: 2343: 2312:Salt Lake City 2238:Carrara, Italy 2196: 2195:Commemorations 2193: 2146:Women's Bureau 2134:Charles Curtis 2109:Main article: 2106: 2103: 2081: 2078: 2076: 2073: 2063: 2060: 2044: 2041: 2029:Freedom Summer 1988: 1985: 1977: 1974: 1947:Women's Bureau 1933: 1930: 1903: 1900: 1852: 1849: 1843: 1842: 1836: 1833:North Carolina 1830: 1824: 1818: 1815:South Carolina 1812: 1811:: May 13, 1969 1806: 1800: 1794: 1788: 1782: 1776: 1769: 1768: 1762: 1761: 1755: 1749: 1743: 1737: 1731: 1725: 1719: 1713: 1707: 1701: 1695: 1689: 1683: 1673: 1667: 1661: 1655: 1649: 1643: 1637: 1631: 1625: 1619: 1613: 1607: 1606:: July 3, 1919 1601: 1600:: July 2, 1919 1595: 1589: 1583: 1577: 1571: 1565: 1559: 1549: 1543: 1532: 1510: 1507: 1483:Seth M. Walker 1452:Prison Special 1346: 1336: 1330: 1324: 1318: 1308: 1298: 1292: 1284: 1281: 1280: 1279: 1276: 1273: 1270: 1267: 1264: 1239:The Suffragist 1226: 1223: 1179: 1176: 1168:Woodrow Wilson 1120: 1117: 1115: 1112: 1031:Harriet Tubman 960:Main article: 957: 954: 871: 868: 852:Utah Territory 755:(seated) with 745: 742: 666:Main article: 663: 660: 658: 655: 631: 628: 597:Woodrow Wilson 541:women's rights 510:women's rights 488:prohibits the 472: 471: 469: 468: 461: 454: 446: 443: 442: 441: 440: 428: 426:Law portal 416: 401: 400: 399: 398: 392: 391: 385: 384: 382:Amendments I–X 378: 377: 369: 368: 362: 361: 359: 358: 353: 351:Bill of Rights 347: 346: 341: 335: 334: 329: 323: 322: 316: 313: 312: 306: 305: 303: 302: 297: 291: 290: 285: 280: 274: 273: 267: 258: 257: 252: 247: 242: 237: 231: 230: 225: 220: 215: 210: 204: 203: 198: 193: 188: 183: 178: 173: 167: 166: 161: 156: 151: 146: 141: 136: 131: 126: 121: 115: 112: 111: 105: 104: 102: 101: 96: 91: 86: 81: 76: 71: 65: 64: 63: 55: 54: 48: 47: 39: 38: 30: 29: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11708: 11697: 11694: 11692: 11689: 11687: 11684: 11682: 11679: 11677: 11674: 11672: 11669: 11667: 11664: 11662: 11659: 11658: 11656: 11641: 11638: 11636: 11633: 11631: 11628: 11627: 11625: 11621: 11615: 11612: 11609: 11608: 11604: 11602: 11600: 11596: 11595: 11593: 11589: 11583: 11580: 11579: 11577: 11573: 11565: 11562: 11560: 11557: 11556: 11555: 11552: 11549: 11546: 11542: 11539: 11537: 11536: 11532: 11531: 11530: 11527: 11525: 11522: 11521: 11519: 11513: 11509: 11502: 11497: 11495: 11490: 11488: 11483: 11482: 11479: 11467: 11464: 11462: 11459: 11457: 11454: 11453: 11451: 11447: 11440: 11439: 11435: 11432: 11431: 11427: 11424: 11423: 11419: 11417: 11414: 11412: 11409: 11407: 11404: 11403: 11401: 11397: 11391: 11388: 11386: 11383: 11382: 11380: 11376: 11370: 11367: 11365: 11364:Doris Stevens 11362: 11360: 11357: 11355: 11352: 11350: 11347: 11345: 11342: 11340: 11337: 11335: 11332: 11331: 11329: 11323: 11318: 11308: 11305: 11303: 11300: 11296: 11293: 11292: 11291: 11288: 11286: 11283: 11279: 11278: 11274: 11273: 11272: 11269: 11267: 11264: 11263: 11261: 11255: 11251: 11244: 11239: 11237: 11232: 11230: 11225: 11224: 11221: 11209: 11206: 11204: 11201: 11199: 11196: 11194: 11191: 11189: 11186: 11185: 11183: 11179: 11173: 11170: 11168: 11165: 11163: 11160: 11158: 11155: 11153: 11150: 11148: 11145: 11144: 11142: 11138: 11131: 11130: 11126: 11124: 11123: 11118: 11116: 11113: 11111: 11108: 11106: 11105: 11101: 