Nobel Prize - Knowledge

1153: 45: 1162: 729: 2173: 558: 1337: 1091: 8572: 1413:

per prize (c. 2.6 million SEK altogether, US$ 350,000 today). In 2009, the monetary award was 10 million SEK (US$ 1.4 million). In June 2012, it was lowered to 8 million SEK. If two laureates share the prize in a category, the award grant is divided equally between the recipients. If there are three, the awarding committee has the option of dividing the grant equally, or awarding one-half to one recipient and one-quarter to each of the others. It is common for recipients to donate prize money to benefit scientific, cultural, or humanitarian causes.

2779: 1363:. The medals for physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, and literature have identical obverses, showing the image of Alfred Nobel and the years of his birth and death. Nobel's portrait also appears on the obverse of the Peace Prize medal and the medal for the Economics Prize, but with a slightly different design. For instance, the laureate's name is engraved on the rim of the Economics medal. The image on the reverse of a medal varies according to the institution awarding the prize. The reverse sides of the medals for chemistry and physics share the same design. 1255: 2391: 288: 381: 3036: 883: 2719: 2998: 2959: 988:

Prize laureates, and current or former members of the Norwegian Nobel Committee. The deadline for the return of the nomination forms is 31 January of the year of the award. The Nobel Committee nominates about 300 potential laureates from these forms and additional names. The nominees are not publicly named, nor are they told that they are being considered for the prize. All nomination records for a prize are sealed for 50 years from the awarding of the prize.

2125: 3050: 8997: 2380: 3064: 2220:. However, when the award was announced, both sides were still engaging in hostilities. Critics sympathetic to the North announced that Kissinger was not a peace-maker but the opposite, responsible for widening the war. Those hostile to the North and what they considered its deceptive practices during negotiations were deprived of a chance to criticise Lê Đức Thọ, as he declined the award. The satirist and musician 9031: 2253:, but the actual evaluation occurred over the next eight months. Obama himself stated that he did not feel deserving of the award, or worthy of the company in which it would place him. Past Peace Prize laureates were divided, some saying that Obama deserved the award, and others saying he had not secured the achievements to yet merit such an accolade. Obama's award, along with the previous Peace Prizes for 9154: 955: 923: 665:. However, since 1995, all the members of the board have been chosen by the trustees, and the executive director and the deputy director appointed by the board itself. As well as the board, the Nobel Foundation is made up of the prize-awarding institutions (the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institute, the Swedish Academy, and the 769:. The Academy of Sciences selected Röntgen for the prize. In the last decades of the 19th century, many chemists had made significant contributions. Thus, with the Chemistry Prize, the academy "was chiefly faced with merely deciding the order in which these scientists should be awarded the prize". The academy received 20 nominations, eleven of them for 1821: 2700:'invention' within the field of physics". Nobel did not emphasise discoveries, but they have historically been held in higher respect by the Nobel Prize Committee than inventions: 77% of the Physics Prizes have been given to discoveries, compared with only 23% to inventions. Christoph Bartneck and Matthias Rauterberg, in papers published in 2511:, the 2009 Permanent Secretary of the Swedish Academy, as a problem with the award and was attributed to the tendency for the academy to relate more to European authors. This tendency towards European authors still leaves many European writers on a list of notable writers that have been overlooked for the Literature Prize, including 2653:, who had also published papers in 1964 concerning the subject. All five physicists arrived at the same conclusion, albeit from different angles. Hagen contends that an equitable solution is to either abandon the three limit restriction, or expand the time period of recognition for a given achievement to two years. 1299:

up to the award ceremony and banquet, which begins with the laureates arriving in Stockholm and normally ends with the Nobel banquet), but this is not mandatory. The laureate is only obliged to give the lecture within six months of receiving the prize, but some have happened even later. For example, US President

368:, amounting to ~$ 1,035,000. A prize may not be shared among more than three individuals, although the Nobel Peace Prize can be awarded to organisations of more than three people. Nobel Prizes are not awarded posthumously, but if a person is awarded a prize and dies before receiving it, the prize is presented. 2295:. Ahnlund resigned, alleging that the selection of Jelinek had caused "irreparable damage to all progressive forces, it has also confused the general view of literature as an art". He alleged that Jelinek's works were "a mass of text shovelled together without artistic structure". The 2009 Literature Prize to 855:) from accepting their prizes. They were all later able to receive the diploma and medal. Even though Sweden was officially neutral during the Second World War, the prizes were awarded irregularly. In 1939, the Peace Prize was not awarded. No prize was awarded in any category from 1940 to 1942, due to the 1069:, had died three days earlier. The committee was debating about Steinman's prize, since the rule is that the prize is not awarded posthumously. The committee later decided that as the decision to award Steinman the prize "was made in good faith", it would remain unchanged, and the prize would be awarded. 961: 959: 956: 928: 927: 924: 1412:

The laureates are given a sum of money when they receive their prizes, in the form of a document confirming the amount awarded. The amount of prize money depends upon how much money the Nobel Foundation can award each year. The purse has increased since the 1980s, when the prize money was 880,000 SEK

466:

Nobel wrote several wills during his lifetime. He composed the last over a year before he died, signing it at the Swedish–Norwegian Club in Paris on 27 November 1895. To widespread astonishment, Nobel's last will specified that his fortune be used to create a series of prizes for those who confer the

2753:

in the relevant fields was greater), a greater delay in awarding Nobel Prizes for women's achievements making longevity a more important factor for women (one cannot be nominated for the Nobel Prize posthumously), and a tendency to omit women from jointly awarded Nobel Prizes. Despite these factors,

1374:

plated with 24 carat gold. The weight of each medal varies with the value of gold, but averages about 175 grams (0.386 lb) for each medal. The diameter is 66 millimetres (2.6 in) and the thickness varies between 5.2 millimetres (0.20 in) and 2.4 millimetres (0.094 in). Because of

2744:

fields, only a small proportion have been awarded to women. Out of 210 laureates in Physics, 181 in Chemistry and 216 in Medicine between 1901 and 2018, there were only three female laureates in physics, five in chemistry and 12 in medicine. Factors proposed to contribute to the discrepancy between

1403:

Nobel laureates receive a diploma directly from the hands of the King of Sweden, or in the case of the peace prize, the chairman of the Norwegian Nobel Committee. Each diploma is uniquely designed by the prize-awarding institutions for the laureates that receive them. The diploma contains a picture

1298:

According to the statutes of the Nobel Foundation, each laureate is required to give a public lecture on a subject related to the topic of their prize. The Nobel lecture as a rhetorical genre took decades to reach its current format. These lectures normally occur during Nobel Week (the week leading

569:

According to his will and testament read in Stockholm on 30 December 1896, a foundation established by Alfred Nobel would reward those who serve humanity. The Nobel Prize was funded by Alfred Nobel's personal fortune. According to the official sources, Alfred Nobel bequeathed most of his fortune to

1196:

Except for the Peace Prize, the Nobel Prizes are presented in Stockholm, Sweden, at the annual Prize Award Ceremony on 10 December, the anniversary of Nobel's death. The recipients' lectures are normally held in the days prior to the award ceremony. The Peace Prize and its recipients' lectures are

1098:

The interval between the award and the accomplishment it recognises varies from discipline to discipline. The Literature Prize is typically awarded to recognise a cumulative lifetime body of work rather than a single achievement. The Peace Prize can also be awarded for a lifetime body of work. For

1086:

for his purported discovery of a parasite that caused cancer. To avoid repeating this embarrassment, the awards increasingly recognised scientific discoveries that had withstood the test of time. According to Ralf Pettersson, former chairman of the Nobel Prize Committee for Physiology or Medicine,

960: 2838:

declined his prize for literature due to fear of what the Soviet Union government might do if he travelled to Stockholm to accept his prize. In return, the Swedish Academy refused his refusal, saying "this refusal, of course, in no way alters the validity of the award." The academy announced with

987:

Nomination forms are sent by the Nobel Committee to about 3,000 individuals, usually in September the year before the prizes are awarded. These individuals are generally prominent academics working in a relevant area. Regarding the Peace Prize, inquiries are also sent to governments, former Peace

929: 2238:

received the Peace Prize in 1994 for their efforts in making peace between Israel and Palestine. Immediately after the award was announced, one of the five Norwegian Nobel Committee members denounced Arafat as a terrorist and resigned. Additional misgivings about Arafat were widely expressed in

1032:

The institutions meet to choose the laureate or laureates in each field by a majority vote. Their decision, which cannot be appealed, is announced immediately after the vote. A maximum of three laureates and two different works may be selected per award. Except for the Peace Prize, which can be

2699:

Alfred Nobel left his fortune to finance annual prizes to be awarded "to those who, during the preceding year, shall have conferred the greatest benefit on mankind". He stated that the Nobel Prizes in Physics should be given "to the person who shall have made the most important 'discovery' or

867:

was Swedish property. Thus it was a safe haven from the German military, which was not at war with Sweden. These members kept the work of the committee going, but did not award any prizes. In 1944, the Nobel Foundation, together with the three members in exile, made sure that nominations were

612:

that became the decisive factor that enabled the Nobel Prizes to be established". Another important task of the Nobel Foundation is to market the prizes internationally and to oversee informal administration related to the prizes. The foundation is not involved in the process of selecting the

8987: 958: 625:

in Sweden (since 1946) and from investment taxes in the United States (since 1953). Since the 1980s, the foundation's investments have become more profitable and as of 31 December 2007, the assets controlled by the Nobel Foundation amounted to 3.628 billion Swedish

1041:

Although posthumous nominations are not presently permitted, individuals who died in the months between their nomination and the decision of the prize committee were originally eligible to receive the prize. This has occurred twice: the 1931 Literature Prize awarded to

926: 1138:

shared the 1983 Physics Prize for his 1930s work on stellar structure and evolution. Not all scientists live long enough for their work to be recognised. Some discoveries can never be considered for a prize if their impact is realised after the discoverers have died.

708:, with 50 million kronor as the prize money. Further costs to pay institutions and persons engaged in giving the prizes were 27.4 million kronor. The events during the Nobel week in Stockholm and Oslo cost 20.2 million kronor. The administration, Nobel 1002:

The Nobel Committee then prepares a report reflecting the advice of experts in the relevant fields. This, along with the list of preliminary candidates, is submitted to the prize-awarding institutions. There are four awarding institutions for the six prizes awarded:

2601:

The strict rule against awarding a prize to more than three people is also controversial. When a prize is awarded to recognise an achievement by a team of more than three collaborators, one or more will miss out. For example, in 2002, the prize was awarded to

371:

The Nobel Prizes, beginning in 1901, and the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, beginning in 1969, have been awarded 609 times to 975 people and 25 organisations. Five individuals and two organisations have received more than one Nobel Prize.

4425:"The Nobel Prizes in the new century: An interview with Ralf Pettersson, Director of the Stockholm Branch of the Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, the Karolinska Institute, and former chairman of the Nobel Prize Committee for Physiology/Medicine" 1077:

Nobel's will provided for prizes to be awarded in recognition of discoveries made "during the preceding year". Early on, the awards usually recognised recent discoveries. However, some of those early discoveries were later discredited. For example,

2506:

has suggested that many notable writers have missed out on the award for political or extra-literary reasons. The heavy focus on European and Swedish authors has been a subject of criticism. The Eurocentric nature of the award was acknowledged by

9523: 1356:(the Swedish Mint), Sweden's oldest company, which ceased operations in 2011 after 107 years. In 2011, the Mint of Norway, located in Kongsberg, made the medals. The Nobel Prize medals are registered trademarks of the Nobel Foundation. 9574: 9498: 2754:

Marie Curie is to date the only person awarded Nobel Prizes in two different sciences (Physics in 1903, Chemistry in 1911); she is one of only three people who have received two Nobel Prizes in sciences (see Multiple laureates below).

1197:

presented at the annual Prize Award Ceremony in Oslo, Norway, usually on 10 December. The award ceremonies and the associated banquets are typically major international events. The Prizes awarded in Sweden's ceremonies are held at the

2486:

was informed by the Norwegian Permanent Representative to the UN that he would be awarded that year's prize and asked whether or not he would accept. He consulted staff and later replied that he would. At the same time, Chairman

2769:

describes the Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel as a "false Nobel prize" that dishonours his relative Alfred Nobel, after whom the prize is named, and considers economics to be a pseudoscience.

2499:, ending the war in the Congo, and his ongoing work to mediate an end to the Vietnam War. The disagreement lasted three years and in 1966 and 1967 no prize was given, with Gunnar Jahn effectively vetoing an award to U Thant. 2440:

The greatest omission in our 106-year history is undoubtedly that Mahatma Gandhi never received the Nobel Peace Prize. Gandhi could do without the Nobel Peace Prize. Whether the Nobel committee can do without Gandhi, is the

8985: 491:. Nobel bequeathed 94% of his total assets, 31 million SEK (c. US$ 186 million, €150 million in 2008), to establish the five Nobel Prizes. Owing to skepticism surrounding the will, it was not approved by the 1351:

The Nobel Foundation announced on 30 May 2012 that it had awarded the contract for the production of the five (Swedish) Nobel Prize medals to Svenska Medalj AB. Between 1902 and 2010, the Nobel Prize medals were minted by

862:

During the occupation of Norway, three members of the Norwegian Nobel Committee fled into exile. The remaining members escaped persecution from the Germans when the Nobel Foundation stated that the committee building in

9518: 9503: 4857:

Gingras, Yves; Wallace, Matthew L. (2010). "Why it has become more difficult to predict Nobel Prize winners: a bibliometric analysis of nominees and winners of the chemistry and physics prizes (1901–2007)".

8986: 6301: 957: 925: 289: 8076: 1404:

and text in Swedish which states the name of the laureate and normally a citation of why they received the prize. None of the Nobel Peace Prize laureates has ever had a citation on their diplomas.

7615: 906:"for having developed and applied dynamic models for the analysis of economic processes". The board of the Nobel Foundation decided that after this addition, it would allow no further new prizes. 701:). The distribution can vary by 10 percent. At the beginning of 2008, 64% of the funds were invested mainly in American and European stocks, 20% in bonds, plus 12% in real estate and hedge funds. 6909: 6935: 2656:

Similarly, the prohibition of posthumous awards fails to recognise achievements by an individual or collaborator who dies before the prize is awarded. The Economics Prize was not awarded to

2586:

received a total of 155 nominations in physiology or medicine from 1930 to 1953, the last year with public nomination data for that award as of 2016. He died in 1963 without being awarded.

2361:

which was faster and easier to carry out. Due in part to the publicity surrounding the original procedure, Freeman's procedure was prescribed without due consideration or regard for modern

6878: 6669: 5784: 2796:

was awarded the Literature Prize, but refused, stating, "A writer must refuse to allow himself to be transformed into an institution, even if it takes place in the most honourable form."

6634: 10053: 8546: 7148: 3800:

Nobel stipulated in his will that most of his estate, more than SEK 31 million (today approximately SEK 1,794 million) should be converted into a fund and invested in "safe securities".

5260: 1933:

Although no family matches the Curie family's record, there have been several with two laureates. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to the husband-and-wife team of

9789: 2749:

include biased nominations, fewer women than men being active in the relevant fields, Nobel Prizes typically being awarded decades after the research was done (reflecting a time when

8431: 7127: 4344: 5359: 9002: 2371:, leucotomy or "lobotomy" became so popular that about 5,000 lobotomies were performed in the United States in the three years immediately following Moniz's receipt of the Prize. 6388: 8937: 451:

who had died; the obituary was eight years premature. The article disconcerted Nobel and made him apprehensive about how he would be remembered. This inspired him to change his

5040: 2853:

was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2010 while he and his wife were under house arrest in China as political prisoners, and he was unable to accept the prize in his lifetime.

9677: 9604: 9543: 5502: 8146: 6109: 3586: 522:, the members of which were appointed shortly after the will was approved in April 1897. Soon thereafter, the other prize-awarding organisations were designated. These were 2668:, another pioneer in the development of valuation of stock options. In the announcement of the award that year, the Nobel committee prominently mentioned Black's key role. 4695: 1303:

received the Peace Prize in 1906 but gave his lecture in 1910, after his term in office. The lectures are organised by the same association which selected the laureates.

894:

celebrated its 300th anniversary by donating a large sum of money to the Nobel Foundation to be used to set up a prize in honour of Alfred Nobel. The following year, the

9201: 8280: 1375:

the high value of their gold content and tendency to be on public display, Nobel medals are subject to medal theft. During World War II, the medals of German scientists

8729: 2839:

regret that the presentation of the Literature Prize could not take place that year, holding it back until 1989 when Pasternak's son accepted the prize on his behalf.

2192:

Among other criticisms, the Nobel Committees have been accused of having a political agenda, and of omitting more deserving candidates. They have also been accused of

1855:

of complex substances. Pauling was also awarded the Peace Prize in 1962 for his activism against nuclear weapons, making him the only laureate of two unshared prizes.

6761: 9667: 9627: 9592: 7971: 6245: 1033:

awarded to institutions, the awards can only be given to individuals. The winners are announced by the awarding institutions during the first two weeks of October.

7881: 3633: 2633:

According to one of the nominees for the prize in physics, the three person limit deprived him and two other members of his team of the honor in 2013: the team of

898:

was awarded for the first time. The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences became responsible for selecting laureates. The first laureates for the Economics Prize were

8379: 8010: 6822: 6293: 4799: 3834: 9587: 577:

was founded as a private organisation on 29 June 1900. Its function is to manage the finances and administration of the Nobel Prizes. In accordance with Nobel's

294:) are five separate prizes awarded to those who, during the preceding year, have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind, as established by the 1895 will of 7582: 7453: 4962: 2305:, many US literary critics and professors were ignorant of her work. This made those critics feel the prizes were too Eurocentric. The 2019 Literature Prize to 8217: 5110: 2866:

Being a symbol of scientific or literary achievement that is recognisable worldwide, the Nobel Prize is often depicted in fiction. This includes films such as

7096: 1134:

Awards for physics, chemistry, and medicine are typically awarded once the achievement has been widely accepted. Sometimes, this takes decades – for example,

784:

for the first Nobel Prize in Literature. A group including 42 Swedish writers, artists, and literary critics protested against this decision, having expected

9173: 8066: 6852: 5579: 530:

on 11 June. The Nobel Foundation reached an agreement on guidelines for how the prizes should be awarded; and, in 1900, the Nobel Foundation's newly created

8241: 7767: 6271: 3555: 2927: 7045: 3448: 6142: 3369: 3118: 2710:, have argued this emphasis on discoveries has moved the Nobel Prize away from its original intention of rewarding the greatest contribution to society. 7605: 6977: 6901: 2687:

came to power. The Meitner and Strassmann roles in the research was not fully recognised until years later, when they joined Hahn in receiving the 1966

9830: 9579: 9307: 7940: 6207: 5466: 4374: 6331: 1224:

The highlight of the Nobel Prize Award Ceremony in Stockholm occurs when each Nobel laureate steps forward to receive the prize from the hands of the

9662: 9569: 9490: 9221: 4518: 3113: 2741: 2722:

There have been a total of 57 women Nobel laureates compared to 873 men. Most female laureates received them in the peace and literature categories.

2212:. This led to the resignation of two Norwegian Nobel Committee members. Kissinger and Thọ were awarded the prize for negotiating a ceasefire between 820: 8532: 7907: 7169: 6931: 6059: 4821: 3945: 3528: 750:

began collecting nominations for the inaugural prizes. Subsequently, they sent a list of preliminary candidates to the prize-awarding institutions.

7860: 7406: 7376: 7346: 6624: 6602: 5175: 8409: 7483: 5752: 3362: 792:, have criticised this prize because they consider Prudhomme a mediocre poet. Feldman's explanation is that most of the academy members preferred 9672: 9599: 9354: 6874: 6172: 5775: 3472: 6661: 4578: 2919:

in 2008. On the globe, there are 802 Nobel laureates' reliefs made of a composite alloy obtained when disposing of military strategic missiles.

455:. Historians have been unable to verify this story and some dismiss the story as a myth. On 10 December 1896, Alfred Nobel died in his villa in 10109: 9993: 9469: 8580: 4488: 1087:"the criterion 'the previous year' is interpreted by the Nobel Assembly as the year when the full impact of the discovery has become evident." 7266: 7210: 9404: 9339: 9324: 9302: 5991: 5898: 5257: 4641: 1891: 1570: 8338: 4601: 3923: 621:, in that it invests Nobel's money to create a solid funding base for the prizes and the administrative activities. The Nobel Foundation is 9454: 8435: 7671: 7119: 5610: 4336: 3153: 5444: 5351: 1152: 9655: 9553: 9344: 7007: 3679: 3251: 2735: 1103:

was awarded for his work to resolve international conflicts. However, they can also be awarded for specific recent events. For instance,

5722: 5209: 10114: 9963: 9743: 9731: 9389: 9379: 6541: 6378: 1013: 133: 7832: 3340: 3314: 10099: 9989: 9513: 9123: 5320: 5048: 2491:

of the Nobel Peace prize committee, lobbied heavily against giving U Thant the prize and the prize was at the last minute awarded to

2416:

five times, in 1937, 1938, 1939, 1947, and a few days before he was assassinated on 30 January 1948, he was never awarded the prize.

