Rhoticity in English

1735: 1217: 8147: 41: 1790: 11836: 11827: 629: 621: 1564: 11818: 2007:. The English in the neighbouring Malaysia and Singapore remains non-rhotic. In Brunei English, rhoticity is equal to Philippine dialects of English and Scottish and Irish dialects. Non-rhoticity is mostly found in older generations. The phenomenon is almost similar to the status of American English, which has greatly reduced non-rhoticity. 1894:

are notably non-rhotic and many non-prestige accents have touches of non-rhoticity. In Dublin, the traditional local dialect is largely non-rhotic, but the more modern varieties, referred to by Hickey as "mainstream Dublin English" and "fashionable Dublin English", are fully rhotic. Hickey used that

598:

began to shift American centers of wealth and political power to rhotic areas, which had fewer cultural connections to the old colonial and British elites. Non-rhotic American speech continued to hold some level of prestige up until the mid-20th century, but rhotic speech in particular became rapidly

811:

evidence of rhoticity in the mid-nineteenth century lie in two separate corridors. The first runs south from the North Riding of Yorkshire through the Vale of York into north and central Lincolnshire, nearly all of Nottinghamshire, and adjacent areas of Derbyshire, Leicestershire, and Staffordshire.

2023:

The English spoken in most of Africa is based on RP and is generally non-rhotic. Pronunciation and variation in African English accents are largely affected by native African language influences, level of education, and exposure to Western influences. The English accents spoken in the coastal areas

1923:

The lack of consonant /r/ in Cantonese contributes to the phenomenon, but has rhoticity started to exist because of the handover in 1997 and influence by the US and East Asian entertainment industries. Many older and younger speakers among South and East Asians have a non-rhotic accent. Speakers of

577:

Evidence from written documents suggests that loss of postvocalic /r/ began sporadically in England during the mid-15th century, but those /r/-less spellings were uncommon and were restricted to private documents, especially those written by women. In the mid-18th century, postvocalic /r/ was still

943:

The biggest strongholds of non-rhoticity in the United States have always been eastern New England, New York City, and the former plantation region of the South: a band from the South's Atlantic Coast west to the Mississippi River. However, non-rhoticity has been notably declining in all three of

1986:

languages and the growing influence of American English. Other Asian regions with non-rhotic English are Malaysia, Singapore, and Brunei. A typical Malaysian's English would be almost totally non-rhotic because of the nonexistence of rhotic endings in both languages of influence. A more educated

1448:

Non-rhotic accents in the Americas include those of the rest of the Caribbean and Belize. There are people with non-rhotic accents who are children of at least one rhotic-accented parent but grew up, or were educated, in non-rhotic countries like Australia, England, New Zealand, South Africa, or

589:

in some British English influenced southern and eastern American port cities with close connections to Britain, causing their upper-class pronunciation to become non-rhotic, while other American regions remained rhotic. Non-rhoticity then became the norm more widely in many eastern and southern

1607:

After the American Civil War and even more intensely during the early-to-mid-20th century, presumably correlated with the Second World War, rhotic accents began to gain social prestige nationwide, even in the aforementioned areas that were traditionally non-rhotic. Thus, non-rhotic accents are

2027:

Rhoticity may exist in the English that is spoken in the areas in which rhotic Afro-Asiatic or Nilo-Saharan languages are spoken across northern West Africa and in the Nilotic regions of East Africa. More modern trends show an increasing American influence on African English pronunciation

561:

speaking contexts. These correlations have varied through the last two centuries, and in many cases speakers of traditionally non-rhotic American dialects are now variably rhotic. Variably rhotic or semi-rhotic dialects also exist around the world, including many English dialects of

1394:

is pronounced (as in even non-rhotic accents) before vowels, but also in stressed monosyllables or stressed syllables at the ends of words (e.g. in "car" or "dare"). It is not pronounced at the end of unstressed syllables (e.g. in "water") or before consonants (e.g. "market").

1990:

The classical English spoken in Brunei is non-rhotic. A change that seems to be taking place is that Brunei English is now becoming rhotic from the influence of American English, from the influence of Standard Malay, which is rhotic, and from influence of the languages of

1907:

is heavily influenced by the American dialect and because of Spanish influence in the various Philippine languages. Many East Asians in mainland China, Japan, Korea, and Taiwan who have a good command of English generally have rhotic accents because of the influence of

798:

By the early 19th century, the southern English standard had been fully transformed into a non-rhotic variety, but it continued to be variable in the 1870s. The extent of rhoticity in England in the mid-19th century is summarized as widespread in the book

2010:

A typical teenager's Southeast Asian English would be rhotic, mainly from the prominent influence by American English. Spoken English in Myanmar is non-rhotic, but there are a number of English speakers with a rhotic or partially-rhotic pronunciation.

939:

of Midwestern, Western, and non-coastal Americans. The prestige of non-rhoticity thus reversed, with non-rhoticity in the 20th century up until today increasingly associated with lower-class rather than higher-class speakers, as in New York City.

65: 5075:. It is found in the speech of the great majority of non-rhotic speakers, including those of England, Wales, the United States, the Caribbean, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. It may be absent in some non-rhotic speakers in the Bahamas. 1713:

This pronunciation occurs in AAVE and occurred for many older non-rhotic Southern speakers. AAVE spoken in areas in which non-AAVE speakers are rhotic is likelier to be rhotic. Rhoticity is generally more common among younger AAVE-speakers.

8168: 1608:

increasingly perceived by Americans as sounding foreign or less educated because of an association with working-class or immigrant speakers in Eastern and Southern cities, and rhotic accents are increasingly perceived as sounding more "

1449:

Wales. By contrast, people who have at least one non-rhotic-accented parent but were raised or started their education in Canada, any rhotic Caribbean country, Ireland, Scotland, or the United States speak with rhotic accents.

891:

in the late 18th and the early 19th centuries influenced the American port cities with close connections to Britain, which caused upper-class pronunciation to become non-rhotic in many Eastern and Southern port cities such as

2130:

are rhotic from apparent Scottish influence. Many Māori and Pasifika people, who tend to speak a specific dialect of English, speak with a strong "r," but they are not the only ones to do so. Older Southland speakers use

8408:

as . However, Labov reports this vowel to be slightly raised compared to other dialects. In addition, a study from 2014 found variably in two participating native New Yorkers, one of whom was born in the early 1990s.

8396:. With each younger age group, however, the percentage got progressively lower: 59% of 50- to 59-year-olds, 33% of 40- to 49-year-olds, 24% of 20- to 39-year-olds, and finally, only 4% of 8- to 19-year-olds used for 6138:

Labov et al. suggest that, in New York City English, this merger is present in perception not production. As in, although even locals perceive themselves using the same vowel in both cases, they tend to produce the

11798:. Vol. 1: An Introduction (pp. i–xx, 1–278), Vol. 2: The British Isles (pp. i–xx, 279–466), Vol. 3: Beyond the British Isles (pp. i–xx, 467–674). Cambridge University Press. 10328: 923:

of the 1860s began shifting the United States centers of wealth and political power to areas with fewer cultural connections to the old colonial and British elites. Still, the non-rhotic prestige persisted in the

2232:

Some phonemic mergers are characteristic of non-rhotic accents and usually include one item that historically contained an R, which has been lost in the non-rhotic accent, and another that never did so.

2098:: "board", "church", "Perth"; but "flour", "doctor", "years". It has been speculated that the feature may derive from the fact that many of the first settlers in coastal South Australia, including 8166: 1461:

are non-rhotic today, which stems from a trend in southeastern England that accelerated from the very late 18th century onwards. Rhotic accents are still found south and west of a line from near

928:

and among the upper class even into the early 20th century, by which time many speakers of the East and South were non-rhotic or variably rhotic, often even regardless of their class background.

6592:. Wells lists it unequivocally only for the accent of Trinidad, but it is an option for non-rhotic speakers in England, Australia and New Zealand. Such speakers have a potential four-way merger 11397:

Devonish, Hubert; Harry, Otelemate G. (2004), "Jamaican Creole and Jamaican English: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.),

92: 64: 1736: 10227: 4280:

typically has a fully close ending point and thus the vowels are more distinct than in the General South African accent. An alternative realization of the former is an open-mid monophthong

912:. Like regional dialects in England, however, the accents of other areas in the United States remained rhotic in a display of linguistic "lag", which preserved the original pronunciation of 713:

appeared throughout the 16th and 17th centuries, but they were uncommon and were restricted to private documents, especially those written by women. No English authorities described loss of

8167: 3072:. It is found in all or nearly all non-rhotic accents and is present even in some accents that are in other respects rhotic, such as those of some speakers in Jamaica and the Bahamas. 557:

is deleted depending on an array of social factors, such as being more correlated in the 21st century with lower socioeconomic status, greater age, particular ethnic identities, and

5849:

is a common pronunciation error among L2 speakers of English whose native language is Italian, Spanish or Catalan. Notably, EFL speakers who aim at the British pronunciation of

90: 62: 1098:

is . They have other realizations as well, including monophthongal ones. Once again, the pronunciations vary from accent to accent. The same happens to diphthongs followed by

1584:

is now predominantly rhotic. In the late 19th century, non-rhotic accents were common throughout much of the coastal Eastern and Southern United States, including along the

9578: 11301:

Beal, Joan (2004), "English dialects in the North of England: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.),

948:, meanwhile, continues to be largely non-rhotic since most African Americans originate from the former plantation region, where non-rhotic speech dominated in the past. 11438: 11255:

Bauer, Laurie; Warren, Paul (2004), "New Zealand English: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.),

10262: 935:. For instance, rapidly after the 1940s, the standard broadcasting pronunciation heard in national radio and television became firmly rhotic, aligned more with the 11667:

van Rooy, Bertus (2004), "Black South African English: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.),

4309: 4044:

does not occur). In Jamaican Patois, the merged vowel is an opening diphthong and that realization can also be heard in Jamaican English, mostly before a sounded

1886:

The prestige form of English spoken in Ireland is rhotic and most regional accents are rhotic, but some regional accents, particularly in the area around counties

91: 63: 11649:

Trudgill, Peter (2004), "The dialect of East Anglia: Phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.),

11319:

Bowerman, Sean (2004), "White South African English: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.),

2058:

is entering the speech of younger people under the influence of American English and perhaps of the Scottish dialect that was brought by the Scottish settlers.

452:

environments: when it is immediately after a vowel and not followed by another vowel. For example, in isolation, a rhotic English speaker pronounces the words

3484: 582:. By the early 19th century, the southern British standard was fully transformed into a non-rhotic variety, but some variation persisted as late as the 1870s. 10355: 9961: 1693:

at the end of a word is deleted even when the following word starts with a vowel; thus, "Mister Adams" is pronounced . In a few such accents, intervocalic

1141:

lengthening. The process was not a compensatory lengthening process but an independent development, which explains modern pronunciations featuring both (

944:

these areas since the mid-20th century. In fact, a strongly articulated /r/, alongside full rhoticity, has been dominant throughout the South since then.

4373:

Some of the words listed below may have different forms in traditional Geordie. For the sake of simplicity, the merged vowel is transcribed with ⟨

2257:, creating a new phoneme /ɛə/ distinct from /æ/. Second, when this occurs in non-rhotic dialects, there is potential for the /ɛə/ phoneme to merge with 12051: 12013: 12000: 11992: 11783: 9037: 7904: 6589: 416: 377: 252: 229: 224: 204: 3487:. Such accents include Australian, New Zealand, most South African and some non-rhotic English (e.g. Norfolk, Sheffield) speech. The third edition of 12008: 11279: 5277:. This includes most non-rhotic American English (in Rhode Island, New York City, some Southern U.S., and some African-American accents, but not the 199: 12157: 12028: 11590: 10234: 8719:

Certain words have spellings derived from non-rhotic dialects or renderings of foreign words through non-rhotic pronunciation. In rhotic dialects,

219: 8313:, were homophones. The merged vowel was typically a diphthong , with a mid central starting point, rather than the back rounded starting point of 2024:

of West Africa are primarily non-rhotic because of the underlying varieties of Niger-Congo languages that are spoken in that part of West Africa.

