1563:
called thiazolides. These small-molecule drugs target host-regulated processes involved in viral replication. ... A new dosage formulation of nitazoxanide is presently undergoing global Phase 3 clinical development for the treatment of influenza. Nitazoxanide inhibits a broad range of influenza A and B viruses including influenza A(pH1N1) and the avian A(H7N9) as well as viruses that are resistant to neuraminidase inhibitors. ... Nitazoxanide also inhibits the replication of a broad range of other RNA and DNA viruses including respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza, coronavirus, rotavirus, norovirus, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, dengue, yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis virus and human immunodeficiency virus in cell culture assays. Clinical trials have indicated a potential role for thiazolides in treating rotavirus and norovirus gastroenteritis and chronic hepatitis B and chronic hepatitis C. Ongoing and future clinical development is focused on viral respiratory infections, viral gastroenteritis and emerging infections such as dengue fever.
831:
with nitazoxanide 500 mg twice daily had undetectable HBV DNA and 2 had loss of HBsAg. Additionally, nitazoxanide monotherapy in one case and nitazoxanide plus adefovir in another case resulted in undetectable HBV DNA, loss of HBeAg and loss of HBsAg. These preliminary studies showed a higher rate of HBsAg loss than any currently licensed therapy for chronic hepatitis B. The similar mechanism of action of interferon and nitazoxanide suggest that stand-alone nitazoxanide therapy or nitazoxanide in concert with nucleos(t)ide analogs have the potential to increase loss of HBsAg, which is the ultimate end-point of therapy. A formal phase 2 study is being planned for 2009.
45:
541:
518:
1042:
36:
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of therapy led to clinical and parasitologic improvement and improved survival. In Zambia and in a study conducted in Mexico, nitazoxanide was not successful in the treatment of cryptosporidiosis in advanced infection with human immunodeficiency virus at the doses used. However, it was effective in patients with higher CD4 counts. In treatment of giardiasis, nitazoxanide was superior to placebo and comparable to
3816:
1454:
acid moiety which are linked together by an amide bond ... NTZ is generally well tolerated, and no significant adverse events have been noted in human trials . ... In vitro, NTZ and tizoxanide function against a wide range of organisms, including the protozoal species
Blastocystis hominis, C. parvum, Entamoeba histolytica, G. lamblia and Trichomonas vaginalis
2461:
Oral nitazoxanide is an available, approved antiparasitic agent (e.g., against cryptosporidium, giardia) with established safety profiles. Recently, it has been shown (together with its active metabolite tizoxanide) to possess anti-influenza activity by blocking haemagglutinin maturation/trafficking,
1141:
Subsequently, Romark launched a series of controlled trials. A placebo-controlled study of nitazoxanide in cryptosporidiosis demonstrated significant clinical improvement in adults and children with mild illness. Among malnourished children in Zambia with chronic cryptosporidiosis, a three-day course
830:
over a one-year course of therapy. Nitazoxanide 500 mg twice daily resulted in a decrease in serum HBV DNA in all of 4 HBeAg-positive patients, with undetectable HBV DNA in 2 of 4 patients, loss of HBeAg in 3 patients, and loss of HBsAg in one patient. Seven of 8 HBeAg-negative patients treated
1453:
Nitazoxanide is a thiazolide antiparasitic agent with excellent activity against a wide variety of protozoa and helminths. ... Nitazoxanide (NTZ) is a main compound of a class of broad-spectrum anti-parasitic compounds named thiazolides. It is composed of a nitrothiazole-ring and a salicylic
1562:
Originally developed and commercialized as an antiprotozoal agent, nitazoxanide was later identified as a first-in-class broad-spectrum antiviral drug and has been repurposed for the treatment of influenza. ... From a chemical perspective, nitazoxanide is the scaffold for a new class of drugs
1084:
compounds. Nitazoxanide belongs to the class of drugs known as thiazolides. It is a broad-spectrum anti-infective drug that significantly modulates the survival, growth, and proliferation of a range of extracellular and intracellular protozoa, helminths, anaerobic and microaerophilic bacteria, in
851:
involving the treatment of hepatitis C with nitazoxanide produced positive results for treatment efficacy and similar tolerability to placebo without any signs of toxicity. A meta-analysis from 2014 concluded that the previous held trials were of low-quality and withheld with a risk of bias. The
1812:
Blastocystis is one of the most common intestinal protists of humans. ... A recent study showed that 100% of people from low socio-economic villages in
Senegal were infected with Blastocystis sp. suggesting that transmission was increased due to poor hygiene sanitation, close contact with
1612:
Nitazoxanide is effective in the treatment of protozoal and helminthic infections ... Nitazoxanide is a first-line choice for the treatment of illness caused by C. parvum or G. lamblia infection in immunocompetent adults and children, and is an option to be considered in the treatment of
969:. The mechanism appears to be by selectively blocking the maturation of the viral hemagglutinin at a stage preceding resistance to endoglycosidase H digestion. This impairs hemagglutinin intracellular trafficking and insertion of the protein into the host plasma membrane.
1957:
Nitazoxanide, a 5-nitrothiazole derivative with broad-spectrum activity against helminths and protozoans, has been shown to be effective against C cayetanensis, with an efficacy 87% by the third dose (first, 71%; second 75%). Three percent of patients had minor side
884:; these symptoms include stomach pain, headache, upset stomach, vomiting, discolored urine, excessive urinating, skin rash, itching, fever, flu syndrome, and others. Nitazoxanide does not appear to cause any significant adverse effects when taken by healthy adults.
1125:
studies demonstrated much broader activity. Dr. Rossignol co-founded Romark
Laboratories, with the goal of bringing nitazoxanide to market as an anti-parasitic drug. Initial studies in the USA were conducted in collaboration with Unimed Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
1085:
addition to viruses. Nitazoxanide is a light yellow crystalline powder. It is poorly soluble in ethanol and practically insoluble in water. The molecular formula of
Nitazoxanide is C12H9N3O5S and its molecular weight is 307.28 g/mol2.
