Nomination and confirmation to the Supreme Court of the United States

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average length of vacancies since 1900. The average duration of the 10 Supreme Court vacancies since 1991—from a justice's departure date to the swearing-in of their successor—has been 70 days. Three of these vacancies lasted for less than a day each, as the successor was sworn in the same day the retiring justice officially left office. The longest vacancy during this time frame, and the longest since the Supreme Court was expanded to nine members in 1869, was the 422-day vacancy between the death of Antonin Scalia on February 13, 2016, and the swearing-in of Neil Gorsuch on April 10, 2017. Overall, it was the eighth-longest vacancy period in U.S. Supreme Court history. The longest vacancy lasted 841 days, from the death on April 21, 1844, of

459:(1778). The president, he asserted, should have the sole power to nominate because "one man of discernment is better fitted to analyze and estimate the peculiar qualities adapted to particular offices, than a body of men of equal, or perhaps even of superior discernment." And, requiring the cooperation of the Senate would, he contended, "have a powerful, though, in general, a silent operation. It would be an excellent check upon a spirit of favoritism in the President, and would tend greatly to preventing the appointment of unfit characters from State prejudice, from family connection, from personal attachment, or from a view to popularity. In addition to this, it would be an efficacious source of stability in the administration." 1297: 2172: 795: 6292: 40: 1321:, including to the Supreme Court, expire at the end of the next Senate session. To continue to serve thereafter, the appointee must be formally nominated by the president and confirmed by the Senate. Through the late 1800s, the Senate was in recess for long periods of time, and so this clause enabled the president to keep the functions of government running in the meantime, but without completely bypassing the system of checks and balances. As the Senate now remains in session nearly year-round, this recess appointment power has lost its original necessity and usefulness. 893: 1820: 1805: 775:, for associate justice in 1941. Byrnes is the most recent Supreme Court nominee confirmed by the Senate without being reviewed first by a committee. Under the present procedures, the committee conducts hearings, examining the background of the nominee, and questioning him or her about their work experiences, views on a variety of constitutional issues and their general judicial philosophy. The committee also hears testimony from various outside witnesses, both supporting and opposing the nomination. Among them is the 547: 6926: 6938: 570:) nor does it describe the intellectual or temperamental qualities that justices should possess. As a result, each president has had their own criteria for selecting individuals to fill Supreme Court vacancies. While specific motives vary from president to president and situation to situation, the motivations behind the choices made can be grouped into two general categories: professional qualifications criteria and political / public policy criteria. 6915: 640: 2310: 1264:, waives the rule. The president must submit a new nomination when the Senate returns in the new session or following its extended recess if the president still desires Senate consideration of a returned nomination. Eisenhower re-nominated John Harlan in January 1955, when the new Congress convened. Obama's successor, Donald Trump, nominated Neil Gorsuch to fill the Scalia vacancy shortly after 515:, before selecting a nominee,. In doing so, potential problems a nominee may face during confirmation can be addressed in advance. This can also be an opportunity for senators to advise the president, though the president is not obliged to take their advice on whom to nominate, neither does the Senate have the authority to set qualifications or otherwise limit who the president may select. 1242:(1850–1853). In modern time, the decision in 2016 by Senate leadership to take no action on the Garland nomination was unique, and received significant push back from scholars and in public opinion challenging whether their refusal to meaningfully consider a duly nominated and well qualified individual contravened their Appointments Clause responsibility to "advise and consent". 896: 895: 900: 899: 894: 901: 401:

Senate vote has been about 55 days. Presidents generally select a nominee a few weeks after a vacancy occurs or a retirement is announced. The number of hours each nominee has spent before the Senate Judiciary Committee for public testimony has varied; the six nominees who have appeared before the committee since 2005 spent between 17 and

898: 534:, their guide through the process. When ready, the president publicly announces the selection, with the nominee present. Shortly thereafter, the nomination then is formally submitted to the Senate. Once that has been done, it is customary for a nominee to meet with senators while also preparing for confirmation hearings. 397:

questions, and concluding with a committee decision on what recommendation to make to the full Senate (favorable, unfavorable or no recommendation). Once that recommendation is reported to the Senate, floor debate can begin ahead of a confirmation vote. A simple majority vote is needed for confirmation.

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Like Carter, presidents Monroe, Cleveland, F. Roosevelt and G. W. Bush did not have a Supreme Court nominee confirmed during their first term either, as no vacancies occurred, though each did during their second term. Others have also gone a full 4-year term without having an opportunity to appoint a

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There has been considerable variation in the duration of Supreme Court vacancies since the first occurred in 1791. Vacancies on the Court generally lasted for longer periods of time prior to the 20th century. In fact, vacancies prior to 1900 lasted an average of 165 days, which is more than twice the

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The widening of the partisan divide over judicial nominations corresponds with the prolongation of the confirmation process. From the establishment of the Supreme Court up to the early 1950s, the process of approving justices was usually rapid. The average time between nomination and confirmation was

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At the close of hearings, the committee votes on whether a nomination should go to the full Senate. Historically, it sends nominations with a favorable or unfavorable report or with no recommendation. It has been the committee's typical practice to report even those nominations that were opposed by a

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Most presidents have intentionally sought out nominees with solid legal qualifications, persons with a distinguished reputation or expertise in a particular area of the law, or who is highly regarded for their public service. As a result, many nominees have had prior experience as lower court judges,

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As the president considers who to nominate, formal investigations into the backgrounds of prospective nominees are conducted. In recent decades this process has involved both an inquiry into the public record and professional credentials of persons under consideration, and an inquiry into the private

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The ability of a president to appoint a new justice depends on the occurrence of a vacancy on the Court. Because justices have indefinite tenure, vacancies, and thus appointments, occur unevenly. Sometimes vacancies arise in quick succession. The shortest period of time between vacancies occurred in

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of the Constitution provides that justices "shall hold their offices during good behavior", which is understood to mean that they may serve for the remainder of their lives, until death; furthermore, the phrase is generally interpreted to mean that the only way justices can be removed from office is

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and expressed their opposition when Stone was nominated. Stone proposed what was then the novelty of appearing before the Judiciary Committee to answer questions; his testimony helped secure a confirmation vote with very little opposition. The second nominee to appear before the Judiciary Committee,

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The committee's practice of personally interviewing nominees is a relatively recent development. The first recorded instance in which formal hearings are known to have been held on a Supreme Court nominee by a Senate committee were held by the Judiciary Committee in December 1873, on the nomination

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The partisan divide over judicial nominations can also be seen in both the referral and the confirmation vote margins received by nominees over the past few decades. Since the 1990s, the votes by which the Judiciary Committee refers nominations to the full Senate have frequently fallen along party

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Once the committee reports out the nomination, it is put before the full Senate for final consideration. A simple majority vote is required to confirm or to reject a nominee. Historically, such rejections are relatively uncommon. Of the 37 unsuccessful Supreme Court nominations since 1789, only 11

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The Appointments Clause does not tell the Senate how to assess Supreme Court nominees. As a result, the Senate has developed, and modified over time, its own set of practices and criteria for examining nominees and their fitness to serve on the bench. Nominees are, generally speaking, examined on:

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An additional consideration is age; the younger the person, the longer they could conceivably serve on the Court. Presidents have generally selected persons who are in their late 40s or 50s, old enough to have the requisite experience yet young enough to impact the makeup of the court for decades.

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How quickly a president selects a nominee has varied from president to president and from instance to instance. For the 14 vacancies since 1975 that required only one nomination prior to being filled, the average length of time between the date it was publicly known that a justice was leaving the

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and recommending of potential Supreme Court nominees. In practice, the task of conducting background research on and preparing profiles of possible candidates for the Supreme Court is among the first taken on by an incoming president's staff, vacancy or not. As there was a Supreme Court vacancy at

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Since the mid-1950s, most justices (80%) have left office through (resigning into) retirement. Beginning in 1869, qualifying justices have been able to retire on a pension; currently any justice who is 65 and has served 15 years on the bench can retire with a full salary. In contrast, resignation

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Though Supreme Court nominations have historically been intertwined with the political battles of the day, there is a perception that the confirmation process has become more partisan over the past several decades. The 1987 battle over Robert Bork's nomination is viewed as a pivotal event in the

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associate justice for the Court's top post. If the chief justice nominee is confirmed, the chief justice must resign as an associate justice to assume the new position. The president then selects a new nominee to fill the now-vacant associate justice seat. Three persons have served as Associate

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to become chief justice (after the committee had reported the nomination to the Senate with a favorable recommendation). Two days of closed-door hearings were held to review documents and hear testimony from witnesses about a controversy that had arisen about the nominee. Opposition to Williams

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The process for replacing a Supreme Court justice attracts considerable public attention and is closely scrutinized. Typically, the whole process takes several months, but it can be, and on occasion has been, completed more quickly. Since the mid 1950s, the average time from nomination to final

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Due to the randomness of vacancies, some presidents had several opportunities to make many Supreme Court appointments, while others had few or even none. George Washington made 14 nominations, 10 of which were confirmed, during his two terms in office, and Franklin D. Roosevelt appointed eight

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before being considered by the full Senate. Since the late 1960s, the committee's examination of a Supreme Court nominee almost always has consisted of three parts: a pre-hearing investigation, followed by public hearings in which both the nominee and other witnesses make statements and answer

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to the death of William Rehnquist). On average a new justice joins the Court about every two years. Variables such as age, tenure, health, potential longevity and personal finances impact retirement decisions, as do considerations about whether the incumbent president—who would appoint their

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adopted eight articles of impeachment against Chase; however, he was acquitted by the Senate, and remained in office until his death in 1811. This failed impeachment was, according to William Rehnquist, "enormously important in securing the kind of judicial independence contemplated by" the

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in October 1958. No president since has made a recess appointment to the Supreme Court. In 1960 the Senate passed a non-binding resolution stating that it was the sense of the Senate that recess appointments to the Supreme Court should not be made except under unusual circumstances.

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legal scholars, or private practitioners, or have served as Members of Congress, as federal administrators, or as governors. Even though neither the Constitution nor federal law requires that a Supreme Court justice be a lawyer, every person nominated to the Court to date has been.