1371:") but rhoticity now is widely used in a region stretching from South Auckland down into the upper North Island, and elsewhere particularly among 9656:

The Southern Accent and 'Bad English': A Comparative Perceptual Study of the Conceptual Network between Southern Linguistic Features and Identity

2028:

particularly among younger urban affluent populations, which may overstress the American rhotic "r", which creates a pseudo-Americanised accent.

812:

The second includes all of Norfolk, western Suffolk and Essex, eastern Cambridgeshire and Hertfordshire, Middlesex, and northern Surrey and Kent.

1573:

found 50% or higher of non-rhotic speech in at least one White speaker within their data sample. Non-rhotic speech may be found in speakers of

9767: 736:

was "sounded firme in the beginning of words, and more liquid in the middle, and ends." The next major documentation of the pronunciation of

8156: 4250:. The vowel is not necessarily as front/close as this and pronunciations such as and also occur, with being the more traditional variant. 1028:

and "Laura Norder" (Law and Order). The typical alternative used by RP speakers (and some rhotic speakers as well) is to insert an intrusive

8249:

that ranged from "South Carolina to Texas and north to eastern Arkansas and the southern edge of Kentucky." This variant happened only when

11868: 10287:

Trudgill, Peter (2000). "Sociohistorical linguistics and dialect survival: a note on another Nova Scotian enclave". In Magnus Leung (ed.).

4190:). In other varieties the difference is more noticeable, e.g. vs. in Broad SAE and vs. in the Cultivated variety. Even in General SAE, 11568: 12043: 12018: 1508:

is more accurately described as variably rhotic, the degree of rhoticity being reduced as one moves up the class and formality scales.

247: 209: 1458: 1055:

are thus pronounced , , or similar (actual pronunciations vary from accent to accent). That length may be retained in phrases and so

795:, which lasted from 1775 to 1783, reported surprise at the significant changes in the fashionable pronunciation that had taken place. 11192: 843:

in the 1950s and the 1960s recorded rhotic or partially-rhotic accents in almost every part of England, including in the counties of

3079:

may interact with rhoticity and result in homophones for which non-rhotic accents have centering diphthongs. Possibilities include

1854: 1672:

more precisely classifies its current form as variably rhotic, with many of its sub-varieties actually being fully rhotic, such as

931:

The most decisive shift of the general American population towards rhoticity (even in previously non-rhotic regions) followed the

11337:

Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (1990), "The Phonetics of Cardiff English", in Coupland, Nikolas; Thomas, Alan Richard (eds.),

1826: 10177: 9570: 9545: 9520: 9495: 3833:

occurs instead in rhotic accents, for instance in parts of the west of England and in some deep Southern American English, like

1494: 11977: 10618: 1129:

The compensatory lengthening view is challenged by Wells, who stated that during the 17th century, stressed vowels followed by

740:

appeared a century later, in 1740, when the British author of a primer for French students of English said that "in many words

370: 184: 8835: 8381:

existing in some older Southern accents; instead, a distinction between the two phonemes was maintained due to a down-gliding

1661: 12116: 12097: 12077: 11627: 11368: 11146: 10811: 10113: 10052: 9636: 1807: 327: 322: 302: 11469: 10302:

Hickey, Raymond (1999). "Dublin English: current changes and their motivations". In Foulkes, Paul; Docherty, Gerard (eds.).

9953: 1833: 11985: 11517: 1363:

since the 1870s, but in general rhoticity is increasing quickly. Rhotic New Zealand English was historically restricted to

194: 10259: 4210:

remains distinct in all varieties, typically as . Kevin Watson reports basically the same, subtle distinction between in

2035:

is also non-rhotic because its liquids are lost at the end of words or before consonants. South African English is mostly

956:

In most non-rhotic accents, if a word ending in written "r" is followed immediately by a word beginning with a vowel, the

6700: 5755:

merger, co-occurring with the /ɑ/–/ɑːr/ merger described above. The outcome of the merger is an open central vowel

1679: 945: 875:, both of which are close to the border with rhotic Scotland, but that this was absent from the majority of inhabitants. 169: 9830: 3857:, thus yielding the same merger as in Cockney but with a distinct phonetic output. Both phenomena are restricted to the 11811: 2212:

speakers are semi-rhotic. That feature is not clearly identified to any particular region or attributed to any defined

1345: 1161:-dropping occurred in the 18th century. The lengthening involved "mid and open short vowels" and so the lengthening of 10591: 1840: 11676: 11658: 11609: 11554: 11535: 11498: 11427: 11406: 11388: 11348: 11328: 11310: 11264: 10746: 10660: 10338: 10311: 10140: 10079: 9995: 9936: 9903: 9722: 9445: 9428:

Gordon, Elizabeth; Campbell, Lyle; Hay, Jennifer; Maclagan, Margaret; Sudbury, Peter; Trudgill, Andrea, eds. (2004).

5818:. A qualitative near-merger is also possible in contemporary General British English, where the vowels come close as 3777:, and like it occurs only in unstressed positions and only in certain words. In Cockney, the merged vowel is usually 2423:

to or is also found in places scattered around England and Scotland. Some speakers, mostly rural, in the area from

1873: 1673: 751:-less pronunciation was becoming common around London even in formal educated speech. The English actor and linguist 363: 11861: 11833: 11824: 11815: 11724:"Phonetic parallels between the close–mid vowels of Tyneside English: Are they internally or externally motivated?" 4127:

is taking place. In the southern dialect area, the pane-pain merger is complete and all three vowels are distinct:

1903:

The English spoken in Asia is predominantly rhotic. In the case of the Philippines, that may be explained because

11965: 11025: 8246: 8179: 7949: 7941: 4345: 4271: 4263: 4217: 4169: 3826: 2249:

occurs, in some dialects of North American English, as an effect of two historical developments. First, when the

1822: 1585: 1569: 398: 159: 10130: 578:

pronounced in most environments, but by the 1740s to the 1770s, it was often deleted entirely, especially after

9679: 8952: 8930: 8777: 8536: 4333: 4283: 4197: 4138: 4063: 1811: 867:

as late as 1976. A study published in 2014 found that there is still some rhoticity amongst older residents of

5273:. This merger occurs in accents with the /ɑː/–/ɑːr/ merger described above that have also undergone the 1920:

is a result of its almost 150-year history as a British Crown colony and later a British dependent territory.

9926: 9758:

Wakelyn, Martin: "Rural dialects in England", in: Trudgill, Peter (1984): Language in the British Isles, p.77

5821: 5766: 4350:. The latter is the most common choice for younger speakers, who tend to reject the centering diphthongs for 2071: 2036: 1773: 1769: 820:

found evidence of accents being overwhelmingly rhotic in urban areas that are now firmly non-rhotic, such as

174: 11686: 9805: 9670:

Thomas, Erik R. (2004). "Rural White Southern Accents". In Kortmann, Bernd; Schneider, Edgar Werner (eds.).

2039:, especially in the Cultivated dialect, which is based on RP, except for some Broad varieties spoken in the 1704:

even within a word if the following syllable begins with a vowel. In such accents, pronunciations like for

11888: 10069: 9986:

Stuart-Smith, Jane (1999). "Glasgow: accent and voice quality". In Foulkes, Paul; Docherty, Gerard (eds.).

9768:

https://www.wgtn.ac.nz/lals/resources/publications/nzej-backissues/2005-donna-starks-and-hayley-reffell.pdf

7961: 7933: 5801: 5758: 543:. Among certain speakers, like some in the northeastern coastal and southern United States, rhoticity is a 307: 31: 12002: 11994: 9086: 9058: 8706: 8691: 8678: 8665: 8652: 8639: 8626: 8613: 8598: 8585: 8563: 8550: 8526: 8511: 8498: 8485: 8470: 8455: 8442: 8423: 8418: 8314: 8290: 8282: 8250: 8229:

and is particularly associated with the early twentieth-century (but now extinct or moribund) dialects of

8107: 8094: 8081: 8068: 8055: 8039: 8026: 8007: 8002: 7975: 7971: 7967: 7923: 7912: 7867: 7854: 7834: 7821: 7808: 7795: 7782: 7769: 7756: 7743: 7730: 7717: 7704: 7691: 7678: 7665: 7652: 7639: 7626: 7613: 7600: 7587: 7574: 7561: 7548: 7535: 7522: 7509: 7496: 7483: 7470: 7457: 7444: 7431: 7418: 7405: 7392: 7379: 7364: 7349: 7336: 7323: 7310: 7297: 7284: 7271: 7258: 7245: 7232: 7219: 7206: 7193: 7180: 7167: 7154: 7141: 7128: 7115: 7102: 7089: 7076: 7063: 7050: 7037: 7024: 7011: 6998: 6985: 6972: 6959: 6946: 6933: 6920: 6907: 6894: 6881: 6868: 6855: 6842: 6829: 6816: 6803: 6788: 6775: 6762: 6749: 6736: 6717: 6712: 6674: 6661: 6641: 6622: 6617: 6551: 6536: 6521: 6506: 6491: 6474: 6459: 6444: 6429: 6414: 6399: 6384: 6369: 6354: 6339: 6324: 6309: 6293: 6278: 6263: 6241: 6236: 6231: 6104: 6089: 6074: 6059: 6044: 6029: 6014: 5999: 5986: 5971: 5956: 5941: 5926: 5911: 5896: 5860: 5853: 5846: 5842: 5838: 5807: 5720: 5705: 5690: 5675: 5660: 5645: 5630: 5615: 5600: 5585: 5570: 5555: 5540: 5525: 5510: 5495: 5480: 5465: 5450: 5435: 5420: 5405: 5390: 5369: 5354: 5339: 5322: 5303: 5298: 5252: 5239: 5226: 5213: 5198: 5185: 5171: 5167: 5158: 5145: 5130: 5111: 5106: 5051: 5031: 5011: 4991: 4971: 4951: 4931: 4910: 4890: 4870: 4850: 4829: 4810: 4789: 4768: 4747: 4726: 4706: 4687: 4665: 4645: 4624: 4604: 4584: 4564: 4545: 4523: 4502: 4482: 4462: 4443: 4419: 4414: 4408: 4404: 4398: 4394: 4374: 4305: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4096: 4088: 4069: 4057: 4045: 4029: 4009: 3970: 3955: 3940: 3921: 3916: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3869: 3865: 3842: 3838: 3830: 3798: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3744: 3731: 3718: 3705: 3692: 3679: 3666: 3653: 3640: 3627: 3614: 3601: 3588: 3575: 3562: 3543: 3538: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3462: 3447: 3434: 3421: 3408: 3395: 3382: 3369: 3356: 3342: 3336: 3321: 3308: 3295: 3282: 3269: 3256: 3241: 3228: 3215: 3202: 3189: 3176: 3163: 3150: 3137: 3118: 3113: 3025: 3012: 2999: 2986: 2973: 2960: 2947: 2934: 2921: 2908: 2895: 2882: 2869: 2856: 2843: 2830: 2817: 2804: 2784: 2771: 2758: 2745: 2732: 2719: 2706: 2693: 2680: 2667: 2654: 2641: 2628: 2615: 2602: 2589: 2576: 2563: 2550: 2537: 2524: 2511: 2498: 2485: 2472: 2453: 2448: 2420: 2416: 2400: 2396: 2374: 2361: 2348: 2335: 2322: 2303: 2298: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2190: 2183: 2176: 2169: 2162: 2158: 2151: 2136: 2132: 2087: 2055: 2031:

By and large, the official spoken English used in post-colonial African countries is non-rhotic. Standard

1964:

speak English with a rhotic pronunciation because of the inherent phonotactics of their native languages.

1722: 1718: 1694: 1690: 1641:. It is still very common all across the South and across all age groups among African American speakers. 1552: 1409:

may vary depending on social, stylistic, and contextual factors. Variably rhotic accents comprise much of

1221: 1205: 1189: 1181: 1177: 1162: 1130: 1103: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1040: 999: 972: 957: 913: 884: 748: 737: 733: 721: 714: 710: 694: 645: 637: 586: 554: 497: 484: 478: 473: 468: 462: 445: 437: 412: 408: 98: 71: 11854: 4299: 1645: 1619:

among Whites is found primarily among older speakers and only in some areas such as central and southern

1438: 1325: 1134: 888: 752: 697:

began during the 15th century and was characterized by sporadic and lexically variable deletion, such as

607:

of mass media (like radio, film, and television) being firmly rhotic since the mid-20th century onwards.