2462:
and acting as an interferon-inducer . ... A large, multicenter, Phase 3 randomized-controlled trial comparing nitazoxanide, oseltamivir, and their combination in uncomplicated influenza is currently underway (NCT01610245).
1194:
Nitazoxanide is sold under the brand names Adonid, Alinia, Allpar, Annita, Celectan, Colufase, Daxon, Dexidex, Diatazox, Kidonax, Mitafar, Nanazoxid, Parazoxanide, Netazox, Niazid, Nitamax, Nitax, Nitaxide, Nitaz, Nizonide,
1683:
Korba BE, Montero AB, Farrar K, Gaye K, Mukerjee S, Ayers MS, Rossignol JF (January 2008). "Nitazoxanide, tizoxanide and other thiazolides are potent inhibitors of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus replication".
737:
antiparasitic activity and clinical treatment efficacy for infections caused by other protozoa and helminths; evidence as of 2014 suggested that it possesses efficacy in treating a number of viral infections as well.
1138:. Controlled trials began shortly after the advent of effective anti-retroviral therapies. The trials were abandoned due to poor enrollment and the FDA rejected an application based on uncontrolled studies.
1000:. Peak plasma concentrations of the metabolites tizoxanide and tizoxanide glucuronide are observed 1–4 hours after oral administration of nitazoxanide, whereas nitazoxanide itself is not detected in
976:, including glutathione-S-transferase and glutamate-gated chloride ion channels in nematodes, respiration and other pathways in bacteria and cancer cells, and viral and host transcriptional factors.
1927:
new anthelmintic alternatives such as tribendimidine and
Nitazoxanide have proved to be safe and effective against A. lumbricoides and other soil-transmitted helminthiases in human trials.
958:(PFOR) enzyme-dependent electron-transfer reaction that is essential to anaerobic energy metabolism. PFOR inhibition may also contribute to its activity against anaerobic bacteria.
892:
Information on nitazoxanide overdose is limited. Oral doses of 4 grams in healthy adults do not appear to cause any significant adverse effects. In various animals, the oral
852:
authors concluded that more randomized trials with low risk of bias are needed to determine if
Nitazoxanide can be used as an effective treatment for chronic hepatitis C patients.
1076:
is a carboxylic ester and a member of benzamides. It is functionally related to a salicylamide. Nitazoxanide is the prototype member of the thiazolides, which is a
997:
267:
2617:
613:
163:
1972:"Nitazoxanide vs. probiotics for the treatment of acute rotavirus diarrhea in children: a randomized, single-blind, controlled trial in Bolivian children"
1017:
of an oral dose of nitazoxanide is excreted as its metabolites in feces, while the remainder of the dose excreted in urine. Tizoxanide is excreted in the
2054:
World
Journal of Gastroenterology 2009 April 21, Emmet B Keeffe MD, Professor, Jean-François Rossignol The Romark Institute for Medical Research, Tampa
3338:
1341:
Stockis A, Allemon AM, De Bruyn S, Gengler C (May 2002). "Nitazoxanide pharmacokinetics and tolerability in man using single ascending oral doses".
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in immunocompetent adults and children. It is also an effective treatment option for infections caused by other protozoa and helminths (e.g.,
1719:
67:
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742:
627:
1146:. Nitazoxanide was successful in the treatment of metronidazole-resistant giardiasis. Studies have suggested efficacy in the treatment of
2610:
1215:
due to its inhibitory effect on a broad range of influenza virus subtypes and efficacy against influenza viruses that are resistant to
3563:
1630:"Enzymes associated with reductive activation and action of nitazoxanide, nitrofurans, and metronidazole in Helicobacter pylori"
1307:
2603:
2595:
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1101:
1) 2-(acetolyloxy)-n-(5-nitro-2-thiazolyl)benzamide 2) Alinia 3) Colufase 4) Cryptaz 5) Daxon 6) Heliton 7) Ntz 8) Taenitaz
672:
118:
955:
2925:
2466:
647:
2238:"Thiazolides, a new class of anti-influenza molecules targeting viral hemagglutinin at the post-translational level"
1578:
Anderson VR, Curran MP (2007). "Nitazoxanide: a review of its use in the treatment of gastrointestinal infections".
3787:
3324:
3299:
1825:
Muñoz P, Valerio M, Eworo A, Bouza E (December 2011). "Parasitic infections in solid-organ transplant recipients".
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193:
99:
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2016:"Successful treatment of niclosamide- and praziquantel-resistant beef tapeworm infection with nitazoxanide"
1725:
690:
536:
417:
152:
1413:"Research perspective: potential role of nitazoxanide in ovarian cancer treatment. Old drug, new purpose?"
919:, tizoxanide, the concurrent use of nitazoxanide with other highly plasma protein-bound drugs with narrow
1089:, an active metabolite of nitazoxanide in humans, is also an antiparasitic drug of the thiazolide class.
497:
2193:
Shakya A, Bhat HR, Ghosh SK (2018). "Update on
Nitazoxanide: A Multifunctional Chemotherapeutic Agent".
3806:
466:
3316:
1110:
655:
InChI=1S/C12H9N3O5S/c1-7(16)20-9-5-3-2-4-8(9)11(17)14-12-13-6-10(21-12)15(18)19/h2-6H,1H3,(H,13,14,17)
2998:
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for chronic hepatitis C; however, this form is not currently marketed or available for prescription.
865:
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1748:
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848:
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513:
156:
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Sisson G, Goodwin A, Raudonikiene A, Hughes NJ, Mukhopadhyay AK, Berg DE, Hoffman PS (July 2002).