1734: 1694: 1496: 1058: 895: 877: 633:

According to the statutes, the foundation consists of a board of five Swedish or Norwegian citizens, with its seat in Stockholm. The

327: 86: 8510: 6474: 5506: 4258: 3787: 3721: 3284: 1879:

was awarded the 2001 Chemistry Prize for his research into chirally catalysed oxidation reactions, and the 2022 Chemistry Prize for

8150: 8102: 6091: 5298: 1887: 1526: 7304: 6791: 5389: 4751: 3578: 3214: 9548: 7551: 2845:

was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1991, but her children accepted the prize because she had been placed under house arrest in

2430:

was awarded the Peace Prize, the chairman of the committee said that it was "in part a tribute to the memory of Mahatma Gandhi".

2423:, the Norwegian Nobel Committee decided to make no award that year on the grounds that "there was no suitable living candidate". 1636: 1307:

Military cemeteries in every corner of the world are silent testimony to the failure of national leaders to sanctify human life.

1047: 436:

over cordite. Nobel amassed a fortune during his lifetime, with most of his wealth coming from his 355 inventions, of which

387:

had the unpleasant surprise of reading his own obituary, which was titled "The Merchant of Death Is Dead", in a French newspaper.

4687: 2808:

attempted to decline the prize money while accepting the 1925 Literature Prize; eventually it was agreed to use it to found the

1890:

received it three times: in 1917 and 1944 for its work during the world wars; and in 1963 during the year of its centenary. The

10119: 10104: 9823: 9266: 9077: 4132: 3158: 914:

The award process is similar for all of the Nobel Prizes, the main difference being who can make nominations for each of them.

4725: 796:

and thus selected a Victorian poet. The first Physiology or Medicine Prize went to the German physiologist and microbiologist

9959: 9784: 9206: 9143: 8946: 8902: 8881: 8830: 8797: 8764: 8723: 8713: 8702: 8669: 8636: 8611: 8313: 8272: 8049: 7826: 7204: 6036: 5960: 3098: 1777: 1716: 1684: 1621: 1083: 1062: 315: 78: 50: 8908: 8836: 8803: 8770: 8675: 8642: 7795: 4548: 3438: 1395:

and to prevent legal problems for the holders. After the war, the gold was recovered from solution, and the medals re-cast.

1290:, on occasion the Swedish prime minister, and, since 2006, the King and Queen of Norway. In total, about 250 guests attend. 9276: 9196: 6751: 3918: 3093: 8692: 7506: 3409: 2758:

is the youngest person ever to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. When she received it in 2014, she was only 17 years old.

2445:

Other high-profile individuals with widely recognised contributions to peace have been overlooked. In 2009, an article in

10089: 9508: 9211: 7963: 7878: 6718: 6237: 3103: 2645:

published a paper in 1964 that gave answers to how the cosmos began, but did not share the 2013 Physics Prize awarded to

2367: 8369: 6814: 5633: 3643: 9474: 9439: 9289: 9216: 7994: 4966: 4791: 3824: 3108: 3088: 2594:

received 84 in physics. These are the three most nominated scientists without awards in the data published as of 2016.

1484: 1107:

was awarded the 2001 Peace Prize just four years after becoming the Secretary-General of the United Nations. Similarly

7574: 1383:

were sent to Copenhagen for safekeeping. When Germany invaded Denmark, Hungarian chemist (and Nobel laureate himself)

992: 10043: 10038: 10033: 10028: 10023: 9816: 9716: 9464: 9384: 9349: 9251: 7429: 4970: 2884:(2017) about fictional Nobel laureates, as well as fictionalised accounts of stories surrounding real prizes such as 2809: 1179: 1007: 944: 527: 249: 127: 5102: 5070: 4995: 1053:. Since 1974, laureates must be thought alive at the time of the October announcement. There has been one laureate, 9449: 8207: 8124: 7088: 5528: 1950: 6844: 5571: 1804:: 1914, 1915, 1916, 1918, 1923, 1924, 1928, 1932, 1939, 1940, 1941, 1942, 1943, 1948, 1955, 1956, 1966, 1967, 1972 9419: 9414: 9409: 9394: 9364: 9334: 9319: 9297: 9241: 6572: 6267: 2420: 770: 7734: 3551: 425:. This invention was a precursor to many smokeless military explosives, especially the British smokeless powder 9884: 9779: 9721: 9399: 9374: 9369: 9329: 9271: 9261: 9256: 3148: 3083: 2731: 2250: 1923: 1228:. In Oslo, the chairman of the Norwegian Nobel Committee presents the Nobel Peace Prize in the presence of the 7243: 6970: 6132: 2891: 2082: 10094: 9711: 9429: 9424: 9314: 9246: 8181: 5477: 5196: 5134:, "Nobel Rhetoric, Or Petrarch's Pendulum", in the journal Rhetoric and Philosophy 42(4), pp. 373–400, 2009, 2224:

has remarked that "political satire became obsolete when Henry Kissinger was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize."

7930: 7053: 6215: 4366: 346:. The Nobel Prizes are widely regarded as the most prestigious awards available in their respective fields. 9645: 9632: 9035: 6323: 2451:

magazine identified seven people who "never won the prize, but should have". The list consisted of Gandhi,

17: 3955: 9726: 7899: 7857: 7161: 6564: 6411: 6069: 5165: 4832: 3518: 2831:

from accepting their prizes. All of them were awarded their diplomas and gold medals after World War II.

2627: 2172: 856: 8401: 7475: 7398: 7368: 7338: 6594: 2683:, may have been denied a share of Hahn's 1944 Nobel Chemistry Award due to having fled Germany when the 9070: 8628: 7935: 5744: 2275:, she was criticized for being silent on human rights violation under her rule and especially over the 2010: 1919: 1666: 1135: 8586:

A Complex Formula: Girls and Women in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics in Asia

6164: 3469: 9880: 9759: 9736: 9128: 9021: 8457:

Brodesco, Alberto (2018). "Nobel laureates in fiction: From La fin du monde to The Big Bang Theory".

4570: 3041: 2398: 2354: 2114: 1966: 1789: 1601: 1206: 1124: 1025: 968: 666: 515: 319: 145: 82: 8239:

Weintraub, Stanley (3 October 2013). "Shaw, George Bernard (1856–1950), playwright and polemicist".

7754: 4882: 4480: 2587: 10079: 9849: 9118: 9097: 7546: 7274: 7193: 5983: 5890: 5324: 3829: 3276: 2786: 2038: 1765: 1670: 1584: 1564: 1540: 1520: 1465: 1448: 936: 311: 74: 9050: 6028:

The Road to Stockholm:Nobel Prizes, Science, and Scientists: Nobel Prizes, Science, and Scientists

3008: 2969: 10017: 9180: 9162: 8346: 6756: 6419: 6383: 5280: 5131: 4963:"2009 Nobel Prize award ceremony live online | IT | ICM Commercial & Business News" 4611: 3638: 3078: 2922:

Despite the symbolism of intellectual achievement, some recipients have embraced unsupported and

2908: 2797: 2334: 2330: 2209: 827:, founder of the Peace League and active with Dunant in the Alliance for Order and Civilization. 774: 638: 8571: 6466: 6133:"Kai Siegbahn, 89; Nobel-winning physicist invented electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis" 5602: 5139: 2495:. The rest of the committee all wanted the prize to go to U Thant, for his work in defusing the 1186:

after receiving the Nobel Peace Prize in Oslo City Hall from Norwegian Nobel Committee chairman

9928: 9908: 9138: 8752: 7749: 7610: 7003: 5436: 4877: 3912: 2726:

was the first woman to receive the Nobel Prize in 1903, and the only woman to receive it twice.

2476: 2318: 2246: 2185: 1998: 1974: 1753: 1656: 1554: 1516: 1233: 1198: 736: 307: 70: 8041: 7815:

A Complex Formula: Girls and Women in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics in Asia

6026: 5952: 3671: 3243: 342:, and first presented in 1969, is also frequently included, as it is also administered by the 10084: 9063: 6533: 6168: 5271:

Papers. Honors and Awards, 1954h2.1", "All Documents and Media: Pictures and Illustrations",

2939: 2868: 1978: 1171: 5714: 3373: 3306: 2346: 1915: 1662: 10074: 9017: 8584: 7813: 7697: 7646: 7092: 5219: 4926: 4795: 4510: 4340: 3336: 3310: 2880: 2496: 1962: 1876: 1580: 1347:. Laureates receive a heavily decorated diploma together with a gold medal and prize money. 1275: 1061:) was announced but before it could be presented. On 3 October 2011, the laureates for the 793: 728: 523: 58: 8507: 5328: 1187: 8: 8374: 8098: 4266: 3779: 3713: 2896: 2805: 2801: 2607: 2358: 2301: 1970: 1938: 1680: 1597: 1360: 1271: 1202: 1043: 859:. In the subsequent year, all prizes were awarded except those for literature and peace. 824: 557: 460: 447:, titled "The Merchant of Death Is Dead", in a French newspaper. It was Alfred's brother 430: 7701: 7650: 7296: 5381: 4930: 2650: 2025:

received the 1981 Physics prize, and was married to the sister of 1964 Physics laureate

1607: 1371: 1161: 1050: 565:, which stated that 94% of his total assets should be used to establish the Nobel Prizes 9948: 8542: 8537: 8490: 7445: 6783: 6691: 5696: 5276: 4895: 4867: 4766: 4747: 4457: 4424: 3206: 3184: 3178: 2935: 2688: 2070: 2069:, who was awarded the 1953 Physics Prize, was the great-uncle of 1999 Physics laureate 2046: 1852: 1444: 1336: 1300: 1286:

after the award ceremony. Apart from the laureate, guests include the president of the

1283: 1237: 1229: 1225: 1214: 654: 650: 618: 578: 562: 535: 452: 282: 271: 9769: 4633: 2390: 754: 732: 9904: 9133: 9102: 8952: 8942: 8898: 8877: 8826: 8793: 8760: 8719: 8698: 8665: 8632: 8607: 8482: 8474: 8319: 8309: 8045: 8034: 8002: 7822: 7715: 7541: 7449: 7200: 6726: 6137: 6101: 6032: 5956: 5945: 5688: 5135: 5044: 4944: 4462: 4444: 3125: 2611: 2591: 2556: 2540: 2452: 2413: 2276: 2181: 2143: 2094: 2018: 1906:

has received the most prizes, with four prizes awarded to five individual laureates.

1864: 1836: 1801: 1702: 1617: 1611: 1574: 1544: 1530: 1469: 1431: 1343:'s diploma is shown, which he received for the development of a method to synthesise 1331: 1279: 1066: 891: 812: 717: 713: 357: 339: 323: 90: 9972: 8494: 7195:

U Thant in New York: A Portrait of the Third Secretary-General of the United Nations

5700: 4899: 2090: 1871:

received the prize twice in Chemistry: in 1958 for determining the structure of the

1843:, making her the only person to be awarded a Nobel Prize in two different sciences. 1827:, one of five people who have received the Nobel Prize twice (Physics and Chemistry) 69:

Contributions that have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind in the areas of

9917: 9774: 9701: 8869: 8756: 8528: 8466: 8246: 8071: 7759: 7705: 7654: 7437: 7238: 5678: 5321:"Nobel Prize medal stolen from Lawrence Hall of Science is found, student arrested" 5294: 4934: 4887: 4828: 4717: 4637: 4606: 4574: 4544: 4514: 4452: 4436: 4370: 4262: 4128: 3163: 2842: 2793: 2778: 2755: 2702: 2676: 2665: 2619: 2532: 2520: 2288: 2268: 2147: 2074: 1868: 1726: 1560: 1427: 1384: 1100: 1079: 882: 797: 574: 552: 508: 343: 303: 266: 258: 223: 8258: 4440: 1875:

molecule and in 1980 for inventing a method of determining base sequences in DNA.

940: 443:

There is a popular story about how, in 1888, Nobel was astonished to read his own

9936: 9706: 8892: 8820: 8787: 8746: 8659: 8622: 8601: 8514: 8142: 7885: 7864: 7799: 7792: 6294:"Abhijit Banerjee, Esther Duflo Winning the Nobel Prize Together is #CoupleGoals" 5640: 5264: 4752:"Leaves from an unwritten diary: S. Chandrasekhar, Reminiscences and Reflections" 4540: 3523: 3476: 2835: 2824: 2746: 2638: 2427: 2205: 2177: 2022: 2014: 1942: 1894:

has been awarded the Peace Prize twice for assisting refugees: in 1954 and 1981.

1880: 1708: 1652: 1054: 1019: 848: 781: 747: 614: 364:, and a monetary award. As of 2023, the Nobel Prize monetary award is 11,000,000 139: 7735:"The asymmetry between discoveries and inventions in the Nobel Prize in Physics" 6902:"'A troubling choice': authors criticise Peter Handke's controversial Nobel win" 4124: 2664:

received the honor in 1997 for their landmark work on option pricing along with

2456: 2296: 1065:

were announced; however, the committee was not aware that one of the laureates,

10002: 9857: 8852: 8250: 7514: 6629: 3413: 3142: 2828: 2544: 2468: 2464: 2447: 2433: 2405: 2383: 2362: 2310: 2098: 2058: 2030: 2026: 1990: 1910:

received the prizes in Physics (in 1903) and Chemistry (in 1911). Her husband,

1730: 1367: 1218: 1175: 1090: 852: 789: 762: 686: 504: 7637:

Crawford, Elisabeth; et al. (1997). "A Nobel Tale of Postwar Injustice".

7441: 4891: 2548: 1930:

when he accepted the Nobel Peace Prize in 1965 on that organisation's behalf.

868:

submitted for the Peace Prize and that the prize could be awarded once again.

10068: 9978: 9942: 9869: 9863: 9808: 8533:"The Nobel Disease: When Intelligence Fails to Protect against Irrationality" 8478: 8470: 8323: 8036:

Love, Power, and Knowledge: Towards a Feminist Transformation of the Sciences

8006: 6730: 6105: 5572:"Nobel prize for medicine shared by scientists for work on ageing and cancer" 5268: 4448: 3169: 3069: 3055: 2943: 2923: 2718: 2661: 2657: 2623: 2603: 2576: 2568: 2528: 2516: 2508: 2460: 2235: 2227: 2213: 2135: 2086: 2066: 2062: 2050: 2042: 2002: 1954: 1848: 1844: 1690: 1536: 1492: 1461: 1312: 1259: 1249: 1112: 1108: 972: 903: 899: 705: 682: 622: 418: 365: 168: 8067:"These 5 Women Deserved, And Were Unjustly Denied, A Nobel Prize In Physics" 3207:"The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel" 2524: 2271:

was awarded Peace Prize in 1993 however in 2015 when she came into power in

1119:

received the 1994 award, about a year after they successfully concluded the

429:. As a consequence of his patent claims, Nobel was eventually involved in a 306:. Nobel's will indicated that the awards should be granted in the fields of 9764: 9005:

was created from a revision of this article dated 2 November 2016

8956: 8932: 8576: 8486: 8434:(Press release). Stockholm Business Region. 5 December 2013. Archived from 7719: 5692: 5170: 4948: 4822:"Finn Kydland and Edward Prescott's Contribution to Dynamic Macroeconomics" 4466: 3950: 3130: 2820: 2816: 2782: 2672: 2598:

received 79 nominations in physics 1925–1943 before being awarded in 1943.

2583: 2306: 2292: 2254: 2243: 2231: 2193: 2102: 2078: 2034: 1994: 1946: 1911: 1903: 1856: 1722: 1712: 1648: 1550: 1392: 1380: 1376: 1183: 1128: 1120: 1116: 844: 840: 836: 823:

and initiating the Geneva Convention, and jointly given to French pacifist

816: 712:, and similar items had costs of 22.4 million kronor. The cost of the 646: 602: 590: 586: 582: 448: 391: 384: 299: 8303: 7763: 5683: 5666: 3187: – Observation about the adverse effects of receiving the Nobel Prize 581:, the primary task of the foundation is to manage the fortune Nobel left. 570:

the Nobel Foundation that now forms the economic base of the Nobel Prize.

5536: 5080: 5005: 2766: 2750: 2723: 2646: 2634: 2564: 2536: 2512: 2503: 2488: 2409: 2394: 2314: 2217: 2054: 2006: 1907: 1832: 1824: 1698: 1644: 1512: 1340: 785: 766: 698: 694: 690: 519: 54: 8128: 5273:

Linus Pauling and The Nature of the Chemical Bond: A Documentary History

2997: 2958: 2085:

was awarded the Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1995, and her nephew

2045:, who was awarded the first Economics Prize in 1969, was the brother of 8624:

The Beginnings of the Nobel Institution – The Science Prizes, 1901–1915

5214: 3136: 2931: 2886: 2850: 2684: 2642: 2595: 2572: 2560: 2472: 2386:, although nominated five times, was never awarded a Nobel Peace Prize. 2262: 2221: 1982: 1934: 1860: 1676: 1388: 1353: 1210: 1104: 805: 594: 484: 476: 422: 380: 302:, in the year before he died. Prizes were first awarded in 1901 by the 160: 8789:

A century of Nobel Prizes recipients: chemistry, physics, and medicine

4939: 4914: 3166: – Academic conference held annually at Gustavus Adolphus College 1254: 896:

Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel

9893: 7658: 6096: 6068:. London: Times Newspapers Limited. 11 September 2009. Archived from 6064: 5258:"Nobel Prize for Chemistry. Front and back images of the medal. 1954" 5075: 5000: 2874: 2680: 2552: 2349:

received the Physiology or Medicine Prize for his development of the

2249:. Nominations had closed only eleven days after Obama took office as 2093:

was awarded the Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1982, and his son

1986: 1267: 801: 709: 598: 500: 472: 395: 349:

The prize ceremonies take place annually. Each recipient, known as a

331: 7710: 7685: 2204:

Among the most criticised Nobel Peace Prizes was the one awarded to

2041:, the wife of his first cousin, who won solo for Chemistry in 1964. 2037:

shared in the Nobel for Physiology or Medicine in 1963, followed by

1886:

Two organisations have received the Peace Prize multiple times. The

1359:

Each medal features an image of Alfred Nobel in left profile on the

511:

to take care of the fortune and to organise the awarding of prizes.

8173: 7233: 3443: 2350: 2188:, two of the Norwegian Nobel Committee members resigned in protest. 1958: 1859:

received the Physics Prize twice: in 1956 for the invention of the

1820: 1287: 808:, which until then had been causing thousands of deaths each year. 662: 658: 634: 608:, it was this "decision to allow withdrawal of Alfred's money from 492: 480: 444: 437: 407: 403: 354: 350: 8526: 4872: 4602:"Former Finnish President Martti Ahtisaari Wins Nobel Peace Prize" 2792:

Two laureates have voluntarily declined the Nobel Prize. In 1964,

2379: 2053:, who was awarded the Economics Prize in 1974, was the husband of 2017:

received the Physiology or Medicine Prize in 1959; Kornberg's son

704:

In 2011, the total annual cost was approximately 120 million

8873: 6932:"Kosovo to boycott Nobel ceremony over Handke's literature prize" 6662:"President Obama humbled: I do not deserve the Nobel Peace Prize" 5295:"The Nobel Prize Medals and the Medal for the Prize in Economics" 2916: 2846: 2615: 2483: 2272: 2258: 1918:, received the Chemistry Prize in 1935 together with her husband 1872: 1344: 657:, a deputy director is appointed by the King in Council, and two 642: 605: 531: 468: 456: 433: 426: 399: 361: 7964:"The Nobel Prize committee explains why women win so few prizes" 5943:

Grinstein, Louise S.; Biermann, Carol A.; Rose, Rose K. (1997).