11098: 11097: 11093: 11092: 11090: 11084: 11078: 11075: 11073: 11070: 11069: 11067: 11063: 11057: 11054: 11053: 11051: 11047: 11040: 11039: 11035: 11032: 11031: 11027: 11026: 11024: 11020: 11014: 11011: 11009: 11007: 11003: 11001: 10998: 10996: 10993: 10991: 10988: 10985: 10982: 10981: 10979: 10977: 10971: 10964: 10961: 10958: 10955: 10954: 10952: 10948: 10944: 10937: 10932: 10930: 10925: 10923: 10918: 10917: 10914: 10900: 10897: 10896: 10895: 10892: 10890: 10887: 10885: 10882: 10880: 10877: 10875: 10872: 10870: 10867: 10866: 10864: 10860: 10853: 10850: 10847: 10844: 10843: 10841: 10837: 10831: 10828: 10825: 10824: 10820: 10817: 10816: 10812: 10809: 10808: 10804: 10802: 10801: 10797: 10794: 10793: 10789: 10787: 10784: 10782: 10779: 10777: 10774: 10773: 10771: 10765: 10759: 10756: 10754: 10751: 10749: 10746: 10745: 10743: 10739: 10733: 10730: 10727: 10726: 10722: 10721: 10719: 10715: 10709: 10706: 10704: 10702: 10698: 10696: 10693: 10691: 10688: 10686: 10683: 10680: 10677: 10676: 10674: 10672: 10666: 10662: 10655: 10650: 10648: 10643: 10641: 10636: 10635: 10632: 10620: 10617: 10615: 10612: 10610: 10607: 10604: 10601: 10599: 10596: 10594: 10591: 10589: 10587: 10583: 10580: 10579: 10575: 10572: 10571: 10567: 10565: 10563: 10559: 10557: 10555: 10551: 10549: 10548:(2013 sitcom) 10547: 10543: 10541: 10539: 10535: 10533: 10531: 10527: 10525: 10524:(1974 series) 10523: 10519: 10517: 10515: 10511: 10509: 10506: 10504: 10501: 10499: 10496: 10494: 10492: 10488: 10486: 10483: 10480: 10476: 10475: 10473: 10467: 10461: 10458: 10456: 10453: 10451: 10448: 10447: 10445: 10441: 10435: 10432: 10430: 10427: 10425: 10422: 10420: 10417: 10415: 10412: 10410: 10407: 10405: 10402: 10400: 10397: 10395: 10392: 10390: 10387: 10385: 10384: 10380: 10378: 10375: 10373: 10370: 10368: 10365: 10363: 10360: 10358: 10355: 10353: 10350: 10348: 10345: 10343: 10342: 10338: 10336: 10335: 10331: 10329: 10327: 10323: 10321: 10319: 10315: 10313: 10312: 10308: 10306: 10304: 10300: 10298: 10297: 10293: 10291: 10290: 10286: 10284: 10281: 10279: 10277: 10273: 10271: 10268: 10266: 10264: 10260: 10258: 10255: 10253: 10252: 10248: 10246: 10243: 10241: 10238: 10236: 10233: 10229: 10226: 10224: 10221: 10220: 10219: 10216: 10214: 10211: 10210: 10208: 10206: 10200: 10190: 10187: 10185: 10182: 10180: 10177: 10175: 10172: 10168: 10165: 10163: 10160: 10159: 10158: 10155: 10153: 10150: 10148: 10145: 10143: 10140: 10138: 10135: 10133: 10130: 10128: 10125: 10123: 10120: 10118: 10115: 10113: 10110: 10108: 10105: 10104: 10102: 10098: 10092: 10089: 10087: 10084: 10082: 10079: 10077: 10074: 10072: 10069: 10067: 10064: 10062: 10059: 10057: 10054: 10052: 10049: 10048: 10046: 10042: 10036: 10033: 10031: 10028: 10026: 10023: 10019: 10016: 10014: 10011: 10009: 10006: 10004: 10001: 9999: 9996: 9994: 9991: 9989: 9986: 9984: 9981: 9979: 9976: 9974: 9971: 9969: 9966: 9964: 9961: 9959: 9956: 9954: 9951: 9950: 9948: 9945: 9944: 9941: 9938: 9934: 9926: 9923: 9921: 9917: 9913: 9909: 9905: 9901: 9899: 9896: 9894: 9891: 9889: 9886: 9884: 9881: 9879: 9876: 9874: 9871: 9869: 9866: 9864: 9861: 9860: 9859: 9858:United States 9856: 9850: 9847: 9845: 9842: 9840: 9837: 9836: 9834: 9830: 9827: 9825: 9822: 9820: 9817: 9816: 9815: 9812: 9811: 9810: 9807: 9805: 9802: 