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Nitazoxanide is currently available in two oral dosage forms: a tablet (500 mg) and an oral
993:
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129:
57:
2467:
Figure 1: Molecular targets and potential antiviral treatments against influenza virus infection
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1208:
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912:
784:
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Hagel I, Giusti T (October 2010). "Ascaris lumbricoides: an overview of therapeutic targets".
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3521:
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1158:. Recent studies have also found it to be effective against beef tapeworm (Taenia saginata).
796:
2584:
3701:
3431:
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954:
The anti-protozoal activity of nitazoxanide is believed to be due to interference with the
869:
808:
426:
406:
341:
274:
2480:"Review of safety and minimum pricing of nitazoxanide for potential treatment of COVID-19"
2071:"Treatment of chronic viral hepatitis with nitazoxanide and second generation thiazolides"
1940:
880:
The side effects of nitazoxanide do not significantly differ from a placebo treatment for
826:
Nitazoxanide alone has shown preliminary evidence of efficacy in the treatment of chronic
44:
8:
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domestic animals and livestock, and water supply directly from well and river . ...
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White CA (February 2004). "Nitazoxanide: a new broad spectrum antiparasitic agent".
77:
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1383:. National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine
761:
of nitazoxanide in humans, is also an antiparasitic drug of the thiazolide class.
366:
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722:
717:
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2015:
1988:
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2379:
1772:"Update on the pathogenic potential and treatment options for Blastocystis sp"
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Rossignol JF, La Frazia S, Chiappa L, Ciucci A, Santoro MG (October 2009).
2214:
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2846:
2820:
2815:
2746:
2669:
2658:
1459:
1308:"Alinia- nitazoxanide tablet Alinia- nitazoxanide powder, for suspension"
1232:
1228:
1220:
962:
840:
839:
Romark initially decided to focus on the possibility of treating chronic
827:
85:
2087:
1939:
Shoff WH (5 October 2015). Chandrasekar PH, Talavera F, King JW (eds.).
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1874:. United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2017-05-02
1751:. United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2017-05-02
1223:. Nitazoxanide is also being researched as a potential treatment for
3590:
3403:
3393:
3084:
3033:
2982:
2957:
2946:
2872:
2841:
2647:
2437:
2365:"Nitazoxanide | Drug Information, Uses, Side Effects, Chemistry"
1354:
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352:
296:
287:
71:
3747:
3548:
3354:
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1224:
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924:
776:
Nitazoxanide is an effective first-line treatment for infection by
446:
377:
113:
2478:
Pepperrell T, Pilkington V, Owen A, Wang J, Hill AM (April 2020).
612:
3435:
3226:
2867:
2014:
Lateef M, Zargar SA, Khan AR, Nazir M, Shoukat A (January 2008).
1515:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1505:
697:
medication that is used in medicine for the treatment of various
1668:
Nitazoxanide (NTZ) is a redox-active nitrothiazolyl-salicylamide
2289:"Nitazoxanide: A first-in-class broad-spectrum antiviral agent"
2235:
1627:
1522:"Nitazoxanide: a first-in-class broad-spectrum antiviral agent"
1343:
International
Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics
938:
457:
292:
35:
3116:
2380:"Nitazoxanide: an important advance in anti-parasitic therapy"
1502:
709:
infections. It is indicated for the treatment of infection by
2119:
1969:
1763:
1623:
1621:
1340:
1073:
1026:
1018:
706:
603:
300:
2477:
2421:"Clinical Implications of Antiviral Resistance in Influenza"
502:
2120:
Nikolova K, Gluud C, Grevstad B, Jakobsen JC (April 2014).
2009:
2007:
1859:
Nitazoxanide: intestinal amoebiasis: 500 mg po bid x 3 days
1135:
1022:
893:
782:
species and is indicated for the treatment of infection by
437:
1618:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1130:) and focused on development of the drug for treatment of
1769:
1095:
Canonical SMILES: CC(=O)OC1=CC=CC=C1C(=O)NC2=NC=C(S2)N+2
2004:
1963:
1029:. Tizoxanide glucuronide is excreted in urine and bile.
937:
evidence suggests that nitazoxanide does not affect the
741:
Chemically, nitazoxanide is the prototype member of the
2412:
1970:
Teran CG, Teran-Escalera CN, Villarroel P (July 2009).
1325:
1109:
Nitazoxanide was originally discovered in the 1980s by
984:
Following oral administration, nitazoxanide is rapidly
843:
with nitazoxanide. The drug garnered interest from the
753:
derivatives with antiparasitic and antiviral activity.
1824:
1682:
3804:
2384:
The
American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
2013:
16:
Broad-spectrum antiparasitic and antiviral medication
2064:
2062:
2060:
1872:"Hymenolepiasis: Resources for Health Professionals"
1770:
Roberts T, Stark D, Harkness J, Ellis J (May 2014).
1613:
illnesses caused by other protozoa and/or helminths.
1302:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1276:
972:Nitazoxanide modulates a variety of other pathways
19:"Alinia" redirects here. For the insect genus, see
1864:
1749:"Blastocystis: Resources for Health Professionals"
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1274:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1256:
2113:
2057:
1573:
1571:
992:, which is 99% protein bound. Tizoxanide is then
3828:
1410:
1175:(100 mg per 5 ml when reconstituted).
961:It has also been shown to have activity against
365:
2192:
2188:
2186:
2068:
1932:
1886:
1253:
1117:. Initial studies demonstrated activity versus
340:
1678:
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1577:
1568:
3332:
2611:
2229:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1398:
2183:
2020:International Journal of Infectious Diseases
1976:International Journal of Infectious Diseases
988:to the pharmacologically active metabolite,
485:
117:
2126:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1892:
1673:
864:only in individuals who have experienced a
733:. Nitazoxanide has also been shown to have
3339:
3325:
2618:
2604:
2471:
1395:
1207:As of September 2015, nitazoxanide was in
1161:
900:
539:
516:
405:
43:
34:
2550:
2505:
2495:
2446:
2436:
2418:
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2031:
1987:
1818:
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1787:
1653:
1547:
1537:
1519:
1438:
1428:
1411:Di Santo N, Ehrisman J (September 2013).
