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482:, or of her Sumerian counterpart Gubarra, in at least one case leading to conflation of Amurru and Ningishzida and to an association between the former and Azimua and Ekurritum. In one case Ekurritum was simply identified as an alternate name of Ashratum as well. The tradition in which Gesthinanna was Ningishzida's wife had its origin in Lagash, and in seals from that city she is sometimes depicted alongside a mushussu, symbol of her husband, to indicate they're a couple. One inscription of Gudea refers to her as Ningishzida's "beloved wife."
588:
536:, Ningishzida is one of the two doorkeepers of Anu's celestial palace, alongside Dumuzi. This myth appears to indicate that these two gods are present in heaven rather than underworld when they are dead, even though other Sumerian and Akkadian myths describe Ningishzida's journey to the underworld. Little is known about the circumstances of his annual return, though one text indicates an unidentified son of
341:, likely due to association with Ninazu, who retained a degree of relevance in the local pantheon. Much like in the case of his father, some of them used the dialectical Emesal form of his name, Umun-muzida. It is presumed that the cause of this was the role lamentation priests, who traditionally memorized Emesal compositions, played in the preservation of cults of underworld gods in Ur.
300:
He also had a temple in Lagash, the E-badbarra, "house, outer wall." Yet another one was built in Girsu by Gudea, though its name is unknown. This ruler considered him to be his personal god. In one of his inscriptions, Ningishzida is named a participant in a festival celebrating the marriage between
523:
In some inscriptions of Gudea, Ningishzida was associated with
Ningirsu, with one of them mentioning that he was tasked with delivering gifts for the latter's wife Bau. Such a role was customarily associated with trusted associates and close friends in ancient Mesopotamian culture, indicating that
508:
Ningishzida could be associated with Dumuzi, on account of their shared character as dying gods of vegetation. A lamentation text known as "In the Desert by the Early Grass" lists both of them among the mourned deities. The absence of both of them was believed to take place each year between
222:
Ningishzida's titles connect him to plants and agriculture. He was frequently mentioned in connection with grass, which he was believed to provide for domestic animals. The death of vegetation was associated with his annual travel to the underworld. The "tree" in his name might be
474:. However, Azimua shared Gesthinanna's role as an underworld scribe,and her name could also function as a title of Geshtinanna, attested in contexts where she was identified as Ningishzida's wife. At the same time, Belet-Seri could also function as an epithet of
262:
snake gods," who according to him shared a connection with the underworld, justice, vegetation and snakes. A further similarity between
Ningishzida and his father was his occasional role as a warrior god, associated with victory (and as a result with the goddess
509:
mid-summer and mid-winter. The association is also present in astrological treatises. Some lamentations go as far as regarding
Ningishzida and Dumuzi as one and the same. As dwellers of the underworld, both of them could be on occasion associated with
652:
258:. He was also an underworld god, and in this role was known as the "chair bearer (or chamberlain) of the underworld." Frans Wiggermann on the basis of these similarities considers him and his father to be members of the group of "
332:
stating it was rebuilt during his reign. He is attested in offering lists from that city from the Ur III and Old
Babylonian periods, sometimes alongside Ningubalaga. In later sources, up to the reign of the Persian emperor
352:. During the reign of Marduk-apla-iddina I, he was worshiped in a chapel in the Eanna complex that was originally built during the reign of the Old Babylonian king Anam. He continued to appear in theophoric names from
620:
636:
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god, also known as the sukkal of his father Ninazu. Other deities who belonged to his court include
Gishbandagirizal, Lugalsaparku, Lugalshude, Namengarshudu, Usheg and Irnina.
270:
According to Frans
Wiggermann, Ningishzida's diverse functions can be considered different aspects of his perception as a "reliable god," well attested in Mesopotamian texts.