9800: 9797: 9795: 9792: 9790: 9787: 9784: 9782: 9779: 9777: 9774: 9772: 9771:Liechtenstein 9769: 9767: 9764: 9762: 9759: 9757: 9754: 9752: 9749: 9747: 9744: 9742: 9739: 9737: 9734: 9732: 9729: 9725: 9722: 9720: 9717: 9715: 9712: 9711: 9710: 9707: 9705: 9702: 9701: 9699: 9695: 9689: 9686: 9684: 9681: 9679: 9676: 9674: 9671: 9669: 9668:Demeny voting 9666: 9664: 9661: 9659: 9656: 9654: 9651: 9649: 9646: 9644: 9641: 9639: 9636: 9634: 9631: 9629: 9626: 9624: 9621: 9620: 9618: 9614: 9610: 9603: 9598: 9596: 9591: 9589: 9584: 9583: 9580: 9568: 9565: 9563: 9560: 9558: 9555: 9553: 9552:Secret ballot 9550: 9548: 9547:Redistricting 9545: 9543: 9540: 9538: 9535: 9533: 9530: 9528: 9525: 9523: 9520: 9518: 9515: 9513: 9510: 9508: 9505: 9503: 9500: 9498: 9495: 9491: 9488: 9487: 9486: 9483: 9481: 9478: 9476: 9475:Ballot access 9473: 9472: 9470: 9466: 9460: 9457: 9455: 9452: 9450: 9447: 9445: 9442: 9439: 9435: 9431: 9428: 9427: 9426: 9423: 9421: 9418: 9416: 9413: 9411: 9408: 9406: 9403: 9401: 9398: 9396: 9393: 9392: 9390: 9386: 9380: 9377: 9375: 9372: 9370: 9367: 9365: 9362: 9360: 9357: 9355: 9352: 9350: 9347: 9345: 9342: 9340: 9337: 9335: 9332: 9330: 9327: 9325: 9322: 9320: 9317: 9315: 9312: 9311: 9309: 9305: 9295: 9292: 9290: 9287: 9285: 9282: 9280: 9277: 9276: 9274: 9272:Vote dilution 9270: 9264: 9261: 9259: 9258:Voter ID laws 9256: 9254: 9251: 9249: 9246: 9244: 9243:Literacy test 9241: 9239: 9236: 9234: 9231: 9230: 9228: 9224: 9218: 9215: 9213: 9210: 9208: 9205: 9203: 9200: 9198: 9197:Postal voting 9195: 9193: 9190: 9188: 9185: 9183: 9180: 9179: 9177: 9173: 9170: 9166: 9158: 9155: 9154: 9153: 9150: 9148: 9145: 9143: 9140: 9136: 9133: 9131: 9128: 9127: 9126: 9123: 9121: 9118: 9114: 9111: 9109: 9106: 9105: 9104: 9101: 9099: 9096: 9094: 9091: 9087: 9084: 9082: 9079: 9078: 9077: 9074: 9070: 9067: 9065: 9062: 9060: 9057: 9056: 9055: 9052: 9050: 9047: 9046: 9044: 9038: 9032: 9029: 9027: 9024: 9022: 9019: 9017: 9014: 9012: 9009: 9007: 9004: 9000: 8997: 8995: 8992: 8991: 8990: 8987: 8985: 8984:1st Amendment 8982: 8978: 8975: 8973: 8970: 8969: 8968: 8965: 8964: 8962: 8956: 8952: 8945: 8940: 8938: 8933: 8931: 8926: 8925: 8922: 8910: 8907: 8904: 8903: 8899: 8896: 8895: 8891: 8889: 8886: 8884: 8881: 8879: 8876: 8874: 8871: 8869: 8866: 8862: 8859: 8858: 8857: 8854: 8853: 8851: 8845: 8839: 8836: 8834: 8833:Jacob Shallus 8831: 8829: 8828: 8824: 8823: 8821: 8817: 8807: 8804: 8803: 8801: 8797: 8791: 8788: 8786: 8783: 8782: 8780: 8776: 8770: 8769:Pierce Butler 8767: 8765: 8762: 8760: 8757: 8755: 8754:John Rutledge 8752: 8751: 8749: 8745: 8739: 8736: 8734: 8731: 8729: 8726: 8725: 8723: 8719: 8713: 8712:James Madison 8710: 8708: 8705: 8704: 8702: 8698: 8692: 8689: 8687: 8684: 8682: 8681:James McHenry 8679: 8678: 8676: 8672: 8666: 8663: 8661: 8658: 8656: 8653: 8651: 8648: 8646: 8643: 8642: 8640: 8636: 8630: 8627: 8625: 8622: 8620: 8617: 8615: 8612: 8610: 8609:George Clymer 8607: 8605: 8604:Robert Morris 8602: 8600: 8597: 8595: 8592: 8591: 8589: 8585: 8579: 8576: 8574: 8571: 8569: 8566: 8564: 8561: 8560: 8558: 8554: 8548: 8545: 8544: 8542: 8538: 8532: 8531:Roger Sherman 8529: 8527: 8524: 8523: 8521: 8517: 8511: 8508: 8506: 8503: 8502: 8500: 8498:Massachusetts 8496: 8490: 8487: 8485: 8482: 8481: 8479: 8477:New Hampshire 