591: 558: 11166: 1745:

mid central vowel) or (a sequence of a mid central vowel and a postalveolar or retroflex approximant).

717:

in the standard language before the mid-18th century, and many did not fully accept it until the 1790s.

12152: 12147: 10679: 9351: 8238: 5813: 4342:

can instead be pronounced as the closing diphthong or, more commonly, the close-mid front monophthong

1588:. Non-rhotic accents were established in all major U.S. cities along the Atlantic coast except for the 1157:) according to their positions: was the regular outcome of the lengthening, which shortened to after 905: 840: 792: 17: 9883: 7966:

by young, middle-class males who, as younger speakers in general, reject the centering diphthongs for

1474: 9546:"Wragby, Lincolnshire - Survey of English Dialects - Accents and dialects | British Library - Sounds" 9521:"Nafferton, Yorkshire - Survey of English Dialects - Accents and dialects | British Library - Sounds" 9400:

devant une consonne est fort adouci, presque muet, & rend un peu longue la voyale qui le precede.

7959: 7947: 7939: 7931: 5829: 5827: 5819: 5811: 5799: 5791: 5764: 5756: 4343: 4331: 4297: 4281: 4269: 4261: 4215: 4195: 4167: 4136: 4082: 4080: 4061: 3858: 3818: 3778: 1761: 1726: 1616: 1430: 9600:

Aveyard, Edward (2023). "The Atlas Linguarum Europae in Great Britain and the Republic of Ireland".

11923: 11153:

MOYCHANDIZE – Translation: Merchandise. "Dat store seem to be selling nutin' but cheap moychandize"

9780: 9356: 7908: 6135:

merger described above, including most British English, but is absent from the Bahamas and Guyana.

2004: 1048: 936: 848: 149: 9496:"Golcar, Yorkshire - Survey of English Dialects - Accents and dialects | British Library - Sounds" 5786:-monophthongization in Australian English) introduces phonemic vowel length to those dialects. In 1847: 744:

before a consonant is greatly softened, almost mute, and slightly lengthens the preceding vowel."

11903: 11898: 11893: 8580: 8321:

in most other accents of English. The merger is responsible for the "Brooklynese" stereotypes of

6798: 6218: 5793: 3780: 1800: 1434: 1398: 1372: 988: 965: 860: 661: 547: 9571:"Appledore, Kent - Survey of English Dialects - Accents and dialects | British Library - Sounds" 4292:

was sometimes realized as a narrow diphthong , but this has virtually disappeared by the 1990s.

10356:"The Readers' Editor writes: Why is American English becoming part of everyday usage in India?" 9437: 8720: 8477: 1971: 1601: 992: 424:

The distinction between rhoticity and non-rhoticity is one of the most prominent ways in which

394: 10664: 5067:

In Wells' terminology, the /ɑː/–/ɑːr/ merger consists of the merger of the lexical sets

11935: 11564: 10762: 10738: 10732: 8985: 8842: 8462: 7840: 5744: 5334: 4159: 2270: 1665: 1426: 1337: 925: 540: 270: 144: 83: 55: 9616: 9429: 4028:, though vowels in both words can be analyzed as belonging to the same phoneme (followed by 3529:. Because they are so numerous, they are excluded from the list of homophonous pairs below. 1682:(AAVE) is largely non-rhotic, and in some non-rhotic Southern and AAVE accents, there is no 11945: 6210: 5856:

but fail to lengthen the vowel sufficiently are perceived as uttering a highly-taboo word,

5787: 5274: 5079: 4002: 2431:

exhibit this conversion, mainly before voiceless fricatives. This gives pronunciation like

1979: 1698: 1500:

The prestige form exerts a steady pressure toward non-rhoticity. Thus, the urban speech of

1470: 901: 817: 653: 425: 11563:

Pollock, Bailey, Berni, Fletcher, Hinton, Johnson, Roberts, & Weaver (17 March 2001).

11201: 8225:. This up-gliding variant historically occurred in some completely non-rhotic dialects of 8: 11913: 11508:

Lass, Roger (1990), "A 'standard' South African vowel system", in Ramsaran, Susan (ed.),

8831: 8374: 7979: 6183: 4247: 3834: 1987:

Malaysian's English may be non-rhotic because Standard Malaysian English is based on RP.

1983: 1633: 1544: 1360: 1353: 1314: 1261: 1251: 779:,... is pronounced so much in the throat as to be little more than the middle or Italian 350: 11510:

Studies in the Pronunciation of English: A Commemorative Volume in Honour of A.C. Gimson

11273:

Bauer, Laurie; Warren, Paul; Bardsley, Dianne; Kennedy, Marianna; Major, George (2007),

10610: 12033: 11928: 11877: 11743: 11711: 11461: 10596: 9249: 9222: 5790:, the vowels undergo a qualitative near-merger (with the length contrast preserved) as 4382: 3331: 2067: 2012: 1904: 1482: 1333: 1318: 1265: 1241: 920: 868: 595: 532: 345: 8400:. Nearly all native New Yorkers born since 1950, even those whose speech is otherwise 2070:

is non-rhotic. A degree of rhoticity has been observed in a particular sublect of the

1216: 492:

is at the end of a word but the next word begins with a vowel, as in the phrase "bette

12023: 11777: 11747: 11723: 11715: 11672: 11654: 11623: 11618:

Thomas, Erik R. (2008). "Rural White Southern Accents". In Edgar W. Schneider (ed.).

11605: 11584: 11550: 11531: 11513: 11494: 11423: 11402: 11384: 11364: 11344: 11324: 11306: 11274: 11260: 11142: 10807: 10742: 10656: 10509: 10501: 10489: 10411: 10403: 10334: 10307: 10196: 10136: 10109: 10075: 10048: 9991: 9932: 9899: 9675: 9632: 9441: 9430: 9254: 8532: 4073: 3820: 3774: 2254: 1992: 1949: 1925: 1917: 1765: 1628: 1624: 1490: 1418: 1414: 1349: 1180:

in non-final unstressed syllables if another syllable in the same word also contains

1051:, which occurs after the elision of a sound. In RP and many other non-rhotic accents 909: 641: 571: 567: 214: 129: 11465: 9223:"Rhoticity in English, a Journey Over Time Through Social Class: A Narrative Review" 2217: 1895:

as an example of how English in Ireland does not follow prestige trends in England.

1405:(when not before vowels) is optional. In these dialects the probability of deleting 12089: 11799: 11763: 11735: 11701: 11453: 11415: 11288: 10573: 10441: 10393: 10192: 9891: 9624: 9244: 9234: 9005: 8908: 8278: 8226: 8214: 8129: 5834:, with only a slight difference in height in addition to the difference in length. 4124: 3998: 2404: 2119: 2107: 2103: 2032: 2000: 1957: 1953: 1941: 1937: 1909: 1753: 1725:(as in "bird," "work," or "perky") and realize it, as in most rhotic varieties, as 1609: 1581: 1442: 1387: 1364: 1341: 1310: 1306: 1298: 932: 919:

Non-rhotic pronunciation continued to influence American prestige speech until the

604: 544: 520: 516: 508: 433: 317: 11420:

The Cambridge History of the English Language, Volume VI: English in North America

10651:

Hogg, R.M., Blake, N.F., Burchfield, R., Lass, R., and Romaine, S., (eds.) (1992)

10178:"Phonological and Phonetic Characteristics of African American Vernacular English" 9461:

Asprey, Esther (2007). "Investigating residual rhoticity in a non-rhotic accent".

11918: 11599: 11418:(2001). "British and American, Continuity and Divergence". In Algeo, John (ed.). 11378: 11358: 11338: 10398: 10381: 10266: 10103: 9000: 8794: 8274: 6213: 6194: 4254: 3076: 2099: 2075: 1742: 1728: 1589: 1535:

is mostly non-rhotic, but variable rhoticity is present in accents influenced by

1302: 9895: 9882:

Mesthrie, Rajend; Kortmann, Bernd; Schneider, Edgar W., eds. (18 January 2008),

9654: 8871:'s stories, whose name comes from the sound that donkeys make, commonly spelled 7993:

Some of the words listed below may have different forms in traditional Geordie.

5774:

In Australia and New Zealand, the two vowels contrast only by length: for both

2209: 975:

between vowels when the first vowel is one that can occur before syllable-final

12069: 11950: 11940: 11637: 11601:

Learner English: A Teacher's Guide to Interference and Other Problems, Volume 1

10270: 10040: 9018: 8887: 8183: 3507:) British pronunciations, which means that the merger is an option even in RP. 2213: 1996: 1967: 1945: 1536: 1410: 1368: 844: 833: 563: 297: 11768: 11739: 11706: 11457: 11293: 10577: 1717:

Typically, even non-rhotic modern varieties of American English pronounce the

12141: 11807: 11803: 11791: 10799: 10505: 10415: 10407: 10011: 9239: 8918: 8723:

has caused these words to be pronounced rhotically anyway. Examples include:

8569: 8389: 8370: 8354: 8342: 8230: 6187: 5278: 5078:

Homophonous pairs resulting from this merger are rare in accents without the

3052: 2208:). The Māori accent varies from the European-origin New Zealand accent. Some 2040: 1757: 1669: 1657: 1649: 1532: 1329: 893: 825: 528: 512: 9628: 7986:

is realized as an opening-centering diphthong, it may be distinguished from

6699:. It may be found in some southern U.S. non-rhotic speech, some speakers of 6190:), non-rhotic New York City speakers, Trinidad and the Southern hemisphere. 4358:

is realized as an opening-centering diphthong, it may be distinguished from

2179:

among non-rhotic speakers is sometimes pronounced in a few words, including

1706: 10513: 10463: 10445: 9258: 8948: 8735: 8358: 8346: 8241:, likely developing in the prior century. In fact, in speakers born before 7926:, phonetically ) is variable and recessive. It is also not categorical, as 6647: 5281:). This results in a greatly expanded number of homophonous pairs, such as 2221: 2127: 2079: 1975: 1891: 1887: 1593: 1029: 1023: 852: 600: 585:

In the 18th century and possibly the 17th century, the loss of postvocalic

523:. As of the 21st century, the non-rhotic dialects include most of those in 8848: 8128:

is famously associated with early 20th-century New York City English; see

4056:

can be both and ), but sometimes also in other positions. Alternatively,

632:

Red areas are where English dialects of the late 20th century were rhotic.

30:

For the quality of realization of English phoneme /r/ among dialects, see

12109: 12104: 11908: 8242: 8234: 7907:. These include some southern U.S. non-rhotic speakers, some speakers of 4187: 3056: 2269:

to become homophones. Thus, the merger occurs almost exclusively in some

2091: 1638: 1540: 1516:

Most Scottish accents are rhotic. Non-rhotic speech has been reported in

1505: 1425:, Guyana, Antigua and Barbuda, and the Bahamas. They include current-day 1289: 675: 551: 536: 449: 11545:

Lass, Roger (2002), "South African English", in Mesthrie, Rajend (ed.),

10958: 10564:

Sutton, Peter (1989). "Postvocalic R in an Australian English dialect".

1106:, which reduces to schwa, as usual, in non-rhotic speech. In isolation, 624:

Red areas indicate where rural English accents were rhotic in the 1950s.

12061: 8868: 8401: 8195: 5735:

In Wells' terminology, this consists of the merger of the lexical sets

4178:). The difference between the two phonemes is so sometimes subtle that 3515: 3085: 2790: 1486: 1466: 1462: 1285: 1275: 1087: 1044: 996: 969: 821: 725: 579: 292: 113: 11526:

Lass, Roger (1999). "Phonology and Morphology". In Lass, Roger (ed.).

11039: 10820: 10382:"Which /r/ are you using as an English teacher? rhotic or non-rhotic?" 7982:). This categorically undoes the merger for those speakers. Even when 6197:, coupled with those mergers, produces a few more homophones, such as 4354:, which categorically undoes the merger for those speakers. Even when 1970:

can vary between being non-rhotic due to the traditional influence of

1489:, increasingly among older and rural speakers only), in some parts of 1375:

communities. This particular rhoticism manifests itself mostly in the

767:(1791), Walker reported, with a strong tone of disapproval, that "the 11846: 11565:"Phonological Features of African American Vernacular English (AAVE)" 11200:(2nd ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, archived from 9480:

Aveyard, Edward (2019). "Berliner Lautarchiv: the Wakefield Sample".