493:, a minor underworld god, depicted as a bald beardless man, without the horned crown associated with divinity. Wilfred G. Lambert notes that he was most likely another
309:. In another, he is credited with helping Gudea with building new temples. In a later incantation which served as a part of temple renovation rituals, referred to as
438:
Ningishzida was the son of Ninazu and his wife
Ningiridda. One of the only references to goddesses breastfeeding in Mesopotamian literature is a description of
195:" can be translated as "lady" in some contexts, it was grammatically neutral in Sumerian and can be found in the names of many deities, both male (Ningishzida,
297:. His main temple was known simply as E-Gishbanda, "house of Gishbanda," and it was commonly listed alongside the main temple of his father Ninazu, E-Gidda.
172:
can be explained as "lord of the good tree." This translation is still accepted by other
Assyriologists today. Various syllabic spellings are known, including
267:, the personification of it). However, not all of their functions overlapped, as unlike Ninazu, Ningishzida never appears in the role of a divine healer.
497:-like deity whose temporary death was described in laments. He is also attested in lists of so-called "seven conquered Enlils," deities associated with
422:. From most of these places, evidence is only available from the Ur III or Old Babylonian periods, though in Babylon he still had a small cult site in
1436:
GrenzĂŒberschreitungen
Studien zur Kulturgeschichte des Alten Orients: Festschrift fĂŒr Hans Neumann zum 65. Geburtstag am 9. Mai 2018
1307:
610:-like symbol (right) is interpreted as a representation of the god himself. Inscription: "To the god Ningiszida, his god, Gudea,
32:
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142:, he was believed to spend a part of the year in the land of the dead. He also shared many of his functions with his father
453:, Ninazu and finally Ningishzida, rather than the existence of an alternate tradition where he was the son of the sky god.
286:
375:, but had multiple houses of worship dedicated to underworld deities as well. Other deities worshipped at Isin included
466:(elsewhere also called Ninazimua) and Ekurritum (not attested in such a role anywhere else), while other sources favor
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1412:
1383:
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Goddesses in
Context: On Divine Powers, Roles, Relationships and Gender in Mesopotamian Textual and Visual Sources
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that she is aware her son is destined to "dwell in the land of no return" with him. In another Gilgamesh myth,
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by the neo-Babylonian period. A single object inscribed with a dedication to Ningishzida is also known from
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by Wilfred G. Lambert, Ningishzida is mentioned in a similar context alongside many other deities, such as
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1598:
348:. He was also present in Kamada, possibly located nearby, as attested in documents from the reign of
1357:
Beaulieu, Paul-Alain (2021). "Remarks on Theophoric Names in the Late Babylonian Archives from Ur".
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despite originally being unrelated, these two gods were envisioned as close to each other by Gudea.
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In Ur he was worshiped in the temple E-niggina, "house of truth," known from an inscription of
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Multiple traditions existed regarding the identity of Ningishzida's wife, with the god list
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289:. His main cult center was Gishbanda, likely a rural settlement located somewhere between
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depicting him being led by Ningishzida (figure with snakes emerging from his shoulders)
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could serve as his symbol, though it was also associated with Ishtaran and Ereshkigal.
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Like his father Ninazu, he was also associated with snakes, including the mythical
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430:, though it might have been brought there as booty from some Mesopotamian polity.
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The Babylonian Gilgamesh epic: introduction, critical edition and cuneiform texts
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235:) is well attested, for example one text mentions him alongside the beer goddess
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In myths he usually appears in an underworld setting, though in the myth of
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are probably meant to indicate the belief in a line consisting out of Anu,
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Another temporarily dying god Ningishzida could be associated with was
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he is instead described as one of the doorkeepers of the sky god Anu.
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Ningishzida, with snakes emanating from his shoulders, on a relief of
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Detail, headless statue dedicated to Ningishzida, 2600-2370 BCE.
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The worship of Ningishzida is attested for the first time in the
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and sometimes war. He was commonly associated with snakes. Like
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As early as the Ur III period, Ningishzida was introduced to
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1506:: ancient Near Eastern studies in memory of Blahoslav HruĆĄka
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Ningishzida could also be called Gishbanda ("little tree").
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and her son. His sisters were Amashilama and Labarshilama.