8475: 8469: 8466: 8465: 8463: 8459: 8456: 8454: 8450: 8444: 8441: 8439: 8436: 8434: 8431: 8429: 8426: 8424: 8421: 8419: 8416: 8414: 8411: 8409: 8406: 8404: 8403:Plenary power 8401: 8399: 8396: 8394: 8391: 8389: 8386: 8384: 8381: 8379: 8376: 8374: 8373:Equal footing 8371: 8369: 8366: 8364: 8361: 8359: 8356: 8354: 8351: 8349: 8346: 8344: 8341: 8339: 8336: 8335: 8333: 8329: 8323: 8320: 8318: 8315: 8312: 8308: 8304: 8300: 8297: 8295: 8294:Trial by Jury 8292: 8290: 8287: 8284: 8280: 8278: 8275: 8273: 8270: 8268: 8265: 8263: 8260: 8258: 8255: 8253: 8250: 8248: 8245: 8243: 8240: 8238: 8235: 8233: 8230: 8228: 8225: 8223: 8220: 8218: 8215: 8213: 8210: 8208: 8205: 8203: 8200: 8198: 8195: 8193: 8190: 8188: 8185: 8183: 8180: 8178: 8175: 8173: 8170: 8168: 8165: 8163: 8160: 8158: 8155: 8153: 8150: 8148: 8147:Ineligibility 8145: 8143: 8142:Import-Export 8140: 8138: 8135: 8133: 8130: 8128: 8125: 8123: 8120: 8118: 8115: 8113: 8110: 8108: 8105: 8103: 8100: 8098: 8097:Free Exercise 8095: 8093: 8090: 8088: 8087: 8086:Ex Post Facto 8083: 8081: 8078: 8076: 8073: 8071: 8070:Establishment 8068: 8066: 8063: 8061: 8058: 8056: 8053: 8051: 8048: 8046: 8043: 8041: 8038: 8036: 8033: 8031: 8028: 8026: 8023: 8021: 8020:Confrontation 8018: 8016: 8013: 8011: 8008: 8006: 8003: 8001: 7998: 7996: 7993: 7991: 7988: 7986: 7983: 7981: 7978: 7976: 7973: 7971: 7968: 7967: 7965: 7963: 7959: 7953: 7950: 7948: 7945: 7943: 7940: 7938: 7935: 7933: 7930: 7928: 7925: 7923: 7920: 7918: 7915: 7913: 7912: 7908: 7904: 7903:Syng inkstand 7901: 7899: 7896: 7894: 7891: 7889: 7886: 7884: 7881: 7879: 7876: 7874: 7871: 7869: 7866: 7864: 7861: 7859: 7858:Virginia Plan 7856: 7855: 7854: 7851: 7849: 7846: 7844: 7841: 7839: 7836: 7834: 7831: 7830: 7828: 7824: 7814: 7811: 7809: 7806: 7805: 7802: 7796: 7793: 7791: 7788: 7786: 7785:School Prayer 7783: 7781: 7778: 7776: 7773: 7771: 7768: 7766: 7763: 7761: 7758: 7756: 7753: 7751: 7748: 7746: 7743: 7741: 7738: 7736: 7733: 7731: 7728: 7726: 7723: 7721: 7718: 7716: 7713: 7712: 7710: 7708: 7704: 7698: 7695: 7693: 7690: 7688: 7685: 7683: 7680: 7678: 7675: 7673: 7670: 7669: 7667: 7665: 7661: 7651: 7648: 7646: 7643: 7641: 7638: 7636: 7633: 7631: 7628: 7626: 7623: 7621: 7618: 7616: 7613: 7611: 7608: 7606: 7603: 7601: 7598: 7596: 7593: 7592: 7590: 7586: 7580: 7577: 7575: 7572: 7570: 7567: 7566: 7564: 7562: 7558: 7552: 7549: 7547: 7544: 7543: 7541: 7537: 7531: 7528: 7526: 7523: 7521: 7518: 7516: 7513: 7511: 7508: 7506: 7503: 7501: 7498: 7496: 7493: 7491: 7488: 7486: 7483: 7482: 7480: 7478: 7474: 7470: 7467: 7465: 7461: 7455: 7452: 7450: 7447: 7445: 7442: 7440: 7437: 7435: 7432: 7430: 7427: 7425: 7422: 7420: 7417: 7416: 7414: 7410: 7406: 7399: 7394: 7392: 7387: 7385: 7380: 7379: 7376: 7369: 7366: 7364: 7361: 7359: 7356: 7353: 7350: 7349: 7338: 7336:9780394535159 7332: 7327: 7326: 7319: 7315: 7313:9781576070659 7309: 7305: 7301: 7300: 7294: 7282: 7278: 7272: 7268: 7264: 7259: 7257: 7256:Online review 7253: 7249: 7245: 7239: 7235: 7234: 7229: 7224: 7220: 7214: 7210: 7206: 7205: 7199: 7195: 7189: 7185: 7180: 7179: 7172: 7169: 7165: 7163: 7159: 7155: 7151: 7145: 7141: 7137: 7136: 7131: 7127: 7123: 7120: 7116: 7112: 7106: 7101: 7100: 7093: 7090: 7086: 7082: 7076: 7072: 7068: 7067: 7061: 7057: 7055:9780872291638 