746:

Once the Nobel Foundation and its guidelines were in place, the

9055: 9030: 8938:

Subtle is the Lord: The Science and the Life of Albert Einstein

8661:

The Nobel prize: a history of genius, controversy, and prestige

8305:

How to win the Nobel Prize : an unexpected life in science

6875:"Outrage in Bosnia, Kosovo over Peter Handke's Nobel prize win" 6719:"From peace icon to pariah: Aung San Suu Kyi's fall from grace" 5947:

Women in the Biological Sciences: A Biobibliographic Sourcebook

2912: 2804:, declined, stating that there was no actual peace in Vietnam. 2626:

of the Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry at the

2618:

chemistry, an award that did not recognise the achievements of

2492: 2326: 2322: 1927: 1847:

was awarded the 1954 Chemistry Prize for his research into the

1840: 496: 415: 411: 335: 295: 110: 104: 9153: 8857:

The Legacy of Alfred Nobel – The Story Behind the Nobel Prizes

6692:"Aung San Suu Kyi: Myanmar democracy icon who fell from grace" 3410:"Evolution of National Nobel Prize Shares in the 20th century" 2101:, who shared the Prize in Chemistry in 1951, was the uncle of 2001:, who received the Chemistry Prize in 1929, was the father of 44: 1922:. In addition, the husband of Marie Curie's second daughter, 1266:

After the award ceremony in Sweden, a banquet is held in the

773:. Van 't Hoff was awarded the prize for his contributions in 758: 740: 681:

The capital of the Nobel Foundation today is invested 50% in

670: 488: 9800:

Nobel Memorial Prize (not one of the original Nobel Prizes).

5166:"Le Clézio uses Nobel lecture to attack information poverty" 3337:"Nomination and selection of Laureates in Economic Sciences" 2279:

and calls were made to strip of her from Nobel Peace Prize.

2005:, who was awarded the Physiology or Medicine Prize in 1970. 8694:

In Search of Schrödinger's Cat: Quantum Physics and Reality

7684:

Bartneck, Christoph; Rauterberg, Matthias (9 August 2007).

7234:"The Nobel Committee has no clue about American literature" 6646: 6625:"Remarks by the President on winning the Nobel Peace Prize" 4691: 3363:"Top Award, ShanghaiRanking Academic Excellence Survey 201" 2849:; Suu Kyi delivered her speech two decades later, in 2012. 2582:

Candidates can receive multiple nominations the same year.

2009:

was awarded the Physics Prize in 1930 and was the uncle of

864: 609: 238: 229: 9043: 4688:"Here are the most controversial Nobel Prize-winners ever" 3706: 3634:"The Nobel Foundation and its Role for Modern Day Science" 2694: 1914:, shared the 1903 Physics prize with her. Their daughter, 1839:

and the Chemistry Prize in 1911 for the isolation of pure

1457:

Only person to receive more than one unshared Nobel Prize:

205: 8531:; Bowes, Shauna M.; Costello, Thomas H. (May–June 2020). 8212: 7507:"Nobel population 1901–50: anatomy of a scientific elite" 6532:

Erlanger, Steven; Stolberg, Sheryl Gay (9 October 2009).

7900:"Nobel Prizes still struggle with wide gender disparity" 7636: 5634:"Berkeley Nobel laureates donate prize money to charity" 2894:. It has also been depicted in television shows such as 2761: 2590:

received 115 nominations in physiology or medicine, and

2426:

In 1989, this omission was publicly regretted, when the

2309:

received heavy criticisms from various authors, such as

1240:

did not approve of awarding grand prizes to foreigners.

8745:

Levinovitz, Agneta Wallin (2001). Nils Ringertz (ed.).

8627:(First ed.). Maison des Sciences de l'Homme & 8147:"Abolish the Nobel in Economics, Many Scientists Agree" 6467:"When Kissinger won the Nobel peace prize, satire died" 6208:"Roger Kornberg wins the 2006 Nobel Prize in Chemistry" 2671:

Political subterfuge may also deny proper recognition.

2502:

The Literature Prize also has controversial omissions.

1985:

was awarded the Physics Prize in 1922, as was his son,

5936: 5313: 2800:, chosen for the 1973 Peace Prize for his role in the 2242:

Another controversial Peace Prize was that awarded to

2049:, who received the 1973 Physiology or Medicine Prize. 1780:: 1915, 1916, 1917, 1918, 1921, 1925, 1940, 1941, 1942 1391:(nitro-hydrochloric acid), to prevent confiscation by 1205:. The Nobel Peace Prize ceremony has been held at the 617:. In many ways, the Nobel Foundation is similar to an 7089:"The Nobel Prize in Peace 1989 – Presentation Speech" 6971:"He was bad, so they put an ice pick in his brain..." 5942: 4915:"Access : A nobel prize : Nature Chemistry" 3181: – Museum about Alfred Nobel and the Nobel Prize 2436:, 2006 Secretary of Norwegian Nobel Committee, said, 2291:

drew a protest from a member of the Swedish Academy,

1127:

was caused by awarding the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize to

250: 226: 8273:"Facts on the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine" 8125:"The Local – Nobel descendant slams Economics prize" 7803:, Nobel Foundation, 2014. (accessed 29 October 2014) 7149:

Relevance of Gandhian Philosophy in the 21st century

6092:"Professor Aage Bohr: Nobel prize winning physicist" 6060:"Professor Aage Bohr: Nobel prize-winning physicist" 5459: 3174:

Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback

3031: 2057:, Peace Prize laureate in 1982. Economics laureates 1810: 1370:

gold. Since then, they have been struck in 18 carat

753:

The Nobel Committee's Physics Prize shortlist cited

241: 235: 8330: 7039: 7037: 5467:"Prize amount and market value of invested capital" 4610:. International Broadcasting Bureau. Archived from 3552:"Did a Premature Obituary Inspire the Nobel Prize?" 3439:"Montreal-born doctor gets posthumous Nobel honour" 3370:

IREG Observatory on Academic Ranking and Excellence

3119:

List of Nobel Memorial Prize laureates in Economics

1835:received the Physics Prize in 1903 for her work on 1094:

The committee room of the Norwegian Nobel Committee

993:

List of Nobel laureates § 50-year secrecy rule

232: 8715:Learning about love from the life of Mother Teresa 8424: 8201: 8199: 8033: 7742:Technoetic Arts: A Journal of Speculative Research 7733:Bartneck, Christoph; Rauterberg, Matthias (2008). 7732: 7683: 7430:"Close but no Nobel: the scientists who never won" 7297:"Judge: Nobel literature prizes 'too Eurocentric'" 7192: 7022: 6534:"Surprise Nobel for Obama Stirs Praise and Doubts" 5944: 5774: 5667:"Reflections on the prize of prizes: Alfred Nobel" 5529:"Committee lowers Nobel Prize by 2 million kronor" 4481:"Nobel Prize in Physics Honors "Masters of Light"" 3911: 3890: 3888: 3145: – Annually awarded parody of the Nobel Prize 1507:Laureates who have received multiple Nobel Prizes: 1201:, with the Nobel banquet following immediately at 526:on 7 June, the Swedish Academy on 9 June, and the 3139: – Norwegian international mathematics prize 3114:List of Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine 2216:and the United States in January 1973 during the 1977:, shared the Physics Prize in 1915 for inventing 716:prize of 16.5 Million kronor is paid by the 10066: 7889:Nobel Foundation 2018. (accessed 3 October 2018) 7034: 6531: 6379:"Literature Award Hardest for Nobel Prize Panel" 6238:"Arthur Schawlow, 77, Nobelist for Lasers, Dies" 5984:"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2014" 3938: 2105:, who was awarded the Prize in Physics in 2022. 1768:: 1916, 1917, 1919, 1924, 1933, 1940, 1941, 1942 414:iron and steel mill, which he made into a major 8579:work. Licensed under CC BY-SA IGO 3.0 ( 8361: 8196: 7868:Nobel Foundation 2018 (accessed 3 October 2018) 6950: 6595:"Obama is surprise winner of Nobel Peace Prize" 5267:, "Source: Photo by Eric Arnold. Ava Helen and 5020: 4996:"Pomp aplenty as winners gather for Nobel gala" 4293: 4200: 4198: 4095: 4093: 3885: 3873: 3736: 2679:, who co-discovered nuclear fission along with 2365:. Endorsed by such influential publications as 641:, with the other four members appointed by the 398:, Sweden, into a family of engineers. He was a 9838: 8308:. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. 7606:"UR prof disappointed in Nobel Prize decision" 7068: 6752:"Who deserves Nobel prize? Judges don't agree" 6716: 6513: 6489: 6018: 5926: 5924: 5922: 5920: 5918: 5916: 5859: 4955: 4856: 4740: 4066: 3579:"Blame Sloppy Journalism for the Nobel Prizes" 2108: 1366:All medals made before 1980 were struck in 23 676: 9824: 9071: 7521: 7319: 7225: 6565:"How the Nobel Peace Prize winner is decided" 6501: 5776:"Marie Curie voted greatest female scientist" 4389: 4241: 4239: 4237: 4171: 4042: 3905: 3903: 3271: 3269: 2949: 1941:in 1947, and to the husband-and-wife team of 1892:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 1571:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 871: 800:. During the 1890s, von Behring developed an 8589:, 23, UNESCO, UNESCO. UNESCO. 8575: This article incorporates text from a 8245:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 5382:"Police hand back Tutu's stolen Nobel medal" 5251: 4990: 4988: 4746: 4473: 4210: 4195: 4183: 4090: 4018: 3994: 3982: 3849: 3805: 3666: 3664: 3498: 3154:List of prizes known as the Nobel of a field 2397:, one of the controversial omissions of the 2021:later received the Chemistry Prize in 2006. 1989:, in 1975. The Physics Prize was awarded to 1831:Five people have received two Nobel Prizes. 9790:Prizes known as the "Nobel" of their fields 9051:Nobel Prizes by universities and institutes 8941:(Third ed.). Oxford University Press. 8517:. Panoramio.com. Retrieved on 28 July 2013. 7995:"Why don't women win Nobel science prizes?" 6717:Ellis-Petersen, Hannah (23 November 2018). 6187: 5913: 5871: 5823: 5799: 5551: 5503:"Video – Breaking News Videos from CNN.com" 5241: 5239: 5237: 5145: 5041:"The Nobel Week — a celebration of science" 4792:"Subramanyan Chandrasekhar – Autobiography" 4718:"Nobel secretary regrets Obama peace prize" 4006: 3948:[Nobel Foundation: Noble Worries]. 3486: 3407: 2773: 2740:In terms of the most prestigious awards in 2736:List of female nominees for the Nobel Prize 2412:in the 20th century, was nominated for the 2167: 819:for his role in founding the International 669:), the trustees of these institutions, and 130:(Physics, Chemistry and Economic Sciences) 9831: 9817: 9744:Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute 9078: 9064: 8336: 6997: 6995: 6446: 6434: 6358: 6346: 6006: 5847: 5404: 4422: 4234: 4159: 4030: 3970: 3916:[Discounts Save the Nobel Party]. 3909: 3900: 3266: 2374: 2317:, and was condemned by the governments of 2287:The award of the 2004 Literature Prize to 2013:, who was awarded the same prize in 1983. 1792:: 1914, 1918, 1935, 1940, 1941, 1942, 1943 1735:Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics Sciences 1695:Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics Sciences 1014:Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute 935:The 2009 announcement of the laureates in 546: 134:Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute 43: 27:Prizes established by Alfred Nobel in 1895 9562: 9189: 8238: 8141: 7931:"Why more women don't win science Nobels" 7753: 7709: 7686:"Physics Nobels should favour inventions" 7001: 6370: 6324:"Chemistry Nobel Prize for Benjamin List" 6024: 5835: 5811: 5682: 4985: 4938: 4912: 4881: 4871: 4656: 4456: 4281: 4105: 4054: 3861: 3760: 3748: 3661: 3631: 3601: 3433: 3431: 1423:Youngest person to receive a Nobel Prize: 1036: 878:Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences 723: 9617: 9013:, and does not reflect subsequent edits. 8996: 8456: 7572: 7542:"News Analysis: Nobel Prize Controversy" 7533: 7504: 7399:"Nomination Database: Arnold Sommerfeld" 7264: 6659: 6409: 6031:. Oxford University Press. p. 149. 5664: 5416: 5234: 5071:"Alfred Nobel's last will and testament" 4668: 4401: 4222: 4147: 4078: 3613: 2777: 2717: 2389: 2378: 2171: 1953:). The Physics Prize in 1906 was won by 1888:International Committee of the Red Cross 1819: 1630:Married couples to receive Nobel Prizes: 1527:International Committee of the Red Cross 1335: 1253: 1089: 881: 727: 556: 379: 196:621 prizes to 992 laureates (as of 2024) 8603:The Nobel Peace Prize and the Laureates 8242:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 8205: 7539: 6992: 6458: 6403: 5951:. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 5374: 5343: 5212:[Medals: A traditional Craft]. 5032: 4418: 4416: 4337:"Ralph Steinman Remains Nobel Laureate" 4317: 4305: 3694: 3576: 3549: 2695:Emphasis on discoveries over inventions 2660:, who died in 1995, when his co-author 2299:also generated criticism. According to 2196:, especially for the Literature Prize. 1961:are particles, and in 1937 by his son, 1637:List of couples awarded the Nobel Prize 1440:Oldest person to receive a Nobel Prize: 1131:during his first year as US president. 1072: 1057:, who in 1996 died after the prize (in 14: 10067: 8911:from the original on 24 September 2023 8839:from the original on 24 September 2023 8825:(Third ed.). The Americas Group. 8806:from the original on 24 September 2023 8773:from the original on 24 September 2023 8732:from the original on 24 September 2023 8678:from the original on 24 September 2023 8645:from the original on 24 September 2023 8508:Monument of the Planet of Alfred Nobel 8412:from the original on 25 September 2012 8301: 8064: 8013:from the original on 15 September 2018 7992: 7928: 7427: 7231: 7213:from the original on 24 September 2023 7190: 7043: 7004:"Mahatma Gandhi, the Missing Laureate" 6815:"Author's Nobel Stirs Shock-and-'Bah'" 6812: 6556: 6410:de Sousa, Ana Naomi (9 October 2009). 6205: 6145:from the original on 19 September 2009 5600: 5569: 5505:. CNN. 11 October 2009. Archived from 5434: 5362:from the original on 19 September 2011 5038: 4698:from the original on 27 September 2022 4599: 3910:Sjöholm/Tt, Gustav (2 December 2012). 3570: 3516: 3428: 3389: 3250:. Nobel Foundation. 6 September 2019. 3159:Lists of science and technology awards 2988: 2089:received the Chemistry Prize in 2021. 2033:received Nobels in consecutive years: 1046:, and the 1961 Peace Prize awarded to 843:forbade three laureates from Germany ( 53:awarded in 1950 to researchers at the 10110:Swedish science and technology awards 9812: 9785:World Summit of Nobel Peace Laureates 9059: 8432:"The Nobel Prize: On the film screen" 8208:"Odd facts about Nobel Prize winners" 7974:from the original on 14 December 2018 7961: 7943:from the original on 12 December 2018 7910:from the original on 11 December 2018 7879:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 7838:from the original on 15 November 2017 7773:from the original on 26 February 2021 7672:Excerpt from the Will of Alfred Nobel 7505:Crawford, Elisabeth (November 2001). 7409:from the original on 12 February 2018 7117: 7002:Tønnesson, Øyvind (1 December 1999). 6938:from the original on 9 September 2020 6760:. Associated Press. 11 October 2005. 6660:Naughton, Philippe (9 October 2009). 6562: 6376: 6304:from the original on 19 February 2020 6248:from the original on 16 December 2021 6131:Maugh, Thomas H. II (8 August 2007). 6130: 5725:from the original on 9 September 2021 5603:"Three share Nobel prize for physics" 5349: 5210:"Medalj – ett traditionellt hantverk" 4644:from the original on 26 December 2018 4521:from the original on 26 December 2018 3926:from the original on 6 September 2020 3589:from the original on 30 November 2023 3558:from the original on 10 December 2023 3099:List of Nobel laureates in Literature 2762:Status of the Economic Sciences Prize 2065:(1972; shared) were brothers-in-law. 1815: 1622:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1063:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 298:chemist, engineer, and industrialist 281: 265: 51:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 8748:The Nobel Prize: The First 100 Years 8382:from the original on 8 November 2017 8367: 8337:Franchetti, Mark (14 January 2007). 8171: 8105:from the original on 10 October 2014 8040:. Indiana University Press. p. 8031: 7906:. Associated Press. 1 October 2018. 7618:from the original on 27 January 2021 7573:Dawidoff, Nicholas (25 April 2009). 7486:from the original on 6 November 2016 7099:from the original on 27 January 2011 6980:from the original on 20 October 2013 6899: 6855:from the original on 10 October 2009 6825:from the original on 4 November 2009 6605:from the original on 12 October 2009 6563:Philp, Catherine (10 October 2009). 6377:Tuohy, William (20 September 1981). 6334:from the original on 23 October 2021 6175:from the original on 17 January 2010 6025:Hargittai, István (28 August 2003). 5901:from the original on 26 January 2010 5787:from the original on 10 January 2022 5582:from the original on 13 January 2020 5495: 5392:from the original on 24 January 2010 5178:from the original on 10 January 2014 5039:Froman, Ingmarie (4 December 2007). 4413: 3837:from the original on 11 October 2011 3790:from the original on 8 November 2021 3517:Golden, Frederic (16 October 2000). 3510: 3451:from the original on 6 February 2013 3238: 3236: 3234: 3232: 3217:from the original on 5 December 2018 3172: – library in Stockholm, Sweden 3094:List of Nobel laureates in Chemistry 2992: 2953: 2892:theft of Rabindranath Tagore's prize 2475:. Liu Xiaobo would go on to win the 2118: 2097:was awarded the same prize in 2022. 1756:: 1916, 1931, 1934, 1940, 1941, 1942 8606:. Watson Publishing International. 8220:from the original on 6 January 2010 8101:. nobelprize.org. 20 October 2014. 8091: 7821:. Paris: UNESCO. 2015. p. 23. 7603: 7585:from the original on 8 January 2012 7456:from the original on 2 January 2017 7379:from the original on 8 January 2017 7369:"Nomination Database: Emile P Roux" 7349:from the original on 8 January 2017 7339:"Nomination Database: Gaston Ramon" 7307:from the original on 2 October 2013 6968: 6881:from the original on 29 August 2020 6784:"Nobel judge steps down in protest" 6672:from the original on 6 January 2022 6544:from the original on 5 January 2012 5994:from the original on 7 October 2014 5163: 4802:from the original on 18 August 2007 4728:from the original on 31 August 2022 4581:from the original on 9 January 2010 4511:"All Nobel Laureates in Literature" 3682:from the original on 15 August 2018 3104:List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates 2942:. This is sometimes referred to as 2368:The New England Journal of Medicine 1897: 1142: 830: 780:The Swedish Academy chose the poet 541: 507:and Rudolf Lilljequist, formed the 107:(all prizes except the Peace Prize) 24: 9524:Washington University in St. Louis 8983: 8925: 7929:Feeney, Mary K. (5 October 2018). 7540:Spinney, Laura (4 December 2001). 7428:Butler, Declan (11 October 2016). 7267:"Akademien väljer helst en europé" 7265:Fristorp, Mimmi (8 October 2008). 7191:Nassif, Rames (31 December 1988). 7086: 6969:Day, Elizabeth (12 January 2008). 6845:"NOBEL PRIZE WINNER: Herta Muller" 6794:from the original on 31 March 2012 6637:from the original on 10 April 2010 6464: 6391:from the original on 15 April 2021 6268:"Gerardus 't Hooft – Biographical" 6112:from the original on 11 April 2022 5755:from the original on 4 August 2020 5292: 5004:. 10 December 2009. Archived from 4969:. 10 December 2009. Archived from 4967:Institute of Commercial Management 4377:from the original on 26 April 2011 3672:"Full text of Alfred Nobel's Will" 3531:from the original on 15 April 2021 3109:List of Nobel laureates in Physics 3089:List of Nobel laureates by country 2081:were awarded the Economics Prize. 1593:Posthumous Nobel Prizes laureates: 1485:List of Nobel laureates by country 1478:Country with most Nobel laureates: 25: 10131: 10115:Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences 8964: 8744: 8549:from the original on 17 July 2020 8402:"Aung San Suu Kyi – Biographical" 8339:"How the CIA won Zhivago a Nobel" 8206:English, Jason (6 October 2009). 8127:. 14 October 2007. Archived from 8079:from the original on 28 June 2019 8065:Siegel, Ethan (18 October 2018). 7993:Devlin, Hannah (6 October 2017). 7554:from the original on 27 June 2006 7527: 7476:"Nomination Database: Otto Stern" 7172:from the original on 18 June 2018 7162:"The Nobel Peace Prize 1901–2000" 7118:Ghosh, Avijit (17 October 2006). 7028: 6912:from the original on 15 June 2022 6495: 6206:Conger, Krista (4 October 2006). 5631: 5447:from the original on 19 June 2010 5113:from the original on 24 July 2018 5103:"The Nobel Foundation – Statutes" 5079:. 5 December 2009. Archived from 5026: 4831:. 11 October 2004. Archived from 4634:"All Nobel Peace Prize Laureates" 4395: 4347:from the original on 20 July 2018 4299: 4216: 4189: 4177: 4099: 4048: 4024: 4000: 3894: 3879: 3855: 3811: 3742: 3724:from the original on 20 July 2018 3577:Schultz, Colin (9 October 2013). 3504: 3492: 3317:from the original on 15 June 2020 3287:from the original on 20 July 2018 3254:from the original on 27 June 2020 3229: 2810:Anglo-Swedish Literary Foundation 2261:, also prompted accusations of a 1967:also have the properties of waves 1811:Specially distinguished laureates 1282:banquet is held in Norway at the 1008:Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences 945:Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences 886:Map of Nobel laureates by country 528:Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences 467:"greatest benefit on mankind" in 128:Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences 10100:Science and technology in Sweden 9152: 9085: 9029: 8995: 8570: 8520: 8501: 8450: 8394: 8295: 8283:from the original on 21 May 2022 8265: 8232: 8184:from the original on 31 May 2010 8165: 8135: 8117: 8058: 8025: 7986: 7962:Rathi, Akshat (9 October 2017). 7955: 7922: 7892: 7871: 7850: 7806: 7785: 7726: 7677: 7665: 7630: 7597: 7566: 7498: 7468: 7421: 7391: 7361: 7331: 7289: 7258: 7246:from the original on 5 June 2011 7184: 7154: 7142: 7130:from the original on 23 May 2022 7111: 7080: 7044:Kenner, David (7 October 2009). 7010:from the original on 5 July 2013 6962: 6924: 6893: 6867: 6837: 6806: 6776: 6744: 6710: 6684: 6653: 6617: 6587: 6525: 6477:from the original on 31 May 2014 6316: 6286: 6274:from the original on 3 July 2017 6260: 6230: 6199: 6157: 6124: 6084: 6052: 5976: 5883: 5767: 5737: 5707: 5658: 5625: 5613:from the original on 1 June 2019 5594: 5563: 5521: 5301:from the original on 5 July 2018 5164:Lea, Richard (8 December 2008). 4600:Bryant, Lisa (10 October 2008). 4551:from the original on 14 May 2011 4135:from the original on 5 June 2016 3632:von Euler, U. S. (6 June 1981). 3343:from the original on 10 May 2020 3062: 3048: 3034: 2996: 2957: 2785:, who was forced to decline his 2123: 1315:, 1994 Nobel Peace Prize lecture 1293: 1243: 1160: 1151: 953: 921: 909: 849:Adolf Friedrich Johann Butenandt 601:E. Bargengren, who accessed the 222: 164: 8868:. World Scientific Publishing. 8621:Crawford, Elizabeth T. (1984). 8620: 8459:Public Understanding of Science 8368:Finn, Peter (27 January 2007). 8172:Holt, Jim (22 September 2003). 7232:Kirsch, Adam (3 October 2008). 6934:. Al Jazeera. 7 December 2019. 6877:. Al Jazeera. 11 October 2019. 6813:Jordan, Mary (9 October 2009). 6764:from the original on 8 May 2017 5476:. December 2013. Archived from 5428: 5286: 5202: 5190: 5157: 5125: 5095: 5063: 4906: 4850: 4814: 4784: 4710: 4680: 4626: 4593: 4563: 4541:"The Nobel Prize in Literature" 4533: 4503: 4491:from the original on 2 May 2010 4367:"The Nobel Prize in Literature" 4359: 4329: 4251: 4117: 4012: 3817: 3772: 3766: 3625: 3543: 3463: 2930:and other dietary supplements, 2903:The statue and memorial symbol 1010:– Chemistry; Physics; Economics 975:in Swedish, English, and German 890:In 1968, Sweden's central bank 857:occupation of Norway by Germany 788:to be awarded. Some, including 410:. In 1894, Nobel purchased the 394:was born on 21 October 1833 in 9780:Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings 9544:Catholic priests and religious 8890: 8851: 8690: 7052:. pp. 1–7. Archived from 6900:Cain, Sian (10 October 2019). 6012: 5601:Sample, Ian (7 October 2008). 5570:Sample, Ian (5 October 2009). 5535:. 