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NIN.GÌIĆ .ZID.DA, possible meaning "Lord Good Tree") was a
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Ancient Mesopotamian Gods and Goddesses: NingiĆĄzida (god)
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Individuals and Institutions in the Ancient Near East
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The pantheon of Uruk during the neo-Babylonian period
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1432:"Some Observations on Late Urukean Theophoric Names"
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House most high: the temples of ancient Mesopotamia
1306:Asher-Greve, Julia M.; Westenholz, Joan G. (2013).
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394:Further locations where he was worshipped include
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1584:ETCSLsubcorpus: balbales and hymns to NinÄiĆĄzida
626:The name Ningishzida inscribed on a statue of
1407:. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press.
543:A reference to Ningishzida is present in the
602:, dedicated to Ningishzida, circa 2100 BCE (
227:according to some Assyriologists, including
1490:"Gudea and NinÄiĆĄzida: A Ruler and His God"
1553:
1535:. In Finkel, I. L.; Geller, M. J. (eds.).
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1465:. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns.
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367:Ningishzida was also worshipped in
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1152:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
1104:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
717:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
532:In the Middle Babylonian myth of
387:was likely the tutelary deity of
1554:Wiggermann, Frans A. M. (1998),
1531:Wiggermann, Frans A. M. (1997).
651:
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619:
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434:Associations with other deities
549:. The eponymous hero's mother
364:Uruk, though only uncommonly.
1:
1334:. Leiden Boston: Brill STYX.
1330:Beaulieu, Paul-Alain (2003).
667:
1560:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
1461:Lambert, Wilfred G. (2013).
1378:. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns.
527:
217:
7:
1533:"Transtigridian Snake Gods"
94:Amashilama and Labarshilama
10:
1635:
1401:George, Andrew R. (2003).
1374:George, Andrew R. (1993).
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337:, he sometimes appears in
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1463:Babylonian creation myths
1367:10.1515/9781501514661-006
287:Early Dynastic III period
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594:The "libation vase of
1502:-ga-ni sĂĄ mu-ni-ib-du
1488:VacĂn, LudÄk (2011).
1430:Krul, Julia (2018).
203:, etc.) and female (
1438:. MĂŒnster: Zaphon.
1265:, pp. 254â255.
1253:, pp. 127â128.
1193:, pp. 223â224.
1154:, pp. 206â207.
1024:, pp. 170â172.
964:, pp. 262â263.
935:, pp. 258â259.
867:, pp. 253â254.
826:, pp. 256â257.
760:, pp. 369â370.
1508:. Dresden: Islet.
598:" with the dragon
559:Death of Gilgamesh
470:, identified with
273:The constellation
229:Wilfred G. Lambert
164:proposed that the
128:Mesopotamian deity
1599:Mesopotamian gods
1546:978-90-56-93005-9
1515:978-3-9808466-6-0
1472:978-1-57506-861-9
1341:978-90-04-13024-1
1322:978-3-7278-1738-0
1229:, pp. 41â42.
1142:, pp. 37â38.
814:, pp. 47â48.
546:Epic of Gilgamesh
162:Thorkild Jacobsen
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1062:
1061:Beaulieu 2003
1057:
1055:
1047:
1046:Beaulieu 2021
1042:
1035:
1034:Beaulieu 2021
1030:
1023:
1022:Beaulieu 2021
1018:
1011:
1010:Beaulieu 2021
1006:
999:
994:
987:
982:
975:
970:
963:
958:
951:
946:
944:
942:
934:
929:
922:
917:
915:
908:, p. 71.
907:
902:
896:, p. 95.
895:
890:
884:, p. 37.
883:
878:
876:
874:
866:
861:
855:, p. 40.
854:
849:
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837:
835:
833:
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813:
808:
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796:
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541:
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492:
488:
483:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
462:listing two,
461:
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382:
378:
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370:
365:
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359:
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351:
347:
342:
340:
336:
331:
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325:and Ninshar.