425:
2419:Li TC, Chan MC, Lee N (September 2015).
1938:
1827:Current Opinion in Organ Transplantation
764:Nitazoxanide tablets were approved as a
1468:Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy
1080:of structurally-related broad-spectrum
512:
385:
90:
3829:
2122:"Nitazoxanide for chronic hepatitis C"
2069:Keeffe EB, Rossignol JF (April 2009).
1369:
1199:, Pacovanton, Paramix, Toza, and Zox.
1182:tablet (675 mg) has been used in
834:
821:
530:
3320:
2599:
2377:
1634:Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy
1465:
465:
202:
108:
76:
2591:. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
2545:(Suppl 10): 142–155. November 2004.
1036:
855:
175:
2539:American Journal of Transplantation
2242:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
2195:Current Drug Discovery Technologies
979:
949:
749:which are synthetic nitrothiazolyl-
445:
356:
13:
2526:
956:pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase
875:
635:O=C(Nc1ncc(s1)()=O)c2ccccc2OC(=O)C
14:
3868:
2577:
2207:10.2174/1570163814666170727130003
2075:World Journal of Gastroenterology
1895:Infectious Disorders Drug Targets
3814:
2552:10.1111/j.1600-6135.2004.00677.x
1592:10.2165/00003495-200767130-00015
1040:
570:
564:
2371:
2357:
2343:
2329:
2305:10.1016/j.antiviral.2014.07.014
2280:
2158:
2048:
1712:
1698:10.1016/j.antiviral.2007.08.005
1646:10.1128/aac.46.7.2116-2123.2002
1539:10.1016/j.antiviral.2014.07.014
1166:
1092:IUPAC Name: phenyl] acetate2]]
944:
906:
872:of a nitazoxanide formulation.
660:Key:YQNQNVDNTFHQSW-UHFFFAOYSA-N
3155:piperaquine/dihydroartemisinin
2134:10.1002/14651858.CD009182.pub2
1720:"First Generic Drug Approvals"
1189:
1072:Acetic acid -oxomethyl]phenyl
915:(>99.9%) of nitazoxanide's
911:Due to the exceptionally high
768:in the United States in 2020.
582:
576:
558:
1:
2719:trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole
2497:10.1016/S2055-6640(20)30017-0
1520:Rossignol JF (October 2014).
1246:
3117:Fixed-dose (co-formulated)
2484:Journal of Virus Eradication
1839:10.1097/MOT.0b013e32834cdbb0
1726:Food and Drug Administration
1032:
996:into the active metabolite,
691:broad-spectrum antiparasitic
685:, sold under the brand name
153:Broad-spectrum antiparasitic
7:
1202:
887:
10:
3873:
2033:10.1016/j.ijid.2007.04.017
1989:10.1016/j.ijid.2008.09.014
1907:10.2174/187152610793180876
1104:
548:Chemical and physical data
18:
3765:
3700:
3669:
3598:
3589:
3562:
3493:
3456:
3384:
3375:
3366:
3277:
3253:
3225:
3199:
3163:
3107:
3052:
3012:
2999:sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine
2991:
2968:
2924:
2915:
2881:
2855:
2802:
2791:
2782:
2773:
2764:
2727:
2709:
2684:
2668:
2657:
2646:
2397:10.4269/ajtmh.2003.68.382
2287:Rossignol, J. F. (2014).
1241:norovirus gastroenteritis
866:hypersensitivity reaction
725:individuals and has been
668:
643:
623:
601:
588:
552:
547:
528:
496:
476:
456:
436:
416:
396:
376:
351:
331:
311:
306:
286:
273:
257:
240:
225:
217:
192:
187:
162:
142:
128:
98:
84:
66:
56:
51:
42:
33:
1217:neuraminidase inhibitors
927:) increases the risk of
849:phase II clinical trials
695:broad-spectrum antiviral
157:Broad-spectrum antiviral
62:Alinia, Nizonide, others
3514:Pentavalent antimonials
3386:African trypanosomiasis
3150:artesunate/pyronaridine
3127:artemether/lumefantrine
2589:Drug Information Portal
2378:White AC (April 2003).
2255:10.1074/jbc.M109.029470
1941:"Cyclospora Medication"
1480:10.1586/14787210.2.1.43
1209:phase 3 clinical trials
1162:Pharmaceutical products
1111:Jean-François Rossignol
899:is higher than 10
868:to nitazoxanide or the
815:Cyclospora cayetanensis
771:
3138:artesunate/amodiaquine
2535:"Parasitic infections"
1789:10.1186/1757-4749-6-17
1430:10.3390/cancers5031163
998:tizoxanide glucuronide
994:glucuronide conjugated
913:plasma protein binding
847:community after three
785:Cryptosporidium parvum
712:Cryptosporidium parvum
268:tizoxanide glucuronide
3522:Sodium stibogluconate
3518:Meglumine antimoniate
3172:artesunate/mefloquine
3144:artesunate/mefloquine
797:Entamoeba histolytica
729:for the treatment of
3842:Antiparasitic agents
3432:naphthalenesulfonate
3184:quinine/tetracycline
2856:4-Methanolquinolines
2631:antiprotozoal agents
870:inactive ingredients
809:Ascaris lumbricoides
231:Nitazoxanide: ?
3857:Salicylamide ethers
3181:quinine/doxycycline
3178:quinine/clindamycin
3166:(not co-formulated)
2248:(43): 29798–29808.