11 June 2012. Archived from 5197:1994 Nobel Peace Prize lecture 4765:(8): 1025–1033. Archived from 4111: 3946:"Nobel-Stiftung: Noble Sorgen" 3825:"Nobel Prize Funded from Baku" 3619: 3607: 3550:Andrews, Evan (23 July 2020). 3401: 3355: 3329: 3299: 3199: 3149:Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings 3084:List of female Nobel laureates 2732:List of female Nobel laureates 2482:In 1965, UN Secretary General 2251:President of the United States 1993:in 1924, followed by his son, 1863:and in 1972 for the theory of 1407: 1082:was awarded the 1926 Prize in 982: 13: 1: 10120:1895 establishments in Sweden 10105:Science and technology awards 9174:Heads of state and government 8818: 7046:"Nobel Peace Prize Also-Rans" 5817: 5745:"Nobel Prize-awarded couples" 5350:Kumar, Hari (26 March 2004). 3913:"Rabatter räddar Nobelfesten" 3519:"The Worst And The Brightest" 3395: 3192: 1529:; received the prize thrice. 1447:; at the age of 97, received 1430:; at the age of 17, received 1416: 1278:and around 1,300 guests. The 943:, permanent secretary of the 514:Nobel's instructions named a 360:plated with 24 karat gold, a 8863: 8657: 8581:license statement/permission 8259:UK public library membership 8174:"Exit, Pursued by a Lobster" 7325: 7273:(in Swedish). Archived from 7120:"'We missed Mahatma Gandhi'" 6956: 6507: 6364: 6193: 6165:"Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar" 5930: 5877: 5829: 5805: 5410: 5283:. Retrieved 7 December 2007. 5245: 5218:(in Swedish). Archived from 4287: 4245: 4204: 4165: 4072: 4060: 4036: 3976: 3867: 3483:. Retrieved 8 December 2020. 3408:Schmidhuber, Jürgen (2010). 2928:health benefits of vitamin C 2926:concepts, including various 2146:or discuss the issue on the 1583:; received the prize twice. 1573:; received the prize twice. 1563:; received the prize twice. 1553:; received the prize twice. 1539:; received the prize twice. 1515:; received the prize twice. 1464:; received the prize twice. 1182:in Stockholm in 2008; Left: 997: 637:is appointed by the Swedish 7: 9975:(Hungary and United States) 9499:City University of New York 8931: 8819:Shalev, Baruch Aba (2005). 8599: 8302:Bishop, J. Michael (2003). 7074: 6519: 6452: 6440: 6352: 5865: 5853: 5841: 5557: 5422: 5352:"Poet's Nobel Medal Stolen" 5151: 4674: 4662: 4441:10.1093/embo-reports/kve034 4423:Breithaupt, Holger (2001). 4407: 4323: 4311: 4228: 4153: 3954:(in German). Archived from 3754: 3700: 3027: 2938:, and various claims about 2890:, a 2012 film based on the 2861: 2745:this and the roughly equal 2176:When it was announced that 2109:Reception and controversies 2083:Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard 1851:and its application to the 1398: 1274:, which is attended by the 677:Foundation capital and cost 630:(c. US$ 560 million). 597:, and according to Swedish 10: 10136: 10090:Awards established in 1895 9872:(Russia and United States) 8864:Söderlind, Ulrica (2010). 8785: 8711: 8629:Cambridge University Press 8565: 7303:. London. 6 October 2009. 6412:"Top ten Nobel Prize rows" 5437:"The Nobel Prize Diplomas" 4084: 3988: 2950:International relationship 2729: 2331:Bosnian genocide denialism 2138:towards certain viewpoints 2112: 2073:. In 2019, married couple 2011:Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar 1634: 1509:(by date of second Prize) 1482: 1329: 1247: 1136:Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar 990: 875: 872:Prize in Economic Sciences 550: 375: 283:[nʊˈbɛ̀lːˌpriːsn̩] 267:[nʊˈbɛ̂lːˌpriːsɛt] 10012: 9988: 9958: 9927: 9903: 9879: 9848: 9798: 9752: 9737:Norwegian Nobel Committee 9694: 9643: 9633:PRIO Director's Shortlist 9536: 9489: 9285: 9230: 9161: 9150: 9111: 9093: 8822:100 years of Nobel prizes 7442:10.1038/nature.2016.20781 5891:"Marie Curie (1867–1934)" 5435:Lemmel, Birgitta (2009). 4892:10.1007/s11192-009-0035-9 3714:"The Nobel Prize Amounts" 3277:"The Nobel Prize amounts" 3133: – Mathematics award 3042:History of Science portal 2856: 2713: 2399:Nobel Prize in Literature 2345:In 1949, the neurologist 2115:Nobel Prize controversies 1602:Nobel Prize in Literature 1325: 1320: 1207:Norwegian Nobel Institute 1026:Norwegian Nobel Committee 969:Nobel Prize in Literature 739:for his discovery of the 735:, who received the first 667:Norwegian Nobel Committee 653:is chosen from among the 516:Norwegian Nobel Committee 499:until 26 April 1897. The 200: 192: 174: 155: 146:Norwegian Nobel Committee 120: 97: 65: 42: 37: 9098:Lists of Nobel laureates 8658:Feldman, Burton (2001). 8592: 8471:10.1177/0963662518766476 8345:. London. Archived from 8099:"Nobel Laureates by Age" 7858:Nobel Prize in Chemistry 6571:. London. Archived from 6418:. London. Archived from 5325:University of California 3830:Azerbaijan International 3780:""Financial Management"" 3470:Multiple Nobel Laureates 2911:of Economics and Law in 2815:During the Third Reich, 2787:Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2774:Refusals and constraints 2359:version of the procedure 2329:, due to his history of 2168:Controversial recipients 2039:Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin 1965:, for showing that they 1671:Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1585:Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1565:Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1541:Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1521:Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1466:Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1449:Nobel Prize in Chemistry 937:Nobel Prize in Chemistry 163:medal, a diploma, and a 136:(Physiology or Medicine) 8891:Wilhelm, Peter (1983). 8859:. The Nobel Foundation. 8786:Leroy, Francis (2003). 8583:). Text taken from 7614:. Rochester, New York. 6384:Sarasota Herald Tribune 5783:. London. 2 July 2009. 5281:Oregon State University 5132:Philippe-Joseph Salazar 3639:Die Naturwissenschaften 3475:6 November 2018 at the 3079:List of Nobel laureates 2909:Alfred Nobel University 2628:University of Frankfurt 2610:for the development of 2375:Overlooked achievements 1717:Nobel Prize in Medicine 1685:Nobel Prize in Medicine 1099:example, 2008 laureate 1016:– Physiology / Medicine 775:chemical thermodynamics 547:Formation of Foundation 463:. He was 63 years old. 180:; 122 years ago 10018:Nobel Prize recipients 9960:Physiology or Medicine 9732:Physiology or Medicine 9678:Physiology or Medicine 9605:Physiology or Medicine 9222:Physiology or Medicine 9144:Physiology or Medicine 8991: 8971:Listen to this article 8753:Imperial College Press 8691:Gribbin, John (1985). 8600:Abrams, Irwin (2001). 8527:Basterfield, Candice; 8251:10.1093/ref:odnb/36047 7798:15 August 2018 at the 7611:Democrat and Chronicle 5263:12 August 2011 at the 3005:This section is empty. 2966:This section is empty. 2905:Planet of Alfred Nobel 2789: 2727: 2588:Pierre Paul Émile Roux 2477:2010 Nobel Peace Prize 2443: 2401: 2387: 2319:Bosnia and Herzegovina 2189: 2180:was to be awarded the 2035:Sir Alan Lloyd Hodgkin 1999:Hans von Euler-Chelpin 1975:William Lawrence Bragg 1926:, was the director of 1828: 1778:Physiology or Medicine 1657:Nobel Prize in Physics 1555:Nobel Prize in Physics 1517:Nobel Prize in Physics 1348: 1318: 1263: 1234:Norwegian royal family 1199:Stockholm Concert Hall 1095: 1084:Physiology or Medicine 1037:Posthumous nominations 887: 743: 737:Nobel Prize in Physics 724:Inaugural Nobel prizes 645:of the prize-awarding 566: 421:. Nobel also invented 388: 316:Physiology or Medicine 275: 262: 79:Physiology or Medicine 8990: 8712:Jones, Brenn (2003). 8664:. Arcade Publishing. 8541:. Amherst, New York: 8513:9 August 2017 at the 8032:Rose, Hilary (1994). 7764:10.1386/tear.6.1.73_1 6169:University of Chicago 5684:10.1096/fj.06-1102ufm 5665:Pederson, T. (2006). 4724:. 17 September 2015. 4125:"All Nobel Laureates" 3244:"Alfred Nobel's will" 2940:race and intelligence 2781: 2721: 2438: 2419:In 1948, the year of 2393: 2382: 2353:. The previous year, 2175: 2029:. Two members of the 1979:X-ray crystallography 1920:Frédéric Joliot-Curie 1823: 1745:Years without prizes: 1339: 1305: 1257: 1172:Giovanni Jona-Lasinio 1093: 885: 731: 661:are appointed by the 635:chairman of the board 623:exempt from all taxes 589:were involved in the 560: 383: 178:10 December 1901 10095:International awards 9519:Princeton University 9038:at Wikimedia Commons 9022:More spoken articles 8897:. Springwood Books. 8529:Lilienfeld, Scott O. 8406:The Nobel Foundation 7093:The Nobel Foundation 7006:. Nobel Foundation. 6575:on 24 September 2023 6422:on 24 September 2023 5297:. Nobel Foundation. 5107:The Nobel Foundation 4796:The Nobel Foundation 4341:The Nobel Foundation 3718:The Nobel Foundation 3583:Smithsonian Magazine 3311:The Nobel Foundation 2497:Cuban Missile Crisis 2351:prefrontal leucotomy 2333:and his support for 2239:various newspapers. 1963:George Paget Thomson 1949:in 2014 (along with 1877:Karl Barry Sharpless 1581:Karl Barry Sharpless 1276:Swedish Royal Family 1217:(1947–1989), and at 1209:(1905–1946), at the 1178:'s Nobel Lecture at 1073:Recognition time lag 1048:UN Secretary General 794:Victorian literature 534:were promulgated by 524:Karolinska Institute 461:cerebral haemorrhage 440:is the most famous. 59:Rochester, Minnesota 9628:AFSC Nobel nominees 9504:Columbia University 8718:. PowerKids Press. 8375:The Washington Post 8370:"The Plot Thickens" 8131:on 14 October 2007. 7884:23 May 2020 at the 7863:23 May 2020 at the 7702:2007Natur.448..644B 7651:1997PhT....50i..26C 7575:"The Civil Heretic" 7517:on 3 February 2006. 7277:on 18 February 2010 6849:The Huffington Post 6819:The Washington Post 6790:. 11 October 2005. 6300:. 15 October 2019. 5781:The Daily Telegraph 5715:"Nobel Prize facts" 5222:on 18 December 2007 5199:(10 December 1994). 5008:on 15 December 2009 4931:2009NatCh...1..509. 4772:on 27 February 2008 4748:Vishveshwara, C. V. 4694:. 13 October 2016. 4614:on 17 November 2008 4373:. 3 December 1999. 3786:. 8 November 2021. 2989:Science advancement 2897:The Big Bang Theory 2806:George Bernard Shaw 2802:Paris Peace Accords 2302:The Washington Post 2144:improve the article 1971:William Henry Bragg 1939:Carl Ferdinand Cori 1598:Erik Axel Karlfeldt 1533:(1917, 1944, 1963). 1497:403 Nobel laureates 1272:Stockholm City Hall 1203:Stockholm City Hall 1044:Erik Axel Karlfeldt 771:Jacobus van 't Hoff 431:patent infringement 193:Number of laureates 9514:Harvard University 8992: 8543:Center for Inquiry 8538:Skeptical Inquirer 8153:on 27 October 2021 8145:(1 January 2004). 7579:The New York Times 7124:The Times of India 7056:on 25 January 2010 6851:. 8 October 2009. 6633:. 9 October 2009. 6601:. 9 October 2009. 6538:The New York Times 6270:. Nobelprize.org. 6242:The New York Times 6171:. 22 August 1995. 5356:The New York Times 5331:on 11 January 2009 5293:Lemmel, Birgitta. 5051:on 14 October 2009 4973:on 9 February 2010 4913:Editorial (2009). 4487:. 7 October 2009. 4343:. 3 October 2011. 4259:"Nomination Facts" 3447:. 3 October 2011. 3307:"All Nobel Prizes" 3185:Nobel Prize effect 3179:Nobel Prize Museum 2936:HIV/AIDS denialism 2790: 2728: 2689:Enrico Fermi Award 2479:while imprisoned. 2402: 2388: 2347:António Egas Moniz 2335:Slobodan Milošević 2190: 2047:Nikolaas Tinbergen 1916:Irène Joliot-Curie 1829: 1816:Multiple laureates 1663:Irène Joliot-Curie 1445:John B. Goodenough 1387:dissolved them in 1349: 1301:Theodore Roosevelt 1264: 1258:Table at the 2005 1215:University of Oslo 1096: 888: 835:In 1938 and 1939, 821:Red Cross Movement 815:went to the Swiss 744: 651:Executive director 619:investment company 567: 389: 113:(Peace Prize only) 10062: 10061: 9990:Economic Sciences 9806: 9805: 9690: 9689: 9686: 9685: 9613: 9612: 9532: 9531: 9485: 9484: 9103:Nobel Prize medal 9034:Media related to 8988: 8948:978-0-19-520438-4 8904:978-0-86254-111-8 8883:978-981-4313-11-7 8866:The Nobel Banquet 8832:978-0-935047-37-0 8799:978-0-8247-0876-4 8766:978-981-02-4664-8 8725:978-0-8239-5777-4 8704:978-0-552-12555-0 8671:978-1-55970-592-9 8638:978-0-521-26584-3 8613:978-0-88135-388-4 8315:978-0-674-02097-9 8257:(Subscription or 8051:978-0-253-20907-8 7828:978-92-9223-492-8 7793:Nobel Prize Facts 7206:978-1-85065-045-4 6698:. 3 November 2010 6647:National Archives 6244:. 30 April 1999. 6218:on 5 January 2010 6167:(Press release). 6138:Los Angeles Times 6038:978-0-19-860785-4 5962:978-0-313-29180-7 5671:The FASEB Journal 5632:Locke, Michelle. 5509:on 31 August 2010 5483:on 7 October 2014 5323:(Press release). 5083:on 9 October 2009 5045:Swedish Institute 4940:10.1038/nchem.372 4750:(25 April 2000). 4269:on 9 January 2010 3833:. 30 April 1996. 3126:Nobel Prize medal 3025: 3024: 2986: 2985: 2612:mass spectrometry 2592:Arnold Sommerfeld 2557:Jorge Luis Borges 2541:August Strindberg 2453:Eleanor Roosevelt 2414:Nobel Peace Prize 2277:Rohingya genocide 2182:Nobel Peace Prize 2165: 2164: 1957:for showing that 1865:superconductivity 1703:Nobel Peace Prize 1618:Ralph M. Steinman 1612:Nobel Peace Prize 1575:Nobel Peace Prize 1545:Nobel Peace Prize 1531:Nobel Peace Prize 1470:Nobel Peace Prize 1432:Nobel Peace Prize 1332:Nobel Prize medal 1280:Nobel Peace Prize 1236:. At first, King 1188:Thorbjørn Jagland 1067:Ralph M. Steinman 962: 930: 892:Sveriges Riksbank 817:Jean Henri Dunant 813:Nobel Peace Prize 718:Sveriges Riksbank 714:Economic Sciences 340:Sveriges Riksbank 338:'s central bank, 332:Economic Sciences 214: 213: 16:(Redirected from 10127: 10020: 9918:Narges Mohammadi 9833: 9826: 9819: 9810: 9809: 9775:Nobel Laboratory 9707:Nobel Committees 9702:Nobel Foundation 9641: 9640: 9615: 9614: 9560: 9559: 9283: 9282: 9187: 9186: 9156: 9080: 9073: 9066: 9057: 9056: 9047: 9046: 9044:Official website 9033: 9012: 9010: 8999: 8998: 8989: 8979: 8977: 8972: 8960: 8920: 8918: 8916: 8887: 8860: 8848: 8846: 8844: 8815: 8813: 8811: 8782: 8780: 8778: 8757:World Scientific 8741: 8739: 8737: 8708: 8687: 8685: 8683: 8654: 8652: 8650: 8617: 8574: 8559: 8558: 8556: 8554: 8524: 8518: 8505: 8499: 8498: 8454: 8448: 8447: 8445: 8443: 8428: 8422: 8421: 8419: 8417: 8398: 8392: 8391: 8389: 8387: 8365: 8359: 8358: 8356: 8354: 8349:on 5 August 2011 8334: 8328: 8327: 8299: 8293: 8292: 8290: 8288: 8269: 8263: 8262: 8254: 8236: 8230: 8229: 8227: 8225: 8203: 8194: 8193: 8191: 8189: 8169: 8163: 8162: 8160: 8158: 8149:. Archived from 8143:Henderson, Hazel 8139: 8133: 8132: 8121: 8115: 8114: 8112: 8110: 8095: 8089: 8088: 8086: 8084: 8062: 8056: 8055: 8039: 8029: 8023: 8022: 8020: 8018: 7990: 7984: 7983: 7981: 7979: 7959: 7953: 7952: 7950: 7948: 7936:The Conversation 7926: 7920: 7919: 7917: 7915: 7896: 7890: 7875: 7869: 7854: 7848: 7847: 7845: 7843: 7837: 7820: 7810: 7804: 7789: 7783: 7782: 7780: 7778: 7772: 7757: 7739: 7730: 7724: 7723: 7713: 7681: 7675: 7674:. nobelprize.org 7669: 7663: 7662: 7659:10.1063/1.881933 7634: 7628: 7627: 7625: 7623: 7604:Goodman, James. 7601: 7595: 7594: 7592: 7590: 7570: 7564: 7563: 7561: 7559: 7537: 7531: 7525: 7519: 7518: 7513:. Archived from 7502: 7496: 7495: 7493: 7491: 7480:Nobel Foundation 7472: 7466: 7465: 7463: 7461: 7425: 7419: 7418: 7416: 7414: 7403:Nobel Foundation 7395: 7389: 7388: 7386: 7384: 7373:Nobel Foundation 7365: 7359: 7358: 7356: 7354: 7343:Nobel Foundation 7335: 7329: 7323: 7317: 7316: 7314: 7312: 7293: 7287: 7286: 7284: 7282: 7262: 7256: 7255: 7253: 7251: 7229: 7223: 7222: 7220: 7218: 7198: 7188: 7182: 7181: 7179: 7177: 7166:Nobel Foundation 7158: 7152: 7151:. icrs.ugm.ac.id 7146: 7140: 7139: 7137: 7135: 7115: 7109: 7108: 7106: 7104: 7084: 7078: 7072: 7066: 7065: 7063: 7061: 7041: 7032: 7026: 7020: 7019: 7017: 7015: 6999: 6990: 6989: 6987: 6985: 6966: 6960: 6954: 6948: 6947: 6945: 6943: 6928: 6922: 6921: 6919: 6917: 6897: 6891: 6890: 6888: 6886: 6871: 6865: 6864: 6862: 6860: 6841: 6835: 6834: 6832: 6830: 6810: 6804: 6803: 6801: 6799: 6780: 6774: 6773: 6771: 6769: 6748: 6742: 6741: 6739: 6737: 6714: 6708: 6707: 6705: 6703: 6688: 6682: 6681: 6679: 6677: 6657: 6651: 6650: 6644: 6642: 6621: 6615: 6614: 6612: 6610: 6591: 6585: 6584: 6582: 6580: 6560: 6554: 6553: 6551: 6549: 6529: 6523: 6517: 6511: 6505: 6499: 6493: 6487: 6486: 6484: 6482: 6462: 6456: 6450: 6444: 6438: 6432: 6431: 6429: 6427: 6407: 6401: 6400: 6398: 6396: 6374: 6368: 6362: 6356: 6350: 6344: 6343: 6341: 6339: 6320: 6314: 6313: 6311: 6309: 6290: 6284: 6283: 6281: 6279: 6264: 6258: 6257: 6255: 6253: 6234: 6228: 6227: 6225: 6223: 6214:. Archived from 6203: 6197: 6191: 6185: 6184: 6182: 6180: 6161: 6155: 6154: 6152: 6150: 6128: 6122: 6121: 6119: 6117: 6088: 6082: 6081: 6079: 6077: 6056: 6050: 6049: 6047: 6045: 6022: 6016: 6010: 6004: 6003: 6001: 5999: 5988:Nobel Foundation 5980: 5974: 5973: 5971: 5969: 5950: 5940: 5934: 5928: 5911: 5910: 5908: 5906: 5887: 5881: 5875: 5869: 5863: 5857: 5851: 5845: 5839: 5833: 5827: 5821: 5815: 5809: 5803: 5797: 5796: 5794: 5792: 5778: 5771: 5765: 5764: 5762: 5760: 5741: 5735: 5734: 5732: 5730: 5711: 5705: 5704: 5686: 5662: 5656: 5655: 5653: 5651: 5645: 5639:. Archived from 5638: 5629: 5623: 5622: 5620: 5618: 5598: 5592: 5591: 5589: 5587: 5567: 5561: 5555: 5549: 5548: 5546: 5544: 5525: 5519: 5518: 5516: 5514: 5499: 5493: 5492: 5490: 5488: 5482: 5474:Nobel Foundation 5471: 5463: 5457: 5456: 5454: 5452: 5441:Nobel Foundation 5432: 5426: 5420: 5414: 5408: 5402: 5401: 5399: 5397: 5388:. 16 June 2007. 5378: 5372: 5371: 5369: 5367: 5347: 5341: 5340: 5338: 5336: 5327:. Archived from 5317: 5311: 5310: 5308: 5306: 5290: 5284: 5255: 5249: 5243: 5232: 5231: 5229: 5227: 5206: 5200: 5194: 5188: 5187: 5185: 5183: 5161: 5155: 5149: 5143: 5129: 5123: 5122: 5120: 5118: 5099: 5093: 5092: 5090: 5088: 5067: 5061: 5060: 5058: 5056: 5047:. Archived from 5036: 5030: 5024: 5018: 5017: 5015: 5013: 4992: 4983: 4982: 4980: 4978: 4959: 4953: 4952: 4942: 4919:Nature Chemistry 4910: 4904: 4903: 4885: 4875: 4854: 4848: 4847: 4845: 4843: 4837: 4829:Nobel Foundation 4826: 4818: 4812: 4811: 4809: 4807: 4788: 4782: 4781: 4779: 4777: 4771: 4756: 4744: 4738: 4737: 4735: 4733: 4714: 4708: 4707: 4705: 4703: 4684: 4678: 4672: 4666: 4660: 4654: 4653: 4651: 4649: 4638:Nobel Foundation 4630: 4624: 4623: 4621: 4619: 4607:Voice of America 4597: 4591: 4590: 4588: 4586: 4575:Nobel Foundation 4567: 4561: 4560: 4558: 4556: 4545:Nobel Foundation 4537: 4531: 4530: 4528: 4526: 4515:Nobel Foundation 4507: 4501: 4500: 4498: 4496: 4477: 4471: 4470: 4460: 4420: 4411: 4405: 4399: 4393: 4387: 4386: 4384: 4382: 4371:Nobel Foundation 4363: 4357: 4356: 4354: 4352: 4333: 4327: 4321: 4315: 4309: 4303: 4297: 4291: 4285: 4279: 4278: 4276: 4274: 4265:. Archived from 4263:Nobel Foundation 4255: 4249: 4243: 4232: 4226: 4220: 4214: 4208: 4202: 4193: 4187: 4181: 4175: 4169: 4163: 4157: 4151: 4145: 4144: 4142: 4140: 4129:Nobel Foundation 4121: 4115: 4109: 4103: 4097: 4088: 4082: 4076: 4070: 4064: 4058: 4052: 4046: 4040: 4034: 4028: 4022: 4016: 4010: 4004: 3998: 3992: 3986: 3980: 3974: 3968: 3967: 3965: 3963: 3942: 3936: 3935: 3933: 3931: 3922:(in Norwegian). 