8773: 8752: 8253:

was followed by a consonant in the same morpheme; thus, for example,

6154:

Most speakers with the pawn-porn merger also have the same vowels in

4115:

vowel. The merger appears to be receding, as items descended from ME

3854: 3837:, preserving the Middle English phonotactic constraint against final 3470: 2095: 1961: 1913: 1683: 1664:, although this feature has been receding in recent generations. The 1597: 1547:

is largely non-rhotic, some speakers may supplant the front vowel of

1517: 1115: 829: 765:

Critical Pronouncing Dictionary and Expositor of the English Language

501: 11528:

The Cambridge History of the English Language, Volume III: 1476–1776

5806:, at least for middle-class speakers. A more local pronunciation of 2094:

position (after a vowel and before a consonant), though only within

1789: 12056: 10934: 10880: 10432:

Salbrina, S.; Deterding, D. (2010). "Rhoticity in Brunei English".

9355:(1962–71). Some areas with partial rhoticity, such as parts of the 8960: 8938: 8925: 8819: 8207:

is a diphthongized vowel sound, , used as the pronunciation of the

3752: 1756:

is entirely rhotic except for small isolated areas in southwestern

1701: 1563: 1478: 872: 863:

found that there was still rhoticity in the West Yorkshire site of

404: 287: 10688:, pp. 136–37, 203–6, 234, 245–47, 339–40, 400, 419, 443, 576. 9329: 9327: 9325: 9323: 9321: 8115: 3841:: . In other words, in traditional Appalachian dialect, the final 9180: 9178: 9176: 8756: 7919: 5265:

In Wells' terminology, the /ɒ/–/ɑːr/ merger is a merger of

4316: 2428: 2083: 1620: 1521: 1501: 628: 524: 10071:

English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change - Google Books

4008:

In Jamaica, the merger occurs after deletion of the postvocalic

704: 698: 688: 682: 669: 620: 11671:, vol. 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 943–952, 11653:, vol. 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 163–177, 11401:, vol. 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 964–984, 11323:, vol. 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 931–942, 11305:, vol. 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 113–133, 11259:, vol. 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 580–602, 10912: 10910: 10291:. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell International. p. 197. 9672:

A Handbook of Varieties of English: A Multimedia Reference Tool

9318: 9013: 8864: 8714: 8698: 8521: 5385: 4227: 2424: 2227: 1933: 1929: 1422: 897: 864: 10994: 10946: 10768: 9173: 3471:

Polysyllabic morpheme-final /ɪd/–/əd/–/ərd/ merger

11070: 10611:"5. – Speech and accent – Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand" 9700: 8824: 8808: 8605: 8377:, this merger did not occur in the South, despite up-gliding 5381: 3454: 2123: 1653: 1003: 724:

as being weakened but still present. The English playwright

640:

in English appear in the early 15th century and occur before

282: 11439:"A gesture-based account of intrusive consonants in English" 10982: 10907: 10832: 9615:

Watt, Dominic; Llamas, Carmen; Johnson, Daniel Ezra (2014).

8217: 3753:

Polysyllabic morpheme-final /oʊ/–/ə/–/ər/ merger

1039:

For non-rhotic speakers, what was once a vowel, followed by

10592:

Southland dialect study to shed light on language evolution

8828:(which is a concept in several Asian religions, not a god). 8392:

in New York City, 100% of the people 60 and over used for

6481: 3248: 3096: 1574: 1401:

rhotic accents are widely documented, in which deletion of

856: 11754:

Watt, Dominic; Allen, William (2003), "Tyneside English",

11530:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 56–186. 11272: 10964: 10633: 10464:"Rhoticity in Brunei English : A diachronic approach" 9617:"Sociolinguistic Variation on the Scottish-English Border" 6186:). These include the accents of Southern England (but see 3483:

is present in non-rhotic accents which have undergone the

1114:

is . For some speakers, some long vowels alternate with a

11422:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 59–85. 10970: 9881: 9427: 8785: 7371: 7356: 6580:. It is found in those non-rhotic accents containing the 3510:

A large number of homophonous pairs involve the syllabic

10922: 10655:. (Volume 5) Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 9848: 9688: 7958:

as the merger itself, though it is still used alongside

7930:

can instead be pronounced as the close-mid monophthongs

7896:. It may be present in those speakers who have both the 3899:

before consonants, although in some words the unreduced

1102:, but they may be considered to end in rhotic speech in 1002:

at word boundaries, especially if one or both vowels is

507:

The rhotic dialects of English include most of those in

10856: 10844: 10533: 9865: 9863: 9308: 9306: 9304: 9291: 9289: 9287: 8738:, which most rhotic dialects would instead convey with 8186:("thirtieth", "thirty-first", "first", "heard", "urge") 720:

During the mid-17th century, several sources described

9375: 8980:, which Americans pronounce with the rhotic consonant. 8923:

Transliteration of Cantonese words and names, such as

4079:

It is possible in northern East Anglian varieties (to

3499:

mentioned below) as possible (though less common than

11489:

Labov, William; Ash, Sharon; Boberg, Charles (2006).

11194:

The Social Stratification of English in New York City

11058: 10897: 10895: 10868: 10702: 10700: 10698: 10696: 10694: 10260:

The regional development of African American Language

9274: 9272: 9270: 9268: 9151: 9149: 9147: 9145: 9143: 9141: 9139: 9137: 9135: 8116:

Tautosyllabic pre-consonantal /ɔɪ/–/ɜːr/ merger

1660:, show some non-rhoticity along with the traditional 11620:

Varieties of English: The Americas and the Caribbean

10780: 10712: 10101: 9928:

Varieties of English: The Americas and the Caribbean

9860: 9740: 9728: 9409: 9301: 9284: 8245:, this sound apparently predominated throughout the 4162:, but the vowels typically remain distinct as (for 2135:

variably after vowels, but younger speakers now use

1386:

Semi-rhotic accents have also been studied, such as

472:, but a non-rhotic speaker "drops" or "deletes" the 403:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see 10545: 10330:

Indian Writing in English: Pre to Post Independence

9161: 4087:), but only in the case of items descended from ME 1814:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 763:in his 1775 rhyming dictionary. In his influential 590:regions of the United States, as well as generally 496:pples," most non-rhotic speakers will preserve the 11360:Australian English Pronunciation and Transcription 11006: 10892: 10691: 10488:Gupta, Anthea F.; Hiang, Tan Chor (January 1992). 10461: 9482:Transactions of the Yorkshire Dialect Society: 1–5 9265: 9132: 9056:Other terms synonymous with "non-rhotic" include " 9038:English-language vowel changes before historic /r/ 8369:in the lyrics of the English-language version of " 8269:In some cases, particularly in New York City, the 7888:merger consists of the merger of the lexical sets 6691:merger consists of the merger of the lexical sets 6572:merger consists of the merger of the lexical sets 6147:vowel higher and more retracted than the vowel of 6123:merger consists of the merger of the lexical sets 2273:. In extreme cases, these two can also merge with 11756:Journal of the International Phonetic Association 11694:Journal of the International Phonetic Association 11340:English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change 11280:Journal of the International Phonetic Association 10431: 10068:Coupland, Nikolas; Thomas, Alan Richard (1990a). 9614: 9463:Leeds Working Papers in Linguistics and Phonetics 9436:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 8273:sound gliding from a schwa upwards even led to a 7990:by the openness of the first element: or vs. . 6703:, some speakers in Guyana and some Welsh speech. 6201:. Specifically, the phonemic merger of the words 6131:. It is found in most of the same accents as the 3825:occurs in other non-rhotic accents, such as some 2118:New Zealand English is predominantly non-rhotic. 440:, is preserved in all pronunciation contexts. In 12139: 11026:"Italian Speakers' English Pronunciation Errors" 10275:The Oxford Handbook on African American Language 9954:"Why the classic Noo Yawk accent is fading away" 8388:In 1966, according to a survey that was done by 1063:is . A final schwa usually remains short and so 732:, published posthumously in 1640, recorded that 504:) since it is followed by a vowel in this case. 417:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters 10730: 10067: 9951: 4362:by the openness of the first element: or for 1567:Red dots show major U.S. cities where the 2006 791:...." Americans returning to England after the 11782:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2024 ( 11622:. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 87–114. 11488: 11343:, Multilingual Matters Ltd., pp. 87–103, 11124: 11088: 11052: 10273:, Lisa Green, and Jennifer Bloomquist (eds.), 10108:. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 25–26. 10012:"Is Corby the most Scottish place in England?" 9981: 9979: 9432:New Zealand English: Its Origins and Evolution 9333: 1776:, which may be non-rhotic or variably rhotic. 1137:underwent a lengthening process, known as pre- 807:he only areas of England... for which we have 801:New Zealand English: its Origins and Evolution 11862: 11396: 11164: 10826: 10653:The Cambridge History of the English Language 10457: 10455: 10427: 10425: 10258:Wolfram, Walt; Kohn, Mary E. (forthcoming). " 10132:Investigations in Sociohistorical Linguistics 10047:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 9717: 9715: 9602:Transactions of the Yorkshire Dialect Society 9221:Costa, Davide; Serra, Raffaele (6 May 2022). 4377:⟩. For a related merger not involving 4327:is recessive and has never been categorical ( 3100:may be identical with the second syllable of 1324:Non-rhotic accents include most varieties of 1188:. Examples include the dropping of the first 991:" has been stigmatized, but many speakers of 859:, where rhoticity has since disappeared. The 371: 50:Examples of a rhotic and a non-rhotic speaker 11589:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 11363:(2nd ed.), Cambridge University Press, 11230: 9985: 9674:. New York: Mouton de Gruyter. p. 316. 9394: 8990: 8715:Effect of non-rhotic dialects on orthography 5763:or, less frequently, an open-mid back vowel 2228:Mergers characteristic of non-rhotic accents 2150:vowel. Younger Southland speakers pronounce 27:Pronunciation of 'r' across English dialects 11356: 11336: 11254: 10976: 10886: 10639: 10600:. 9 December 2016. Retrieved 19 March 2019. 10035: 10033: 9976: 9127:A Manual of English Phonetics and Phonology 968:." Many non-rhotic speakers also insert an 11869: 11855: 11376: 11000: 10528:The English Language: A Linguistic History 10487: 10483: 10481: 10452: 10422: 10277:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 147. 9712: 9706: 9220: 9022: 8840: 8734:used in non-rhotic dialects to indicate a 8247:older speech of the Southern United States 4032:in the latter case, so that the merger of 3980: 3879:In RP, there are certain prefixes such as 378: 364: 11767: 11753: 11705: 11482:A Phonology and Prosody of Modern English 11292: 11136: 10916: 10397: 10386:Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 10379: 9924: 9781:"A New (Rhotic?) Dialect in New Zealand?" 9248: 9238: 9211:Labov, Ash, and Boberg (2006), pp. 47–48. 8337:. This merger is also known for the word 8277:of the vowel classes associated with the 1874:Learn how and when to remove this message 1497:, and in the areas that border Scotland. 1359:Non-rhotic accents have been dominant in 1297:Rhotic accents include most varieties of 1176:Even General American commonly drops the 1169:was not a compensatory process caused by 11964: 11666: 11648: 11644:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 11357:Cox, Felicity; Fletcher, Janet (2017) , 11318: 11158: 10988: 10862: 10838: 10539: 10530:. Oxford University Press: Canada, 2006. 10286: 10128: 10039: 10030: 8965: 8943: 1562: 1215: 627: 619: 12158:Splits and mergers in English phonology 11165:Trawick-Smith, Ben (1 September 2011). 10490:"Post-Vocalic /r/ in Singapore English" 10478: 10061: 9945: 9890:, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 244–258, 9599: 9479: 8357:of the 1930s and 1940s. The songwriter 1668:has traditionally been non-rhotic, but 1228:in English rural dialects of the 1950s 951: 14: 12140: 11876: 11684: 11617: 11479: 11414: 11100: 10874: 10563: 10354:Reddy, C. Rammanohar (6 August 2017). 10326: 10301: 10225: 10175: 9669: 9460: 9415: 9312: 9295: 9207: 9205: 9197: 7897: 4338:has always been a distinct vowel), as 4296:is phonemically distinct, normally as 4012:in a preconsonantal position, so that 3033: 2172:(usually the same as in General NZE). 1070:In RP and similar accents, the vowels 432:, the sound of the historical English 11963: 11850: 11790: 11224: 11190: 11167:"On the Hunt for the New Orleans Yat" 11112: 11064: 10952: 10940: 10798: 10786: 10774: 10718: 10706: 10685: 10526:Brinton, Lauren and Leslie Arnovick. 10353: 9869: 9854: 9746: 9734: 9694: 9652: 9581:from the original on 15 February 2022 9184:Labov, Ash, and Boberg (2006), p. 47. 9167: 8999: 3055:, this consists of the merger of the 2220:tends to pronounce "r" as usually an 1646:local dialects of eastern New England 964:. That phenomenon is referred to as " 11721: 11597: 11571:from the original on 25 October 2016 11544: 11525: 11507: 11436: 11300: 11076: 11012: 10928: 10901: 10850: 10551: 10176:Thomas, Erik R. (4 September 2007). 10155: 9964:from the original on 11 October 2013 9403: 9381: 9278: 9193: 9155: 7875: 6682: 6588:merger that have also undergone the 6559: 5062: 3817:, etc. take a similar path. The mid 2236: 2086:settlements. These speakers realise 1812:adding citations to reliable sources 1783: 709:'cardinal'. Those spellings without 407:. For the distinction between , 11491:The Atlas of North American English 10737:. Oxford University Press. p. 10621:from the original on 9 January 2017 10105:English Historical Sociolinguistics 9778: 9202: 8264: 8135: 6701:African American Vernacular English 6114: 5730: 5260: 3981:/eɪ/–/ɛər/–/ɪər/ merger 3891:that have a free variation between 2382: 1974:(RP) or rhotic from the underlying 1680:African-American Vernacular English 946:African-American Vernacular English 24: 11669:A handbook of varieties of English 11651:A handbook of varieties of English 11399:A handbook of varieties of English 11321:A handbook of varieties of English 11303:A handbook of varieties of English 11257:A handbook of varieties of English 10676:Labov, Ash, and Boberg (2006: 234) 10347: 10333:. Nitya Publications. p. 89. 9931:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 396. 9129:, Gunter Narr Verlag, 2011, p. 60. 9084:"; synonyms for "rhotic" include " 8145: 6170:), yielding a three-way merger of 4230:. The latter is used not only for 3903:is preferred. Before vowels, only 2126:in the far south of New Zealand's 2078:, especially in speakers from the 1558: 1383:vowel often remaining non-rhotic. 1346:Trinidadian and Tobagonian English 1036:would otherwise have been placed. 603:, for example as reflected in the 112:Problems playing these files? See 39: 25: 12169: 11380:Gimson's Pronunciation of English 10731:Upton, Clive; Eben Upton (2004). 10566:Australian Journal of Linguistics 9723:Shorter Oxford English Dictionary 2110:whalers, spoke rhotic varieties. 1652:and extending into the states of 1485:(north and west of the centre of 1059:pronounced in isolation is , but 995:(RP) now frequently "intrude" an 693:). A second phase of the loss of 636:The earliest traces of a loss of 426:varieties of the English language 11218: 11184: 11130: 11118: 11106: 11094: 11082: 10804:Longman Pronunciation Dictionary 10761:Clive and Eben Upton (2004), p. 10289:Language Structure and Variation 10197:10.1111/j.1749-818X.2007.00029.x 10185:Language and Linguistics Compass 9888:Africa, South and Southeast Asia 8213: 8194:Problems playing this file? See 8164: 6209:was the basis for a joke in the 5082:(see below). Two such pairs are 4260:can also be similar to cardinal 3489:Longman Pronunciation Dictionary 2224:, like in the Scottish dialect. 2143:vowel and occasionally with the 1788: 878: 88: 60: 11512:, Routledge, pp. 272–285, 11247: 11139:The YAT Language of New Orleans 11046: 11032: 11018: 10792: 10755: 10724: 10670: 10645: 10603: 10584: 10557: 10520: 10373: 10320: 10295: 10280: 10252: 10219: 10210: 10169: 10160: 10149: 10122: 10095: 10004: 9952:McClear, Sheila (2 June 2010). 9918: 9875: 9823: 9798: 9772: 9761: 9752: 9663: 9645: 9608: 9593: 9563: 9538: 9513: 9488: 9473: 9454: 9421: 9387: 9362: 9339: 9125:Paul Skandera, Peter Burleigh, 8180:Older Southern American English 7915:) and some speakers in Guyana. 5056:In fully non-rhotic varieties. 5036:In fully non-rhotic varieties. 5016:In fully non-rhotic varieties. 4915:In fully non-rhotic varieties. 4875:In fully non-rhotic varieties. 4834:In fully non-rhotic varieties. 4794:In fully non-rhotic varieties. 4773:In fully non-rhotic varieties. 4752:In fully non-rhotic varieties. 4731:In fully non-rhotic varieties. 4670:In fully non-rhotic varieties. 4629:In fully non-rhotic varieties. 4609:In fully non-rhotic varieties. 4528:In fully non-rhotic varieties. 4507:In fully non-rhotic varieties. 