2088:10.3748/wjg.15.1805
921:therapeutic indices
835:Chronic hepatitis C
822:Chronic hepatitis B
689:among others, is a
30:
3792:Never to phase III
3304:Never to phase III
3164:Other combinations
3044:dihydroartemisinin
2826:hydroxychloroquine
2293:Antiviral Research
1686:Antiviral Research
1526:Antiviral Research
1211:for the treatment
1052:. You can help by
766:generic medication
26:
3802:
3801:
3761:
3760:
3585:
3584:
3539:phosphorylcholine
3489:
3488:
3314:
3313:
3249:
3248:
3221:
3220:
3217:
3216:
3195:
3194:
3191:
3190:
3103:
3102:
3008:
3007:
2911:
2910:
2760:
2759:
2686:Cryptosporidiosis
2081:(15): 1805–1808.
1586:(13): 1947–1967.
1132:cryptosporidiosis
1115:Pasteur Institute
1070:
1069:
856:Contraindications
759:active metabolite
680:
679:
614:Interactive image
498:CompTox Dashboard
206:
111:
3864:
3819:
3818:
3817:
3810:
3596:
3595:
3382:
3381:
3373:
3372:
3341:
3334:
3327:
3318:
3317:
3114:
3113:
2922:
2921:
2800:
2799:
2789:
2788:
2780:
2779:
2771:
2770:
2682:
2681:
2666:
2665:
2655:
2654:
2637:antiparasitics (
2620:
2613:
2606:
2597:
2596:
2592:
2572:
2554:
2520:
2519:
2509:
2499:
2475:
2469:
2464:
2450:
2440:
2438:10.3390/v7092850
2431:(9): 4929–4944.
2416:
2410:
2409:
2399:
2375:
2369:
2368:
2361:
2355:
2354:
2347:
2341:
2340:
2333:
2327:
2326:
2316:
2284:
2278:
2277:
2267:
2257:
2233:
2227:
2226:
2190:
2181:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2162:
2156:
2155:
2145:
2117:
2111:
2110:
2100:
2090:
2066:
2055:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2035:
2011:
2002:
2001:
1991:
1967:
1961:
1960:
1954:
1952:
1936:
1930:
1929:
1890:
1884:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1868:
1862:
1861:
1822:
1816:
1815:
1801:
1791:
1767:
1761:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1745:
1739:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1716:
1710:
1709:
1680:
1671:
1670:
1657:
1640:(7): 2116–2123.
1625:
1616:
1615:
1575:
1566:
1565:
1551:
1541:
1517:
1500:
1499:
1463:
1457:
1456:
1442:
1432:
1423:(3): 1163–1176.
1408:
1393:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1373:
1367:
1366:
1355:10.5414/cpp40213
1338:
1323:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1304:
1198:
1180:extended release
1098:MeSH Synonyms:
1065:
1062:
1044:
1037:
1016:
1015:
1011:
980:Pharmacokinetics
950:Pharmacodynamics
902:
860:Nitazoxanide is
803:Hymenolepis nana
676:
675:
616:
596:
584:
578:
572:
566:
560:
543:
532:
521:
520:
506:
504:
489:
469:
449:
429:
409:
389:
369:
359:
358:
344:
323:phenyl]ethanoate
278:
204:
201:
179:
121:
110:
107:
94:
80:
47:
38:
31:
29:
25:
3872:
3871:
3867:
3866:
3865:
3863:
3862:
3861:
3847:Antiviral drugs
3827:
3826:
3825:
3815:
3813:
3805:
3803:
3798:
3797:
3782:Clinical trials
3757:
3722:
3702:Dientamoebiasis
3696:
3665:
3581:
3558:
3485:
3452:
3439:
3377:Trypanosomiasis
3362:
3345:
3315:
3310:
3309:
3294:Clinical trials
3273:
3256:
3245:
3228:
3213:
3187:
3165:
3159:
3109:
3099:
3048:
3015:
3004:
2987:
2964:
2926:DHFR inhibitors
2907:
2877:
2851:
2804:Aminoquinolines
2794:
2784:
2756:
2723:
2705:
2673:
2660:
2649:
2642:
2624:
2583:
2580:
2575:
2533:
2529:
2527:Further reading
2524:
2523:
2476:
2472:
2465:
2417:
2413:
2376:
2372:
2363:
2362:
2358:
2349:
2348:
2344:
2335:
2334:
2330:
2285:
2281:
2234:
2230:
2191:
2184:
2174:
2172:
2164:
2163:
2159:
2128:(4): CD009182.