3915: 3907: 3898: 3892: 3883: 3877: 3871: 3865: 3859: 3853: 3847: 3846: 3844: 3842: 3821: 3815: 3809: 3803: 3802: 3797: 3795: 3784:Nobel Foundation 3776: 3770: 3764: 3758: 3752: 3746: 3740: 3734: 3733: 3731: 3729: 3710: 3704: 3698: 3692: 3691: 3689: 3687: 3676:Nobel Foundation 3668: 3659: 3658: 3656: 3654: 3648: 3642:. Archived from 3629: 3623: 3617: 3611: 3605: 3599: 3598: 3596: 3594: 3574: 3568: 3567: 3565: 3563: 3547: 3541: 3540: 3538: 3536: 3514: 3508: 3502: 3496: 3490: 3484: 3481:Nobel Foundation 3467: 3461: 3460: 3458: 3456: 3435: 3426: 3425: 3423: 3421: 3416:on 27 March 2014 3412:. Archived from 3405: 3399: 3393: 3387: 3385: 3383: 3381: 3376:on 12 March 2019 3372:. Archived from 3367: 3359: 3353: 3352: 3350: 3348: 3333: 3327: 3326: 3324: 3322: 3303: 3297: 3296: 3294: 3292: 3273: 3264: 3263: 3261: 3259: 3240: 3227: 3226: 3224: 3222: 3203: 3175: 3164:Nobel Conference 3072: 3067: 3066: 3065: 3058: 3053: 3052: 3051: 3044: 3039: 3038: 3037: 3020: 3017: 3007:You can help by 3000: 2993: 2981: 2978: 2968:You can help by 2961: 2954: 2924:pseudoscientific 2843:Aung San Suu Kyi 2794:Jean-Paul Sartre 2756:Malala Yousafzai 2677:Fritz Strassmann 2666:Robert C. Merton 2651:François Englert 2620:Franz Hillenkamp 2533:Vladimir Nabokov 2521:J. R. R. Tolkien 2357:had developed a 2289:Elfriede Jelinek 2283:Literature Prize 2269:Aung San Suu Kyi 2160: 2157: 2151: 2127: 2126: 2119: 2075:Abhijit Banerjee 1898:Family laureates 1869:Frederick Sanger 1727:Abhijit Banerjee 1608:Dag Hammarskjöld 1561:Frederick Sanger 1428:Malala Yousafzai 1385:George de Hevesy 1284:Oslo Grand Hotel 1221:(1990–present). 1164: 1155: 1143:Award ceremonies 1101:Martti Ahtisaari 1080:Johannes Fibiger 1051:Dag Hammarskjöld 971:announcement by 964: 963: 932: 931: 831:Second World War 798:Emil von Behring 757:'s discovery of 748:Nobel Committees 575:Nobel Foundation 553:Nobel Foundation 542:Nobel Foundation 509:Nobel Foundation 344:Nobel Foundation 304:Nobel Foundation 293: 292: 291: 285: 280: 269: 254: 248: 247: 244: 243: 240: 237: 234: 231: 228: 210: 207: 188: 186: 181: 47: 35: 34: 21: 10135: 10134: 10130: 10129: 10128: 10126: 10125: 10124: 10080:Academic awards 10065: 10064: 10063: 10058: 10016: 10008: 10005:(United States) 9984: 9981:(United States) 9954: 9949:Anne L'Huillier 9937:Pierre Agostini 9923: 9899: 9875: 9866:(United States) 9860:(United States) 9844: 9837: 9807: 9802: 9801: 9794: 9770:Björkborn Manor 9748: 9682: 9639: 9609: 9558: 9528: 9481: 9461:South American 9446:North American 9287: 9281: 9234: 9232: 9226: 9185: 9157: 9148: 9107: 9089: 9084: 9042: 9041: 9026: 9025: 9014: 9008: 9006: 9003:This audio file 9000: 8993: 8984: 8981: 8975: 8974: 8970: 8967: 8949: 8928: 8926:Further reading 8923: 8914: 8912: 8905: 8894:The Nobel Prize 8884: 8853:Sohlman, Ragnar 8842: 8840: 8833: 8809: 8807: 8800: 8776: 8774: 8767: 8735: 8733: 8726: 8705: 8681: 8679: 8672: 8648: 8646: 8639: 8614: 8595: 8568: 8563: 8562: 8552: 8550: 8525: 8521: 8515:Wayback Machine 8506: 8502: 8455: 8451: 8441: 8439: 8438:on 2 April 2015 8430: 8429: 8425: 8415: 8413: 8400: 8399: 8395: 8385: 8383: 8366: 8362: 8352: 8350: 8335: 8331: 8316: 8300: 8296: 8286: 8284: 8271: 8270: 8266: 8256: 8237: 8233: 8223: 8221: 8204: 8197: 8187: 8185: 8170: 8166: 8156: 8154: 8140: 8136: 8123: 8122: 8118: 8108: 8106: 8097: 8096: 8092: 8082: 8080: 8063: 8059: 8052: 8030: 8026: 8016: 8014: 7991: 7987: 7977: 7975: 7960: 7956: 7946: 7944: 7927: 7923: 7913: 7911: 7898: 7897: 7893: 7886:Wayback Machine 7876: 7872: 7865:Wayback Machine 7855: 7851: 7841: 7839: 7835: 7829: 7818: 7812: 7811: 7807: 7800:Wayback Machine 7790: 7786: 7776: 7774: 7770: 7755:10.1.1.145.8130 7737: 7731: 7727: 7711:10.1038/448644c 7682: 7678: 7670: 7666: 7635: 7631: 7621: 7619: 7602: 7598: 7588: 7586: 7571: 7567: 7557: 7555: 7538: 7534: 7526: 7522: 7503: 7499: 7489: 7487: 7474: 7473: 7469: 7459: 7457: 7426: 7422: 7412: 7410: 7397: 7396: 7392: 7382: 7380: 7367: 7366: 7362: 7352: 7350: 7337: 7336: 7332: 7324: 7320: 7310: 7308: 7295: 7294: 7290: 7280: 7278: 7263: 7259: 7249: 7247: 7230: 7226: 7216: 7214: 7207: 7189: 7185: 7175: 7173: 7160: 7159: 7155: 7147: 7143: 7133: 7131: 7116: 7112: 7102: 7100: 7085: 7081: 7073: 7069: 7059: 7057: 7042: 7035: 7027: 7023: 7013: 7011: 7000: 6993: 6983: 6981: 6967: 6963: 6955: 6951: 6941: 6939: 6930: 6929: 6925: 6915: 6913: 6898: 6894: 6884: 6882: 6873: 6872: 6868: 6858: 6856: 6843: 6842: 6838: 6828: 6826: 6811: 6807: 6797: 6795: 6782: 6781: 6777: 6767: 6765: 6750: 6749: 6745: 6735: 6733: 6715: 6711: 6701: 6699: 6690: 6689: 6685: 6675: 6673: 6658: 6654: 6640: 6638: 6623: 6622: 6618: 6608: 6606: 6593: 6592: 6588: 6578: 6576: 6561: 6557: 6547: 6545: 6530: 6526: 6518: 6514: 6506: 6502: 6494: 6490: 6480: 6478: 6463: 6459: 6451: 6447: 6439: 6435: 6425: 6423: 6408: 6404: 6394: 6392: 6375: 6371: 6363: 6359: 6351: 6347: 6337: 6335: 6322: 6321: 6317: 6307: 6305: 6292: 6291: 6287: 6277: 6275: 6266: 6265: 6261: 6251: 6249: 6236: 6235: 6231: 6221: 6219: 6212:Stanford Report 6204: 6200: 6192: 6188: 6178: 6176: 6163: 6162: 6158: 6148: 6146: 6129: 6125: 6115: 6113: 6090: 6089: 6085: 6075: 6073: 6058: 6057: 6053: 6043: 6041: 6039: 6023: 6019: 6011: 6007: 5997: 5995: 5982: 5981: 5977: 5967: 5965: 5963: 5941: 5937: 5929: 5914: 5904: 5902: 5889: 5888: 5884: 5876: 5872: 5864: 5860: 5852: 5848: 5840: 5836: 5828: 5824: 5816: 5812: 5804: 5800: 5790: 5788: 5773: 5772: 5768: 5758: 5756: 5743: 5742: 5738: 5728: 5726: 5713: 5712: 5708: 5663: 5659: 5649: 5647: 5646:on 26 July 2011 5643: 5636: 5630: 5626: 5616: 5614: 5599: 5595: 5585: 5583: 5568: 5564: 5556: 5552: 5542: 5540: 5539:on 15 June 2012 5527: 5526: 5522: 5512: 5510: 5501: 5500: 5496: 5486: 5484: 5480: 5469: 5465: 5464: 5460: 5450: 5448: 5433: 5429: 5421: 5417: 5409: 5405: 5395: 5393: 5380: 5379: 5375: 5365: 5363: 5348: 5344: 5334: 5332: 5319: 5318: 5314: 5304: 5302: 5291: 5287: 5265:Wayback Machine 5256: 5252: 5244: 5235: 5225: 5223: 5208: 5207: 5203: 5195: 5191: 5181: 5179: 5162: 5158: 5150: 5146: 5130: 5126: 5116: 5114: 5101: 5100: 5096: 5086: 5084: 5069: 5068: 5064: 5054: 5052: 5037: 5033: 5025: 5021: 5011: 5009: 4994: 4993: 4986: 4976: 4974: 4961: 4960: 4956: 4911: 4907: 4883:10.1.1.604.9844 4855: 4851: 4841: 4839: 4838:on 26 June 2009 4835: 4824: 4820: 4819: 4815: 4805: 4803: 4790: 4789: 4785: 4775: 4773: 4769: 4759:Current Science 4754: 4745: 4741: 4731: 4729: 4716: 4715: 4711: 4701: 4699: 4686: 4685: 4681: 4673: 4669: 4661: 4657: 4647: 4645: 4632: 4631: 4627: 4617: 4615: 4598: 4594: 4584: 4582: 4569: 4568: 4564: 4554: 4552: 4539: 4538: 4534: 4524: 4522: 4509: 4508: 4504: 4494: 4492: 4479: 4478: 4474: 4421: 4414: 4406: 4402: 4394: 4390: 4380: 4378: 4365: 4364: 4360: 4350: 4348: 4335: 4334: 4330: 4322: 4318: 4310: 4306: 4298: 4294: 4286: 4282: 4272: 4270: 4257: 4256: 4252: 4244: 4235: 4227: 4223: 4215: 4211: 4203: 4196: 4188: 4184: 4176: 4172: 4164: 4160: 4152: 4148: 4138: 4136: 4123: 4122: 4118: 4110: 4106: 4098: 4091: 4083: 4079: 4071: 4067: 4059: 4055: 4047: 4043: 4035: 4031: 4023: 4019: 4011: 4007: 3999: 3995: 3987: 3983: 3975: 3971: 3961: 3959: 3944: 3943: 3939: 3929: 3927: 3908: 3901: 3893: 3886: 3878: 3874: 3866: 3862: 3854: 3850: 3840: 3838: 3823: 3822: 3818: 3810: 3806: 3793: 3791: 3778: 3777: 3773: 3765: 3761: 3753: 3749: 3741: 3737: 3727: 3725: 3712: 3711: 3707: 3699: 3695: 3685: 3683: 3670: 3669: 3662: 3652: 3650: 3649:on 14 July 2011 3646: 3630: 3626: 3618: 3614: 3606: 3602: 3592: 3590: 3575: 3571: 3561: 3559: 3548: 3544: 3534: 3532: 3515: 3511: 3503: 3499: 3491: 3487: 3477:Wayback Machine 3468: 3464: 3454: 3452: 3437: 3436: 3429: 3419: 3417: 3406: 3402: 3394: 3390: 3379: 3377: 3365: 3361: 3360: 3356: 3346: 3344: 3335: 3334: 3330: 3320: 3318: 3305: 3304: 3300: 3290: 3288: 3281:The Nobel Prize 3275: 3274: 3267: 3257: 3255: 3242: 3241: 3230: 3220: 3218: 3205: 3204: 3200: 3195: 3190: 3173: 3068: 3063: 3061: 3054: 3049: 3047: 3040: 3035: 3033: 3030: 3021: 3015: 3012: 2991: 2982: 2976: 2973: 2952: 2864: 2859: 2836:Boris Pasternak 2825:Adolf Butenandt 2776: 2764: 2747:human sex ratio 2738: 2716: 2708:Technoetic Arts 2697: 2639:Gerald Guralnik 2575:, and Africa's 2428:14th Dalai Lama 2377: 2206:Henry Kissinger 2178:Henry Kissinger 2170: 2161: 2155: 2152: 2141: 2128: 2124: 2117: 2111: 2071:Gerard 't Hooft 2023:Arthur Schawlow 2015:Arthur Kornberg 1943:May-Britt Moser 1924:Henry Labouisse 1900: 1881:click chemistry 1818: 1813: 1713:Edvard I. Moser 1709:May-Britt Moser 1667:Frédéric Joliot 1653:Henri Becquerel 1639: 1487: 1419: 1410: 1401: 1334: 1328: 1323: 1296: 1252: 1246: 1194: 1193: 1192: 1191: 1167: 1166: 1165: 1157: 1156: 1145: 1075: 1055:William Vickrey 1039: 1020:Swedish Academy 1000: 995: 985: 980: 979: 978: 977: 976: 965: 954: 949: 948: 947: 933: 922: 912: 880: 874: 833: 782:Sully Prudhomme 755:Wilhelm Röntgen 733:Wilhelm Röntgen 726: 679: 639:King in Council 615:Nobel laureates 561:Alfred Nobel's 555: 549: 544: 457:San Remo, Italy 378: 287: 286: 278: 252: 225: 221: 204: 184: 182: 179: 151: 140:Swedish Academy 116: 61: 33: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10133: 10123: 10122: 10117: 10112: 10107: 10102: 10097: 10092: 10087: 10082: 10077: 10060: 10059: 10057: 10056: 10051: 10046: 10041: 10036: 10031: 10026: 10021: 10013: 10010: 10009: 10007: 10006: 10003:Claudia Goldin 9999: 9997: 9986: 9985: 9983: 9982: 9976: 9973:Katalin Karikó 9969: 9967: 9956: 9955: 9953: 9952: 9946: 9940: 9933: 9931: 9925: 9924: 9922: 9921: 9914: 9912: 9901: 9900: 9898: 9897: 9890: 9888: 9877: 9876: 9874: 9873: 9867: 9861: 9858:Moungi Bawendi 9854: 9852: 9846: 9845: 9836: 9835: 9828: 9821: 9813: 9804: 9803: 9799: 9796: 9795: 9793: 9792: 9787: 9782: 9777: 9772: 9767: 9762: 9756: 9754: 9750: 9749: 9747: 9746: 9741: 9740: 9739: 9734: 9729: 9724: 9719: 9714: 9704: 9698: 9696: 9692: 9691: 9688: 9687: 9684: 9683: 9681: 9680: 9675: 9670: 9665: 9660: 9659: 9658: 9650: 9648: 9638: 9637: 9636: 9635: 9630: 9621: 9619: 9611: 9610: 9608: 9607: 9602: 9597: 9596: 9595: 9590: 9582: 9577: 9572: 9566: 9564: 9557: 9556: 9551: 9546: 9540: 9538: 9534: 9533: 9530: 9529: 9527: 9526: 9521: 9516: 9511: 9506: 9501: 9495: 9493: 9487: 9486: 9483: 9482: 9480: 9479: 9478: 9477: 9472: 9467: 9459: 9458: 9457: 9452: 9444: 9443: 9442: 9434: 9433: 9432: 9427: 9422: 9417: 9412: 9407: 9402: 9397: 9392: 9387: 9382: 9377: 9372: 9367: 9359: 9358: 9357: 9352: 9347: 9342: 9337: 9332: 9327: 9322: 9312: 9311: 9310: 9305: 9294: 9292: 9280: 9279: 9274: 9269: 9267:Latin American 9264: 9259: 9254: 9249: 9244: 9238: 9236: 9228: 9227: 9225: 9224: 9219: 9214: 9209: 9204: 9199: 9193: 9191: 9184: 9183: 9178: 9177: 9176: 9170:by occupation 9167: 9165: 9159: 9158: 9151: 9149: 9147: 9146: 9141: 9136: 9131: 9126: 9121: 9115: 9113: 9109: 9108: 9106: 9105: 9100: 9094: 9091: 9090: 9083: 9082: 9075: 9068: 9060: 9054: 9053: 9048: 9039: 9015: 9001: 8994: 8982: 8969: 8968: 8966: 8965:External links 8963: 8962: 8961: 8947: 8927: 8924: 8922: 8921: 8903: 8888: 8882: 8861: 8849: 8831: 8816: 8798: 8783: 8765: 8742: 8724: 8709: 8703: 8688: 8670: 8655: 8637: 8618: 8612: 8596: 8594: 8591: 8567: 8564: 8561: 8560: 8519: 8500: 8465:(4): 458–470. 8449: 8423: 8393: 8360: 8329: 8314: 8294: 8277:NobelPrize.org 8264: 8231: 8195: 8164: 8134: 8116: 8090: 8057: 8050: 8024: 7985: 7954: 7921: 7891: 7870: 7849: 7827: 7805: 7784: 7725: 7676: 7664: 7629: 7596: 7565: 7532: 7520: 7497: 7467: 7420: 7390: 7360: 7330: 7318: 7288: 7271:Dagens Nyheter 7257: 7224: 7205: 7183: 7153: 7141: 7110: 7087:Aarvik, Egil. 7079: 7077:, pp. 147–148. 7067: 7050:Foreign Policy 7033: 7031:, pp. 181–186. 7021: 6991: 6961: 6959:, pp. 286–289. 6949: 6923: 6892: 6866: 6836: 6805: 6775: 6743: 6709: 6683: 6652: 6630:whitehouse.gov 6616: 6586: 6555: 6524: 6522:, pp. 302–306. 6512: 6500: 6488: 6465:Purdom, Todd. 6457: 6445: 6433: 6402: 6387:. p. 58. 6369: 6357: 6345: 6315: 6285: 6259: 6229: 6198: 6186: 6156: 6123: 6083: 6072:on 24 May 2010 6051: 6037: 6017: 6005: 5975: 5961: 5935: 5912: 5882: 5870: 5868:, pp. 199–200. 5858: 5846: 5834: 5822: 5810: 5798: 5766: 5749:NobelPrize.org 5736: 5719:NobelPrize.org 5706: 5677:(13): 2186–9. 5657: 5624: 5593: 5562: 5550: 5520: 5494: 5458: 5427: 5415: 5403: 5373: 5342: 5312: 5285: 5277:Valley Library 5250: 5233: 5201: 5189: 5156: 5144: 5124: 5094: 5062: 5031: 5019: 4984: 4954: 4905: 4860:Scientometrics 4849: 4813: 4783: 4739: 4709: 4679: 4667: 4655: 4625: 4592: 4562: 4532: 4502: 4472: 4412: 4400: 4388: 4358: 4328: 4316: 4304: 4292: 4280: 4250: 4233: 4221: 4209: 4194: 4182: 4170: 4158: 4146: 4116: 4104: 4089: 4077: 4075:, pp. 242–244. 4065: 4053: 4041: 4029: 4017: 4005: 3993: 3991:, pp. 117–118. 3981: 3969: 3958:on 4 July 2009 3937: 3919:Dagens Nyheter 3899: 3884: 3872: 3860: 3848: 3816: 3804: 3771: 3759: 3747: 3735: 3705: 3693: 3660: 3624: 3612: 3600: 3569: 3542: 3509: 3497: 3485: 3462: 3427: 3400: 3388: 3354: 3328: 3298: 3265: 3228: 3197: 3196: 3194: 3191: 3189: 3188: 3182: 3176: 3167: 3161: 3156: 3151: 3146: 3143:Ig Nobel Prize 3140: 3134: 3128: 3123: 3122: 3121: 3116: 3111: 3106: 3101: 3096: 3091: 3086: 3075: 3074: 3073: 3059: 3045: 3029: 3026: 3023: 3022: 3003: 3001: 2990: 2987: 2984: 2983: 2964: 2962: 2951: 2948: 2907:was opened in 2863: 2860: 2858: 2855: 2829:Gerhard Domagk 2775: 2772: 2763: 2760: 2715: 2712: 2696: 2693: 2545:Simon Vestdijk 2469:Corazon Aquino 2465:Sari Nusseibeh 2448:Foreign Policy 2434:Geir Lundestad 2421:Gandhi's death 2406:Mahatma Gandhi 2384:Mahatma Gandhi 2376: 2373: 2363:medical ethics 2355:Walter Freeman 2343: 2342: 2341:Science prizes 2311:Salman Rushdie 2285: 2284: 2202: 2201: 2169: 2166: 2163: 2162: 2131: 2129: 2122: 2113:Main article: 2110: 2107: 2099:Edwin McMillan 2091:Sune Bergström 2059:Paul Samuelson 2031:Hodgkin family 2027:Charles Townes 1991:Manne Siegbahn 1899: 1896: 1817: 1814: 1812: 1809: 1808: 1807: 1806: 1805: 1796: 1795: 1794: 1793: 1784: 1783: 1782: 1781: 1772: 1771: 1770: 1769: 1760: 1759: 1758: 1757: 1748: 1747: 1741: 1740: 1739: 1738: 1731:Michael Kremer 1720: 1706: 1688: 1674: 1660: 1635:Main article: 1633: 1632: 1627: 1626: 1625: 1615: 1605: 1590: 1589: 1588: 1578: 1568: 1558: 1548: 1534: 1524: 1503: 1502: 1501: 1500: 1483:Main article: 1481: 1480: 1475: 1474: 1473: 1454: 1453: 1452: 1437: 1436: 1435: 1418: 1415: 1409: 1406: 1400: 1397: 1330:Main article: 1327: 1324: 1322: 1319: 1317: 1316: 1295: 1292: 1248:Main article: 1245: 1242: 1230:King of Norway 1226:King of Sweden 1219:Oslo City Hall 1176:Yoichiro Nambu 1169: 1168: 1159: 1158: 1150: 1149: 1148: 1147: 1146: 1144: 1141: 1074: 1071: 1038: 1035: 1030: 1029: 1023: 1017: 1011: 999: 996: 991:Main article: 984: 981: 966: 952: 951: 950: 934: 920: 919: 918: 917: 916: 911: 908: 876:Main article: 873: 870: 853:Gerhard Domagk 832: 829: 825:Frédéric Passy 790:Burton Feldman 763:Philipp Lenard 725: 722: 689:and 30% other 678: 675: 551:Main article: 548: 545: 543: 540: 505:Ragnar Sohlman 377: 374: 212: 211: 202: 198: 197: 194: 190: 189: 176: 172: 171: 167:of 11 million 165:monetary award 159:A gold-plated 157: 153: 152: 150: 149: 143: 137: 131: 124: 122: 118: 117: 115: 114: 108: 101: 99: 95: 94: 67: 63: 62: 48: 40: 39: 31: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10132: 10121: 10118: 10116: 10113: 10111: 10108: 10106: 10103: 10101: 10098: 10096: 10093: 10091: 10088: 10086: 10083: 10081: 10078: 10076: 10073: 10072: 10070: 10055: 10052: 10050: 10047: 10045: 10042: 10040: 10037: 10035: 10032: 10030: 10027: 10025: 10022: 10019: 10015: 10014: 10011: 10004: 10001: 10000: 9998: 9995: 9991: 9987: 9980: 9979:Drew Weissman 9977: 9974: 9971: 9970: 9968: 9965: 9961: 9957: 9950: 9947: 9944: 9943:Ferenc Krausz 9941: 9938: 9935: 9934: 9932: 9930: 9926: 9919: 9916: 9915: 9913: 9910: 9906: 9902: 9895: 9892: 9891: 9889: 9886: 9882: 9878: 9871: 9870:Alexey Ekimov 9868: 9865: 9864:Louis E. Brus 9862: 9859: 9856: 9855: 9853: 9851: 9847: 9842: 9834: 9829: 9827: 9822: 9820: 9815: 9814: 9811: 9797: 9791: 9788: 9786: 9783: 9781: 9778: 9776: 9773: 9771: 9768: 9766: 9763: 9761: 9760:Controversies 9758: 9757: 9755: 9751: 9745: 9742: 9738: 9735: 9733: 9730: 9728: 9725: 9723: 9720: 9718: 9715: 9713: 9710: 9709: 9708: 9705: 9703: 9700: 9699: 9697: 9695:Organisations 9693: 9679: 9676: 9674: 9671: 9669: 9666: 9664: 9661: 9657: 9654: 9653: 9652: 9651: 9649: 9647: 9642: 9634: 9631: 9629: 9626: 9625: 9623: 9622: 9620: 9616: 9606: 9603: 9601: 9598: 9594: 9593:Organizations 9591: 9589: 9586: 9585: 9583: 9581: 9578: 9576: 9573: 9571: 9568: 9567: 9565: 9561: 9555: 9552: 9550: 9547: 9545: 9542: 9541: 9539: 9535: 9525: 9522: 9520: 9517: 9515: 9512: 9510: 9507: 9505: 9502: 9500: 9497: 9496: 9494: 9492: 9491:by university 9488: 9476: 9473: 9471: 9468: 9466: 9463: 9462: 9460: 9456: 9453: 9451: 9448: 9447: 9445: 9441: 9438: 9437: 9435: 9431: 9428: 9426: 9423: 9421: 9418: 9416: 9413: 9411: 9408: 9406: 9403: 9401: 9398: 9396: 9393: 9391: 9388: 9386: 9383: 9381: 9378: 9376: 9373: 9371: 9368: 9366: 9363: 9362: 9360: 9356: 9353: 9351: 9348: 9346: 9343: 9341: 9338: 9336: 9333: 9331: 9328: 9326: 9323: 9321: 9318: 9317: 9316: 9313: 9309: 9308:South African 9306: 9304: 9301: 9300: 9299: 9296: 9295: 9293: 9291: 9284: 9278: 9277:Non-religious 9275: 9273: 9270: 9268: 9265: 9263: 9260: 9258: 9255: 9253: 9250: 9248: 9245: 9243: 9240: 9239: 9237: 9229: 9223: 9220: 9218: 9215: 9213: 9210: 9208: 9205: 9203: 9200: 9198: 9195: 9194: 9192: 9188: 9182: 9179: 9175: 9172: 9171: 9169: 9168: 9166: 9164: 9160: 9155: 9145: 9142: 9140: 9137: 9135: 9132: 9130: 9127: 9125: 9122: 9120: 9117: 9116: 9114: 9110: 9104: 9101: 9099: 9096: 9095: 9092: 9088: 9081: 9076: 9074: 9069: 9067: 9062: 9061: 9058: 9052: 9049: 9045: 9040: 9037: 9032: 9028: 9027: 9023: 9019: 9004: 8958: 8954: 8950: 8944: 8940: 8939: 8934: 8933:Pais, Abraham 8930: 8929: 8910: 8906: 8900: 8896: 8895: 8889: 8885: 8879: 8875: 8871: 8867: 8862: 8858: 8854: 8850: 8838: 8834: 8828: 8824: 8823: 8817: 8805: 8801: 8795: 8792:. CRC Press. 