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in July 1795. Rutledge is the only recess-appointed justice not subsequently confirmed by the Senate, rejected December 1795. Later, during the 1800s, seven presidents made one recess appointment each. More recently, Dwight D. Eisenhower made three: Earl Warren in October 1953,

2298:. Specifically, 38 of the 57 justices (two-thirds) appointed prior to 1900 died in office. But since that time it has been less frequent for vacancies on the Court to be created by the death of a justice – about one third. The most recent justice to die while in office was 2340:. If Congress were to increase the size of the Court, the president would then have an opportunity to nominate a person (or persons) to the new seat(s). Congress has increased the size of the Court on five occasions; on two other occasions it has reduced the Court's size. 1233:

it, effectively eliminating any prospect of the person's confirmation. Though frequently attempted over the years, a successful vote to table a nomination has been a rare occurrence. Even so, this procedure was successfully used to block several nominees of presidents

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as chief justice. After four days of debate, a cloture motion fell short of the necessary two-thirds majority to cut off debate. President Lyndon Johnson withdrew the nomination soon afterward. Fortas remained on the Court as an associate justice. More recently, in

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The 1866 act provided that the Court's size would be thinned from ten to seven through attrition, and did result in the elimination of two seats while in effect; an 1869 act forestalled any further reduction by setting the Court's size at nine, where it remains

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The Judiciary Committee has the prerogative to take no action on a nomination. For example, it did not act upon President Dwight Eisenhower's first nomination of John Marshall Harlan II in November 1954, as it was made one month prior to the adjournment of the

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was forwarded with a unanimous recommendation, but only because all the committee's Democrats boycotted the proceedings. Likewise, confirmation votes are increasingly falling nearly along party lines. The last justice to be confirmed by a unanimous vote was

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Once the Senate has taken final action on a nomination, the secretary of the Senate attests to a resolution of confirmation or rejection and sends it to the president. After receiving a resolution of confirmation, the president may then sign and deliver a

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and John Marshall Harlan II left within days of each other. On the other hand, sometimes several years pass between vacancies. The longest period of time between vacancies was 12 years, from 1811 to 1823 (from the death of Samuel Chase to the death of

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of 1866, which provided for the gradual elimination of seats on the Supreme Court until there would be seven justices, nullified a pending Supreme Court nomination and prevented Andrew Johnson from appointing a justice during the remainder of his

632:. When nominated, he was not well known and had no paper trail whatsoever. Many pundits and politicians at the time expected Souter to be a conservative; however, after becoming a justice, his opinions generally fell on the liberal side of the 2862:

Kavanaugh testified for more than 32 hours during the initial September 4–7, 2018 public hearing on his nomination. He then also testified for several hours in public on September 27, 2018, on sexual-misconduct allegations made against him by

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in 2005 to succeed Sandra Day O'Connor, who had announced her intention to retire. The nomination was never fully embraced by the president's own party, and Bush withdrew it before Committee hearings had begun. Bush had previously nominated

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The table below notes the approximate number of hours that media sources estimate Supreme Court nominees since 2005 (excluding those whose nomination was withdrawn) have spent before the Senate Judiciary Committee for public testimony.

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senators threatened to block Harlan's confirmation, hence the decision to testify. Nearly all nominees since Harlan have appeared before the Judiciary Committee. Nominees during the 1950s and through the 1970s were often questioned

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A president has the prerogative to withdraw a nomination at any point during the process, typically doing so if it becomes clear that the Senate will reject the nominee. This occurred most recently with President George W. Bush's

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plays a key role in the confirmation process, as nearly every Supreme Court nomination since 1868 has come before it for review. Among the nominations since then that were not referred to the committee for review were those of:

1280:, which is used for every federal and state officeholder below the president, and the judicial oath used for all federal judges. The general practice in recent decades has been to hold the oath ceremony at either the 6975: 6593: 212: 2934:

The 1801 act called for the Court to be reduced to five justices upon its next vacancy, but was promptly repealed by an 1802 act which restored the Court's legal size to six before any such vacancy occurred.

663:

established this practice, intentionally combining geography with his other considerations when making judicial and other appointments. Of his first six Supreme court appointments in 1789, two were from the

2836: 1159: 6732: 6632: 275: 811:

intensified, and the president withdrew the nomination in January 1874. The committee did not hold hearings on another Supreme Court nominee until February 1916, when intense opposition arose against

6583: 240: 6627: 270: 6846: 6772: 5012: 7123: 6767: 6762: 6757: 6752: 6747: 6742: 6737: 263: 6598: 1801:. Much of the proceedings around the hearings for Ketanji Brown Jackson in 2022 focused on those prior battles and which party should be blamed for politicizing the confirmation process. 227: 7149: 6968: 7118: 6620: 6603: 256: 222: 862:; few hearings involved extended questions and comments from committee members. They were not lengthy either, as nominees typically only spent a few hours in front of the committee. 843:

in 1939, who only addressed what he considered to be slanderous allegations against him. The modern practice of the committee questioning nominees on their judicial views began with

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Under Senate rules, nominations still pending when the Senate adjourns at the end of a session or recesses for more than 30 days are returned to the president unless the Senate, by

5524: 4002: 6834: 6718: 296: 6961: 6608: 217: 715:, to the Court. Eisenhower sought a Catholic to appoint—in part because there had been no Catholic justice since 1949, and in part because Eisenhower was directly lobbied by 7108: 6728: 6615: 2831: 251: 6276: 5422: 488: 385:

before the person is formally appointed to the Court. It also empowers a president to temporarily, under certain circumstances, fill a Supreme Court vacancy by means of a

81: 5218: 6377: 527:. The goal of these inquiries is to ensure that a nominee has nothing in their background that would prove embarrassing or would otherwise put confirmation in jeopardy. 124: 1848:

both times. From the mid-1950s to 2020, however, the process took much longer. Over the past 65 years, the time from nomination to confirmation has averaged 54.4 days.

7113: 6588: 881:." With this transformation have come longer confirmation hearings. In 1967, for example, Thurgood Marshall spent about seven hours in front of the committee. In 1987 207: 885:, for 30 hours over five days, with the hearings as a whole lasting for 12 days. An estimated 150–300 interest groups were involved in the Bork confirmation process. 3272: 2901:

The first Supreme Court nomination of John Roberts, as an associate justice, was withdrawn 49 day after it was announced, 39 days after it was officially submitted.

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to allow for filibusters of Supreme Court nominations to be broken with simple majority rather than three-fifths. The vote threshold for cloture on nominations to

4794: 7144: 4960: 3983: 6271: 1313:

of the Constitution empowers the president to fill critical federal executive and judicial branch vacancies unilaterally but temporarily when the Senate is in

1245: 688: 76: 3641: 1789:

present day politicization of the Supreme Court nomination and confirmation process. The subsequent contentious confirmation hearings for Clarence Thomas and

1179:, that initial nomination was withdrawn and resubmitted as a nomination for Chief Justice, for which he was confirmed. O'Connor was ultimately succeeded by 6300: 5249: 59: 6723: 4136: 1828: 4547: 5935: 6841: 6455: 54: 4496: 4303: 4216: 1812: 1277: 1107: 577:

Most presidents have nominated individuals who broadly share their political views or ideological philosophy. During the 20th century for example,

389:. The Constitution does not set any qualifications for service as a justice, thus the president may nominate any individual to serve on the Court. 5309: 5038: 2275:

justices within a six year period during his second and third terms, while William Howard Taft made six appointments during his single term. Only

6829: 6701: 1110:. The most recent rejection of a nominee by vote of the full Senate occurred in 1987, when it defeated Robert Bork's nomination by a 42–58 vote. 763: 393: 291: 2329:

Justice and then as Chief Justice without break between their periods of service: Edward Douglas White; Harlan F. Stone; and William Rehnquist.

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to become an associate justice. There were 19 days of public hearings altogether; the Senate ultimately voted to confirm Brandeis in June 1916.

7087: 3696: 1090: 731:, in 1967. Ronald Reagan pledged during his 1980 presidential campaign to nominate the first woman to the Supreme Court. In 1981, he nominated 6578: 3923: 234: 6874: 5396: 4903: 4877: 4473: 779:, which since 1952 has provided its analysis and a recommendation on each nominees' professional qualifications to sit on the Supreme Court. 748:

character and competency; social and judicial philosophy; and party / political identification and region (of the country from).

6243: 5516: 5187: 3753: 2333: 6427: 6178: 2884:, with a Republican president and Republicans in the Senate majority, the judiciary Committee held hearing and the Senate confirmed the 174: 7082: 7027: 6706: 6266: 3411: 3352: 2885: 2134: 1155: 530:

As the president prepares to announce their selection, a former senator of the president's party is selected to serve as the nominee's

301: 88: 5337: 4359: 3220: 2158:. The Senate voted to confirm Brett Kavanaugh in 2018 by a razor-thin 50–48–1 (51.02% favorable) margin that broke along party lines. 1276:

officially appointing the nominee to the Court. The appointee then must take two oaths before executing the duties of the office: the

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to nominate and to appoint, while the Senate possesses the plenary power to reject or confirm the nominee prior to their appointment.

7012: 6879: 5995: 1212: 827: 567: 504: 1797:

respectively, along with the Senate's refusal to consider the nomination of Merrick Garland in 2016, underscored the breadth of the

7077: 7067: 7057: 7037: 5762: 5646: 5369:"Amy Coney Barrett's nomination hearing is underway. Here are some of the most contentious Supreme Court nominations in US history" 2881: 2248:

was the subject of hearings twice, in 1953 and again in 1970, and Abe Fortas resigned while hearings were being organized in 1969.

2155: 1794: 1204: 1196: 1071: 906: 478: 5448: 4107: 3854: 7022: 7017: 7007: 7002: 6851: 5368: 4524: 812: 659:

Throughout much of the nation's history, presidents also nominated individuals based upon geographical considerations. President

348: 6151: 5601: 2981: 7047: 7042: 6900: 4605: 4194: 3895: 3611:"Character, Competency, and Constitutionalism: Did the Bork Nomination Represent a Fundamental Shift in Confirmation Criteria?" 2240: 1167: 5965: 3326: 7072: 7052: 6670: 3679: 3586: 2454: 1139: 869:

eras were the beginning of the style of nomination hearings where more substantive issues were discussed. This, according to

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prior to retirement eligibility is rare. The last non-retirement resignation from the Court was that of Abe Fortas in 1969.