324:
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93:
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79:
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70:
67:
63:
60:
56:
53:
49:
45:
41:, c. 2000 BCE
40:
34:
29:
20:
1563:, retrieved
1559:
1536:
1493:
1462:
1435:
1403:
1375:
1358:
1331:
1308:
1300:Bibliography
1285:
1258:
1246:
1234:
1222:
1215:Lambert 2013
1210:
1203:Lambert 2013
1198:
1191:Lambert 2013
1186:
1179:Lambert 2013
1174:
1167:Lambert 2013
1147:
1135:
1128:Lambert 2013
1123:
1111:
1099:
1068:
1041:
1029:
1017:
1005:
993:
986:Lambert 2013
981:
974:Lambert 2013
969:
957:
928:
901:
889:
860:
848:
819:
807:
753:
712:
558:
553:mentions to
544:
542:
531:
522:
515:
507:
484:
457:
455:
444:
437:
393:
391:near Kutha.
366:
354:neo-Assyrian
343:
327:
310:
299:
284:
272:
269:
241:
221:
213:
190:
185:
182:Nin-ki-zi-da
181:
177:
173:
169:
160:
148:
124:đđ©đđđŁđ
115:
114:
25:đđ©đđđŁđ
1604:Nature gods
1290:George 2003
1278:George 2003
1251:George 2003
1140:George 1993
998:George 1993
921:George 1993
906:George 1993
894:George 1993
882:George 1993
660:Iraq Museum
628:Ur-Ningirsu
468:Geshtinanna
362:Hellenistic
330:Sin-Iqisham
174:Ni-gi-si-da
170:Ningishzida
116:Ningishzida
109:, Ekurritum
103:Geshtinanna
50:Gishbanda,
22:Ningishzida
1609:Snake gods
1593:Categories
1565:2022-03-20
1454:1038056453
1263:VacĂn 2011
1092:VacĂn 2011
962:VacĂn 2011
950:VacĂn 2011
933:VacĂn 2011
865:VacĂn 2011
824:VacĂn 2011
705:VacĂn 2011
668:References
538:Ereshkigal
499:Enmesharra
472:Belet-Seri
350:Sin-kashid
136:underworld
132:vegetation
1524:761844864
1481:861537250
1116:Krul 2018
1073:Krul 2018
528:Mythology
513:as well.
511:Gilgamesh
459:An = Anum
440:Ningirida
218:Functions
85:Ningirida
72:Genealogy
1423:51668477
1394:27813103
1350:51944564
642:Seal of
608:caduceus
600:MuĆĄáž«uĆĄĆĄu
476:Ashratum
416:Eshnunna
373:Ninisina
335:Darius I
303:Ningirsu
248:ushumgal
244:mushussu
166:Sumerian
120:Sumerian
91:Siblings
66:mushussu
606:). The
565:Gallery
555:Shamash
420:Kisurra
412:Babylon
281:Worship
237:Ninkasi
211:etc.).
209:Ninkasi
201:Ninurta
191:While "
99:Consort
77:Parents
1619:Lagash
1543:
1522:
1512:
1479:
1469:
1452:
1442:
1421:
1411:
1392:
1382:
1348:
1338:
1319:
551:Ninsun
495:Dumuzi
487:sukkal
480:Amurru
464:Azimua
424:Esagil
408:Nippur
389:Lagaba
377:Nergal
291:Lagash
265:Irnina
252:bashmu
205:Ninlil
197:Ninazu
144:Ninazu
140:Dumuzi
134:, the
107:Azimua
81:Ninazu
58:Symbol
52:Lagash
1313:(PDF)
644:Gudea
596:Gudea
580:Gudea
534:Adapa
503:viper
451:Enlil
404:Kuara
400:Larsa
323:Lahar
319:Kulla
315:Lisin
275:Hydra
256:Nirah
168:name
151:Adapa
62:Snake
39:Gudea
1541:ISBN
1520:OCLC
1510:ISBN
1477:OCLC
1467:ISBN
1450:OCLC
1440:ISBN
1419:OCLC
1409:ISBN
1390:OCLC
1380:ISBN
1346:OCLC
1336:ISBN
1317:ISBN
612:Ensi
518:Damu
491:Alla
489:was
428:Susa
418:and
396:Umma
381:Ugur
369:Isin
360:and
346:Uruk
305:and
293:and
250:and
233:wine
225:vine
184:and
157:Name
83:and
1363:doi
447:Anu
307:Bau
193:nin
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130:of
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