7051: 7047: 7042: 7038: 7032: 7028: 7027: 7021: 7017: 7011: 7007: 7002: 7001: 6995: 6991: 6990: 6976: 6975: 6970: 6963: 6955: 6954: 6949: 6942: 6934: 6930: 6924: 6908: 6904: 6900: 6893: 6885: 6881: 6875: 6867: 6863: 6859: 6856:Green, John. 6852: 6844: 6840: 6834: 6826: 6822: 6815: 6799: 6795: 6791: 6784: 6768: 6764: 6760: 6754: 6738: 6734: 6728: 6712: 6706: 6690: 6684: 6668: 6661: 6653: 6647: 6632: 6628: 6621: 6613: 6609: 6602: 6587: 6586: 6581: 6574: 6559: 6555: 6551: 6550: 6545: 6538: 6523: 6519: 6513: 6497: 6493: 6487: 6479: 6475: 6468: 6460: 6456: 6450: 6435: 6431: 6428:Randal Rust. 6424: 6408: 6404: 6400: 6394: 6379: 6375: 6368: 6360: 6356: 6349: 6341: 6340: 6339:Atlas Obscura 6335: 6329: 6321: 6317: 6310: 6308: 6306: 6294:September 22, 6290: 6289: 6284: 6277: 6266:September 22, 6261: 6257: 6251: 6243: 6242: 6237: 6230: 6228: 6219: 6217:9780520909304 6213: 6209: 6208: 6200: 6192: 6188: 6182: 6174: 6172:0-07-071527-0 6168: 6164: 6160: 6155: 6147: 6139: 6135: 6131: 6127: 6123: 6119: 6118: 6110: 6099:September 22, 6094: 6090: 6084: 6076: 6075: 6070: 6063: 6048: 6047: 6042: 6035: 6019: 6015: 6009: 6001: 5997: 5993: 5989: 5985: 5981: 5977: 5970: 5962: 5958: 5954: 5950: 5946: 5942: 5934: 5918: 5912: 5897: 5893: 5886: 5870: 5864: 5849: 5848: 5844: 5839: 5832: 5830: 5828: 5826: 5809: 5808: 5803: 5796: 5794: 5792: 5790: 5788: 5786: 5770: 5766: 5762: 5761: 5756: 5749: 5741: 5734: 5727: 5725: 5716: 5712: 5711: 5703: 5687: 5681: 5673: 5669: 5665: 5661: 5657: 5653: 5652:Off Our Backs 5646: 5644: 5642: 5626: 5622: 5618: 5617: 5612: 5606: 5591: 5587: 5581: 5566: 5565: 5560: 5554: 5546: 5539: 5533: 5525: 5523:9780521597432 5519: 5515: 5514: 5506: 5499: 5494: 5486: 5484:9780521597432 5480: 5476: 5475: 5467: 5461:, p. 43. 5460: 5455: 5447: 5443: 5439: 5435: 5431: 5427: 5423: 5419: 5415: 5411: 5410: 5402: 5395: 5390: 5383: 5378: 5371: 5368: 5364: 5360: 5359: 5353: 5346: 5343: 5339: 5334: 5327: 5315: 5311: 5305: 5290: 5286: 5280: 5272: 5265: 5259: 5251: 5247: 5240: 5238: 5231:, p. 17. 5230: 5229:Anzalone 2002 5225: 5223: 5221: 5219: 5211: 5208: 5204: 5199: 5183: 5179: 5173: 5165: 5161: 5154: 5146: 5142: 5135: 5127: 5125:9780814726549 5121: 5117: 5113: 5109: 5102: 5094: 5087: 5080: 5075: 5068: 5063: 5056: 5051: 5044: 5039: 5037: 5029: 5024: 5022: 5020: 5018: 5016: 5014: 5012: 5010: 5002: 4997: 4995: 4978: 4971: 4960:September 14, 4956: 4952: 4945: 4934:September 14, 4929: 4923: 4916: 4911: 4909: 4907: 4898: 4891: 4879: 4878: 4873: 4867: 4860: 4855: 4853: 4851: 4849: 4847: 4845: 4843: 4841: 4839: 4837: 4828: 4821: 4809: 4808: 4803: 4796: 4789: 4777: 4776: 4771: 4765: 4758: 4753: 4751: 4749: 4747: 4738: 4731: 4719: 4715: 4709: 4701: 4694: 4682: 4681: 4676: 4670: 4662: 4655: 4643: 4639: 4633: 4625: 4618: 4606: 4605: 4600: 4594: 4592: 4590: 4581: 4574: 4562: 4561: 4556: 4550: 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3688: 3683: 3677: 3675: 3673: 3664: 3657: 3649: 3647:9780253211767 3643: 3639: 3634: 3633: 3624: 3622: 3620: 3618: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3587: 3572: 3571: 3566: 3560: 3558: 3550: 3545: 3538: 3533: 3531: 3523: 3522:Banaszak 1996 3518: 3511: 3506: 3498: 3486: 3470: 3469: 3461: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3438:: 1971–2007. 