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Constitution. No subsequent effort to impeach a sitting justices has progressed beyond referral to the Judiciary Committee.

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giving testimony before the Senate Judiciary Committee during the 1990 hearings on his nomination to be an associate justice

7062: 7032: 6790: 4115: 3007: 1285: 882: 93: 5908: 3246: 4418: 1654: 538:

court (or had died) and the date on which the president publicly identified a nominee for the vacancy was about 19 days.

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background of potential candidates. The former is usually conducted by senior White House aides in consultation with the

5860: 4768: 4741: 1121:(60%) had to vote in favor of cloture in order to move to a final vote on a Supreme Court nominee. In 1968, there was a 1085:

Without an affirmative vote, a nomination cannot proceed to the floor of the Senate, that is unless the Senate votes to

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On occasion, a justice's decisions may be contrary to what the nominating president anticipated. One such justice was

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President's Selection of a Supreme Court Nominee: The Nomination of Judge Ketanji Brown Jackson in Historical Context

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forward, when the committee deadlocked along party lines in a vote on whether to give it a favorable recommendation.

606: 6023: 4159: 3099: 6918: 5623: 2224: 1296: 1218:

declared at the time that the vacancy should be filled by the next president. The vacancy, created by the death of

1151: 1147: 563: 317: 5088: 6236: 3475: 2227:. The Framers of the Constitution chose good behavior tenure to limit the power to remove justices and to ensure 1840:

13.2 days. Eight justices during that era were confirmed on the same day they were formally nominated, including

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had earlier been lowered to simple majority. That change was made in 2013, when the Democrats held the majority.

524: 370: 5493: 4634: 6798: 6308: 5705: 5219:"Recess Appointments To The Federal Judiciary: An Unconstitutional Transformation Of Senate Advice And Consent" 786:

A witness giving testimony before the Senate Judiciary Committee during the 1939 hearings on the nomination of

422: 374: 1191:. Most recently, the committee, led at the time by Republicans, did not hold hearings on Democratic President 5470: 4692: 5397:"Jackson's confirmation proceedings show that historically partisan Supreme Court fights are the new normal" 4580:"Supreme Court Nominations, 1789 to 2020: Actions by the Senate, the Judiciary Committee, and the President" 3780: 6803: 3521: 1288:. It is at this point that a person has taken "the necessary steps toward becoming a member of the Court." 1265: 1223: 669: 5281: 4328: 3829: 2171: 6864: 6665: 5139: 2433: 2263: 1484: 1188: 849: 696: 684:

as well. Since the mid-1970s, however, the role of geography in the selection process has been minimal.

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did not have a nominee confirmed. Carter is the only one of the four who served a full term in office.

673: 665: 508: 418: 366: 6808: 6675: 4069: 2475: 3561: 3522:"The Increasing Importance of Ideology in the Nomination and Confirmation of Supreme Court Justices" 1324:

There have been 12 recess appointments to the Supreme Court altogether. George Washington made two:

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lines. The most recent nomination forwarded with a unanimous bipartisan recommendation was that of

794: 776: 680:, there was always a southerner on the Court; similarly, from 1789 through 1932 there was always a 5996:

The Chief Justice of the United States: Responsibilities of the Office and Process for Appointment

4821:"The Supreme Court Appointment Process: Lessons from Filling the Rehnquist and O'Connor Vacancies" 2982:"What is the process for Supreme Court nominations? Here's what's next and how long it could take" 1819: 1620: 1381: 1325: 844: 720: 562:

The Appointments Clause does not set qualifications for being a Supreme Court justice (e.g. age,

6203: 4280: 1222:, arose 269 days before the election. The nomination expired in January 2017, at the end of the 4395: 2660: 2276: 2220: 1722: 1334: 1249: 874: 854: 732: 708: 334: 5728: 5013:"Does the Senate have a constitutional responsibility to consider a Supreme Court nomination?" 6885: 6685: 6680: 6660: 6650: 6417: 6333: 3548: 2911: 2864: 2805: 2544: 2518: 2496: 2412: 2370: 2228: 2208: 2106: 1841: 1273: 1118: 1094: 1054: 831: 807: 724: 578: 166: 5345: 5065: 3135:"Advice and Consent: The Role of the United States Senate in the Judicial Selection Process" 531: 6930: 6711: 6511: 6049: 5815: 3955: 2842: 2215: 1696: 1208: 758:

Senate Judiciary Committee reviews of nominations to the Supreme Court of the United States

704: 442: 430: 378: 306: 5423:"Up until the postwar era, U.S. Supreme Court confirmations usually were routine business" 4003:"Sotomayor hearings: The grilling of Supreme Court nominees is a relatively new invention" 3720:"The Nomination of Justice Brennan: Eisenhower's Mistake? a Look at the Historical Record" 503:

Once a Supreme Court vacancy opens, the president discusses the candidates with advisors,

39: 8: 6892: 6655: 6345: 5250:"SCOTUS for law students (sponsored by Bloomberg Law): Recess appointments and the Court" 3610: 3438: 2877: 2778: 2595: 2391: 2299: 2147: 1905: 768: 723:

to make such an appointment. Lyndon B. Johnson, as part of his strategy to implement his

512: 492: 414: 3470:"The Supreme Court Selection Process: Presidential Motivations and Judicial Performance" 3273:"Trump's 21 potential court nominees are overwhelmingly white, male and from red states" 6813: 6075: 5837: 5810: 5575: 5567: 5164: 4848: 4840: 4715: 4242: 4040: 3960: 3492: 3154: 3068: 3060: 2846:, a 2014 U.S. Supreme Court case regarding the president's recess appointment authority 2245: 1444: 1318: 1304: 1089:

it from the committee. This rarely needed parliamentary procedure was used to move the

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The first Supreme Court nominee to appear in person before the Judiciary Committee was

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in 1955; the nomination came shortly after the Supreme Court handed down its landmark

6412: 6316: 6221: 6130:"Neil Gorsuch Confirmation Sets Record For Longest Vacancy on 9-Member Supreme Court" 5842: 5734: 4852: 4719: 4688: 4252: 3675: 3582: 3072: 2889: 2782: 2706: 2637: 2568: 2313: 2196: 2138: 2084: 1804: 1389: 1261: 1176: 1041: 866: 840: 787: 728: 660: 629: 610: 590: 456: 161: 5579: 4935:

Supreme Court Vacancies That Occurred During Presidential Election Years (1789-2020)

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The first Supreme Court vacancy resulted from the resignation of Associate Justice

2266:). The next longest was an 11-year span, from 1994 to 2005 (from the retirement of 2236: 1628: 1560: 1492: 1239: 1229:

Similarly, the Senate has the prerogative to take no action on a nomination, or to

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Supreme Court Appointment Process: Consideration by the Senate Judiciary Committee

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developed, and Trump made public, two lists of potential Supreme Court nominees.

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Flegenheimer, Matt; Liptak, Adam; Savage, Charlie; Hulse, Carl (March 23, 2017).

4246: 3669: 3576: 3130: 2756: 2752: 2687: 2572: 2548: 2337: 2204: 2180: 2176: 2151: 2143: 2062: 1996: 1883: 1832: 1790: 1662: 1314: 1215: 1200: 1028: 999: 973: 870: 823: 772: 712: 648: 586: 546: 181: 156: 141: 131: 3887: 441:. This clause, commonly known as the Appointments Clause, is one example of the 6481: 6469: 6445: 5066:

Senate Consideration of Presidential Nominations: Committee and Floor Procedure

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wrote about the way the Constitution allocates the power of appointment in The

191: 4836: 4742:"Senate GOP triggers nuclear option to break Democratic filibuster on Gorsuch" 4606:"How Many Nominees Has the Senate Rejected From Serving on the Supreme Court?" 3181:"The 19th Explains: Biden has made his Supreme Court nomination. What's next?" 7138: 6559: 6340: 3415: 3096: 3056: 2954: 2837:

List of positions filled by presidential appointment with Senate confirmation

2324:

When a chief justice vacancy occurs, the president may choose to nominate an

1844:

as an associate justice in 1894 and again as chief justice in 1910, and on a

1594: 1586: 1552: 1415: 1329: 1253: 878: 602: 598: 555: 446: 6158:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: National Constitution Center. October 28, 2016 6547: 6541: 6535: 6523: 6505: 6440: 6402: 6387: 6369: 5846: 5494:"Senate Democrats Boycott Panel Vote On Barrett's Supreme Court Nomination" 5314: 5310:"Is the hyper-partisan Supreme Court confirmation process 'the new normal'" 5114: 4986: 4934: 4579: 2733: 2683: 2664: 2641: 2555:

Length of vacancies since 1991: departure date to swearing-in of successor

2288: 2232: 2200: 2188: 2184: 2040: 1974: 1949: 1827:

prior to giving testimony before the Senate Judiciary Committee during the

1808: 1526: 1192: 1180: 1172: 1143: 1142:, there was an effort to filibuster President Donald Trump's nomination of 1015: 960: 944: 798: 625: 618: 614: 594: 496: 482: 186: 151: 136: 116: 5994:

Rutkus, Denis Steven; Lorraine H. Tong, Lorraine H. (September 12, 2005).