2118:
2114:
2067:
2058:
2053:
2049:
2012:
2005:
1968:
1964:
1950:
1948:
1937:
1933:
1891:
1887:
1877:
1875:
1870:
1869:
1865:
1823:
1819:
1768:
1764:
1754:
1752:
1747:
1746:
1742:
1732:
1730:
1718:
1717:
1713:
1681:
1674:
1626:
1619:
1576:
1569:
1518:
1503:
1464:
1460:
1409:
1396:
1386:
1384:
1375:
1374:
1370:
1339:
1326:
1316:
1314:
1306:
1305:
1254:
1249:
1205:
1196:
1192:
1184:clinical trials
1169:
1164:
1107:
1066:
1060:
1057:
1050:needs expansion
1035:
1013:
1009:
1008:
982:
952:
947:
909:
897:
890:
878:
876:Adverse effects
862:contraindicated
858:
837:
824:
791:Giardia lamblia
774:
723:immunocompetent
718:Giardia lamblia
671:
669:
664:
661:
656:
651:
650:
639:
636:
631:
630:
619:
594:
581:
575:
569:
563:
524:
500:
492:
472:
452:
432:
412:
392:
372:
355:
347:
327:
324:
319:
318:
276:
266:
232:
227:Protein binding
219:Pharmacokinetic
213:
183:
155:
151:
131:
124:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3870:
3860:
3859:
3854:
3852:Nitrothiazoles
3849:
3844:
3839:
3837:Acetate esters
3824:
3823:
3800:
3799:
3796:
3795:
3794:
3793:
3790:
3779:
3773:
3767:
3766:
3763:
3762:
3759:
3758:
3756:
3755:
3745:
3735:
3724:
3723:
3716:
3710:nitroimidazole
3706:
3704:
3698:
3697:
3695:
3694:
3679:nitroimidazole
3675:
3673:
3671:Trichomoniasis
3667:
3666:
3664:
3663:
3652:
3651:
3641:
3630:
3629:
3619:
3608:nitroimidazole
3604:
3602:
3593:
3587:
3586:
3583:
3582:
3580:
3579:
3576:Amphotericin B
3568:
3566:
3560:
3559:
3557:
3556:
3546:
3536:
3511:
3510:
3507:Amphotericin B
3499:
3497:
3491:
3490:
3487:
3486:
3484:
3483:
3473:
3466:nitroimidazole
3462:
3460:
3458:Chagas disease
3454:
3453:
3451:
3450:
3443:nitroimidazole
3440:
3429:
3419:
3401:
3390:
3388:
3379:
3370:
3364:
3363:
3348:Antiparasitics
3344:
3343:
3336:
3329:
3321:
3312:
3311:
3308:
3307:
3306:
3305:
3302:
3291:
3285:
3279:
3278:
3275:
3274:
3272:
3271:
3265:Blastocystosis
3261:
3259:
3251:
3250:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3243:
3233:
3231:
3223:
3222:
3219:
3218:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3211:
3205:
3203:
3197:
3196:
3193:
3192:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3185:
3182:
3179:
3176:
3173:
3169:
3167:
3161:
3160:
3158:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3141:
3135:
3129:
3123:
3121:
3111:
3105:
3104:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3056:
3054:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3020:
3018:
3010:
3009:
3006:
3005:
3003:
3002:
2995:
2993:
2992:Co-formulation
2989:
2988:
2986:
2985:
2980:
2974:
2972:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2962:
2961:
2960:
2955:
2953:chlorproguanil
2942:
2941:
2936:
2930:
2928:
2919:
2913:
2912:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2905:
2899:
2898:
2897:
2896:
2885:
2883:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2859:
2857:
2853:
2852:
2850:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2829:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2808:
2806:
2797:
2786:
2777:
2768:
2762:
2761:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2733:
2731:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2721:
2715:
2713:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2703:
2690:
2688:
2679:
2663:
2652:
2644:
2643:
2635:Chromalveolata
2627:Antiparasitics
2623:
2622:
2615:
2608:
2600:
2594:
2593:
2585:"Nitazoxanide"
2579:
2578:External links
2576:
2574:
2573:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2522:
2521:
2470:
2411:
2390:(4): 382–383.
2370:
2356:
2351:"Nitazoxanide"
2342:
2337:"Nitazoxanide"
2328:
2279:
2228:
2201:(3): 201–213.
2182:
2166:"Nitazoxanide"
2157:
2112:
2056:
2047:
2003:
1982:(4): 518–523.
1962:
1931:
1901:(5): 349–367.
1885:
1863:
1833:(6): 565–575.
1817:
1762:
1740:
1711:
1672:
1617:
1567:
1501:
1458:
1394:
1377:"Nitazoxanide"
1368:
1349:(5): 213–220.
1324:
1251:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1204:
1201:
1191:
1188:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1148:cyclosporiasis
1106:
1103:
1068:
1067:
1047:
1045:
1034:
1031:
981:
978:
951:
948:
946:
943:
908:
905:
895:
889:
886:
877:
874:
857:
854:
836:
833:
823:
820:
773:
770:
747:class of drugs
678:
677:
666:
665:
663:
662:
659:
657:
654:
646:
645:
644:
641:
640:
638:
637:
634:
626:
625:
624:
621:
620:
618:
617:
609:
607:
599:
598:
592:
586:
585:
579:
573:
567:
561:
556:
550:
549:
545:
544:
534:
526:
525:
523:
522:
509:
507:
494:
493:
491:
490:
482:
480:
474:
473:
471:
470:
462:
460:
454:
453:
451:
450:
442:
440:
434:
433:
431:
430:
422:
420:
414:
413:
411:
410:
402:
400:
394:
393:
391:
390:
382:
380:
374:
373:
371:
370:
362:
360:
349:
348:
346:
345:
337:
335:
329:
328:
326:
325:
322:
314:
313:
312:
309:
308:
304:
303:
290:
284:
283:
282:3.5 hours
280:
271:
270:
261:
255:
254:
244:
238:
237:
229:
223:
222:
215:
214:
212:
211:
198:
196:
190:
189:
185:
184:
182:
181:
168:
166:
160:
159:
146:
140:
139:
134:
132:administration
126:
125:
123:
122:
104:
102:
96:
95:
88:
82:
81:
74:
64:
63:
60:
54:
53:
49:
48:
40:
39:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3869:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3834:
3832:
3822:
3812:
3811:
3808:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3768:
3764:
3753:
3749:
3746:
3743:
3739:
3736:
3733:
3729:
3726:
3725:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3714:Metronidazole
3711:
3708:
3707:
3705:
3703:
3699:
3692:
3688:
3687:Metronidazole
3684:
3680:
3677:
3676:
3674:
3672:
3668:
3661:
3657:
3656:aminoacridine
3654:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3642:
3639:
3635:
3632:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3622:benzimidazole
3620:
3617:
3613:
3612:Metronidazole
3609:
3606:
3605:
3603:
3601:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3588:
3577:
3573:
3570:
3569:
3567:
3565:
3561:
3554:
3550:
3547:
3544:
3540:
3537:
3534:
3530:
3527:
3526:
3525:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3508:
3504:
3501:
3500:
3498:
3496:
3495:Leishmaniasis
3492:
3481:
3477:
3474:
3471:
3467:
3464:
3463:
3461:
3459:
3455:
3448:
3444:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3430:
3427:
3423:
3420:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3402:
3399:
3395:
3392:
3391:
3389:
3387:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3368:Discicristata
3365:
3360:
3356:
3353:
3349:
3342:
3337:
3335:
3330:
3328:
3323:
3322:
3319:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3280:
3276:
3270:
3269:metronidazole
3266:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3258:
3252:
3242:
3238:
3237:Balantidiasis
3235:
3234:
3232:
3230:
3224:
3210:
3207:
3206:
3204:
3202:
3198:
3183:
3180:
3177:
3175:artesunate/SP
3174:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3162:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3145:
3142:
3139:
3136:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3120:
3115:
3112:
3106:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3065:
3061:
3058:
3057:
3055:
3051:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3017:
3014:Sesquiterpene
3011:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2990:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2971:
2967:
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2934:pyrimethamine
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2737:pyrimethamine
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2729:Toxoplasmosis
2726:
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2714:
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2676:Coccidiostats
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2025:
2021:
2017:
2010:
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1999:
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1985:
1981:
1977:
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1966:
1959:
1946:
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1776:Gut Pathogens
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1145:
1144:metronidazole
1139:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1083:
1082:antiparasitic
1079:
1075:
1064:
1055:
1051:
1048:This section
1046:
1043:
1039:
1038:
1030:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1005:
1003:
999:
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991:
987:
977:
975:
970:
968:
964:
959:
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942:
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936:
935:
930:
929:drug toxicity
926:
922:
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593:
591:
587:
557:
555:
551:
546:
542:
538:
535:
533:
531:ECHA InfoCard
527:
519:
515:
514:DTXSID5033757
511:
510:
508:
499:
495:
488:
484:
483:
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170:
169:
167:
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158:
154:
150:
149:Antiprotozoal
147:
145:
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138:
135:
133:
127:
120:
115:
106:
105:
103:
101:
97:
93:
89:
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83:
79:
75:
73:
69:
65:
61:
59:
55:
52:Clinical data
50:
46:
41:
37:
32:
22:
21:Alinia (wasp)
3738:tetracycline
3728:oxyquinoline
3648:Furazolidone
3638:Nitazoxanide
3637:
3512:
3470:Benznidazole
3447:Fexinidazole
3416:Tryparsamide
3398:Eflornithine
3350:directed at
3241:tetracycline
3134:/piperaquine
3090:pyronaridine
3070:tetracycline
2970:Sulfonamides
2945:
2903:halofantrine
2894:+ artemether
2889:lumefantrine
2766:Aconoidasida
2742:sulfadiazine
2711:Isosporiasis
2700:nitazoxanide
2699:
2693:
2588:
2542:
2538:
2490:(2): 52–60.
2487:
2483:
2473:
2460:
2428:
2424:
2414:
2387:
2383:
2373:
2359:
2345:
2331:
2296:
2292:
2282:
2245:
2241:
2231:
2198:
2194:
2173:. Retrieved
2169:
2160:
2125:
2115:
2078:
2074:
2050:
2026:(1): 80–82.
2023:
2019:
1979:
1975:
1965:
1956:
1949:. Retrieved
1944:
1934:
1926:
1898:
1894:
1888:
1876:. Retrieved
1866:
1858:
1830:
1826:
1820:
1811:
1779:
1775:
1765:
1753:. Retrieved
1743:
1731:. Retrieved
1723:
1714:
1692:(1): 56–63.
1689:
1685:
1667:
1637:
1633:
1611:
1583:
1579:
1561:
1529:
1525:
1474:(1): 43–49.
1471:
1467:
1461:
1452:
1420:
1416:
1385:. Retrieved
1380:
1371:
1346:
1342:
1315:. Retrieved
1311:
1206:
1193:
1177:
1170:
1167:Dosage forms
1152:isosporiasis
1140:
1128:Marietta, GA
1122:
1108:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1071:
1061:January 2016
1058:
1054:adding to it
1049:
1006:
1002:blood plasma
983:
973:
971:
966:
960:
953:
945:Pharmacology
932:
910:
907:Interactions
891:
879:
859:
838:
825:
813:
807:
801:
795:
789:
783:
779:Blastocystis
777:
775:
763:
751:salicylamide
740:
734:
716:
710:
686:
683:Nitazoxanide
682:
681:
670:
478:NIAID ChemDB
275:Elimination
194:Legal status
188:Legal status
119:Nitazoxanide
100:License data
28:Nitazoxanide
3778:from market
3752:Paromomycin
3742:Doxycycline
3719:Secnidazole
3683:Carnidazole
3626:Albendazole
3553:Paromomycin
3543:Miltefosine
3533:Pentamidine
3529:benzamidine
3426:Pentamidine
3422:benzamidine
3412:Melarsoprol
3290:from market
3209:clindamycin
3095:piperaquine
3080:clindamycin
3075:doxycycline
3064:+ proguanil
3029:artemisinin
2978:sulfadoxine
2939:cycloguanil
2917:Antifolates
2847:tafenoquine
2821:chloroquine
2816:amodiaquine
2783:Individual
2747:clindamycin
2695:thiazolides
2670:Conoidasida
2170:MedlinePlus
1733:13 February
1317:13 February
1233:hepatitis C
1229:hepatitis B
1221:oseltamivir
1190:Brand names
963:influenza A
841:hepatitis C
828:hepatitis B
743:thiazolides
597: g·mol
537:100.054.465
307:Identifiers
259:Metabolites
86:MedlinePlus
58:Trade names
3831:Categories
3732:Iodoquinol
3691:Tinidazole
3660:Quinacrine
3644:nitrofuran
3634:thiazolide
3616:Tinidazole
3600:Giardiasis
3480:Nifurtimox
3476:nitrofuran
3201:Babesiosis
3132:arterolane
3060:atovaquone
3039:artesunate
3024:artemether
2947:biguanides
2863:mefloquine
2837:primaquine
2795:inhibitors
2752:atovaquone
2299:: 94–103.