4312:) and a disyllabic elsewhere. 4001:and partially also in Northern 3985:The merger of the lexical sets 3827:older Southern American English 2200:, and the name of the letter R 2054:). It appears that postvocalic 1799:needs additional citations for 1774:Shelburne Counties, Nova Scotia 1710:, or for "bear up" are heard. 1674:that of northeastern New Jersey 1570:Atlas of North American English 1477:area because of migration from 1441:, as well as some varieties of 1211: 1043:, is now usually realized as a 444:, speakers no longer pronounce 399:International Phonetic Alphabet 11604:, Cambridge University Press, 11549:, Cambridge University Press, 11125:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006) 11089:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006) 11053:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006) 10943:, pp. 298, 522, 540, 557. 10228:"Rural white Southern accents" 10135:. Cambridge University Press. 9884:"Pakistani English: phonology" 9334:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006) 9214: 9187: 9119: 9050: 8956: 8934: 8781: 8537:intervocalic alveolar flapping 8361:, a native New Yorker, rhymed 7903:described above, and also the 4202:, strongly distinguished from 3874:tomato and cucumber production 3341:"Pita" may also be pronounced 2403:) occurs for some speakers of 2113: 1204:. In more careful speech, all 1184:, which may be referred to as 759:to indicate the long vowel of 13: 1: 11728:Language Variation and Change 11642:Language in the British Isles 11493:. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. 10102:Milla, Robert McColl (2012). 10045:Language in the British Isles 9359:, are not shaded on this map. 9112: 8762:British English slang words: 8261:would have been pronounced . 4119:are being transferred to the 2204:(General NZE pronunciations: 2072:Australian Aboriginal English 1650:that of Boston, Massachusetts 1082:), when they are followed by 599:prestigious nationwide after 476:sound and pronounces them as 10399:10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.05.542 10233:. p. 16. Archived from 9621:Sociolinguistics in Scotland 9004:), which does not contain a 5166:can also be pronounced with 4072:, which produces a variable 3757:A conditioned merger of EME 2161:(General NZE pronunciation: 2061: 1615:Today, non-rhoticity in the 1459:English varieties in England 1452: 1421:, for example, as spoken in 594:, until the 1860s, when the 84:Non-rhotic (British) speaker 32:Pronunciation of English /r/ 7: 11383:(8th ed.), Routledge, 11240:Berlin/NY: Mouton DeGruyter 10827:Devonish & Harry (2004) 10462:Nur Raihan Mohamad (2017). 9896:10.1515/9783110208429.1.244 9031: 8849: 7880:In Wells' terminology, the 6687:In Wells' terminology, the 6564:In Wells' terminology, the 6119:In Wells' terminology, the 4276:, as in South Africa), but 2285:to become homophonous with 1511: 1439:Eastern New England English 1429:, most modern varieties of 1208:sounds are still retained. 1020:Australia-r-and New Zealand 10: 12174: 11484:. Heidelberg: Carl Winter. 10494:York Papers in Linguistics 10380:Demirezen, Mehmet (2012). 9396:...dans plusieurs mots, l' 9352:Survey of English Dialects 4095:. Those descended from ME 4024:is normally distinct from 3864:In Cockney, the resulting 3345:and therefore not merged. 2090:as in the preconsonantal 1779: 1022:, the formerly well-known 841:Survey of English Dialects 816:In the late 19th century, 793:American Revolutionary War 747:By the 1770s, postvocalic 615: 610: 124:History and description of 29: 12042: 11976: 11972: 11959: 11884: 11772:(inactive 25 August 2024) 11769:10.1017/S0025100303001397 11740:10.1017/S0954394500121040 11707:10.1017/s0025100307003180 11458:10.1017/s0952675799003693 11377:Cruttenden, Alan (2014), 11294:10.1017/S0025100306002830 11141:. iUniverse. p. 67. 10977:Cox & Fletcher (2017) 10955:, pp. 504, 544, 577. 10887:Collins & Mees (1990) 10829:, pp. 460, 463, 476. 10806:(3rd ed.). Longman. 10777:, pp. 167, 305, 318. 10734:Oxford rhyming dictionary 10640:Bauer & Warren (2004) 10578:10.1080/07268608908599416 9925:Schneider, Edgar (2008). 8991: 8841: 8834: 4123:class; in other words, a 2018: 1748: 1481:in the 1930s, in some of 1431:Southern American English 1133:and another consonant or 1090:that end in schwa and so 1016:Australia and New Zealand 239:Development of consonants 56:Rhotic (American) speaker 12001:Changes before historic 11993:Changes before historic 11808:10.1017/CBO9780511611766 11804:10.1017/CBO9780511611759 11547:Language in South Africa 11079:, pp. 123–124, 126. 10889:, pp. 92–93, 95–97. 10226:Thomas, Erik R. (2005). 10129:Trudgill, Peter (2010). 10074:. Multilingual Matters. 9357:East Riding of Yorkshire 9240:10.3389/fsoc.2022.902213 9043: 8385:sound: something like . 8120:A conditioned merger of 7909:African-American English 4016:can be homophonous with 2165:) but only sometimes in 1575:African-American English 1527: 1303:Irish or Hiberno-English 1049:compensatory lengthening 937:General American English 883:The loss of postvocalic 11904:Anglo-Frisian languages 11191:Labov, William (1966), 11137:Canatella, Ray (2011). 10917:Watt & Allen (2003) 10663:p. 387. Retrieved from 10392:. Elsevier: 2659–2663. 10327:Rathod, Rakesh (2019). 10306:. Arnold. p. 272. 10166:Harris (2006), pp. 2–5. 9990:. Arnold. p. 210. 9629:10.1057/9781137034717_5 9370:The Dialects of England 8989:for the Korean surname 8174:Examples of up-gliding 7911:(in both cases towards 7876:/oʊ/–/ʊər/ merger 6683:/oʊ/–/oʊr/ merger 6560:/ɔː/–/ʊər/ merger 6219:The Pirates of Penzance 5063:/ɑː/–/ɑːr/ merger 4158:is possible in General 3475:A merger of words like 2387:A merger of words like 2241:A merger of words like 2237:/ɛə/–/ɛər/ merger 2206:/ˈɑɪələnd,ˈmiəli,ɵː,ɐː/ 2074:spoken on the coast of 2003:. Rhoticity is used by 1898: 1600:, because of its early 1577:throughout the country. 1435:New York Latino English 1118:ending in schwa and so 861:Atlas Linguarum Europae 705: 699: 689: 683: 670: 665: 657: 395:phonetic transcriptions 11722:Watt, Dominic (2000), 11685:Watson, Kevin (2007), 11598:Swan, Michael (2001), 10446:10.1075/eww.31.2.01sha 10216:Pollock et al. (1998). 9395: 9368:Based on P. Trudgill, 9227:Frontiers in Sociology 9023: 8721:spelling pronunciation 8150: 7954:is as stereotypically 7922:, the merger (towards 6115:/ɔː/–/ɔr/ merger 5837:A three-way merger of 5731:/ʌ/–/ɑːr/ merger 5261:/ɒ/–/ɑːr/ merger 3861:varieties of English. 3051:In the terminology of 2383:/ʌ/–/ɜːr/ merger 1972:Received Pronunciation 1823:"Rhoticity in English" 1578: 1543:. Additionally, while 1294: 1032:wherever an intrusive 993:Received Pronunciation 814: 633: 625: 500:in that position (the 392:This article contains 44: 11936:Anglo-Norman language 11275:"New Zealand English" 11238:New York City English 9011:The English spelling 8854:("paper") spelled as 8149: 7970:(females often merge 5745:South African English 5743:. It occurs in Black 4160:South African English 2271:New York City English 1918:whose English dialect 1697:is deleted before an 1666:New York City dialect 1566: 1427:New York City English 1338:South African English 1219: 1110:, is pronounced and 960:is pronounced, as in 926:Eastern United States 805: 631: 623: 185:Development of vowels 130:English pronunciation 43: 11966:Phonological history 11946:Early Modern English 11437:Gick, Bryan (1999). 11003:, pp. 122, 124. 10991:, pp. 167, 172. 10931:, pp. 123, 126. 10841:, pp. 170, 172. 10617:. 5 September 2013. 9779:Ben (19 June 2012). 9653:Hayes, Dean (2013). 8875:in American English. 8341:, used often by the 8257:was never ; rather, 8157:Southern up-gliding 6211:Gilbert and Sullivan 5275:father-bother merger 5080:father-bother merger 4242:is homophonous with 4003:East Anglian English 3997:is possible in some 3801:); thus, words like 3789:is homophonous with 2419:. The conversion of 1808:improve this article 1662:Rhode Island dialect 1631:, as well as in the 1520:since the 1970s and 1379:vowel, but with the 952:Modern pronunciation 818:Alexander John Ellis 11899:Proto-West-Germanic 11889:Proto-Indo-European 11687:"Liverpool English" 11480:Kurath, H. (1964). 11028:. 22 November 2013. 10965:Bauer et al. (2007) 10919:, pp. 268–269. 10853:, pp. 277–279. 10240:on 22 December 2014 9857:, pp. 76, 221. 9709:, pp. 119–120. 9697:, pp. 224–225. 9345:Based on H. Orton, 8414: 8375:New Orleans English 8297:; thus, words like 8044:With yod-dropping. 7998: 7980:thought-goat merger 6708: 6613: 6227: 6184:horse-hoarse merger 5868: 5782:. This (as well as 5747:as a result of its 5294: 5102: 4390: 4248:square-nurse merger 4182:can be misheard as 4111:have a distinctive 3912: 3835:Appalachian English 3534: 3109: 2444: 2294: 2255:sporadically raised 1545:Port Talbot English 1469:(especially in the 1361:New Zealand English 1354:Singaporean English 1234: (non-rhotic) 1220:Final post-vocalic 428:are classified. In 160:General development 12034:Trisyllabic laxing 12014:Close front vowels 11878:History of English 11796:Accents of English 11115:, pp. 508 ff. 10597:New Zealand Herald 10434:English World-Wide 10265:2018-11-06 at the 9384:, pp. 114–15. 8878:Southern American 8413:Homophonous pairs 8412: 8151: 7997:Homophonous pairs 7996: 6707:Homophonous pairs 6706: 6612:Homophonous pairs 6611: 6226:Homophonous pairs 6225: 5867:Homophonous pairs 5866: 5788:Colchester English 5293:Homophonous pairs 5292: 5101:Homophonous pairs 5100: 4389:Homophonous pairs 4388: 4383:near-square merger 4310:fleece–near merger 3911:Homophonous pairs 3910: 3872:-insertion, as in 3797:as (phonemically 3773:is similar to the 3533:Homophonous pairs 3532: 3527:bleaches-bleachers 3521:suffixes, such as 3108:Homophonous pairs 3107: 2443:Homophonous pairs 2442: 2293:Homophonous pairs 2292: 2106:missionaries, and 2068:Australian English 2013:Sri Lankan English 1905:Philippine English 1768:variety spoken in 1604:rhotic influence. 1592:area, centered on 1579: 1334:Australian English 1319:Philippine English 1295: 1067:in isolation is . 987:). The so-called " 921:American Civil War 869:Berwick upon Tweed 783:, lengthened into 755:used the spelling 642:coronal consonants 634: 626: 596:American Civil War 442:non-rhotic accents 346:History of English 45: 12153:Rhotic consonants 12148:English phonology 12135: 12134: 12131: 12130: 12127: 12126: 12024:Great Vowel Shift 12009:Close back vowels 11629:978-3-11-019636-8 11475:on 12 April 2013. 11416:Fisher, John Hurt 11370:978-1-316-63926-9 11207:on 24 August 2014 11148:978-1-4620-3295-2 11001:Cruttenden (2014) 10813:978-1-4058-8118-0 10115:978-0-7486-4181-9 10054:978-0-521-28409-7 9707:Cruttenden (2014) 9638:978-1-349-44192-1 9393:Original French: 9336:, pp. 5, 47. 