611:(Subject-Verb-Object), or, in the different formulation used by some, AVO (A = subject of transitive verb or ‘agent’, V = verb, O = object of transitive verb), though other orders are possible in less neutral contexts. It also has the basic orders GN (Genitive-Noun, that is, possessor-possessed), NA (Noun-Adjective), and NP-Rel (Head Noun-Relative Clause). It has few adpositions (prepositions or postpositions); rather these relational and locative functions are signaled by a rich set of suffixes and clitics attached primarily to verbs, but also to other parts of speech; it also has some relational nouns (possessed noun constructions that function as adpositions). The co-occurrence in a language of the orders SVO, NA, GN, and NP-Rel is somewhat unusual for a language with SVO basic word order typology, where NG (Noun + Genitive) would be the expected order, rather than Nivaclé’s GN. SVO languages also tend to have Preposition-Noun order, too, though prepositions are mostly lacking in this language.
651:
it from witnessing it. If, on the other hand, a demonstrative that indicates ‘known only by report or hearsay’ is employed, by inference this part of the utterance has the evidential sense that the speaker does not affirm the truth of what is said, but rather only reports it as something told by others and not known from personal experience. Evidentiality from demonstratives interacts with other discourse evidential markers, one word for things reported but not known and another for expressing doubt, uncertainty about the truth of an utterance. This carries over to multi-clause utterances, where subordinate clauses can contrast with regard to the conjunction that introduces them and in terms of the subject agreement markers they can take, where some are treated as real (events known to have happened or to be going to happen) and others are irrealis (things that have not happened but are hypothetical or doubtful).
688:– there are two series of pronominal affixes on verbs, one that indicates subjects of active verbs which report events or happenings, whether they are transitive or intransitive, and another which signals both the object of transitive verbs and also the subject of stative intransitive verbs, verbs which refer to states and not to events or happenings, as the active verbs do. Indicative, negative, and irrealis verbs have distinct morphological markings of their own for personal pronoun subject agreement. There is also distinct morphology signaling verbs of subordinate clauses.
639:(deictic) system is also complex, with numerous demonstratives which are distinguished according to several semantic traits, sensitive to whether the referent is visible or not, was witnessed previously by the speaker, is known only from reports or hearsay, or no longer exists. As mentioned, these contrasting semantic traits of the demonstratives play a role in inferring the
650:
is also inferred from the semantic traits of the demonstratives. For example, if a speaker uses a ‘visible’ demonstrative, by inference this also indicates that he/she vouches for the truth value of the statement, for the reality of the entity modified by this demonstrative, because the speaker knows
706:
affixes and clitics, marked primarily on the verbs, sometimes on other parts of speech. As mentioned, Nivaclé generally lacks adpositions (prepositions and postpositions), as the directional affixes and clitics fulfill the roles played by adpositions in other languages. The language has a genitive
619:
The main lexical categories (parts of speech) of Nivaclé are noun, pronoun, demonstrative, adjective, adverb, and verb. There are significant syntactic and morphological differences in the behavior of several of these lexical categories which distinguish them from similar categories in well-known
627:
contrast in nouns, semantically determined for some nouns that refer to humans and certain animals, but otherwise arbitrary for most other nouns. However, the nouns themselves, in spite of their gender, generally bear no overt indication of gender assignment. This is signaled rather in the
175:
Nivaclé is complex both in its phonology and morphology. Much of what is handled in syntactic constructions in many other languages is signalled in Nivaclé by its rich bound morphology and clitics. Nivaclé has several linguistic traits that are rare elsewhere in the world or even unique.
160:. It is also known as Chulupí and Ashluslay, and in older sources has been called Ashluslé, Suhin, Sujín, Chunupí, Churupí, Choropí, and other variant spellings of these names. Nivaclé speakers are found in the Chaco, in Paraguay in
628:
demonstratives which accompany the nouns and which agree with the gender of the noun. Also the plural markers that nouns bear differ depending on whether the noun is masculine or feminine. There are several different
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of an utterance. For example, if a referent is visible, then by inference it is present, in present time; if it was witnessed earlier but is not currently visible, then typically by inference it is past.