8791: 8790: 8784: 8772: 8768: 8762: 8758: 8754: 8750: 8749: 8743: 8731: 8727: 8721: 8717: 8716: 8710: 8706: 8700: 8696: 8695: 8689: 8677: 8673: 8667: 8663: 8662: 8656: 8644: 8640: 8634: 8630: 8626: 8625: 8619: 8615: 8609: 8605: 8604: 8598: 8597: 8590: 8588: 8587: 8582: 8578: 8573: 8548: 8544: 8540: 8539: 8534: 8530: 8523: 8516: 8512: 8509: 8504: 8496: 8492: 8488: 8484: 8480: 8476: 8472: 8468: 8464: 8460: 8453: 8437: 8433: 8427: 8411: 8407: 8403: 8397: 8381: 8377: 8376: 8371: 8364: 8348: 8344: 8340: 8333: 8325: 8321: 8317: 8311: 8307: 8306: 8298: 8282: 8278: 8274: 8268: 8260: 8252: 8248: 8244: 8243: 8235: 8219: 8215: 8214: 8209: 8202: 8200: 8183: 8179: 8175: 8168: 8152: 8148: 8144: 8138: 8130: 8126: 8120: 8104: 8100: 8094: 8078: 8074: 8073: 8068: 8061: 8053: 8047: 8043: 8038: 8037: 8028: 8012: 8008: 8004: 8000: 7996: 7989: 7973: 7969: 7965: 7958: 7942: 7938: 7937: 7932: 7925: 7909: 7905: 7901: 7895: 7888: 7887: 7883: 7880: 7874: 7867: 7866: 7862: 7859: 7853: 7834: 7830: 7824: 7817: 7816: 7809: 7802: 7801: 7797: 7794: 7788: 7769: 7765: 7761: 7756: 7751: 7747: 7743: 7736: 7729: 7721: 7717: 7712: 7707: 7703: 7699: 7696:(7154): 644. 7695: 7691: 7687: 7680: 7673: 7668: 7660: 7656: 7652: 7648: 7644: 7640: 7639:Physics Today 7633: 7617: 7613: 7612: 7607: 7600: 7584: 7580: 7576: 7569: 7553: 7549: 7548: 7547:The Scientist 7543: 7536: 7529: 7524: 7516: 7512: 7511:Physics World 7508: 7501: 7485: 7481: 7477: 7471: 7455: 7451: 7447: 7443: 7439: 7435: 7431: 7424: 7408: 7404: 7400: 7394: 7378: 7374: 7370: 7364: 7348: 7344: 7340: 7334: 7327: 7322: 7306: 7302: 7298: 7292: 7276: 7272: 7268: 7261: 7245: 7241: 7240: 7235: 7228: 7212: 7208: 7202: 7197: 7196: 7187: 7171: 7167: 7163: 7157: 7150: 7145: 7129: 7125: 7121: 7114: 7098: 7094: 7090: 7083: 7076: 7071: 7055: 7051: 7047: 7040: 7038: 7030: 7025: 7009: 7005: 6998: 6996: 6979: 6975: 6972: 6965: 6958: 6953: 6937: 6933: 6927: 6911: 6907: 6903: 6896: 6880: 6876: 6870: 6854: 6850: 6846: 6840: 6824: 6820: 6816: 6809: 6793: 6789: 6785: 6779: 6763: 6759: 6758: 6753: 6747: 6732: 6728: 6724: 6720: 6713: 6697: 6693: 6687: 6671: 6667: 6663: 6656: 6648: 6636: 6632: 6631: 6626: 6620: 6604: 6600: 6596: 6590: 6574: 6570: 6566: 6559: 6543: 6539: 6535: 6528: 6521: 6516: 6509: 6504: 6497: 6492: 6476: 6472: 6468: 6461: 6454: 6449: 6442: 6437: 6421: 6417: 6413: 6406: 6390: 6386: 6385: 6380: 6373: 6366: 6361: 6354: 6349: 6333: 6329: 6325: 6319: 6303: 6299: 6295: 6289: 6273: 6269: 6263: 6247: 6243: 6239: 6233: 6217: 6213: 6209: 6202: 6195: 6190: 6174: 6170: 6166: 6160: 6144: 6140: 6139: 6134: 6127: 6111: 6107: 6103: 6099: 6098: 6093: 6087: 6071: 6067: 6066: 6061: 6055: 6040: 6034: 6030: 6029: 6021: 6014: 6009: 5993: 5989: 5985: 5979: 5964: 5958: 5954: 5949: 5948: 5939: 5932: 5927: 5925: 5923: 5921: 5919: 5917: 5900: 5896: 5892: 5886: 5879: 5874: 5867: 5862: 5855: 5850: 5843: 5838: 5831: 5826: 5819: 5814: 5807: 5802: 5786: 5782: 5777: 5770: 5754: 5750: 5746: 5740: 5724: 5720: 5716: 5710: 5702: 5698: 5694: 5690: 5685: 5680: 5676: 5672: 5668: 5661: 5642: 5635: 5628: 5612: 5608: 5604: 5597: 5581: 5577: 5573: 5566: 5559: 5554: 5538: 5534: 5530: 5524: 5508: 5504: 5498: 5479: 5475: 5468: 5462: 5446: 5442: 5438: 5431: 5424: 5419: 5412: 5407: 5391: 5387: 5383: 5377: 5361: 5357: 5353: 5346: 5330: 5326: 5322: 5316: 5300: 5296: 5289: 5282: 5278: 5274: 5270: 5269:Linus Pauling 5266: 5262: 5259: 5254: 5247: 5242: 5240: 5238: 5221: 5217: 5216: 5211: 5205: 5198: 5193: 5177: 5173: 5172: 5167: 5160: 5153: 5148: 5141: 5137: 5133: 5128: 5112: 5108: 5104: 5098: 5082: 5078: 5077: 5072: 5066: 5050: 5046: 5042: 5035: 5028: 5023: 5007: 5003: 5002: 4997: 4991: 4989: 4972: 4968: 4964: 4958: 4950: 4946: 4941: 4936: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4920: 4916: 4909: 4901: 4897: 4893: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4853: 4834: 4830: 4823: 4817: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4787: 4768: 4764: 4760: 4753: 4749: 4743: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4713: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4683: 4676: 4671: 4664: 4659: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4629: 4613: 4609: 4608: 4603: 4596: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4566: 4550: 4546: 4542: 4536: 4520: 4516: 4512: 4506: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4476: 4468: 4464: 4459: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4419: 4417: 4409: 4404: 4397: 4392: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4362: 4346: 4342: 4338: 4332: 4325: 4320: 4313: 4308: 4301: 4296: 4289: 4284: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4254: 4247: 4242: 4240: 4238: 4230: 4225: 4218: 4213: 4206: 4201: 4199: 4191: 4186: 4179: 4174: 4167: 4162: 4155: 4150: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4120: 4113: 4108: 4101: 4096: 4094: 4086: 4081: 4074: 4069: 4062: 4057: 4050: 4045: 4038: 4033: 4026: 4021: 4014: 4009: 4002: 3997: 3990: 3985: 3978: 3973: 3957: 3953: 3952: 3947: 3941: 3925: 3921: 3920: 3914: 3906: 3904: 3896: 3891: 3889: 3881: 3876: 3869: 3864: 3857: 3852: 3836: 3832: 3831: 3826: 3820: 3813: 3808: 3801: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3775: 3768: 3763: 3756: 3751: 3744: 3739: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3709: 3702: 3697: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3667: 3665: 3645: 3641: 3640: 3635: 3628: 3621: 3616: 3609: 3604: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3573: 3557: 3553: 3546: 3530: 3526: 3525: 3520: 3513: 3506: 3501: 3494: 3489: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3471: 3466: 3450: 3446: 3445: 3440: 3434: 3432: 3415: 3411: 3404: 3397: 3392: 3375: 3371: 3364: 3358: 3342: 3338: 3332: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3302: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3272: 3270: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3239: 3237: 3235: 3233: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3202: 3198: 3186: 3183: 3180: 3177: 3171: 3170:Nobel Library 3168: 3165: 3162: 3160: 3157: 3155: 3152: 3150: 3147: 3144: 3141: 3138: 3135: 3132: 3129: 3127: 3124: 3120: 3117: 3115: 3112: 3110: 3107: 3105: 3102: 3100: 3097: 3095: 3092: 3090: 3087: 3085: 3082: 3081: 3080: 3077: 3076: 3071: 3070:Sweden portal 3060: 3057: 3056:Norway portal 3046: 3043: 3032: 3019: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2999: 2995: 2994: 2980: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2960: 2956: 2955: 2947: 2945: 2944:Nobel disease 2941: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2920: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2901: 2899: 2898: 2893: 2889: 2888: 2883: 2882: 2877: 2876: 2871: 2870: 2854: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2837: 2832: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2813: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2771: 2768: 2759: 2757: 2752: 2748: 2743: 2737: 2733: 2725: 2720: 2711: 2709: 2705: 2704: 2692: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2669: 2667: 2663: 2662:Myron Scholes 2659: 2658:Fischer Black 2654: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2631: 2629: 2625: 2624:Michael Karas 2621: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2604:Koichi Tanaka 2599: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2580: 2578: 2577:Chinua Achebe 2574: 2570: 2569:Arthur Miller 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2529:Marcel Proust 2526: 2522: 2518: 2517:Anton Chekhov 2514: 2510: 2509:Peter Englund 2505: 2500: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2485: 2480: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2461:Ken Saro-Wiwa 2458: 2454: 2450: 2449: 2442: 2437: 2435: 2431: 2429: 2424: 2422: 2417: 2415: 2411: 2408:, an icon of 2407: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2385: 2381: 2372: 2370: 2369: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2340: 2339: 2338: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2303: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2282: 2281: 2280: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2245: 2240: 2237: 2236:Yitzhak Rabin 2233: 2229: 2228:Yasser Arafat 2225: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2214:North Vietnam 2211: 2207: 2199: 2198: 2197: 2195: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2174: 2159: 2149: 2145: 2139: 2137: 2132:This section 2130: 2121: 2120: 2116: 2106: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2087:Benjamin List 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2067:Frits Zernike 2064: 2063:Kenneth Arrow 2060: 2056: 2052: 2051:Gunnar Myrdal 2048: 2044: 2043:Jan Tinbergen 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2003:Ulf von Euler 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1973:and his son, 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1955:J. J. Thomson 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1931: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1895: 1893: 1889: 1884: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1849:chemical bond 1846: 1845:Linus Pauling 1842: 1838: 1837:radioactivity 1834: 1826: 1822: 1803: 1800: 1799: 1798: 1797: 1791: 1788: 1787: 1786: 1785: 1779: 1776: 1775: 1774: 1773: 1767: 1764: 1763: 1762: 1761: 1755: 1752: 1751: 1750: 1749: 1746: 1743: 1742: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1721: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1707: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1691:Gunnar Myrdal 1689: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1675: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1661: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1643: 1642: 1641: 1640: 1638: 1631: 1628: 1623: 1619: 1616: 1613: 1609: 1606: 1603: 1599: 1596: 1595: 1594: 1591: 1587:(2001, 2022). 1586: 1582: 1579: 1577:(1954, 1981). 1576: 1572: 1569: 1567:(1958, 1980). 1566: 1562: 1559: 1557:(1956, 1972). 1556: 1552: 1549: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1537:Linus Pauling 1535: 1532: 1528: 1525: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1511: 1510: 1508: 1505: 1504: 1499:, as of 2022. 1498: 1494: 1493:United States 1491: 1490: 1489: 1488: 1486: 1479: 1476: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1462:Linus Pauling 1460: 1459: 1458: 1455: 1450: 1446: 1443: 1442: 1441: 1438: 1433: 1429: 1426: 1425: 1424: 1421: 1420: 1414: 1405: 1396: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1373: 1369: 1364: 1362: 1357: 1355: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1333: 1314: 1313:Yitzhak Rabin 1310: 1309: 1308: 1304: 1302: 1294:Nobel lecture 1291: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1261: 1260:Nobel Banquet 1256: 1251: 1250:Nobel Banquet 1244:Nobel Banquet 1241: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1222: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1163: 1154: 1140: 1137: 1132: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1113:Yitzhak Rabin 1110: 1109:Yasser Arafat 1106: 1102: 1092: 1088: 1085: 1081: 1070: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1049: 1045: 1034: 1027: 1024: 1021: 1018: 1015: 1012: 1009: 1006: 1005: 1004: 994: 989: 974: 973:Peter Englund 970: 946: 942: 941:Gunnar Öquist 938: 915: 910:Award process 907: 905: 904:Ragnar Frisch 901: 900:Jan Tinbergen 897: 893: 884: 879: 869: 866: 860: 858: 854: 850: 846: 842: 838: 828: 826: 822: 818: 814: 809: 807: 803: 799: 795: 791: 787: 783: 778: 776: 772: 768: 764: 760: 756: 751: 749: 742: 738: 734: 730: 721: 719: 715: 711: 707: 702: 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 674: 672: 668: 664: 660: 656: 655:board members 652: 648: 644: 640: 636: 631: 629: 624: 620: 616: 611: 607: 604: 600: 596: 592: 588: 584: 580: 576: 571: 564: 559: 554: 539: 537: 536:King Oscar II 533: 529: 525: 521: 518:to award the 517: 512: 510: 506: 503:of the will, 502: 498: 494: 490: 486: 482: 478: 474: 470: 464: 462: 458: 454: 450: 446: 441: 439: 435: 432: 428: 424: 420: 417: 413: 409: 405: 401: 397: 393: 386: 382: 373: 369: 367: 363: 359: 356: 353:, receives a 352: 347: 345: 341: 337: 334:, endowed by 333: 329: 325: 321: 317: 313: 309: 305: 301: 297: 290: 284: 277: 273: 268: 264: 260: 256: 255: 246: 219: 209: 203: 199: 195: 191: 177: 175:First awarded 173: 170: 166: 162: 158: 154: 147: 144: 141: 138: 135: 132: 129: 126: 125: 123: 119: 112: 109: 106: 103: 102: 100: 96: 92: 88: 84: 80: 76: 72: 68: 64: 60: 56: 52: 46: 41: 36: 30: 19: 10085:Alfred Nobel 10048: 9840: 9765:Alfred Nobel 9286:by continent 9087:Nobel Prizes 9086: 8936: 8913:. Retrieved 8893: 8874:10.1142/7789 8865: 8856: 8841:. Retrieved 8821: 8808:. Retrieved 8788: 8775:. Retrieved 8759:Publishing. 8747: 8734:. Retrieved 8714: 8693: 8680:. Retrieved 8660: 8647:. Retrieved 8623: 8602: 8585: 8577:free content 8569: 8551:. Retrieved 8536: 8522: 8503: 8462: 8458: 8452: 8440:. Retrieved 8436:the original 8426: 8414:. Retrieved 8405: 8396: 8384:. Retrieved 8373: 8363: 8351:. Retrieved 8347:the original 8342: 8332: 8304: 8297: 8285:. Retrieved 8276: 8267: 8240: 8234: 8222:. Retrieved 8211: 8186:. Retrieved 8177: 8167: 8157:20 September 8155:. Retrieved 8151:the original 8137: 8129:the original 8119: 8107:. Retrieved 8093: 8081:. Retrieved 8070: 8060: 8035: 8027: 8015:. Retrieved 7999:The Guardian 7998: 7988: 7976:. Retrieved 7967: 7957: 7945:. Retrieved 7934: 7924: 7912:. Retrieved 7903: 7894: 7877: 7873: 7856: 7852: 7840:. Retrieved 7814: 7808: 7791: 7787: 7775:. Retrieved 7745: 7741: 7728: 7693: 7689: 7679: 7667: 7645:(9): 26–32. 7642: 7638: 7632: 7620:. Retrieved 7609: 7599: 7587:. Retrieved 7578: 7568: 7556:. Retrieved 7545: 7535: 7523: 7515:the original 7510: 7500: 7488:. Retrieved 7479: 7470: 7458:. Retrieved 7433: 7423: 7411:. Retrieved 7402: 7393: 7381:. Retrieved 7372: 7363: 7351:. Retrieved 7342: 7333: 7328:, pp. 56–57. 7321: 7309:. Retrieved 7301:The Guardian 7300: 7291: 7279:. Retrieved 7275:the original 7270: 7260: 7248:. Retrieved 7237: 7227: 7215:. Retrieved 7194: 7186: 7174:. Retrieved 7165: 7156: 7144: 7132:. Retrieved 7123: 7113: 7101:. Retrieved 7082: 7070: 7058:. Retrieved 7054:the original 7049: 7024: 7012:. Retrieved 6982:. Retrieved 6974:The Guardian 6973: 6964: 6952: 6940:. Retrieved 6926: 6914:. Retrieved 6906:The Guardian 6905: 6895: 6883:. Retrieved 6869: 6857:. Retrieved 6848: 6839: 6827:. Retrieved 6818: 6808: 6796:. Retrieved 6787: 6778: 6766:. Retrieved 6755: 6746: 6734:. Retrieved 6723:The Guardian 6722: 6712: 6700:. Retrieved 6695: 6686: 6674:. Retrieved 6665: 6655: 6645:– via 6639:. Retrieved 6628: 6619: 6607:. Retrieved 6598: 6589: 6577:. Retrieved 6573:the original 6568: 6558: 6546:. Retrieved 6537: 6527: 6515: 6510:, pp. 15–16. 6503: 6491: 6481:26 September 6479:. Retrieved 6471:The Guardian 6470: 6460: 6448: 6436: 6424:. Retrieved 6420:the original 6415: 6405: 6393:. Retrieved 6382: 6372: 6360: 6348: 6336:. Retrieved 6327: 6318: 6306:. Retrieved 6297: 6288: 6276:. Retrieved 6262: 6250:. Retrieved 6241: 6232: 6220:. Retrieved 6216:the original 6211: 6201: 6189: 6177:. Retrieved 6159: 6147:. Retrieved 6136: 6126: 6114:. Retrieved 6095: 6086: 6074:. Retrieved 6070:the original 6063: 6054: 6042:. Retrieved 6027: 6020: 6008: 5996:. Retrieved 5987: 5978: 5966:. Retrieved 5946: 5938: 5903:. Retrieved 5894: 5885: 5873: 5861: 5849: 5837: 5825: 5813: 5801: 5789:. Retrieved 5780: 5769: 5757:. Retrieved 5748: 5739: 5727:. Retrieved 5718: 5709: 5674: 5670: 5660: 5648:. Retrieved 5641:the original 5627: 5615:. Retrieved 5607:The Guardian 5606: 5596: 5584:. Retrieved 5576:The Guardian 5575: 5565: 5553: 5541:. Retrieved 5537:the original 5532: 5523: 5511:. Retrieved 5507:the original 5497: 5485:. Retrieved 5478:the original 5473: 5461: 5449:. Retrieved 5440: 5430: 5418: 5406: 5394:. Retrieved 5385: 5376: 5364:. Retrieved 5355: 5345: 5333:. Retrieved 5329:the original 5315: 5303:. Retrieved 5288: 5272: 5253: 5224:. Retrieved 5220:the original 5213: 5204: 5192: 5180:. Retrieved 5171:The Guardian 5169: 5159: 5154:, pp. 18–19. 5147: 5127: 5115:. Retrieved 5106: 5097: 5085:. Retrieved 5081:the original 5074: 5065: 5053:. Retrieved 5049:the original 5034: 5029:, pp. 21–23. 5022: 5010:. Retrieved 5006:the original 4999: 4975:. Retrieved 4971:the original 4957: 4922: 4918: 4908: 4863: 4859: 4852: 4840:. Retrieved 4833:the original 4816: 4804:. Retrieved 4786: 4774:. Retrieved 4767:the original 4762: 4758: 4742: 4730:. Retrieved 4721: 4712: 4700:. Retrieved 4682: 4670: 4658: 4646:. Retrieved 4628: 4616:. Retrieved 4612:the original 4605: 4595: 4583:. Retrieved 4571:"Peace 2008" 4565: 4553:. Retrieved 4535: 4523:. Retrieved 4505: 4493:. Retrieved 4484: 4475: 4432: 4429:EMBO Reports 4428: 4403: 4391: 4379:. Retrieved 4361: 4349:. Retrieved 4331: 4319: 4307: 4302:, pp. 25–28. 4295: 4283: 4271:. Retrieved 4267:the original 4253: 4224: 4212: 4207:, pp. 16–17. 4185: 4173: 4161: 4149: 4137:. Retrieved 4119: 4107: 4080: 4068: 4056: 4044: 4032: 4020: 4008: 3996: 3984: 3972: 3960:. Retrieved 3956:the original 3951:Handelsblatt 3949: 3940: 3928:. Retrieved 3917: 3897:, pp. 15–17. 3882:, pp. 17–18. 3875: 3863: 3851: 3839:. Retrieved 3828: 3819: 3807: 3799: 3792:. Retrieved 3783: 3774: 3762: 3750: 3745:, pp. 13–25. 