3437: 3433: 3429: 3428: 3423: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3392: 3390: 3388: 3380: 3375: 3369:, p. 38. 3368: 3363: 3355: 3353:9780826306258 3349: 3345: 3340: 3339: 3330: 3323: 3318: 3316: 3308: 3305: 3301: 3296: 3289: 3284: 3282: 3274: 3271: 3267: 3262: 3255: 3250: 3248: 3240: 3239:Banaszak 1996 3235: 3233: 3216: 3210: 3203: 3198: 3196: 3180: 3179: 3174: 3167: 3165: 3148: 3144: 3138: 3131: 3126: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3099: 3097: 3095: 3093: 3085: 3084:Banaszak 1996 3080: 3078: 3070: 3069:Banaszak 1996 3065: 3049: 3045: 3039: 3031: 3019: 3003: 3002: 2994: 2979: 2978: 2973: 2966: 2951: 2950: 2945: 2938: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2916: 2912: 2905: 2890: 2886: 2880: 2872: 2865: 2857: 2853: 2846: 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Burn 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2277: 2271: 2270:Capitol crypt 2267: 2263: 2262:Lucretia Mott 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2218: 2214: 2192: 2190: 2189:Jackie Speier 2184: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2164: 2159: 2157: 2152: 2151:Mary Anderson 2147: 2143: 2137: 2135: 2130: 2129:Lucretia Mott 2126: 2122: 2117: 2112: 2102: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2072: 2070: 2059: 2056: 2052: 2050: 2040: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2021: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 2002:Brent Staples 1998: 1993: 1983: 1973: 1971: 1966: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1943: 1939: 1926: 1921: 1908: 1899: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1888: 1882: 1880: 1875: 1869: 1867: 1866: 1857: 1848: 1840: 1837: 1835:: May 6, 1971 1834: 1831: 1828: 1825: 1822: 1819: 1816: 1813: 1810: 1807: 1804: 1801: 1798: 1795: 1792: 1789: 1786: 1783: 1780: 1777: 1774: 1771: 1767: 1759: 1756: 1753: 1750: 1747: 1746:West Virginia 1744: 1741: 1738: 1735: 1732: 1729: 1726: 1723: 1720: 1717: 1714: 1711: 1708: 1705: 1702: 1699: 1696: 1693: 1690: 1687: 1684: 1681: 1677: 1674: 1671: 1668: 1665: 1662: 1659: 1656: 1653: 1650: 1647: 1644: 1641: 1638: 1635: 1634:New Hampshire 1632: 1629: 1626: 1623: 1620: 1617: 1614: 1611: 1608: 1605: 1602: 1599: 1596: 1593: 1590: 1587: 1586:Massachusetts 1584: 1581: 1578: 1575: 1572: 1569: 1566: 1563: 1560: 1557: 1553: 1550: 1547: 1544: 1541: 1537: 1534: 1533: 1531: 1524: 1515: 1506: 1504: 1499: 1494: 1490: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1472: 1467: 1463: 1461: 1460:Anne Pleasant 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1432: 1424: 1423: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1390:West Virginia 1387: 1383: 1382:border states 1379: 1375: 1369: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1343: 1315: 1305: 1289: 1277: 1274: 1271: 1268: 1265: 1262: 1261: 1260: 1258: 1253: 1248: 1241: 1240: 1235: 1234:Nina Allender 1231: 1222: 1220: 1214: 1211: 1189: 1184: 1175: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1144: 1142: 1137: 1129: 1125: 1111: 1109: 1105: 1104: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1042: 1038: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 999: 997: 993: 989: 985: 981: 973: 968: 963: 953: 951: 945: 943: 939: 934: 932: 928: 925:in 