3383: 6983: 6856: 6529: 6499: 6493: 6487: 6397: 6105: 5867:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: National Constitution Center. June 30, 2021 4987:

Supreme Court Nominations: Senate Floor Procedure and Practice, 1789-2011

4167: 3924:"Early Supreme Court hearings little resembled their modern counterparts" 3674:(Eighth ed.). New York, New York: W.W. Norton & Co. p. 47. 2710: 2591: 2295: 2294:

It was not unusual, historically, for justices to die while still on the

2192: 2018: 1854:

Length of the confirmation process for Supreme Court justices since 1991

1688: 1281: 1122: 986: 835: 681: 551: 146: 5571: 4844: 4548:"Senate forces Jackson nomination out of committee with bipartisan vote" 4044: 3064: 3039: 826:, at his own request, in January 1925 (after the committee had reported 703:

have also been of particular importance to various presidents. In 1956,

495:

officially accepting the nomination as associate justice from President

392:

In modern practice, Supreme Court nominations are first referred to the

6942: 6517: 6050:"Court Packing": Legislative Control over the Size of the Supreme Court 6026:. Baltimore, Maryland: Maryland State Bar Association. October 13, 2020 5828: 4820: 4028: 3221:"Supreme Court Appointment Process: President's Selection of a Nominee" 3158: 3040:"Ignoring Advice and Consent? The Uses of Judicial Recess Appointments" 2258: 1845: 1455: 1235: 1134: 1126: 322: 5936:"Supreme Court Justices Today Are Unlikely to Die With Their Boots On" 4961:"Nomination expires for Obama Supreme Court appointee Merrick Garland" 4769:"Senate Republicans Deploy 'Nuclear Option' to Clear Path for Gorsuch" 3738:– via University of Minnesota Law School Scholarship Repository. 3496: 1303:, the most recent Supreme Court justice initially appointed through a 1117:, which allows debate to end and forces a final vote. Historically, a 873:, "reflects in part the increasing importance of the Supreme Court to 6463: 5563: 2325: 2317: 2271:

successor were they to retire—shares their legal-policy preferences.

1130: 6937: 6215: 6076:

The Scalia Vacancy in Historical Context: Frequently Asked Questions

4474:"Takeaways From Amy Coney Barrett's Judiciary Confirmation Hearings" 4137:"First Supreme Court Nominee Appears before the Judiciary Committee" 3150: 2309: 639: 365:

involves several steps, the framework for which is set forth in the

5966:"Scalia's death while in office now a rarity for the Supreme Court" 5547: 5449:"Here's how long it's taken to confirm past Supreme Court justices" 4878:"What Happened With Merrick Garland In 2016 And Why It Matters Now" 4711: 4658:"Supremely Contentious: The Transformation of "Advice and Consent"" 3646: 3488: 1824: 692: 593:

chose people whom they anticipated would support their respective

582: 434: 5039:"The Senate Must Consider Supreme Court Nominations In Due Course" 4635:"Breaking down the Supreme Court nomination, confirmation process" 3781:"Tapes reveal Thurgood Marshall's rocky road to the Supreme Court" 3609:

Guliuzza III, Frank; Reagan, Daniel J.; Barrett, David M. (1992).

3134: 1811:

giving testimony before the Senate Judiciary Committee during the

609:

jurists, people he believed would further his goal of undoing the

6024:"Packing (And Unpacking) the U.S. Supreme Court: A Brief History" 5912: 5284:. Washington, D.C.: Office of the Secretary, United States Senate 4664:. Vol. 30, no. 5. National Endowment for the Humanities 3754:"History shows how SCOTUS nominations play out in election years" 3469: 473: 6209: 4525:"Obstacles Along the Road From Nominee to Supreme Court Justice" 3581:. New York, New York: Manchester University Press. p. 134. 2175:

The Roberts Court (since June 2022): Front row (left to right):

558:

on May 12, 2010, prior to the start of her confirmation hearings

5909:"Which president has selected the most Supreme Court justices?" 5811:"Retirement and Death in Office of U.S. Supreme Court Justices" 5341: 3578:

The United States Supreme Court: A Political and Legal Analysis

700: 1481: 4416: 4251:. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press. p. 18. 3412:"Coming Soon: Political Theater of Supreme Court Nominations" 2832:

List of nominations to the Supreme Court of the United States

1256:

on September 25, 1981, as her husband John O'Connor looks on.

5471:"Judiciary Committee Votes On Recent Supreme Court Nominees" 5367:

Baylon, Jacqueline; Stephanis, Brittany (October 14, 2020).

4904:"Even GOP Voters Think Senate Should Confirm SCOTUS Nominee" 4029:"Life of George H. Williams: Almost Chief-Justice: Part Two" 3247:"Donald Trump Releases List of Possible Supreme Court Picks" 2332:

Additionally, because the Constitution does not specify the

1783: 6109:. Middleton, Wisconsin: Lucy Burns Institute. June 30, 2022 5708:. New York, New York: Brennan Center for Justice at NYU Law 5670:"The Revival of Impeachment as a Partisan Political Weapon" 5649:. New York, New York: Brennan Center for Justice at NYU Law 5087:

Davis, Julie Hirschfeld; Landler, Mark (January 31, 2017).

4693:"Presidents, Senates, and failed Supreme Court Nominations" 4446:

Paschal, Olivia; Carlisle, Madeleine (September 27, 2018).

4039:(4). Portland, Oregon: Oregon Historical Society: 417–440. 3327:"Biden talks Supreme Court timing with Democratic senators" 1317:, and thus unavailable to provide advice and consent. Such 1066:

committee majority. The most recent nominee to be reported

7150:

Nomination and appointment of United States federal judges

6078:(Report). Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service 6052:(Report). Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service 6001:(Report). Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service 5604:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: National Constitution Center 5473:. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Senate Committee on the Judiciary 5120:(Report). Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service 5068:(Report). Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service 4992:(Report). Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service 4940:(Report). Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service 4360:"Kagan hearings delivered a little something for everyone" 4108:"Brandeis in Brief: The First Public Confirmation Hearing" 3930:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: National Constitution Center 3520:

Epstein, Lee; Segal, Jeffrey A.; Westerland, Chad (2008).

3441:(Report). Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service 3389:(Report). Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service 1617: 905:

Judiciary Committee votes in 2018 on whether to recommend

676:. From 1789 until 1971, with the exception of the 1865–76 5730:

John Marshall Harlan: Great Dissenter of the Warren Court

4964: 4448:"The 17 Most Striking Moments From the Kavanaugh Hearing" 3608: 3011: 2320:

associate justice to assume the position of chief justice

1770: 1764: 1759: 1741: 1735: 1730: 1719: 1712: 1706: 1701: 1678: 1672: 1667: 1644: 1638: 1633: 1610: 1604: 1599: 1576: 1570: 1565: 1542: 1536: 1531: 1508: 1502: 1497: 1474: 1468: 1463: 1434: 1428: 1423: 1405: 1399: 1394: 1348:

Recess appointments made to the Supreme Court since 1791

2103: 6152:"The longest Supreme Court nomination delay in history" 5942:. Milwaukee, Wisconsin: Marquette University Law School 5763:"Supreme Court's Docket for Term Includes 48 New Cases" 5045:. Milwaukee, Wisconsin: Marquette University Law School 4633:

Keneally, Meghan; Shapiro, Emily (September 26, 2020).

4419:"Gorsuch Completes His 20-Hour Test. So how did he do?" 1113:

Senate debate on a nomination continues until ended by

6251: 5993: 5861:"William Howard Taft's truly historic 'double-double'" 5790:. Washington, D.C.: Supreme Court of the United States 5338:"The passionate intensity of the confirmation process" 5167:. Washington, D.C.: Supreme Court of the United States 5142:. Washington, D.C.: Supreme Court of the United States 4497:"Ketanji Brown Jackson confirmed to the Supreme Court" 3519: 3037:

Graves, Scott E.; Howard, Robert M. (September 2010).

2346:

Authorized number of Supreme Court justices over time

1902: 727:

agenda, appointed the first African-American justice,

6179:"Long Supreme Court vacancies used to be more common" 6018: 6016: 5963: 2876:

Conversely, four years later, following the death of

2357: 1441: 830:

to the Senate with a favorable recommendation). Some

6095: 6093: 5624:"Impeachment Trial of Justice Samuel Chase, 1804-05" 5308:

Yarvin, Jessica; Bush, Daniel (September 13, 2018).

3671:

Storm Center: The Supreme Court in American Politics

2081: 445:

inherent in the Constitution. The president has the

6144: 5808: 5704:Schwarz Jr., Frederick A. O. (September 13, 2019). 5442: 5440: 5089:"Trump Nominates Neil Gorsuch to the Supreme Court" 3855:"When choosing Supreme Court nominees, age matters" 361:The nomination and confirmation of justices to the 6013: 5809:Stolzenberg, Ross M.; Lindgren, James (May 2010). 5447:Campisi, Jessica; Cole, Devan (January 26, 2022). 5237:– via Penn Law Legal Scholarship Repository. 4985:Beth, Richard S.; Palmer, Betsy (March 11, 2011). 4585:. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service 3697:"Fact Check: race, gender in SCOTUS nominee picks" 3468: 3436: 3226:. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service 3038: 2059: 1993: 1880: 865:Nominations during the late civil rights and post- 687:Beginning in the mid 20th Century, concerns about 6090: 5647:"Impeachment and Removal of Judges: An Explainer" 5517:"Senate vote on Kavanaugh was historically close" 5159: 5157: 4441: 4439: 4304:"Few Glimmers of How Conservative Judge Alito Is" 4195:"About Judicial Nominations: Historical Overview" 4070:"The Golden or Bronze Age of Judicial Selection?" 3604: 3602: 3600: 3598: 3245:Rappeport, Alan; Savage, Charlie (May 18, 2016). 1924: 1748: 1515: 1378: 7136: 5437: 4795:"How to Lose a Supreme Court Nominee in 24 Days" 4740:Killough, Ashley; Barrett, Ted (April 7, 2017). 4358:Doyle, Michael; Lightman, David (July 3, 2010). 3882: 3880: 2975: 2973: 2239:and his policies to a Baltimore grand jury. The 1583: 1549: 1412: 6216:United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary 5416: 5414: 5366: 4739: 4632: 4445: 3467:Hulbary, William E.; Walker, Thomas G. (1980). 3353:"Why Do Supreme Court Nominees Have 'Sherpas'?" 3301:"How U.S. Supreme Court Justices Are Nominated" 3244: 3032: 3030: 3028: 2037: 1971: 1946: 1078:after an earlier vote to give the nomination a 920:Approximate number of hours of public testimony 581:chose people whom he believed would affirm his 472:White House staff members typically handle the 7145:Nominations to the United States Supreme Court 5887:"Landmark Legislation: Circuit Reorganization" 5699: 5697: 5695: 5546:Prakash, Saikrishna; Smith, Steven D. (2006). 5154: 4436: 4384: 4382: 4380: 3949: 3947: 3945: 3917: 3915: 3913: 3595: 3437:Barry J. McMillion, Barry J. (March 8, 2022). 3406: 3404: 3125: 3123: 3121: 2235:in 1804, after he openly criticized President 2015: 1685: 1651: 1146:. Unlike the Fortas filibuster, however, only 6969: 6237: 5688:– via Scholarly Commons at Hofstra Law. 5115:Senate Confirmation Process: A Brief Overview 4897: 4895: 4871: 4869: 4391:"The History of 'Stolen' Supreme Court Seats" 4357: 3898:, George Washington University. April 9, 2016 3888:"The Supreme Court Mystery We Couldn't Solve" 3877: 3804:"The Politics of the Supreme Court Shortlist" 3747: 3745: 3515: 3513: 3466: 2970: 342: 6870:Presidential Commission on the Supreme Court 6043: 6041: 5959: 5957: 5940:Marquette University Law School Faculty Blog 5626:. Washington, D.C.: Senate Historical Office 5545: 5411: 5276: 5274: 5272: 5270: 5188:"Keeping Recess Appointments In Their Place" 5140:"Supreme Court Oaths History and Traditions" 5086: 5004: 4766: 4706:. The University of Chicago Press: 401–438. 4683: 4681: 4679: 4063: 4061: 3294: 3292: 3290: 3036: 3025: 2336:, Congress may determine the matter through 2231:. The only justice ever to be impeached was 408: 5964:Tribune news services (February 15, 2016). 5889:. Washington, D.C.: Federal Judicial Center 5703: 5692: 5667: 5446: 5303: 5301: 5299: 5192:Northwestern University Law Review Colloquy 4687: 4628: 4626: 4377: 4151: 4106:Fassuliotis, William (September 26, 2018). 4105: 3942: 3910: 3667: 3462: 3460: 3458: 3456: 3401: 3129: 3118: 3100:"Essays on Article II: Appointments Clause" 3091: 3089: 1452: 1175:to succeed O'Connor, but upon the death of 6976: 6962: 6244: 6230: 6069: 6067: 5760: 5599: 5548:"(Mis) Understanding Good-Behavior Tenure" 5307: 4984: 4928: 4926: 4924: 4892: 4866: 4573: 4571: 4569: 4567: 4565: 3742: 3639: 3510: 1160:lower court and executive branch positions 839:this time at the committee's request, was 834:senators were concerned with his links to 417:in Article II, Section 2, Clause 2 of the 349: 335: 6073: 6038: 5954: 5836: 5726: 5282:"Supreme Court Nominations: present–1789" 5267: 4932: 4814: 4812: 4676: 4577: 4281:"Roberts' Confirmation Hearings Conclude" 4160:"A guide to the Supreme Court nomination" 4058: 3802:Gersen, Jeannie Suk (February 17, 2022). 3382:McMillion, Barry J. (February 22, 2021). 3381: 3377: 3375: 3373: 3287: 3218: 1955: 1784:Partisanship and the confirmation process 947: 6329:Cert. dismissed as improvidently granted 6204:Supreme Court Nominations Research Guide 6176: 6127: 5987: 5733:. Oxford University Press. p. 334. 5491: 5420: 5296: 5037:Fallons, Edward A. (February 23, 2016). 4818: 4623: 4522: 4516: 4241: 4197:. Washington, D.C.: United States Senate 4139:. Washington, D.C.: United States Senate 3984:"How Do Supreme Court Nominations Work?" 3574: 3453: 3219:McMillion, Barry J. (January 28, 2022). 3214: 3212: 3210: 3208: 3206: 3204: 3202: 3086: 2308: 2170: 1818: 1803: 1295: 1244: 1106:nominees have been rejected in a Senate 891: 793: 781: 638: 545: 487: 425:to nominate and, with the confirmation ( 6852:Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937 6809:Old Supreme Court Chamber, U.S. Capitol 6181:. Washington, D.C.: Pew Research Center 6064: 5668:Neumann Jr., Richard K. (Winter 2007). 5600:Garnett, Richard W.; Strauss, David A. 5425:. Washington, D.C.: Pew Research Center 5247: 5063: 5036: 5010: 4933:McMillion, Barry J. (October 1, 2020). 4921: 4655: 4562: 4388: 4099: 4000: 3717: 3642:"The Justice Who Built the Trump Court" 3430: 3298: 3178: 3172: 2161: 2146:, 97–0, in 1988; the last to receive a 922:from Supreme Court nominees since 2005 24:This article is part of a series on the 7137: 6048:Lampe, Joanna R. (December 14, 2020). 5933: 5514: 5492:Grisales, Claudia (October 22, 2020). 5248:Wermiel, Stephen (February 15, 2013). 4875: 4809: 4792: 4545: 4494: 4389:Trickey, Erick (September 25, 2020) . 4301: 4026: 3953: 3921: 3896:Columbian College of Arts and Sciences 3827: 3801: 3370: 3350: 3104:The Heritage Guide To The Constitution 2551:was sworn into office to replace him. 1291: 1070:was Robert Bork in 1987. In 1991, the 751: 6957: 6671:Eighth and Ninth Circuits Act of 1837 6225: 6074:McMillion, Barry J. (March 1, 2017). 6047: 5761:Greenhouse, Linda (October 6, 2003). 5674:Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly 5644: 5394: 5216: 4793:Levine, Marianne (February 9, 2022). 4578:McMillion, Barry J. (March 8, 2022). 4523:Gradison, Robin (February 15, 2016). 4471: 4189: 4187: 4185: 4157: 4067: 3778: 3751: 3694: 3199: 3179:Norwood, Candice (February 2, 2022). 3010:. Constitution USA with Peter Sagal. 2979: 2455:Eighth and Ninth Circuits Act of 1837 1002: 907:Supreme Court nominee Brett Kavanaugh 6206:, Georgetown University Law Library. 6177:DeSilver, Drew (February 26, 2016). 5185: 5112: 4958: 4901: 4767:Flegenheimer, Matt (April 6, 2017). 4603: 4279:Jost, Kenneth (September 15, 2005). 4278: 4116:University of Virginia School of Law 3325:Kim, Seung Min (February 10, 2022). 3270: 3139:The University of Chicago Law Review 3095: 2743:(February 13, 2016 – April 10, 2017) 1150:senators voted against cloture. The 467: 5934:Hylton, J. Gordon (March 9, 2012). 5421:DeSilver, Drew (February 7, 2022). 5113:Tong, Lorraine H. (July 20, 2009). 5064:Rybicki, Elizabeth (May 13, 2021). 4472:Walsh, Deirdre (October 15, 2020). 3324: 3299:Baumann, David (October 21, 2019). 1154:majority responded by changing the 13: 7104:Senate Judiciary Committee reviews 6989:Supreme Court of the United States 6253:Supreme Court of the United States 6210:Supreme Court of the United States 6128:Abramson, Alana (April 7, 2017) . 5335: 4902:Levy, Gabrielle (March 31, 2016). 