1951:11 January
1532:: 94–103.
1247:References
1231:, chronic
1227:, chronic
1173:suspension
1087:Tizoxanide
1078:drug class
990:tizoxanide
986:hydrolyzed
917:metabolite
882:giardiasis
845:hepatology
755:Tizoxanide
727:repurposed
699:helminthic
602:3D model (
590:Molar mass
467:ChEMBL1401
427:SOA12P041N
398:ChemSpider
342:55981-09-4
333:CAS Number
316:IUPAC name
264:tizoxanide
252:tizoxanide
248:hydrolyzed
242:Metabolism
236:: over 99%
234:Tizoxanide
144:Drug class
3788:Phase III
3776:Withdrawn
3748:neomycin
3591:Trichozoa
3404:arsenical
3394:ornithine
3355:parasites
3300:Phase III
3288:Withdrawn
3085:mepacrine
3034:artemotil
2983:sulfalene
2958:proguanil
2873:quinidine
2842:pamaquine
1878:4 January
1755:4 January
1608:260860340
1496:219184877
1387:3 January
1237:rotavirus
1213:influenza
1156:amebiasis
1119:tapeworms
1033:Chemistry
731:influenza
703:protozoal
297:bile duct
288:Excretion
277:half-life
130:Routes of
78:Monograph
72:Drugs.com
3821:Medicine
3549:neomycin
3352:excavata
3255:Stramen-
3016:lactones
2793:Hemozoin
2561:15504227
2516:32405422
2457:26389935
2406:12875283
2323:25108173
2274:19638339
2223:19244282
2215:28748751
2152:24706397
2143:10984248
2107:19370775
2042:17962058
1998:19070525
1958:effects.
1945:Medscape
1923:15403331
1915:20701574
1855:23861504
1847:22027588
1808:24883113
1706:17888524
1664:12069963
1600:17722965
1558:25108173
1488:15482170
1449:24202339
1363:12051573
1312:DailyMed
1225:COVID-19
1203:Research
1123:In vitro
1007:Roughly
974:in vitro
967:in vitro
941:system.
934:In vitro
925:warfarin
888:Overdose
735:in vitro
673:(verify)
378:DrugBank
246:Rapidly
164:ATC code
137:By mouth
114:DailyMed
3572:polyene
3503:polyene
3436:Suramin
3110:nations
2868:quinine
2775:Malaria
2659:Apicom-
2569:5742723
2507:7332204
2448:4584294
2425:Viruses
2314:7113776
2265:2785610
2175:9 April
2098:2670405
1947:. WebMD
1799:4039988
1549:7113776
1440:3795384
1417:Cancers
1381:PubChem
1113:at the
1105:History
1012:⁄
923:(e.g.,
554:Formula
387:DB00507
353:PubChem
180:)
174: (
172:P01AX11
116::
92:a603017
3807:Portal
3771:WHO-EM
3408:Atoxyl
3283:WHO-EM
3227:Cilio-
3146:(ASMQ)
3140:(ASAQ)
3108:Combi-
2785:agents
2648:Alveo-
2567:
2559:
2514:
2504:
2455:
2445:
2404:
2321:
2311:
2272:
2262:
2221:
2213:
2150:
2140:
2105:
2095:
2040:
1996:
1921:
1913:
1853:
1845:
1806:
1796:
1782:: 17.
1704:
1662:
1655:127316
1652:
1606:
1598:
1556:
1546:
1494:
1486:
1447:
1437:
1361:
1197:NT-TOX
1154:, and
965:virus
939:CYP450
812:, and
705:, and
687:Alinia
628:SMILES
595:307.28
487:057131
458:ChEMBL
447:D02486
299:, and
293:Kidney
209:℞-only
207:
112:
3257:opile
3229:phora
3053:Other
2882:Other
2661:plexa
2565:S2CID
2219:S2CID
1919:S2CID
1851:S2CID
1728:(FDA)
1724:U.S.
1604:S2CID
1580:Drugs
1492:S2CID
1219:like
1074:ester
1027:feces
1019:urine
757:, an
707:viral
648:InChI
604:JSmol
407:38037
367:41684
301:fecal
3119:ACTs
3001:(SP)
2833:(8-)
2812:(4-)
2650:late
2557:PMID
2512:PMID
2453:PMID
2402:PMID
2319:PMID
2270:PMID
2211:PMID
2177:2014
2148:PMID
2103:PMID
2038:PMID
1994:PMID
1953:2016
1911:PMID
1880:2016
1843:PMID
1804:PMID
1757:2016
1735:2021
1702:PMID
1660:PMID
1596:PMID
1554:PMID
1484:PMID
1445:PMID
1389:2016
1359:PMID
1319:2021
1239:and
1136:AIDS
1025:and
1023:bile
901:g/kg
772:Uses
745:, a
715:and
693:and
438:KEGG
418:UNII
221:data
68:AHFS
3564:PAM
3359:P01
2639:P01
2547:doi
2502:PMC
2492:doi
2443:PMC
2433:doi
2392:doi
2309:PMC
2301:doi
2297:110
2260:PMC
2250:doi
2246:284
2203:doi
2138:PMC
2130:doi
2093:PMC
2083:doi
2028:doi
1984:doi
1903:doi
1835:doi
1794:PMC
1784:doi
1694:doi
1650:PMC
1642:doi
1588:doi
1544:PMC
1534:doi
1530:110
1476:doi
1435:PMC
1425:doi
1351:doi
1178:An
1134:in
1056:.
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818:).
788:or
721:in
701:,
503:EPA
357:CID
250:to
177:WHO
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