3738: 3726:. Retrieved 3717: 3708: 3696: 3684:. Retrieved 3675: 3651:. Retrieved 3644:the original 3637: 3627: 3615: 3603: 3591:. Retrieved 3582: 3572: 3560:. Retrieved 3545: 3533:. Retrieved 3522: 3512: 3500: 3488: 3480: 3465: 3453:. Retrieved 3442: 3418:. Retrieved 3414:the original 3403: 3391: 3378:. Retrieved 3374:the original 3357: 3345:. Retrieved 3331: 3319:. Retrieved 3301: 3291:29 September 3289:. Retrieved 3280: 3256:. Retrieved 3247: 3219:. Retrieved 3210: 3201: 3131:Fields Medal 3013: 3009:adding to it 3004: 2974: 2970:adding to it 2965: 2921: 2904: 2902: 2895: 2885: 2879: 2878:(2007), and 2873: 2867: 2865: 2841: 2833: 2821:Richard Kuhn 2817:Adolf Hitler 2814: 2791: 2783:Richard Kuhn 2765: 2739: 2707: 2701: 2698: 2673:Lise Meitner 2670: 2655: 2632: 2600: 2584:Gaston Ramon 2581: 2501: 2481: 2457:Václav Havel 2446: 2444: 2439: 2432: 2425: 2418: 2403: 2366: 2344: 2307:Peter Handke 2300: 2297:Herta Müller 2293:Knut Ahnlund 2286: 2267: 2255:Jimmy Carter 2244:Barack Obama 2241: 2232:Shimon Peres 2226: 2203: 2194:Eurocentrism 2191: 2153: 2133: 2103:John Clauser 2095:Svante Pääbo 2079:Esther Duflo 1995:Kai Siegbahn 1951:John O'Keefe 1947:Edvard Moser 1932: 1912:Pierre Curie 1904:Curie family 1901: 1885: 1857:John Bardeen 1830: 1744: 1733:). Received 1729:(along with 1723:Esther Duflo 1655:). Received 1651:(along with 1649:Pierre Curie 1629: 1592: 1551:John Bardeen 1506: 1477: 1456: 1439: 1422: 1411: 1402: 1393:Nazi Germany 1381:James Franck 1377:Max von Laue 1365: 1358: 1350: 1306: 1297: 1265: 1262:in Stockholm 1223: 1195: 1184:Barack Obama 1133: 1129:Barack Obama 1121:Oslo Accords 1117:Shimon Peres 1097: 1076: 1040: 1031: 1022:– Literature 1001: 986: 913: 889: 861: 845:Richard Kuhn 837:Adolf Hitler 834: 810: 779: 767:cathode rays 752: 745: 703: 680: 647:institutions 632: 627: 603:Nobel family 591:oil business 587:Ludvig Nobel 572: 568: 513: 465: 442: 419:manufacturer 392:Alfred Nobel 390: 385:Alfred Nobel 370: 348: 300:Alfred Nobel 218:Nobel Prizes 217: 215: 142:(Literature) 121:Presented by 29: 18:Nobel Prizes 10075:Nobel Prize 9841:Nobel Prize 9588:Individuals 9290:nationality 9036:Nobel Prize 8915:18 November 8843:18 November 8810:18 November 8777:18 November 8736:18 November 8682:18 November 8649:18 November 8553:24 December 8083:12 December 8017:12 December 7978:12 December 7947:12 December 7914:12 December 7217:18 November 7176:25 February 6252:16 December 6044:25 December 5968:25 December 5650:10 February 5617:10 February 5560:, pp. 8–10. 5226:15 December 4776:27 February 4618:27 December 4495:19 February 4485:Scienceline 4435:(2): 83–5. 4381:10 February 3593:30 November 3562:30 November 3248:Nobel Prize 3211:Nobel Prize 2767:Peter Nobel 2751:gender bias 2724:Marie Curie 2647:Peter Higgs 2565:John Updike 2549:Karel Čapek 2537:James Joyce 2513:Leo Tolstoy 2504:Adam Kirsch 2489:Gunnar Jahn 2410:nonviolence 2395:James Joyce 2315:Hari Kunzru 2218:Vietnam War 2200:Peace Prize 2061:(1970) and 2055:Alva Myrdal 2007:C. V. Raman 1997:, in 1981. 1908:Marie Curie 1833:Marie Curie 1825:Marie Curie 1715:. Received 1699:Alva Myrdal 1683:. Received 1669:. Received 1645:Marie Curie 1620:; received 1610:; received 1600:; received 1543:(1954) and 1519:(1903) and 1513:Marie Curie 1468:(1954) and 1408:Award money 1341:Fritz Haber 1174:presenting 1125:controversy 983:Nominations 841:Third Reich 786:Leo Tolstoy 765:'s work on 699:real estate 695:hedge funds 691:investments 520:Peace Prize 328:sixth prize 276:Nobelprisen 263:Nobelpriset 66:Awarded for 55:Mayo Clinic 38:Nobel Prize 10069:Categories 9881:Literature 9722:Literature 9580:Literature 9563:by subject 9509:ETH Zurich 9475:Venezuelan 9440:Australian 9355:Vietnamese 9233:population 9207:Literature 9190:by subject 9129:Literature 9018:Audio help 9009:2016-11-02 8386:21 January 8353:21 January 8261:required.) 8224:21 January 8188:21 January 8109:20 October 7777:25 October 7558:28 October 7528:Levinovitz 7311:3 February 7134:4 November 7103:24 October 7060:24 October 7029:Levinovitz 7014:24 October 6976:. London. 6668:. London. 6496:Levinovitz 6338:23 October 6328:www.mpg.de 6222:24 January 6179:24 January 6149:24 January 6076:24 January 5998:28 January 5905:21 January 5791:15 January 5609:. London. 5586:15 January 5578:. London. 5513:15 January 5396:21 January 5366:21 January 5335:21 January 5215:Myntverket 5182:20 January 5174:. London. 5087:16 January 5055:16 January 5027:Levinovitz 5012:16 January 4977:16 January 4925:(7): 509. 4866:(2): 401. 4842:15 January 4648:15 January 4585:15 January 4555:15 January 4525:15 January 4396:Levinovitz 4300:Levinovitz 4217:Levinovitz 4190:Levinovitz 4178:Levinovitz 4139:15 January 4100:Levinovitz 4049:Levinovitz 4025:Levinovitz 4001:Levinovitz 3895:Levinovitz 3880:Levinovitz 3856:Levinovitz 3812:Levinovitz 3794:8 November 3743:Levinovitz 3728:7 December 3653:21 January 3535:15 January 3505:Levinovitz 3493:Levinovitz 3258:8 December 3193:References 3137:Abel Prize 2932:homeopathy 2887:Nobel Chor 2851:Liu Xiaobo 2798:Lê Đức Thọ 2730:See also: 2643:Tom Kibble 2635:Carl Hagen 2596:Otto Stern 2573:Mark Twain 2561:Ezra Pound 2525:Émile Zola 2473:Liu Xiaobo 2222:Tom Lehrer 2210:Lê Đức Thọ 2136:unbalanced 1983:Niels Bohr 1935:Gerty Cori 1861:transistor 1790:Literature 1677:Gerty Cori 1417:Statistics 1389:aqua regia 1372:green gold 1354:Myntverket 1211:auditorium 1180:Aula Magna 1105:Kofi Annan 811:The first 806:diphtheria 595:Azerbaijan 485:literature 477:physiology 423:ballistite 355:green gold 320:Literature 279:Norwegian: 206:nobelprize 185:1901-12-10 161:green gold 83:Literature 9945:(Hungary) 9894:Jon Fosse 9850:Chemistry 9843:laureates 9717:Economics 9712:Chemistry 9668:Economics 9663:Chemistry 9646:Clarivate 9618:by groups 9575:Economics 9570:Chemistry 9470:Brazilian 9465:Argentine 9436:Oceanian 9385:Hungarian 9361:European 9350:Pakistani 9252:Christian 9202:Economics 9197:Chemistry 9163:Laureates 9124:Economics 9119:Chemistry 8697:. Corgi. 8479:0963-6625 8343:The Times 8324:450899218 8007:0261-3077 7750:CiteSeerX 7490:7 January 7460:7 January 7450:165001434 7413:7 January 7383:7 January 7353:7 January 7199:. Hurst. 6731:0261-3077 6676:6 January 6666:The Times 6609:9 October 6569:The Times 6498:, p. 183. 6455:, p. 315. 6443:, p. 219. 6416:The Times 6355:, p. xiv. 6106:0140-0460 6097:The Times 6065:The Times 5933:, p. 405. 5880:, p. 313. 5856:, p. 149. 5832:, p. 222. 5808:, p. 180. 5533:The Local 5487:6 October 5413:, p. 397. 5140:0031-8213 5076:The Local 5001:The Local 4878:CiteSeerX 4873:0808.2517 4732:31 August 4702:31 August 4665:, p. 330. 4449:1469-221X 4398:, p. 125. 4351:8 October 4180:, p. 207. 4168:, p. 343. 4087:, p. 233. 4051:, p. 144. 4039:, p. 205. 4015:, p. 118. 3979:, p. 134. 3757:, pp. 7–8 3455:3 October 3420:9 October 3321:6 October 3221:4 October 2875:Nobel Son 2869:The Prize 2834:In 1958, 2819:hindered 2681:Otto Hahn 2608:John Fenn 2553:New World 2441:question. 2404:Although 2148:talk page 1987:Aage Bohr 1959:electrons 1853:structure 1766:Chemistry 1701:received 1693:received 1681:Carl Cori 1268:Blue Hall 1059:Economics 998:Selection 967:The 2009 804:to treat 802:antitoxin 710:symposium 599:historian 501:executors 473:chemistry 459:, from a 416:armaments 396:Stockholm 312:Chemistry 272:Norwegian 156:Reward(s) 87:Economics 75:Chemistry 9951:(France) 9939:(France) 9896:(Norway) 9537:Nominees 9450:American 9405:Romanian 9340:Japanese 9325:Filipino 9303:Egyptian 9020: · 8935:(1983). 8909:Archived 8855:(1983). 8837:Archived 8804:Archived 8771:Archived 8730:Archived 8676:Archived 8643:Archived 8547:Archived 8511:Archived 8495:19223540 8487:29720058 8442:31 March 8410:Archived 8380:Archived 8281:Archived 8218:Archived 8182:Archived 8103:Archived 8077:Archived 8011:Archived 7972:Archived 7941:Archived 7908:Archived 7904:CBC News 7882:Archived 7861:Archived 7833:Archived 7796:Archived 7768:Archived 7720:17687300 7622:18 March 7616:Archived 7583:Archived 7552:Archived 7530:, p. 61. 7484:Archived 7454:Archived 7407:Archived 7377:Archived 7347:Archived 7305:Archived 7250:31 March 7244:Archived 7211:Archived 7170:Archived 7128:Archived 7097:Archived 7008:Archived 6984:31 March 6978:Archived 6936:Archived 6910:Archived 6879:Archived 6859:31 March 6853:Archived 6823:Archived 6792:Archived 6788:BBC News 6768:18 March 6762:Archived 6696:BBC News 6670:Archived 6635:Archived 6603:Archived 6542:Archived 6475:Archived 6389:Archived 6367:, p. 65. 6332:Archived 6302:Archived 6272:Archived 6246:Archived 6196:, p. 406 6173:Archived 6143:Archived 6116:11 April 6110:Archived 5992:Archived 5899:Archived 5895:BBC News 5844:, p. 84. 5820:, p. 78. 5785:Archived 5753:Archived 5723:Archived 5701:30015190 5693:17077294 5611:Archived 5580:Archived 5451:12 March 5445:Archived 5425:, p. 18. 5390:Archived 5360:Archived 5299:Archived 5261:Archived 5176:Archived 5111:Archived 4949:21378920 4900:23293903 4800:Archived 4798:. 1983. 4726:Archived 4722:BBC News 4696:Archived 4677:, p. 27. 4642:Archived 4579:Archived 4549:Archived 4519:Archived 4489:Archived 4467:11258715 4410:, p. 25. 4375:Archived 4345:Archived 4290:, p. 52. 4248:, p. 315 4231:, p. 15. 4219:, p. 26. 4192:, p. 20. 4156:, p. 23. 4133:Archived 4114:, p. 85. 4063:, p. 69. 4027:, p. 81. 4013:Crawford 4003:, p. 77. 3962:19 March 3930:18 March 3924:Archived 3870:, p. 16. 3858:, p. 15. 3841:18 March 3835:Archived 3814:, p. 14. 3788:Archived 3767:Crawford 3722:Archived 3680:Archived 3610:, p. 13. 3587:Archived 3556:Archived 3529:Archived 3507:, p. 11. 3473:Archived 3449:Archived 3444:CBC News 3380:29 March 3341:Archived 3315:Archived 3285:Archived 3252:Archived 3215:Archived 3028:See also 3016:May 2024 2977:May 2024 2881:The Wife 2872:(1963), 2862:Cultural 2156:May 2024 1697:(1974), 1399:Diplomas 1288:Storting 1238:Oscar II 1232:and the 671:auditors 663:trustees 659:deputies 643:trustees 532:statutes 493:Storting 481:medicine 445:obituary 438:dynamite 408:inventor 404:engineer 351:laureate 9929:Physics 9753:Related 9727:Physics 9673:Physics 9600:Physics 9549:Couples 9455:Mexican 9420:Swedish 9415:Spanish 9410:Russian 9395:Italian 9365:Belgian 9335:Israeli 9320:Chinese 9298:African 9242:Bengali 9217:Physics 9181:by year 9139:Physics 9007: ( 8978:minutes 8957:8195995 8566:Sources 8416:28 July 7698:Bibcode 7647:Bibcode 7326:Feldman 7281:2 April 6957:Feldman 6942:28 June 6916:28 June 6885:28 June 6829:1 April 6798:1 April 6641:1 April 6599:Reuters 6548:1 April 6508:Feldman 6395:9 March 6365:Feldman 6308:9 March 6194:Feldman 6015:, p. 91 6013:Gribbin 5931:Feldman 5878:Feldman 5830:Feldman 5806:Feldman 5759:29 July 5543:12 June 5411:Feldman 5386:Reuters 5305:2 April 5248:, p. 2. 5246:Feldman 4927:Bibcode 4806:11 June 4458:1083830 4288:Feldman 4273:3 March 4246:Feldman 4205:Feldman 4166:Feldman 4112:Wilhelm 4102:, p. 23 4073:Feldman 4061:Feldman 4037:Feldman 3977:Feldman 3868:Feldman 3769:, p. 1. 3703:, p. 7. 3686:14 June 3622:, p. 7. 3620:Sohlman 3608:Sohlman 3495:, p. 5. 3398:, p. 8. 3347:25 June 2917:Ukraine 2616:protein 2484:U Thant 2273:Myanmar 2263:liberal 2259:Al Gore 2247:in 2009 2142:Please 2134:may be 1873:insulin 1754:Physics 1737:(2019). 1719:(2014). 1705:(1982). 1687:(1947). 1673:(1935). 1659:(1903). 1624:(2011). 1614:(1961). 1604:(1931). 1547:(1962). 1523:(1911). 1472:(1962). 1451:(2019). 1434:(2014). 1361:obverse 1345:ammonia 1270:at the 1213:of the 1190:in 2009 1170:Right: 1028:– Peace 606:archive 469:physics 434:lawsuit 427:cordite 400:chemist 376:History 362:diploma 308:Physics 296:Swedish 259:Swedish 201:Website 183: ( 148:(Peace) 98:Country 71:Physics 9920:(Iran) 9656:Female 9624:Peace 9584:Peace 9400:Polish 9375:German 9370:Danish 9345:Korean 9330:Indian 9272:Muslim 9262:Jewish 9257:Female 9112:Prizes 8955: 8945: 8901: 8880: 8829: 8796: 8763: 8722: 8701: 8668: 8635: 8610: 8493: 8485: 8477: 8322: 8312: 8287:22 May 8255: 8072:Medium 8048: 8005: 7968:Quartz 7825: 7752: 7748:: 73. 7718: 7690:Nature 7589:8 June 7448: 7434:Nature 7203: 7075:Abrams 6736:7 June 6729: 6702:7 June 6579:25 May 6520:Abrams 6453:Abrams 6441:Abrams 6426:25 May 6353:Abrams 6298:News18 6278:5 July 6104: 6035: 5959: 5955:–110. 5866:Abrams 5854:Abrams 5842:Abrams 5818:Shalev 5729:13 May 5699: 5691: 5558:Abrams 5423:Abrams 5275:, the 5152:Abrams 5138: 5117:5 June 4947: 4898: 4880: 4675:Abrams 4663:Abrams 4465: 4455: 4447: 4408:Abrams 4326:, p. 9 4324:Abrams 4314:, p. 8 4312:Abrams 4229:Abrams 4154:Abrams 3755:Abrams 3701:Abrams 3396:Shalev 2913:Dnipro 2857:Impact 2827:, and 2714:Gender 2703:Nature 2641:, and 2551:, the 2493:UNICEF 2471:, and 2327:Turkey 2325:, and 2323:Kosovo 2265:bias. 2234:, and 1928:UNICEF 1841:radium 1326:Medals 1321:Prizes 1115:, and 851:, and 759:X-rays 706:kronor 693:(e.g. 685:, 20% 683:shares 628:kronor 583:Robert 497:Norway 487:, and 449:Ludvig 412:Bofors 406:, and 336:Sweden 322:, and 111:Norway 105:Sweden 10049:2023 9905:Peace 9839:2023 9554:Women 9430:Welsh 9425:Swiss 9390:Irish 9380:Greek 9315:Asian 9247:Black 9235:group 9212:Peace 9134:Peace 8593:Books 8491:S2CID 8178:Slate 7842:3 May 7836:(PDF) 7819:(PDF) 7771:(PDF) 7738:(PDF) 7446:S2CID 7239:Slate 6757:Today 5697:S2CID 5644:(PDF) 5637:(PDF) 5481:(PDF) 5470:(PDF) 4896:S2CID 4868:arXiv 4836:(PDF) 4825:(PDF) 4770:(PDF) 4755:(PDF) 4085:Leroy 3989:Leroy 3647:(PDF) 3366:(PDF) 2847:Burma 2685:Nazis 2019:Roger 1802:Peace 1368:carat 741:X-ray 687:bonds 649:. An 489:peace 358:medal 324:Peace 91:Peace 32:Award 10054:2024 10044:2022 10039:2021 10034:2020 10029:2019 10024:2018 9994:2023 9964:2023 9909:2023 9885:2023 9288:and 8953:OCLC 8943:ISBN 8917:2020 8899:ISBN 8878:ISBN 8845:2020 8827:ISBN 8812:2020 8794:ISBN 8779:2020 8761:ISBN 8755:and 8738:2020 8720:ISBN 8699:ISBN 8684:2020 8666:ISBN 8651:2020 8633:ISBN 8608:ISBN 8555:2020 8483:PMID 8475:ISSN 8444:2015 8418:2012 8388:2010 8355:2010 8320:OCLC 8310:ISBN 8289:2022 8226:2010 8190:2010 8159:2021 8111:2014 8085:2018 8046:ISBN 8019:2018 8003:ISSN 7980:2018 7949:2018 7916:2018 7844:2017 7823:ISBN 7779:2017 7716:PMID 7624:2019 7591:2010 7560:2006 7492:2017 7462:2017 7415:2017 7385:2017 7355:2017 7313:2010 7283:2010 7252:2010 7219:2020 7201:ISBN 7178:2014 7136:2022 7105:2020 7062:2020 7016:2020 6986:2010 6944:2022 6918:2022 6887:2022 6861:2010 6831:2010 6800:2010 6770:2019 6738:2024 6727:ISSN 6704:2024 6678:2022 6643:2010 6611:2009 6581:2010 6550:2010 6483:2020 6428:2010 6397:2010 6340:2021 6310:2020 6280:2017 6254:2021 6224:2010 6181:2010 6151:2010 6118:2022 6102:ISSN 6078:2010 6046:2012 6033:ISBN 6000:2015 5970:2012 5957:ISBN 5907:2010 5793:2010 5761:2020 5731:2020 5689:PMID 5652:2010 5619:2010 5588:2010 5545:2012 5515:2010 5489:2014 5453:2010 5398:2010 5368:2010 5337:2010 5307:2010 5228:2007 5184:2010 5136:ISSN 5119:2017 5089:2010 5057:2010 5014:2010 4979:2010 4945:PMID 4844:2010 4808:2010 4778:2008 4734:2022 4704:2022 4692:CNBC 4650:2010 4620:2008 4587:2010 4557:2010 4527:2010 4497:2010 4463:PMID 4445:ISSN 4383:2010 4353:2012 4275:2010 4141:2010 3964:2019 3932:2019 3843:2019 3796:2021 3730:2015 3688:2017 3655:2010 3595:2023 3564:2023 3537:2021 3524:Time 3457:2011 3422:2010 3382:2018 3349:2018 3323:2022 3293:2023 3260:2020 3223:2021 2742:STEM 2734:and 2706:and 2675:and 2649:and 2622:and 2606:and 2313:and 2257:and 2208:and 2186:1973 2077:and 1945:and 1937:and 1902:The 1379:and 1123:. A 902:and 865:Oslo 761:and 610:Baku 585:and 579:will 573:The 563:will 453:will 330:for 326:. A 251:noh- 216:The 208:.org 89:and 49:The 9644:by 8870:doi 8467:doi 8247:doi 8213:CNN 8042:137 7760:doi 7706:doi 7694:448 7655:doi 7438:doi 5953:108 5679:doi 4935:doi 4888:doi 4453:PMC 4437:doi 3011:. 2972:. 2614:in 2555:'s 2184:in 939:by 839:'s 697:or 593:in 495:in 479:or 366:SEK 253:BEL 169:SEK 57:in 10071:: 9231:by 8976:30 8951:. 8907:. 8876:. 8835:. 8802:. 8769:. 8751:. 8728:. 8674:. 8641:. 8631:. 8545:. 8535:. 8489:. 8481:. 8473:. 8463:27 8461:. 8408:. 8404:. 8378:. 8372:. 8341:. 8318:. 8279:. 8275:. 8216:. 8210:. 8198:^ 8180:. 8176:. 8075:. 8069:. 8044:. 8009:. 8001:. 7997:. 7970:. 7966:. 7939:. 7933:. 7902:. 7831:. 7766:. 7758:. 7744:. 7740:. 7714:. 7704:. 7692:. 7688:. 7653:. 7643:50 7641:. 7608:. 7581:. 7577:. 7550:. 7544:. 7509:. 7482:. 7478:. 7452:. 7444:. 7436:. 7432:. 7405:. 7401:. 7375:. 7371:. 7345:. 7341:. 7299:. 7269:. 7242:. 7236:. 7209:. 7168:. 7164:. 7126:. 7122:. 7095:. 7091:. 7048:. 7036:^ 6994:^ 6908:. 6904:. 6847:. 6821:. 6817:. 6786:. 6754:. 6725:. 6721:. 6694:. 6664:. 6627:. 6597:. 6567:. 6540:. 6536:. 6473:. 6469:. 6414:. 6381:. 6330:. 6326:. 6296:. 6240:. 6210:. 6141:. 6135:. 6108:. 6100:. 6094:. 6062:. 5990:. 5986:. 5915:^ 5897:. 5893:. 5779:. 5751:. 5747:. 5721:. 5717:. 5695:. 5687:. 5675:20 5673:. 5669:. 5605:. 5574:. 5531:. 5472:. 5443:. 5439:. 5384:. 5358:. 5354:. 5279:, 5236:^ 5168:. 5109:. 5105:. 5073:. 5043:. 4998:. 4987:^ 4965:. 4943:. 4933:. 4921:. 4917:. 4894:. 4886:. 4876:. 4864:82 4862:. 4827:. 4794:. 4763:78 4761:. 4757:. 4720:. 4690:. 4640:. 4636:. 4604:. 4577:. 4573:. 4547:. 4543:. 4517:. 4513:. 4483:. 4461:. 4451:. 4443:. 4431:. 4427:. 4415:^ 4369:. 4339:. 4261:. 4236:^ 4197:^ 4131:. 4127:. 4092:^ 3902:^ 3887:^ 3827:. 3798:. 3782:. 3720:. 3716:. 3678:. 3674:. 3663:^ 3636:. 3585:. 3581:. 3554:. 3527:. 3521:. 3479:. 3441:. 3430:^ 3368:. 3339:. 3313:. 3309:. 3283:. 3279:. 3268:^ 3246:. 3231:^ 3213:. 3209:. 2946:. 2934:, 2915:, 2900:. 2823:, 2812:. 2691:. 2637:, 2630:. 2579:. 2571:, 2567:, 2563:, 2559:, 2547:, 2543:, 2539:, 2535:, 2531:, 2527:, 2523:, 2519:, 2515:, 2467:, 2463:, 2459:, 2455:, 2337:. 2321:, 2230:, 1981:. 1969:. 1883:. 1867:. 1725:, 1711:, 1679:, 1665:, 1647:, 1495:; 1311:— 1111:, 847:, 777:. 720:. 673:. 538:. 483:, 475:, 471:, 402:, 318:, 314:, 310:, 274:: 270:; 261:: 257:; 230:oʊ 85:, 81:, 77:, 73:, 9996:) 9992:( 9966:) 9962:( 9911:) 9907:( 9887:) 9883:( 9832:e 9825:t 9818:v 9079:e 9072:t 9065:v 9024:) 9016:( 9011:) 8980:) 8973:( 8959:. 8919:. 8886:. 8872:: 8847:. 8814:. 8781:. 8740:. 8707:. 8686:. 8653:. 8616:. 8557:. 8497:. 8469:: 8446:. 8420:. 8390:. 8357:. 8326:. 8291:. 8253:. 8249:: 8228:. 8192:. 8161:. 8113:. 8087:. 8054:. 8021:. 7982:. 7951:. 7918:. 7846:. 7781:. 7762:: 7746:6 7722:. 7708:: 7700:: 7661:. 7657:: 7649:: 7626:. 7593:. 7562:. 7494:. 7464:. 7440:: 7417:. 7387:. 7357:. 7315:. 7285:. 7254:. 7221:. 7180:. 7138:. 7107:. 7064:. 7018:. 6988:. 6946:. 6920:. 6889:. 6863:. 6833:. 6802:. 6772:. 6740:. 6706:. 6680:. 6649:. 6613:. 6583:. 6552:. 6485:. 6430:. 6399:. 6342:. 6312:. 6282:. 6256:. 6226:. 6183:. 6153:. 6120:. 6080:. 6048:. 6002:. 5972:. 5909:. 5795:. 5763:. 5733:. 5703:. 5681:: 5654:. 5621:. 5590:. 5547:. 5517:. 5491:. 5455:. 5400:. 5370:. 5339:. 5309:. 5230:. 5186:. 5142:. 5121:. 5091:. 5059:. 5016:. 4981:. 4951:. 4937:: 4929:: 4923:1 4902:. 4890:: 4870:: 4846:. 4810:. 4780:. 4736:. 4706:. 4652:. 4622:. 4589:. 4559:. 4529:. 4499:. 4469:. 4439:: 4433:2 4385:. 4355:. 4277:. 4143:. 3966:. 3934:. 3845:. 3732:. 3690:. 3657:. 3597:. 3566:. 3539:. 3459:. 3424:. 3386:| 3384:. 3351:. 3325:. 3295:. 3262:. 3225:. 3018:) 3014:( 2979:) 2975:( 2158:) 2154:( 2150:. 2140:. 245:/ 242:l 239:ɛ 236:b 233:ˈ 227:n 224:/ 220:( 187:) 93:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index