8811:pronunciation of 8776:pronunciation of 8712: 8711: 8533:weak vowel merger 8178:in the speech of 8169: 8113: 8112: 7895: 7891: 7873: 7872: 7841:wine–whine merger 6698: 6694: 6680: 6679: 6579: 6575: 6557: 6556: 6169: 6165: 6130: 6126: 6112: 6111: 5728: 5727: 5272: 5268: 5258: 5257: 5074: 5070: 5060: 5059: 4150:A near-merger of 4074:Mary-merry merger 4068:before a sounded 3978: 3977: 3775:weak vowel merger 3750: 3749: 3485:weak vowel merger 3468: 3467: 3075:In some accents, 3071: 3064: 3031: 3030: 2380: 2379: 2005:Chinese Bruneians 1993:Indians in Brunei 1950:Iranian languages 1884: 1883: 1876: 1858: 1766:Lunenburg English 1629:Norfolk, Virginia 1625:Savannah, Georgia 1524:since the 1980s. 1419:Caribbean English 1415:Pakistani English 1350:Malaysian English 1315:Barbadian English 1047:. That is called 889:prestige standard 605:national standard 388: 387: 262:Variable features 248:Single consonants 215:Great Vowel Shift 136:Historical stages 93: 66: 16:(Redirected from 12165: 12029:Open back vowels 12004: 11996: 11974: 11973: 11961: 11960: 11871: 11864: 11857: 11848: 11847: 11842: 11840: 11839: 11831: 11830: 11822: 11821: 11787: 11781: 11773: 11771: 11750: 11718: 11709: 11691: 11681: 11663: 11645: 11633: 11614: 11594: 11588: 11580: 11578: 11576: 11559: 11541: 11522: 11519:978-0-41507180-2 11504: 11485: 11476: 11474: 11468:. Archived from 11443: 11433: 11411: 11393: 11373: 11353: 11333: 11315: 11297: 11296: 11269: 11241: 11236:Newman, Michael 11234: 11228: 11222: 11216: 11215: 11214: 11212: 11206: 11199: 11188: 11182: 11181: 11179: 11177: 11162: 11156: 11155: 11134: 11128: 11122: 11116: 11110: 11104: 11098: 11092: 11086: 11080: 11074: 11068: 11062: 11056: 11050: 11044: 11043: 11040:"Suggestionisms" 11036: 11030: 11029: 11022: 11016: 11010: 11004: 10998: 10992: 10986: 10980: 10974: 10968: 10962: 10956: 10950: 10944: 10938: 10932: 10926: 10920: 10914: 10905: 10899: 10890: 10884: 10878: 10872: 10866: 10860: 10854: 10848: 10842: 10836: 10830: 10824: 10818: 10817: 10796: 10790: 10784: 10778: 10772: 10766: 10759: 10753: 10752: 10728: 10722: 10716: 10710: 10704: 10689: 10683: 10677: 10674: 10668: 10649: 10643: 10637: 10631: 10630: 10628: 10626: 10607: 10601: 10588: 10582: 10581: 10561: 10555: 10549: 10543: 10537: 10531: 10524: 10518: 10517: 10485: 10476: 10475: 10459: 10450: 10449: 10429: 10420: 10419: 10401: 10377: 10371: 10370: 10368: 10366: 10351: 10345: 10344: 10324: 10318: 10317: 10299: 10293: 10292: 10284: 10278: 10256: 10250: 10249: 10247: 10245: 10239: 10232: 10223: 10217: 10214: 10208: 10207: 10205: 10203: 10182: 10173: 10167: 10164: 10158: 10153: 10147: 10146: 10126: 10120: 10119: 10099: 10093: 10092: 10090: 10088: 10065: 10059: 10058: 10037: 10028: 10027: 10025: 10023: 10008: 10002: 10001: 9983: 9974: 9973: 9971: 9969: 9949: 9943: 9942: 9922: 9916: 9915: 9914: 9912: 9879: 9873: 9867: 9858: 9852: 9846: 9845: 9843: 9841: 9827: 9821: 9820: 9818: 9816: 9802: 9796: 9795: 9793: 9791: 9776: 9770: 9765: 9759: 9756: 9750: 9744: 9738: 9732: 9726: 9719: 9710: 9704: 9698: 9692: 9686: 9685: 9667: 9661: 9660: 9649: 9643: 9642: 9612: 9606: 9605: 9597: 9591: 9590: 9588: 9586: 9567: 9561: 9560: 9558: 9556: 9542: 9536: 9535: 9533: 9531: 9517: 9511: 9510: 9508: 9506: 9492: 9486: 9485: 9477: 9471: 9470: 9458: 9452: 9451: 9435: 9425: 9419: 9413: 9407: 9402: 9399: 9391: 9385: 9379: 9373: 9366: 9360: 9343: 9337: 9331: 9316: 9310: 9299: 9293: 9282: 9276: 9263: 9262: 9252: 9242: 9218: 9212: 9209: 9200: 9191: 9185: 9182: 9171: 9165: 9159: 9153: 9130: 9123: 9106: 9088: 9060: 9054: 9026: 9006:liquid consonant 9003: 8998: 8994: 8993: 8972:The spelling of 8967: 8958: 8945: 8936: 8852: 8846: 8845: 8838: 8783: 8708: 8693: 8680: 8667: 8654: 8641: 8628: 8615: 8600: 8587: 8565: 8552: 8535:, normally with 8528: 8513: 8500: 8487: 8472: 8457: 8444: 8425: 8420: 8415: 8411: 8404:, now pronounce 8384: 8380: 8349:as a variant of 8320: 8316: 8296: 8292: 8288: 8284: 8279:General American 8272: 8265:Coil–curl merger 8252: 8227:American English 8224: 8223: 8220: 8219: 8210: 8206: 8177: 8171: 8170: 8160: 8148: 8139: 8130:coil-curl merger 8127: 8123: 8109: 8096: 8083: 8070: 8057: 8041: 8028: 8009: 8004: 7999: 7995: 7989: 7985: 7977: 7973: 7969: 7965: 7953: 7945: 7937: 7929: 7925: 7914: 7905:pour–poor merger 7893: 7889: 7869: 7856: 7836: 7823: 7810: 7797: 7784: 7771: 7758: 7745: 7732: 7719: 7706: 7693: 7680: 7667: 7654: 7641: 7628: 7615: 7602: 7589: 7576: 7563: 7550: 7537: 7524: 7511: 7498: 7485: 7472: 7459: 7446: 7433: 7420: 7407: 7394: 7381: 7366: 7351: 7338: 7325: 7312: 7299: 7286: 7273: 7260: 7247: 7234: 7221: 7208: 7195: 7182: 7169: 7156: 7143: 7130: 7117: 7104: 7091: 7078: 7065: 7052: 7039: 7026: 7013: 7000: 6987: 6974: 6961: 6948: 6935: 6922: 6909: 6896: 6883: 6870: 6857: 6844: 6831: 6818: 6805: 6790: 6777: 6764: 6751: 6738: 6719: 6714: 6709: 6705: 6696: 6692: 6676: 6663: 6643: 6624: 6619: 6614: 6610: 6590:pour–poor merger 6577: 6573: 6553: 6538: 6523: 6508: 6493: 6476: 6461: 6446: 6431: 6416: 6401: 6386: 6371: 6356: 6341: 6326: 6311: 6295: 6280: 6265: 6243: 6238: 6233: 6228: 6224: 6167: 6163: 6150: 6146: 6142: 6128: 6124: 6106: 6091: 6076: 6061: 6046: 6031: 6016: 6001: 5988: 5973: 5958: 5943: 5928: 5913: 5898: 5879: 5874: 5869: 5865: 5862: 5855: 5848: 5844: 5840: 5833: 5825: 5817: 5809: 5805: 5797: 5785: 5770: 5762: 5754: 5750: 5742: 5738: 5722: 5707: 5692: 5677: 5662: 5647: 5632: 5617: 5602: 5587: 5572: 5557: 5542: 5527: 5512: 5497: 5482: 5467: 5452: 5437: 5422: 5407: 5392: 5371: 5356: 5341: 5324: 5305: 5300: 5295: 5291: 5270: 5266: 5254: 5241: 5228: 5215: 5200: 5187: 5173: 5169: 5160: 5147: 5132: 5113: 5108: 5103: 5099: 5072: 5068: 5053: 5033: 5013: 4993: 4973: 4953: 4933: 4912: 4892: 4872: 4852: 4831: 4812: 4791: 4770: 4749: 4728: 4708: 4689: 4667: 4647: 4626: 4606: 4586: 4566: 4547: 4525: 4504: 4484: 4464: 4445: 4421: 4416: 4410: 4406: 4400: 4396: 4391: 4387: 4380: 4376: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4341: 4337: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4319:, the merger of 4307: 4303: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4279: 4275: 4267: 4259: 4237: 4234:but also in the 4233: 4225: 4221: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4193: 4177: 4173: 4165: 4157: 4153: 4146: 4142: 4134: 4130: 4125:pane-pain merger 4122: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4098: 4090: 4086: 4071: 4067: 4060:can be laxed to 4059: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4011: 3999:Jamaican English 3996: 3992: 3988: 3972: 3957: 3942: 3923: 3918: 3913: 3909: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3871: 3867: 3853:) is distinctly 3844: 3840: 3832: 3824: 3800: 3784: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3746: 3733: 3720: 3707: 3694: 3681: 3668: 3655: 3642: 3629: 3616: 3603: 3590: 3577: 3564: 3545: 3540: 3535: 3531: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3464: 3449: 3436: 3423: 3410: 3397: 3384: 3371: 3358: 3344: 3338: 3323: 3310: 3297: 3284: 3271: 3258: 3243: 3230: 3217: 3204: 3191: 3178: 3165: 3152: 3139: 3120: 3115: 3110: 3106: 3066: 3059: 3046: 3039: 3027: 3014: 3001: 2988: 2975: 2962: 2949: 2936: 2923: 2910: 2897: 2884: 2871: 2858: 2845: 2832: 2819: 2806: 2786: 2773: 2760: 2747: 2734: 2721: 2708: 2695: 2682: 2669: 2656: 2643: 2630: 2617: 2604: 2591: 2578: 2565: 2552: 2539: 2526: 2513: 2500: 2487: 2474: 2455: 2450: 2445: 2441: 2422: 2418: 2405:Jamaican English 2402: 2398: 2376: 2363: 2350: 2337: 2324: 2305: 2300: 2295: 2291: 2276: 2260: 2252: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2192: 2185: 2178: 2171: 2164: 2160: 2153: 2149: 2148: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2089: 2057: 2047:suffixes, as in 2033:Liberian English 1912:. That excludes 1910:American English 1879: 1872: 1868: 1865: 1859: 1857: 1816: 1792: 1784: 1754:Canadian English 1740: 1739: 1738: 1732: 1724: 1720: 1696: 1692: 1610:General American 1582:American English 1554: 1539:, especially in 1443:Scottish English 1388:Jamaican English 1342:Nigerian English 1311:American English 1307:Canadian English 1299:Scottish English 1283: 1273: 1259: 1249: 1239: 1233: 1223: 1207: 1191: 1183: 1179: 1164: 1132: 1105: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1053:card, fern, born 1042: 1012:the idea-r-of it 1001: 974: 959: 933:Second World War 915: 886: 750: 739: 735: 723: 716: 712: 708: 702: 696: 692: 686: 673: 648:, giving modern 647: 639: 588: 556: 499: 487: 486: 481: 480: 475: 471: 470: 465: 464: 447: 439: 434:rhotic consonant 414: 410: 380: 373: 366: 318:T-glottalization 121: 120: 100: 95: 94: 73: 68: 67: 42: 21: 12173: 12172: 12168: 12167: 12166: 12164: 12163: 12162: 12138: 12137: 12136: 12123: 12093:-glottalization 12038: 11968: 11955: 11880: 11875: 11845: 11837: 11828: 11819: 11775: 11774: 11689: 11679: 11661: 11638:Trudgill, Peter 11636: 11630: 11612: 11582: 11581: 11574: 11572: 11562: 11557: 11538: 11520: 11501: 11472: 11441: 11430: 11409: 11391: 11371: 11351: 11331: 11313: 11267: 11250: 11245: 11244: 11235: 11231: 11223: 11219: 11210: 11208: 11204: 11197: 11189: 11185: 11175: 11173: 11163: 11159: 11149: 11135: 11131: 11123: 11119: 11111: 11107: 11099: 11095: 11087: 11083: 11075: 11071: 11063: 11059: 11051: 11047: 11038: 11037: 11033: 11024: 11023: 11019: 11011: 11007: 10999: 10995: 10989:Trudgill (2004) 10987: 10983: 10975: 10971: 10963: 10959: 10951: 10947: 10939: 10935: 10927: 10923: 10915: 10908: 10900: 10893: 10885: 10881: 10873: 10869: 10863:Bowerman (2004) 10861: 10857: 10849: 10845: 10839:Trudgill (2004) 10837: 10833: 10825: 10821: 10814: 10797: 10793: 10785: 10781: 10773: 10769: 10760: 10756: 10749: 10729: 10725: 10717: 10713: 10705: 10692: 10684: 10680: 10675: 10671: 10650: 10646: 10638: 10634: 10624: 10622: 10609: 10608: 10604: 10589: 10585: 10562: 10558: 10550: 10546: 10540:Bowerman (2004) 10538: 10534: 10525: 10521: 10486: 10479: 10460: 10453: 10430: 10423: 10378: 10374: 10364: 10362: 10352: 10348: 10341: 10325: 10321: 10314: 10300: 10296: 10285: 10281: 10267:Wayback Machine 10257: 10253: 10243: 10241: 10237: 10230: 10224: 10220: 10215: 10211: 10201: 10199: 10191:(5): 450–475 . 10180: 10174: 10170: 10165: 10161: 10154: 10150: 10143: 10127: 10123: 10116: 10100: 10096: 10086: 10084: 10082: 10066: 10062: 10055: 10041:Trudgill, Peter 10038: 10031: 10021: 10019: 10010: 10009: 10005: 9998: 9984: 9977: 9967: 9965: 9950: 9946: 9939: 9923: 9919: 9910: 9908: 9906: 9880: 9876: 9868: 9861: 9853: 9849: 9839: 9837: 9835:www.stuff.co.nz 9829: 9828: 9824: 9814: 9812: 9810:www.stuff.co.nz 9804: 9803: 9799: 9789: 9787: 9777: 9773: 9766: 9762: 9757: 9753: 9745: 9741: 9733: 9729: 9720: 9713: 9705: 9701: 9693: 9689: 9682: 9668: 9664: 9650: 9646: 9639: 9613: 9609: 9598: 9594: 9584: 9582: 9569: 9568: 9564: 9554: 9552: 9544: 9543: 9539: 9529: 9527: 9519: 9518: 9514: 9504: 9502: 9494: 9493: 9489: 9478: 9474: 9459: 9455: 9448: 9426: 9422: 9414: 9410: 9397: 9392: 9388: 9380: 9376: 9367: 9363: 9344: 9340: 9332: 9319: 9311: 9302: 9294: 9285: 9277: 9266: 9219: 9215: 9210: 9203: 9192: 9188: 9183: 9174: 9166: 9162: 9154: 9133: 9124: 9120: 9115: 9110: 9109: 9055: 9051: 9046: 9034: 8996: 8818:Hindu god name 8795:Rudyard Kipling 8717: 8382: 8378: 8318: 8294: 8286: 8275:phonemic merger 8270: 8267: 8216: 8212: 8208: 8204: 8201: 8200: 8192: 8190: 8189: 8188: 8187: 8175: 8172: 8165: 8162: 8158: 8152: 8146: 8141: 8137: 8125: 8121: 8118: 7987: 7983: 7927: 7878: 6685: 6562: 6195:lot-cloth split 6148: 6144: 6140: 6117: 5877: 5872: 5783: 5752: 5748: 5740: 5736: 5733: 5263: 5065: 4378: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4339: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4293: 4289: 4277: 4257: 4255:Cardiff dialect 4235: 4231: 4223: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4191: 4175: 4163: 4155: 4151: 4144: 4132: 4128: 4041: 4037: 4033: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3983: 3829:. An r-colored 3755: 3473: 3077:syllabification 3049: 3041: 3034: 2385: 2274: 2258: 2250: 2239: 2230: 2175:Non-prevocalic 2146: 2144: 2140: 2116: 2076:South Australia 2064: 2043:(typically in - 2021: 2015:may be rhotic. 