1913, and 924: 920: 916: 912: 908: 904: 900: 896: 892: 884: 880: 876: 867: 865: 861: 857: 853: 849: 845: 841: 836: 833: 829: 828: 823: 822:Myra Bradwell 819: 815: 814: 809: 803: 796: 792: 788: 784: 779: 777: 773: 769: 765: 758: 754: 750: 741: 739: 735: 730: 727: 723: 722:Lucretia Mott 719: 714: 710: 705: 703: 699: 695: 691: 687: 679: 674: 669: 653: 650: 646: 641: 636: 627: 625: 621: 617: 612: 610: 609: 604: 603: 598: 593: 589: 585: 581: 577: 573: 569: 564: 562: 558: 554: 550: 546: 542: 538: 533: 531: 527: 523: 519: 515: 511: 507: 503: 499: 498:right to vote 495: 491: 490:United States 487: 483: 482:Amendment XIX 479: 467: 462: 460: 455: 453: 448: 447: 445: 444: 439: 434: 429: 427: 422: 417: 415: 405: 404: 403: 402: 397: 394: 393: 390: 387: 386: 383: 380: 379: 376: 373: 372: 371: 370: 367: 364: 363: 357: 354: 352: 349: 348: 345: 344:Republicanism 342: 340: 337: 336: 333: 330: 328: 325: 324: 321: 318: 317: 315: 314: 311: 308: 307: 301: 298: 296: 293: 292: 289: 286: 284: 281: 279: 276: 275: 272: 269: 268: 265: 264: 256: 253: 251: 248: 246: 243: 241: 238: 236: 233: 232: 229: 226: 224: 221: 219: 216: 214: 211: 209: 206: 205: 202: 199: 197: 194: 192: 189: 187: 184: 182: 179: 177: 174: 172: 169: 168: 165: 162: 160: 157: 155: 152: 150: 147: 145: 142: 140: 137: 135: 132: 130: 127: 125: 122: 120: 117: 116: 114: 113: 110: 107: 106: 100: 97: 95: 92: 90: 87: 85: 82: 80: 77: 75: 72: 70: 67: 66: 62: 59: 58: 57: 56: 53: 50: 49: 45: 41: 40: 37: 32: 31: 27: 23: 22: 19: 11629: 11605: 11598: 11550:(co-founder) 11533: 11455: 11436: 11428: 11420: 11369:Mabel Vernon 11334:Alva Belmont 11275: 11202: 11127: 11121: 11102: 11094: 11041:(1895, 1898) 11036: 11028: 11005: 10950:Seneca Falls 10888: 10821: 10818:(1947 opera) 10813: 10805: 10798: 10790: 10723: 10700: 10585: 10576: 10568: 10561: 10553: 10546:Up the Women 10545: 10537: 10529: 10521: 10513: 10493:(1947 opera) 10490: 10409:Suffrage Oak 10394:Justice Bell 10381: 10339: 10332: 10325: 10317: 10309: 10302: 10294: 10287: 10275: 10262: 10249: 9949:conferences 9907: 9616:Basic topics 9512:Election law 9430:Publications 9339:Young adults 9253:Voter caging 9187:Early voting 9175:Voter access 9042:and agencies 9040:Federal laws 9015: 8900: 8892: 8825: 8624:James Wilson 8587:Pennsylvania 8484:John Langdon 8242:Speedy Trial 8084: 7975:Appointments 7909: 7692:Equal Rights 7609: 7588:20th century 7324: 7298: 7285:. Retrieved 7281:the original 7266: 7251: 7232: 7203: 7177: 7167: 7157: 7133: 7118: 7098: 7088: 7065: 7045: 7025: 7006:Random House 6999: 6986:Bibliography 6972: 6962: 6953:The Guardian 6951: 6941: 6932: 6923: 6911:. Retrieved 6907:the original 6902: 6892: 6883: 6874: 6861: 6851: 6842: 6833: 6824: 6819:Burns, Ken. 6814: 6802:. Retrieved 6798:the original 6794:Bitch Flicks 6793: 6783: 6771:. Retrieved 6767:the original 6762: 6753: 6743:November 12, 6741:. Retrieved 6737:the original 6727: 6717:November 12, 6715:. Retrieved 6705: 6695:November 12, 6693:. Retrieved 6683: 6673:November 12, 6671:. Retrieved 6660: 6634:. Retrieved 6620: 6611: 6601: 6589:. Retrieved 6583: 6573: 6563:December 16, 6561:. Retrieved 6547: 6537: 6525:. Retrieved 6521: 6512: 6500:. Retrieved 6495: 6486: 6477: 6467: 6458: 6449: 6437:. Retrieved 6433: 6423: 6411:. Retrieved 6407:the original 6402: 6393: 6381:. Retrieved 6367: 6358: 6348: 6337: 6328: 6319: 6292:. Retrieved 6288:Miami Herald 6286: 6276: 6264:. 