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in this language are very complex and can bear many different affixes and clitics. Nevertheless, there are no direct grammatical markers on verbs nor elsewhere in the grammar for
590:); whereas the cluster /t/ + /s/ contrasts with the alveolar affricate /t͡s/, both across morpheme boundaries and within single morphemes – this is unusual cross-linguistically.
670:. The senses of tense are conveyed by the demonstratives whose semantic contrasts give temporal inferences. Nivaclé is, thus, one of the few languages of the world which have
707:
noun classifier for possessed domestic animals and another for possessed prey (hunted animals). For example, it is not possible to say directly the equivalent of
1625:
1821:
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Its phonemic inventory has 21 consonants and six vowel qualities, including glottalized (ejective) stops and affricates, and a unique phoneme, /k͡l/.
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1847:/ * indicates that the inclusion of the language family within Mataco-Guaicuru family is disputed
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789:
Campbell, Lyle; Grondona, Verónica (2012). "Linguistic
Acculturation in Nivaclé and Chorote".
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699:(‘we’ , ‘ours’ ) in pronouns, in possessive morphology and in verbs.
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Nivaclé (and
Chorote and Kadiwéu) language documentation materials
586:) contrasts with the alveopalatal affricate /t͡ʃ/ (orthographic
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620:
European languages. Clitics are frequent in this language.
711:, but rather it is necessary to say the equivalent of
833:
Campbell, Lyle; Díaz, Luis; Ángel, Fernando (2020).
16:Matacoan language spoken in Argentina and Paraguay
832:
732:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
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791:International Journal of American Linguistics
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691:Nivaclé distinguishes first person plural
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749:, with supplementary sound recordings.
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728:"Nivaĉle (shichaam lhavos variety)"
713:my-domestic.animal.classifier horse
13:
872:Intercontinental Dictionary Series
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702:Nivaclé has a very rich system of
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674:with no verbal tense marking.
623:There is a masculine-feminine
1:
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837:. University of Utah Press.
730:. Illustrations of the IPA.
179:
7:
632:markers, a complex system.
162:Presidente Hayes Department
10:
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1234:Argentinien-schwyzertütsch
726:Gutiérrez, Analía (2019).
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1635:Mataco–Guaicuru languages
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745:10.1017/S0025100316000335
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1593:Paraguayan Sign Language
1555:Other European languages
1168:Eastern Bolivian Guaraní
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614:
1319:Argentine Sign Language
778:(subscription required)
695:(‘we all’, ‘our ’) and
607:(constituent order) is
1865:Languages of Argentina
909:Languages of Argentina
168:, and in Argentina in
1880:Chaco linguistic area
1870:Languages of Paraguay
1374:Languages of Paraguay
1101:Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay
1106:Wichí Lhamtés Nocten
1111:Wichí Lhamtés Vejoz
584:⟨tsh⟩
303:
189:
166:Boquerón Department
148:language spoken in
1875:Matacoan languages
1381:Official languages
1217:Minority languages
932:Regional languages
916:Official languages
588:⟨ch⟩
301:
187:
61:14,000 (2007)
1852:
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1845:extinct languages
1661:Iyojwaʼja Chorote
1656:Iyoʼwujwa Chorote
1601:
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1481:Iyo'wujwa Chorote
1340:
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1334:extinct languages
1268:Regional dialects
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1119:
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1091:Iyojwa'ja Chorote
1086:Iyo'wujwa Chorote
776:(18th ed., 2015)
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563:Occluded lateral
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1256:Patagonian Welsh
1133:Southern Quechua
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856:External links
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803:10.1086/665672
797:(3): 335–367.