4825:PS: Political Science and Politics 4748:from the original on June 29, 2019 4729:– via scholar.princeton.edu. 4656:Hindley, Meredith (October 2009). 4604:Fink, Jenni (September 26, 2020). 4182: 3954:Carter, Stephen L. (May 9, 2009). 3752:Walsh, Mark (September 22, 2020). 3271:Wolf, Richard (December 1, 2016). 363:Supreme Court of the United States 14: 7161: 6197: 5527:from the original on July 1, 2019 5515:Keller, Chris (October 6, 2018). 5217:Pyser, Steven M. (January 2006). 5011:Kessler, Glenn (March 16, 2016). 4959:Ware, Doug G. (January 3, 2017). 4329:"Sotomayor ends Senate testimony" 4302:Liptak, Adam (January 13, 2006). 4085:University of Iowa College of Law 3828:Roeder, Oliver (March 16, 2016). 3779:Mears, Bill (February 24, 2011). 3695:Dwyer, Devin (January 31, 2022). 3640:Greenfield, Jeff (July 9, 2018). 2792:(September 18 – October 27, 2020) 1074:was forwarded to the full Senate 933: 771:, for chief Justice in 1921, and 523:. The latter is conducted by the 377:nominates a justice and that the 7119:List of unsuccessful nominations 6936: 6924: 6914: 6913: 6814:Old Senate Chamber, U.S. Capitol 6290: 6170: 6121: 5927: 5901: 5879: 5853: 5395:Sneed, Tierney (April 5, 2022). 4001:Padilla, Steve (July 15, 2009). 3981: 3922:Bomboy, Scott (March 13, 2017). 3005: 2980:Rouan, Rick (January 26, 2022). 2947: 2937: 2928: 2918: 2904: 82:Ideological leanings of justices 38: 6901:United States Solicitor General 6628:Justices who served in Congress 5802: 5780: 5754: 5720: 5661: 5645:Keith, Douglas (May 6, 2022) . 5638: 5616: 5593: 5539: 5508: 5485: 5463: 5388: 5360: 5329: 5241: 5210: 5179: 5132: 5106: 5080: 5057: 5030: 4978: 4952: 4786: 4760: 4733: 4649: 4597: 4546:Cathey, Libby (April 4, 2022). 4539: 4488: 4465: 4410: 4351: 4321: 4295: 4272: 4235: 4209: 4158:Curry, Tom (November 5, 2005). 4129: 4020: 3994: 3975: 3847: 3821: 3795: 3772: 3711: 3688: 3661: 3633: 3568: 3476:The Western Political Quarterly 3344: 3318: 2895: 2870: 2856: 2527: 2506: 2484: 2463: 2442: 2421: 2400: 2379: 1829:2009 hearings on the nomination 1813:2005 hearings on his nomination 1768: 1739: 1710: 1676: 1642: 1608: 1574: 1540: 1506: 1472: 1432: 1403: 1311:Article II, Section 2, Clause 3 909:to the full Senate (Video from 742: 525:Federal Bureau of Investigation 371:Article II, Section 2, Clause 2 271:Justices who served in Congress 6830:Article III, U.S. Constitution 5911:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: 5727:Yarbrough, Tinsley E. (1992). 4495:Martin, Gary (April 7, 2022). 3264: 3238: 2999: 1100: 423:President of the United States 375:president of the United States 1: 6799:Royal Exchange, New York City 6681:Judicial Circuits Act of 1866 6101:"Supreme Court vacancy, 2022" 5788:"The Court as an Institution" 5223:Journal of Constitutional Law 4876:Elving, Ron (June 29, 2018). 4114:. Charlottesville, Virginia: 3351:Zimmer, Ben (July 31, 2018). 2963: 2536: Sources: 2122: Sources: 1777: Sources: 1252:is sworn in by Chief Justice 1072:nomination of Clarence Thomas 481:, advisors to then-candidate 462: 443:system of checks and balances 7088:Ketanji Brown Jackson (2022) 7013:Harlan F. Stone (1925; 1941) 6847:Code of Conduct for Justices 4908:U.S. News & World Report 3718:Wermiel, Stephan J. (1995). 3575:McKeever, Robert J. (1997). 3045:Political Research Quarterly 2547:until August 10, 1846, when 2251: 2195:. Back row (left to right): 2133:in 1994. More recently, the 437:, including justices of the 7: 6865:Impeachment of Samuel Chase 6804:Old City Hall, Philadelphia 6666:Seventh Circuit Act of 1807 6282:Nomination and confirmation 4068:Shugerman, Jed Handelsman. 4033:Oregon Historical Quarterly 3990:. American Bar Association. 3956:"Let the Nominee Stay Home" 2825: 2769:(July 31 – October 6, 2018) 2605:(June 28 – August 10, 1993) 2434:Seventh Circuit Act of 1807 2264:Henry Brockholst Livingston 1823:A panel of witnesses being 1485:Henry Brockholst Livingston 1168:nomination of Harriet Miers 850:Brown v. Board of Education 541: 439:United States Supreme Court 65:Nomination and confirmation 10: 7166: 7124:List of confirmation votes 7114:List of confirmed justices 7003:John Rutledge (1789; 1795) 6288: 5915:FOX 29. September 18, 2020 5706:"Saving the Supreme Court" 5602:"Article III, Section One" 5165:"Justices 1789 to Present" 4819:Comiskey, Michael (2008). 4166:. NBC News. Archived from 3668:O'Brien, David M. (2008). 2882:2020 presidential election 2720:(June 29 – August 7, 2010) 2697:(June 29 – August 8, 2009) 1835:to be an associate justice 1205:2016 presidential election 883:Robert Bork was questioned 790:to be an associate justice 764:Senate Judiciary Committee 755: 550:Associate justice nominee 509:Senate Judiciary Committee 479:2016 presidential campaign 419:United States Constitution 394:Senate Judiciary Committee 367:United States Constitution 241:List of associate justices 70:Judiciary Committee review 7096: 7043:John Roberts (2005; 2005) 6995: 6909: 6822: 6783: 6694: 6676:Tenth Circuit Act of 1863 6641: 6633:Burial places of justices 6569: 6454: 6426: 6356: 6299: 6259: 4837:10.1017/S1049096508080542 3988:After the Bar: Essentials 3724:Constitutional Commentary 3131:Mathias Jr., Charles McC. 2800: 2777: 2751: 2728: 2705: 2682: 2659: 2636: 2613: 2590: 2567: 2562: 2559: 2535: 2476:Tenth Circuit Act of 1863 2345: 2166: 2121: 1853: 1776: 1695: 1388: 1358: 1355: 1352: 1347: 919: 717:Cardinal Francis Spellman 409:Constitutional background 276:Burial places of justices 7083:Amy Coney Barrett (2020) 7028:Thurgood Marshall (1967) 6931:United States portal 6875:Supreme Court in fiction 4502:Las Vegas Review-Journal 4077:Iowa Law Review Bulletin 3057:10.1177/1065912909333129 2850: 2241:House of Representatives 2216:Article Three, Section 1 1080:favorable recommendation 777:American Bar Association 257:Unsuccessful nominations 7109:List of all nominations 5186:Kalt, Brian C. (2007). 4083:(69). Iowa City, Iowa: 2563:Length in days (dates) 1621:Benjamin Robbins Curtis 845:John Marshall Harlan II 721:Archdiocese of New York 628:, who was nominated by 7078:Brett Kavanaugh (2018) 7068:Merrick Garland (2016) 7058:Sonia Sotomayor (2009) 7053:Samuel Alito (2005–06) 7038:Clarence Thomas (1991) 6996:Individual nominations 6791:Supreme Court Building 3982:Bahn, Josephine (Jo). 3861:. Syracuse, New York. 3556:Cite journal requires 3008:"Separation of Powers" 2925:Supreme Court justice. 2651:(September 3–29, 2005) 2321: 2277:William Henry Harrison 2212: 1836: 1816: 1723:William J. Brennan Jr. 1335:William J. Brennan Jr. 1307: 1286:Supreme Court Building 1257: 1213:Senate Majority Leader 1203:. Citing the upcoming 1076:without recommendation 914: 853:decision, and several 802: 791: 709:William J. Brennan Jr. 689:diversity on the Court 656: 559: 500: 235:List of chief justices 94:Supreme Court building 7023:Sherman Minton (1949) 7018:Wiley Rutledge (1943) 7008:Louis Brandeis (1916) 6886:United States Reports 6835:original jurisdiction 6719:Reporter of Decisions 6686:Judiciary Act of 1869 6661:Judiciary Act of 1802 6656:Judiciary Act of 1801 6651:Judiciary Act of 1789 6418:Ketanji Brown Jackson 6334:Grant, vacate, remand 6324:Cert. before judgment 4689:Whittington, Keith E. 3106:. Heritage Foundation 2912:Judicial Circuits Act 2880:46 days prior to the 2865:Christine Blasey Ford 2519:Judiciary Act of 1869 2497:Judicial Circuits Act 2413:Judiciary Act of 1802 2392:Judiciary Act of 1801 2371:Judiciary Act of 1789 2312: 2257:September 1971, when 2229:judicial independence 2209:Ketanji Brown Jackson 2174: 2107:Ketanji Brown Jackson 1842:Edward Douglass White 1822: 1807: 1337:in October 1956, and 1299: 1248: 1119:three-fifths majority 1095:Ketanji Brown Jackson 1055:Ketanji Brown Jackson 904: 808:George Henry Williams 797: 785: 642: 585:programs. Similarly, 579:Franklin D. Roosevelt 549: 491: 297:Reporter of Decisions 167:Ketanji Brown Jackson 7048:Harriet Miers (2005) 6712:Supreme Court Police 6277:Ideological leanings 5552:The Yale Law Journal 5348:on February 17, 2008 4700:Supreme Court Review 4223:. September 16, 2005 3894:. Washington, D.C.: 3892:History News Network 3615:Marquette Law Review 2843:NLRB v. Noel Canning 2582:(October 1–23, 1991) 2162:Tenure and vacancies 1328:in August 1791, and 1082:resulted in a tie. 705:Dwight D. Eisenhower 568:admission to the bar 433:, to appoint public 431:United States Senate 379:United States Senate 373:, provides that the 307:Supreme Court Police 302:Marshal of the Court 208:List of all justices 32:of the United States 7073:Neil Gorsuch (2017) 6880:Supreme Court leaks 6346:In-chambers opinion 5017:The Washington Post 4248:Courts and Congress 4243:Katzmann, Robert A. 4170:on January 20, 2021 4112:Virginia Law Weekly 4027:Teiser, S. (1946). 