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Wells 1069:conference, 1047: 1000: 976: 946: 935: 888: 882: 837: 825: 811: 804: 780: 761: 731: 706: 683: 677: 651: 648: 644: 613: 606: 600: 565: 547:adopted the 534: 481: 477: 475: 295:Equal Rights 261: 212: 34:Constitution 18: 11601:(2004 film) 11433:(2004 film) 11425:(1920 book) 10810:(1920 book) 10728:(1881 book) 10564:(2015 film) 10562:Suffragette 10556:(2014 film) 10540:(2004 film) 10516:(1912 film) 10352:Eagle House 10205:(memorials) 9893:Puerto Rico 9804:Switzerland 9781:New Zealand 9673:Suffragette 9653:Non-citizen 9485:Citizenship 9226:Vote denial 8785:William Few 8665:Jacob Broom 8645:George Read 8519:Connecticut 8453:Signatories 8303:Legislative 8277:Territorial 8197:Presentment 8182:Origination 8137:Impeachment 8092:Extradition 8060:Engagements 8050:Due Process 8000:Citizenship 7687:Child Labor 7287:February 8, 6636:January 30, 6631:PR Newswire 5757:. Opinion. 5382:Woloch 1984 5372: (1922) 5347: (1922) 5294:February 7, 5212: (1922) 5188:February 2, 4136:November 9, 4131:govtrack.us 3549:Woloch 1984 3537:Woloch 1984 3510:Woloch 1984 3412:February 2, 3322:Woloch 1984 3309: (1874) 3275: (1873) 3130:Woloch 1984 2656:Washington. 2481:. In 2013, 2479:Amy Madigan 2433:Bob Dorough 2266:Jane Addams 1976:Limitations 1914: 1920 1839:Mississippi 1773:Connecticut 1210:World War I 1021:, of which 938:U.S. Senate 850:(1869) and 580:World War I 288:Child Labor 11655:Categories 11508:Lucy Burns 11354:Dora Lewis 11339:Lucy Burns 11327:associates 11250:Alice Paul 11088:depictions 11086:Honors and 10769:depictions 10767:Honors and 10341:Resilience 9883:foreigners 9789:Francoist) 9719:aboriginal 9697:By country 9663:Voting age 9329:Foreigners 9168:State laws 9108:amendments 8960:provisions 8897:(painting) 8849:and legacy 8707:John Blair 8556:New Jersey 8510:Rufus King 8408:Preemption 8322:War Powers 8257:Suspension 8075:Exceptions 7765:Human Life 7664:Unratified 7464:Amendments 7276:1558535993 7126:Hakim, Joy 6625:The 19th. 6591:August 26, 6413:August 28, 6383:August 27, 6320:Desert Sun 5710:The Nation 5595:August 26, 5570:August 26, 5459:Baker 2009 5289:OpenJurist 4611:August 18, 4528:. p. 4312:Hakim 1995 4215:August 16, 3288:Baker 2009 2785:References 2721:Amendment. 2483:John Green 2403:Alice Paul 2399:Lucy Burns 2369:See also: 2156:Eisenhower 2116:Alice Paul 1980:See also: 1752:Washington 1734:New Mexico 1716:New Jersey 1646:California 1487:Harry Burn 1257:filibuster 1190:" begin a 1152:Lucy Burns 1148:Alice Paul 907:California 903:Washington 791:Fourteenth 787:Thirteenth 776:Lucy Stone 698:New Jersey 657:Background 576:Alice Paul 572:Lucy Burns 339:Federalism 327:Convention 11385:Paulsdale 11008:newspaper 10848:(brother) 10703:newspaper 10362:Paulsdale 9794:Sri Lanka 9751:Hong Kong 9709:Australia 8967:Article I 8418:Saxbe fix 8307:Executive 8262:Take Care 8252:Supremacy 8127:Guarantee 8055:Elections 7826:Formation 7539:1795–1804 7184:NYU Press 6669:. 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Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

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