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844:9781607817758
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746:
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733:
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672:nominal tense
669:
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648:Evidentiality
645:
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637:demonstrative
633:
631:
626:
621:
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367:
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294:
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185:
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78:
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70:
64:
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54:
51:
48:
44:
41:
37:
34:
30:
25:
20:
1840:
1827:
1820:
1736:
1719:
1712:
1672:
1571:Plautdietsch
1519:Pai Tavytera
1501:Tupi–Guarani
1490:
1329:
1178:Mbyá Guaraní
1155:Tupi–Guarani
1095:
1055:
1043:
1036:
988:
976:
834:
794:
790:
784:
771:
763:
735:
731:
712:
708:
703:
701:
696:
692:
690:
685:
681:
678:
676:
671:
667:
663:
659:
658:
647:
646:
640:
636:
634:
629:
624:
622:
618:
604:
602:
581:
183:
174:
141:
140:
112:
81:
1514:Ava Guarani
1463:Toba-Maskoy
1291:Rioplatense
1163:Ava Guarani
1138:Santiagueño
704:directional
532:Approximant
302:Consonants
1859:Categories
1705:Guaicuruan
1562:Portuguese
1412:Guaicuruan
1402:Indigenous
1029:Guaicuruan
958:Indigenous
773:Ethnologue
755:References
605:word order
603:The basic
599:Word order
594:Morphology
1843:indicate
1542:Chamacoco
1404:languages
1332:indicate
1224:Cocoliche
983:Tehuelche
960:languages
697:exclusive
693:inclusive
682:alignment
495:Fricative
436:Affricate
239:Close-mid
180:Phonology
154:Argentina
114:Glottolog
98:ISO 639-3
46:Ethnicity
36:Argentina
1802:Charruan
1792:Sanapaná
1759:Mascoian
1643:Matacoan
1529:Zamucoan
1473:Matacoan
1458:Sanapaná
1430:Mascoian
1420:Toba Qom
1303:Tucumano
1286:Portuñol
1276:Cordobés
1246:Lunfardo
1241:Ligurian
1125:Quechuan
1078:Matacoan
1068:Toba Qom
1011:Charruan
1002:Guaicuru
709:my horse
468:ejective
406:ejective
315:Alveolar
310:Bilabial
152:and in
150:Paraguay
146:Matacoan
121:niva1238
77:Matacoan
40:Paraguay
1841:Italics
1811:Charrúa
1782:Kaskihá
1767:Angaité
1738:Payaguá
1727:Kadiweu
1683:Güisnay
1673:Nivaclé
1651:Chorote
1577:Italian
1491:Nivaclé
1453:Kaskihá
1438:Angaité
1393:Guaraní
1388:Spanish
1330:Italics
1096:Nivaclé
1057:Payaguá
1019:Balomar
1000:Mataco–
989:Teushen
977:Puelche
949:Quechua
944:Mapuche
939:Guarani
923:Spanish
868:Nivaclé
768:Nivaclé
330:Glottal
320:Palatal
188:Vowels
158:Nivaclé
156:by the
142:Nivaclé
134:Nivaclé
82:Nivaclé
50:Nivaclé
27:Niwaklé
22:Nivaclé
1829:Güenoa
1787:Maskoy
1772:Enlhet
1744:Pilagá
1732:Mocoví
1721:Guachí
1714:Abipón
1688:Nocten
1567:German
1537:Ayoreo
1443:Enlhet
1229:German
1204:Vilela
1194:Aymara
1187:Others
1063:Pilagá
1051:Mocoví
1045:Guachi
1038:Abipón
968:Chonan
841:
809:
668:aspect
630:plural
625:gender
164:, and
1822:Nbeuá
1816:Chaná
1777:Enxet
1693:Vejoz
1678:Wichí
1448:Enxet
1296:Vesre
1251:Welsh
1199:Chané
1173:Kaiwá
807:JSTOR
664:tense
660:Verbs
655:Verbs
641:tense
615:Nouns
441:plain
369:plain
337:Nasal
325:Velar
208:Close
196:Front
144:is a
1749:Toba
1668:Maká
1509:Aché
1486:Maka
1281:Cuyo
839:ISBN
679:verb
677:The
635:The
483:t͡ʃʼ
476:t͡sʼ
364:Stop
270:Open
201:Back
799:doi
770:at
740:doi
684:is
666:or
609:SVO
569:k͡l
456:t͡ʃ
449:t͡s
129:ELP
105:cag
1861::
819:^
805:.
795:78
793:.
736:49
734:.
715:.
540:ɫ̥
428:kʼ
419:tʼ
412:pʼ
293:ɑː
281:aː
262:oː
250:eː
231:uː
219:iː
172:.
38:,
1804:*
1627:e
1620:t
1613:v
1573:)
1569:(
1366:e
1359:t
1352:v
901:e
894:t
887:v
874:)
870:(
847:.
813:.
801::
742::
554:w
547:j
522:x
515:ʃ
508:s
501:ɸ
398:ʔ
391:k
382:t
375:p
350:n
343:m
288:ɑ
276:a
257:o
245:e
226:u
214:i
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