3865:. February 15, 2022 3834:FiveThirtyEight.com 3760:. Chicago, Illinois 3331:The Washington Post 2878:Ruth Bader Ginsburg 2556: 2300:Ruth Bader Ginsburg 2225:impeachment process 2148:two-thirds majority 1906:Ruth Bader Ginsburg 1815:to be chief justice 1319:recess appointments 1292:Recess appointments 1278:constitutional oath 1250:Sandra Day O'Connor 769:William Howard Taft 752:Judiciary Committee 733:Sandra Day O'Connor 554:meets with Senator 513:senatorial courtesy 507:and members of the 493:Ruth Bader Ginsburg 415:Appointments Clause 284:Court functionaries 7063:Elena Kagan (2010) 7033:Robert Bork (1987) 6642:Statutes affecting 6584:Associate justices 6378:Associate justices 6272:Court demographics 6156:Constitution Daily 5865:constitution Daily 5829:10.1353/dem.0.0100 5767:The New York Times 5093:The New York Times 4773:The New York Times 4423:The New York Times 4308:The New York Times 4221:The New York Times 3961:The New York Times 3928:Constitution Daily 3418:. February 7, 2022 3251:The New York Times 2674:(January 31, 2006) 2554: 2322: 2316:, the most recent 2246:William O. Douglas 2213: 1837: 1817: 1634:September 22, 1851 1600:September 20, 1845 1577:September 25, 1837 1571:September 18, 1837 1464:September 29, 1798 1445:Bushrod Washington 1308: 1305:recess appointment 1258: 1133:associate justice 1129:the nomination of 1091:nomination in 2022 915: 803: 792: 678:Reconstruction Era 657: 634:political spectrum 560: 521:Justice Department 501: 453:Alexander Hamilton 427:advice and consent 405:hours testifying. 387:recess appointment 383:advice and consent 264:Confirmation votes 125:Associate justices 102:Current membership 89:Lists of decisions 7132: 7131: 6951: 6950: 6570:Lists of justices 6413:Amy Coney Barrett 5521:Los Angeles Times 4364:The Seattle Times 4007:Los Angeles Times 3859:The Post-Standard 3681:978-0-393-93218-8 3588:978-0-7190-4082-5 3097:McGinnis, John O. 2957:on March 5, 1791. 2890:Amy Coney Barrett 2823: 2822: 2540: 2539: 2334:size of the Court 2314:William Rehnquist 2197:Amy Coney Barrett 2139:Amy Coney Barrett 2126: 2125: 2085:Amy Coney Barrett 1781: 1780: 1645:December 23, 1851 1639:December 11, 1851 1605:December 23, 1845 1532:September 1, 1823 1509:December 17, 1806 1503:December 15, 1806 1498:November 10, 1806 1475:December 20, 1798 1469:December 19, 1798 1435:December 15, 1795 1429:December 10, 1795 1373:Outcome and date 1262:unanimous consent 1177:William Rehnquist 1063: 1062: 1042:Amy Coney Barrett 902: 877:in the making of 841:Felix Frankfurter 788:Felix Frankfurter 729:Thurgood Marshall 672:and two from the 661:George Washington 647:'s nomination of 630:George H. W. Bush 591:Lyndon B. Johnson 511:, as a matter of 468:Nominee selection 457:Federalist No. 76 359: 358: 218:by time in office 200:Lists of justices 162:Amy Coney Barrett 16:Political process 7157: 6978: 6971: 6964: 6955: 6954: 6941: 6940: 6929: 6928: 6927: 6917: 6916: 6893:Lawyers' Edition 6428:Retired justices 6294: 6293: 6246: 6239: 6232: 6223: 6222: 6191: 6190: 6188: 6186: 6174: 6168: 6167: 6165: 6163: 6148: 6142: 6141: 6139: 6137: 6132:. Yahoo! Finance 6125: 6119: 6118: 6116: 6114: 6097: 6088: 6087: 6085: 6083: 6071: 6062: 6061: 6059: 6057: 6045: 6036: 6035: 6033: 6031: 6020: 6011: 6010: 6008: 6006: 6000: 5991: 5985: 5984: 5982: 5980: 5961: 5952: 5951: 5949: 5947: 5931: 5925: 5924: 5922: 5920: 5905: 5899: 5898: 5896: 5894: 5883: 5877: 5876: 5874: 5872: 5857: 5851: 5850: 5840: 5806: 5800: 5799: 5797: 5795: 5784: 5778: 5777: 5775: 5773: 5758: 5752: 5751: 5749: 5747: 5724: 5718: 5717: 5715: 5713: 5701: 5690: 5689: 5687: 5685: 5665: 5659: 5658: 5656: 5654: 5642: 5636: 5635: 5633: 5631: 5620: 5614: 5613: 5611: 5609: 5597: 5591: 5590: 5588: 5586: 5564:10.2307/20455716 5543: 5537: 5536: 5534: 5532: 5512: 5506: 5505: 5503: 5501: 5489: 5483: 5482: 5480: 5478: 5467: 5461: 5460: 5458: 5456: 5444: 5435: 5434: 5432: 5430: 5418: 5409: 5408: 5406: 5404: 5392: 5386: 5385: 5383: 5381: 5374:Business Insider 5364: 5358: 5357: 5355: 5353: 5344:. Archived from 5336:Balkin, Jack M. 5333: 5327: 5326: 5324: 5322: 5305: 5294: 5293: 5291: 5289: 5278: 5265: 5264: 5262: 5260: 5245: 5239: 5238: 5236: 5234: 5214: 5208: 5207: 5205: 5203: 5183: 5177: 5176: 5174: 5172: 5161: 5152: 5151: 5149: 5147: 5136: 5130: 5129: 5127: 5125: 5119: 5110: 5104: 5103: 5101: 5099: 5084: 5078: 5077: 5075: 5073: 5061: 5055: 5054: 5052: 5050: 5034: 5028: 5027: 5025: 5023: 5008: 5002: 5001: 4999: 4997: 4991: 4982: 4976: 4975: 4973: 4971: 4956: 4950: 4949: 4947: 4945: 4939: 4930: 4919: 4918: 4916: 4914: 4899: 4890: 4889: 4887: 4885: 4873: 4864: 4863: 4861: 4859: 4816: 4807: 4806: 4804: 4802: 4790: 4784: 4783: 4781: 4779: 4764: 4758: 4757: 4755: 4753: 4737: 4731: 4730: 4728: 4726: 4697: 4685: 4674: 4673: 4671: 4669: 4653: 4647: 4646: 4644: 4642: 4630: 4621: 4620: 4618: 4616: 4601: 4595: 4594: 4592: 4590: 4584: 4575: 4560: 4559: 4557: 4555: 4543: 4537: 4536: 4534: 4532: 4520: 4514: 4513: 4511: 4509: 4492: 4486: 4485: 4483: 4481: 4469: 4463: 4462: 4460: 4458: 4443: 4434: 4433: 4431: 4429: 4414: 4408: 4407: 4405: 4403: 4386: 4375: 4374: 4372: 4370: 4355: 4349: 4348: 4346: 4344: 4333:The Macomb Daily 4325: 4319: 4318: 4316: 4314: 4299: 4293: 4292: 4290: 4288: 4276: 4270: 4269: 4267: 4265: 4239: 4233: 4232: 4230: 4228: 4213: 4207: 4206: 4204: 4202: 4191: 4180: 4179: 4177: 4175: 4155: 4149: 4148: 4146: 4144: 4133: 4127: 4126: 4124: 4122: 4103: 4097: 4096: 4094: 4092: 4074: 4065: 4056: 4055: 4053: 4051: 4024: 4018: 4017: 4015: 4013: 3998: 3992: 3991: 3979: 3973: 3972: 3970: 3968: 3951: 3940: 3939: 3937: 3935: 3919: 3908: 3907: 3905: 3903: 3884: 3875: 3874: 3872: 3870: 3851: 3845: 3844: 3842: 3840: 3825: 3819: 3818: 3816: 3814: 3799: 3793: 3792: 3790: 3788: 3776: 3770: 3769: 3767: 3765: 3749: 3740: 3739: 3737: 3735: 3715: 3709: 3708: 3706: 3704: 3692: 3686: 3685: 3665: 3659: 3658: 3656: 3654: 3637: 3631: 3630: 3628: 3626: 3606: 3593: 3592: 3572: 3566: 3565: 3559: 3554: 3552: 3544: 3542: 3540: 3533:Drake Law Review 3526: 3517: 3508: 3507: 3505: 3503: 3472: 3464: 3451: 3450: 3448: 3446: 3434: 3428: 3427: 3425: 3423: 3408: 3399: 3398: 3396: 3394: 3388: 3379: 3368: 3367: 3365: 3363: 3348: 3342: 3341: 3339: 3337: 3322: 3316: 3315: 3313: 3311: 3296: 3285: 3284: 3282: 3280: 3268: 3262: 3261: 3259: 3257: 3242: 3236: 3235: 3233: 3231: 3225: 3216: 3197: 3196: 3194: 3192: 3176: 3170: 3169: 3167: 3165: 3127: 3116: 3115: 3113: 3111: 3093: 3084: 3083: 3081: 3079: 3042: 3034: 3023: 3022: 3020: 3018: 3003: 2997: 2996: 2994: 2992: 2977: 2958: 2951: 2945: 2941: 2935: 2932: 2926: 2922: 2916: 2908: 2902: 2899: 2893: 2874: 2868: 2860: 2818: 2817: 2816: 2795: 2794: 2793: 2772: 2771: 2770: 2761: 2746: 2745: 2744: 2723: 2722: 2721: 2700: 2699: 2698: 2677: 2676: 2675: 2654: 2653: 2652: 2631: 2630: 2629: 2628:(August 3, 1994) 2608: 2607: 2606: 2585: 2584: 2583: 2557: 2553: 2530: 2509: 2487: 2466: 2445: 2424: 2403: 2382: 2359: 2343: 2342: 2237:Thomas Jefferson 2183:, Chief Justice 2111: 2110: 2109: 2089: 2088: 2087: 2067: 2066: 2065: 2045: 2044: 2043: 2023: 2022: 2021: 2001: 2000: 1999: 1979: 1978: 1977: 1957: 1954: 1953: 1952: 1932: 1931: 1930: 1910: 1909: 1908: 1888: 1887: 1886: 1851: 1850: 1772: 1766: 1765:January 17, 1959 1761: 1760:October 14, 1958 1756: 1755: 1754: 1743: 1737: 1736:January 14, 1957 1732: 1731:October 15, 1956 1727: 1726: 1725: 1714: 1708: 1707:January 11, 1954 1703: 1693: 1692: 1691: 1680: 1679:December 8, 1862 1674: 1673:December 1, 1862 1669: 1668:October 17, 1862 1659: 1658: 1657: 1646: 1640: 1635: 1625: 1624: 1623: 1612: 1606: 1601: 1591: 1590: 1589: 1578: 1572: 1567: 1557: 1556: 1555: 1544: 1543:December 9, 1823 1538: 1537:December 5, 1823 1533: 1523: 1522: 1521: 1510: 1504: 1499: 1489: 1488: 1487: 1476: 1470: 1465: 1460: 1459: 1458: 1449: 1448: 1447: 1436: 1430: 1425: 1420: 1419: 1418: 1407: 1406:November 7, 1791 1401: 1400:October 31, 1791 1396: 1386: 1385: 1384: 1345: 1344: 1266:his inauguration 1240:Millard Fillmore 1238:(1841–1845) and 1004: 949: 935: 917: 916: 911:Voice of America 903: 645:Grover Cleveland 499:on June 14, 1993 477:the time of the 404: 369:. Specifically, 351: 344: 337: 175:Retired justices 42: 21: 20: 7165: 7164: 7160: 7159: 7158: 7156: 7155: 7154: 7135: 7134: 7133: 7128: 7092: 6991: 6982: 6952: 6947: 6935: 6925: 6923: 6919:Other countries 6905: 6818: 6779: 6690: 6643: 6637: 6616:All nominations 6571: 6565: 6554:Rehnquist Court 6476:Ellsworth Court 6450: 6436:Anthony Kennedy 6422: 6408:Brett Kavanaugh 6393:Sonia Sotomayor 6383:Clarence Thomas 6357:Current members 6352: 6295: 6291: 6286: 6255: 6250: 6200: 6195: 6194: 6184: 6182: 6175: 6171: 6161: 6159: 6150: 6149: 6145: 6135: 6133: 6126: 6122: 6112: 6110: 6099: 6098: 6091: 6081: 6079: 6072: 6065: 6055: 6053: 6046: 6039: 6029: 6027: 6022: 6021: 6014: 6004: 6002: 5998: 5992: 5988: 5978: 5976: 5970:Chicago Tribune 5962: 5955: 5945: 5943: 5932: 5928: 5918: 5916: 5907: 5906: 5902: 5892: 5890: 5885: 5884: 5880: 5870: 5868: 5859: 5858: 5854: 5807: 5803: 5793: 5791: 5786: 5785: 5781: 5771: 5769: 5759: 5755: 5745: 5743: 5741: 5725: 5721: 5711: 5709: 5702: 5693: 5683: 5681: 5666: 5662: 5652: 5650: 5643: 5639: 5629: 5627: 5622: 5621: 5617: 5607: 5605: 5598: 5594: 5584: 5582: 5544: 5540: 5530: 5528: 5513: 5509: 5499: 5497: 5490: 5486: 5476: 5474: 5469: 5468: 5464: 5454: 5452: 5445: 5438: 5428: 5426: 5419: 5412: 5402: 5400: 5393: 5389: 5379: 5377: 5365: 5361: 5351: 5349: 5334: 5330: 5320: 5318: 5306: 5297: 5287: 5285: 5280: 5279: 5268: 5258: 5256: 5246: 5242: 5232: 5230: 5215: 5211: 5201: 5199: 5184: 5180: 5170: 5168: 5163: 5162: 5155: 5145: 5143: 5138: 5137: 5133: 5123: 5121: 5117: 5111: 5107: 5097: 5095: 5085: 5081: 5071: 5069: 5062: 5058: 5048: 5046: 5035: 5031: 5021: 5019: 5009: 5005: 4995: 4993: 4989: 4983: 4979: 4969: 4967: 4957: 4953: 4943: 4941: 4937: 4931: 4922: 4912: 4910: 4900: 4893: 4883: 4881: 4874: 4867: 4857: 4855: 4817: 4810: 4800: 4798: 4791: 4787: 4777: 4775: 4765: 4761: 4751: 4749: 4738: 4734: 4724: 4722: 4695: 4686: 4677: 4667: 4665: 4654: 4650: 4640: 4638: 4631: 4624: 4614: 4612: 4602: 4598: 4588: 4586: 4582: 4576: 4563: 4553: 4551: 4544: 4540: 4530: 4528: 4521: 4517: 4507: 4505: 4493: 4489: 4479: 4477: 4470: 4466: 4456: 4454: 4444: 4437: 4427: 4425: 4415: 4411: 4401: 4399: 4387: 4378: 4368: 4366: 4356: 4352: 4342: 4340: 4339:. July 16, 2009 4327: 4326: 4322: 4312: 4310: 4300: 4296: 4286: 4284: 4277: 4273: 4263: 4261: 4259: 4240: 4236: 4226: 4224: 4215: 4214: 4210: 4200: 4198: 4193: 4192: 4183: 4173: 4171: 4156: 4152: 4142: 4140: 4135: 4134: 4130: 4120: 4118: 4104: 4100: 4090: 4088: 4072: 4066: 4059: 4049: 4047: 4025: 4021: 4011: 4009: 3999: 3995: 3980: 3976: 3966: 3964: 3952: 3943: 3933: 3931: 3920: 3911: 3901: 3899: 3886: 3885: 3878: 3868: 3866: 3853: 3852: 3848: 3838: 3836: 3826: 3822: 3812: 3810: 3800: 3796: 3786: 3784: 3777: 3773: 3763: 3761: 3750: 3743: 3733: 3731: 3716: 3712: 3702: 3700: 3693: 3689: 3682: 3666: 3662: 3652: 3650: 3638: 3634: 3624: 3622: 3607: 3596: 3589: 3573: 3569: 3557: 3555: 3546: 3545: 3538: 3536: 3524: 3518: 3511: 3501: 3499: 3465: 3454: 3444: 3442: 3435: 3431: 3421: 3419: 3410: 3409: 3402: 3392: 3390: 3386: 3380: 3371: 3361: 3359: 3349: 3345: 3335: 3333: 3323: 3319: 3309: 3307: 3297: 3288: 3278: 3276: 3269: 3265: 3255: 3253: 3243: 3239: 3229: 3227: 3223: 3217: 3200: 3190: 3188: 3187:. Austin, Texas 3177: 3173: 3163: 3161: 3151:10.2307/1599719 3128: 3119: 3109: 3107: 3094: 3087: 3077: 3075: 3035: 3026: 3016: 3014: 3006:Monk, Linda R. 3004: 3000: 2990: 2988: 2978: 2971: 2966: 2961: 2952: 2948: 2942: 2938: 2933: 2929: 2923: 2919: 2909: 2905: 2900: 2896: 2875: 2871: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2828: 2819: 2815:(June 30, 2022) 2814: 2812: 2811: 2796: 2791: 2789: 2788: 2773: 2768: 2766: 2765: 2759: 2747: 2742: 2740: 2739: 2724: 2719: 2717: 2716: 2701: 2696: 2694: 2693: 2678: 2673: 2671: 2670: 2655: 2650: 2648: 2647: 2632: 2627: 2625: 2624: 2609: 2604: 2602: 2601: 2586: 2581: 2579: 2578: 2549:Robert C. Grier 2528: 2525: 2507: 2504: 2485: 2482: 2464: 2461: 2443: 2440: 2422: 2419: 2401: 2398: 2380: 2377: 2354:Act of Congress 2254: 2205:Brett Kavanaugh 2181:Clarence Thomas 2177:Sonia Sotomayor 2169: 2164: 2152:Sonia Sotomayor 2144:Anthony Kennedy 2135:2020 nomination 2105: 2104: 2083: 2082: 2063:Brett Kavanaugh 2061: 2060: 2039: 2038: 2017: 2016: 1997:Sonia Sotomayor 1995: 1994: 1973: 1972: 1948: 1947: 1926: 1925: 1904: 1903: 1884:Clarence Thomas 1882: 1881: 1871: 1866: 1833:Sonia Sotomayor 1799:partisan divide 1791:Brett Kavanaugh 1786: 1750: 1749: 1721: 1720: 1702:October 2, 1953 1687: 1686: 1653: 1652: 1619: 1618: 1611:January 3, 1846 1585: 1584: 1551: 1550: 1517: 1516: 1483: 1482: 1454: 1453: 1443: 1442: 1414: 1413: 1380: 1379: 1294: 1216:Mitch McConnell 1201:Merrick Garland 1197:2016 nomination 1103: 1029:Brett Kavanaugh 1000:Merrick Garland 974:Sonia Sotomayor 921: 892: 875:interest groups 871:Robert Katzmann 824:Harlan F. Stone 773:James F. Byrnes 760: 754: 745: 691:with regard to 668:, two from the 649:Melville Fuller 587:John F. Kennedy 544: 470: 465: 411: 402: 355: 318:Other countries 252:All nominations 248:Specialty lists 245: 237: 182:Anthony Kennedy 171: 157:Brett Kavanaugh 142:Sonia Sotomayor 132:Clarence Thomas 121: 31: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7163: 7153: 7152: 7147: 7130: 7129: 7127: 7126: 7121: 7116: 7111: 7106: 7100: 7098: 7094: 7093: 7091: 7090: 7085: 7080: 7075: 7070: 7065: 7060: 7055: 7050: 7045: 7040: 7035: 7030: 7025: 7020: 7015: 7010: 7005: 6999: 6997: 6993: 6992: 6981: 6980: 6973: 6966: 6958: 6949: 6948: 6946: 6945: 6943:Law portal 6933: 6921: 6910: 6907: 6906: 6904: 6903: 6898: 6897: 6896: 6882: 6877: 6872: 6867: 6862: 6854: 6849: 6844: 6839: 6838: 6837: 6826: 6824: 6820: 6819: 6817: 6816: 6811: 6806: 6801: 6794: 6793: 6787: 6785: 6781: 6780: 6778: 6777: 6776: 6775: 6770: 6765: 6760: 6755: 6750: 6745: 6740: 6735: 6721: 6716: 6715: 6714: 6704: 6698: 6696: 6692: 6691: 6689: 6688: 6683: 6678: 6673: 6668: 6663: 6658: 6653: 6647: 6645: 6639: 6638: 6636: 6635: 6630: 6625: 6624: 6623: 6613: 6612: 6611: 6609:time in office 6606: 6601: 6596: 6586: 6581: 6579:Chief justices 6575: 6573: 6567: 6566: 6564: 6563: 6562:(2005–present) 6557: 6551: 6545: 6539: 6533: 6527: 6521: 6515: 6509: 6503: 6497: 6491: 6485: 6482:Marshall Court 6479: 6473: 6470:Rutledge Court 6467: 6460: 6458: 6452: 6451: 6449: 6448: 6446:Stephen Breyer 6443: 6438: 6432: 6430: 6424: 6423: 6421: 6420: 6415: 6410: 6405: 6400: 6395: 6390: 6385: 6373: 6372: 6360: 6358: 6354: 6353: 6351: 6350: 6349: 6348: 6338: 6337: 6336: 6331: 6326: 6314: 6305: 6303: 6297: 6296: 6289: 6287: 6285: 6284: 6279: 6274: 6269: 6267:Lists of cases 6263: 6261: 6257: 6256: 6249: 6248: 6241: 6234: 6226: 6220: 6219: 6213: 6207: 6199: 6198:External links 6196: 6193: 6192: 6169: 6143: 6120: 6089: 6063: 6037: 6012: 5986: 5953: 5926: 5900: 5878: 5852: 5823:(2): 269–298. 5801: 5779: 5753: 5739: 5719: 5691: 5660: 5637: 5615: 5592: 5558:(1): 159–169. 5538: 5507: 5484: 5462: 5436: 5410: 5387: 5359: 5328: 5295: 5266: 5254:SCOTUSblog.com 5240: 5209: 5178: 5153: 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