1901: 1880: 1869: 1863: 1860: 1817: 1815: 1805: 1793: 1782: 1751: 1734: 1733: 1590:Delaware Valley 1561: 1530: 1514: 1455: 1326:English English 1293: 1281: 1279: 1271: 1269: 1257: 1255: 1247: 1245: 1237: 1235: 1231: 1229: 1214: 1186:r-dissimilation 1006:. For example, 954: 887:in the British 881: 730:English Grammar 618: 613: 545:sociolinguistic 483: 477: 467: 461: 422: 421: 420: 384: 355: 332: 257: 234: 179: 154: 119: 118: 110: 108: 107: 106: 105: 96: 89: 86: 80: 79: 78: 69: 61: 58: 52: 46: 40: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 12171: 12161: 12160: 12155: 12150: 12133: 12132: 12129: 12128: 12125: 12124: 12122: 12121: 12114: 12113: 12112: 12107: 12095: 12087: 12082: 12075: 12067: 12059: 12054: 12048: 12046: 12040: 12039: 12037: 12036: 12031: 12026: 12021: 12016: 12011: 12006: 11998: 11990: 11982: 11980: 11970: 11969: 11957: 11956: 11954: 11953: 11951:Modern English 11948: 11943: 11941:Middle English 11938: 11933: 11932: 11931: 11926: 11921: 11916: 11906: 11901: 11896: 11894:Proto-Germanic 11891: 11885: 11882: 11881: 11874: 11873: 11866: 11859: 11851: 11844: 11843: 11792:Wells, John C. 11788: 11762:(2): 267–271, 11751: 11719: 11700:(3): 351–360, 11682: 11677: 11664: 11659: 11646: 11634: 11628: 11615: 11610: 11595: 11560: 11555: 11542: 11536: 11523: 11518: 11505: 11499: 11486: 11477: 11434: 11428: 11412: 11407: 11394: 11389: 11374: 11369: 11354: 11349: 11334: 11329: 11316: 11311: 11298: 11270: 11265: 11251: 11249: 11246: 11243: 11242: 11229: 11217: 11183: 11157: 11147: 11129: 11117: 11105: 11093: 11081: 11069: 11067:, p. 287. 11057: 11045: 11031: 11017: 11005: 10993: 10981: 10969: 10957: 10945: 10933: 10921: 10906: 10891: 10879: 10877:, p. 358. 10867: 10865:, p. 938. 10855: 10843: 10831: 10819: 10812: 10800:Wells, John C. 10791: 10789:, p. 318. 10779: 10767: 10754: 10747: 10723: 10721:, p. 225. 10711: 10690: 10678: 10669: 10644: 10642:, p. 594. 10632: 10602: 10583: 10572:(1): 161–163. 10556: 10554:, p. 121. 10544: 10542:, p. 940. 10532: 10519: 10477: 10468:Southeast Asia 10451: 10440:(2): 121–137. 10421: 10372: 10346: 10339: 10319: 10312: 10294: 10279: 10271:Sonja Lanehart 10251: 10218: 10209: 10168: 10159: 10148: 10141: 10121: 10114: 10094: 10080: 10060: 10053: 10029: 10018:. 11 July 2014 10003: 9996: 9975: 9944: 9937: 9917: 9904: 9874: 9872:, p. 629. 9859: 9847: 9822: 9797: 9771: 9760: 9751: 9749:, p. 490. 9739: 9737:, p. 201. 9727: 9711: 9699: 9687: 9680: 9662: 9644: 9637: 9607: 9592: 9562: 9537: 9512: 9487: 9472: 9453: 9446: 9420: 9408: 9406:, p. 115. 9386: 9374: 9361: 9338: 9317: 9300: 9283: 9281:, p. 115. 9264: 9213: 9201: 9186: 9172: 9170:, p. 216. 9160: 9158:, p. 114. 9131: 9117: 9116: 9114: 9111: 9108: 9107: 9048: 9047: 9045: 9042: 9041: 9040: 9033: 9030: 9029: 9028: 9009: 8981: 8970: 8966:Wong⁴ Gaa¹wai⁶ 8921: 8912: 8898: 8876: 8861: 8860: 8859: 8829: 8822:misspelled as 8816: 8791: 8790: 8789: 8788:" (the drink)) 8760: 8755:, from Indian 8749: 8716: 8713: 8710: 8709: 8704: 8701: 8695: 8694: 8689: 8686: 8682: 8681: 8676: 8673: 8669: 8668: 8663: 8660: 8656: 8655: 8650: 8647: 8643: 8642: 8637: 8634: 8630: 8629: 8624: 8621: 8617: 8616: 8611: 8608: 8602: 8601: 8596: 8593: 8589: 8588: 8583: 8578: 8574: 8573: 8566: 8561: 8558: 8557:goitre; goiter 8554: 8553: 8548: 8545: 8541: 8540: 8529: 8524: 8519: 8515: 8514: 8509: 8506: 8502: 8501: 8496: 8493: 8489: 8488: 8483: 8480: 8474: 8473: 8468: 8465: 8459: 8458: 8453: 8450: 8446: 8445: 8440: 8437: 8433: 8432: 8429: 8426: 8421: 8373:". Except for 8333:sounding like 8325:sounding like 8266: 8263: 8191: 8184:Strom Thurmond 8173: 8163: 8155: 8154: 8153: 8144: 8143: 8142: 8140: 8134: 8117: 8114: 8111: 8110: 8105: 8102: 8098: 8097: 8092: 8089: 8085: 8084: 8079: 8076: 8072: 8071: 8066: 8063: 8059: 8058: 8053: 8050: 8046: 8045: 8042: 8037: 8034: 8030: 8029: 8024: 8021: 8017: 8016: 8013: 8010: 8005: 7946:. The central 7877: 7874: 7871: 7870: 7865: 7862: 7858: 7857: 7852: 7849: 7845: 7844: 7837: 7832: 7829: 7825: 7824: 7819: 7816: 7812: 7811: 7806: 7803: 7799: 7798: 7793: 7790: 7786: 7785: 7780: 7777: 7773: 7772: 7767: 7764: 7760: 7759: 7754: 7751: 7747: 7746: 7741: 7738: 7734: 7733: 7728: 7725: 7721: 7720: 7715: 7712: 7708: 7707: 7702: 7699: 7695: 7694: 7689: 7686: 7682: 7681: 7676: 7673: 7669: 7668: 7663: 7660: 7656: 7655: 7650: 7647: 7643: 7642: 7637: 7634: 7630: 7629: 7624: 7621: 7617: 7616: 7611: 7608: 7604: 7603: 7598: 7595: 7591: 7590: 7585: 7582: 7578: 7577: 7572: 7569: 7565: 7564: 7559: 7556: 7552: 7551: 7546: 7543: 7539: 7538: 7533: 7530: 7526: 7525: 7520: 7517: 7513: 7512: 7507: 7504: 7500: 7499: 7494: 7491: 7487: 7486: 7481: 7478: 7474: 7473: 7468: 7465: 7461: 7460: 7455: 7452: 7448: 7447: 7442: 7439: 7435: 7434: 7429: 7426: 7422: 7421: 7416: 7413: 7409: 7408: 7403: 7400: 7396: 7395: 7390: 7387: 7383: 7382: 7377: 7374: 7368: 7367: 7362: 7359: 7353: 7352: 7347: 7344: 7340: 7339: 7334: 7331: 7327: 7326: 7321: 7318: 7314: 7313: 7308: 7305: 7301: 7300: 7295: 7292: 7288: 7287: 7282: 7279: 7275: 7274: 7269: 7266: 7262: 7261: 7256: 7253: 7249: 7248: 7243: 7240: 7236: 7235: 7230: 7227: 7223: 7222: 7217: 7214: 7210: 7209: 7204: 7201: 7197: 7196: 7191: 7188: 7184: 7183: 7178: 7175: 7171: 7170: 7165: 7162: 7158: 7157: 7152: 7149: 7145: 7144: 7139: 7136: 7132: 7131: 7126: 7123: 7119: 7118: 7113: 7110: 7106: 7105: 7100: 7097: 7093: 7092: 7087: 7084: 7080: 7079: 7074: 7071: 7067: 7066: 7061: 7058: 7054: 7053: 7048: 7045: 7041: 7040: 7035: 7032: 7028: 7027: 7022: 7019: 7015: 7014: 7009: 7006: 7002: 7001: 6996: 6993: 6989: 6988: 6983: 6980: 6976: 6975: 6970: 6967: 6963: 6962: 6957: 6954: 6950: 6949: 6944: 6941: 6937: 6936: 6931: 6928: 6924: 6923: 6918: 6915: 6911: 6910: 6905: 6902: 6898: 6897: 6892: 6889: 6885: 6884: 6879: 6876: 6872: 6871: 6866: 6863: 6859: 6858: 6853: 6850: 6846: 6845: 6840: 6837: 6833: 6832: 6827: 6824: 6820: 6819: 6814: 6811: 6807: 6806: 6801: 6796: 6792: 6791: 6786: 6783: 6779: 6778: 6773: 6770: 6766: 6765: 6760: 6757: 6753: 6752: 6747: 6744: 6740: 6739: 6734: 6731: 6727: 6726: 6723: 6720: 6715: 6684: 6681: 6678: 6677: 6672: 6669: 6665: 6664: 6659: 6656: 6652: 6651: 6644: 6639: 6636: 6632: 6631: 6628: 6625: 6620: 6561: 6558: 6555: 6554: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6540: 6539: 6534: 6532: 6529: 6525: 6524: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6510: 6509: 6504: 6502: 6499: 6495: 6494: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6478: 6477: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6463: 6462: 6457: 6454: 6452: 6448: 6447: 6442: 6439: 6437: 6433: 6432: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6418: 6417: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6403: 6402: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6388: 6387: 6382: 6380: 6377: 6373: 6372: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6358: 6357: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6343: 6342: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6328: 6327: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6313: 6312: 6307: 6304: 6301: 6297: 6296: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6282: 6281: 6276: 6273: 6271: 6267: 6266: 6261: 6258: 6255: 6251: 6250: 6247: 6244: 6239: 6234: 6133:father–farther 6116: 6113: 6110: 6109: 6107: 6102: 6099: 6095: 6094: 6092: 6087: 6084: 6080: 6079: 6077: 6072: 6069: 6065: 6064: 6062: 6057: 6054: 6050: 6049: 6047: 6042: 6039: 6035: 6034: 6032: 6027: 6024: 6020: 6019: 6017: 6012: 6009: 6005: 6004: 6002: 5997: 5994: 5990: 5989: 5984: 5981: 5977: 5976: 5974: 5969: 5966: 5962: 5961: 5959: 5954: 5951: 5947: 5946: 5944: 5939: 5936: 5932: 5931: 5929: 5924: 5921: 5917: 5916: 5914: 5909: 5906: 5902: 5901: 5899: 5894: 5891: 5887: 5886: 5883: 5880: 5875: 5732: 5729: 5726: 5725: 5723: 5718: 5715: 5711: 5710: 5708: 5703: 5700: 5696: 5695: 5693: 5688: 5685: 5681: 5680: 5678: 5673: 5670: 5666: 5665: 5663: 5658: 5655: 5651: 5650: 5648: 5643: 5640: 5636: 5635: 5633: 5628: 5625: 5621: 5620: 5618: 5613: 5610: 5606: 5605: 5603: 5598: 5595: 5591: 5590: 5588: 5583: 5580: 5576: 5575: 5573: 5568: 5565: 5561: 5560: 5558: 5553: 5550: 5546: 5545: 5543: 5538: 5535: 5531: 5530: 5528: 5523: 5520: 5516: 5515: 5513: 5508: 5505: 5501: 5500: 5498: 5493: 5490: 5486: 5485: 5483: 5478: 5475: 5471: 5470: 5468: 5463: 5460: 5456: 5455: 5453: 5448: 5445: 5441: 5440: 5438: 5433: 5430: 5426: 5425: 5423: 5418: 5415: 5411: 5410: 5408: 5403: 5400: 5396: 5395: 5393: 5388: 5379: 5375: 5374: 5372: 5367: 5364: 5360: 5359: 5357: 5352: 5349: 5345: 5344: 5342: 5337: 5332: 5328: 5327: 5325: 5320: 5317: 5313: 5312: 5309: 5306: 5301: 5262: 5259: 5256: 5255: 5250: 5247: 5243: 5242: 5237: 5234: 5230: 5229: 5224: 5221: 5217: 5216: 5211: 5208: 5204: 5203: 5201: 5196: 5193: 5189: 5188: 5183: 5180: 5176: 5175: 5161: 5156: 5153: 5149: 5148: 5143: 5140: 5136: 5135: 5133: 5128: 5125: 5121: 5120: 5117: 5114: 5109: 5064: 5061: 5058: 5057: 5054: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5041: 5038: 5037: 5034: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5021: 5018: 5017: 5014: 5009: 5006: 5003: 5000: 4997: 4996: 4994: 4989: 4986: 4983: 4980: 4977: 4976: 4974: 4969: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4957: 4956: 4954: 4949: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4937: 4936: 4934: 4929: 4926: 4924: 4921: 4917: 4916: 4913: 4908: 4905: 4902: 4899: 4896: 4895: 4893: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4877: 4876: 4873: 4868: 4865: 4862: 4859: 4856: 4855: 4853: 4848: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4836: 4835: 4832: 4827: 4824: 4822: 4819: 4816: 4815: 4813: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4800: 4796: 4795: 4792: 4787: 4784: 4781: 4778: 4775: 4774: 4771: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4758: 4754: 4753: 4750: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4737: 4733: 4732: 4729: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4716: 4712: 4711: 4709: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4697: 4693: 4692: 4690: 4685: 4682: 4679: 4676: 4672: 4671: 4668: 4663: 4660: 4657: 4654: 4651: 4650: 4648: 4643: 4640: 4638: 4635: 4631: 4630: 4627: 4622: 4619: 4617: 4614: 4611: 4610: 4607: 4602: 4599: 4596: 4593: 4590: 4589: 4587: 4582: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4570: 4569: 4567: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4555: 4551: 4550: 4548: 4543: 4540: 4537: 4534: 4530: 4529: 4526: 4521: 4518: 4515: 4512: 4509: 4508: 4505: 4500: 4497: 4494: 4491: 4488: 4487: 4485: 4480: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4468: 4467: 4465: 4460: 4458: 4455: 4452: 4449: 4448: 4446: 4441: 4438: 4435: 4432: 4429: 4428: 4425: 4422: 4417: 4412: 4402: 3982: 3979: 3976: 3975: 3973: 3968: 3965: 3961: 3960: 3958: 3953: 3950: 3946: 3945: 3943: 3938: 3935: 3931: 3930: 3927: 3924: 3919: 3868:is subject to 3754: 3751: 3748: 3747: 3742: 3739: 3735: 3734: 3729: 3726: 3722: 3721: 3716: 3713: 3709: 3708: 3703: 3700: 3696: 3695: 3690: 3687: 3683: 3682: 3677: 3674: 3670: 3669: 3664: 3661: 3657: 3656: 3651: 3648: 3644: 3643: 3638: 3635: 3631: 3630: 3625: 3622: 3618: 3617: 3612: 3609: 3605: 3604: 3599: 3596: 3592: 3591: 3586: 3583: 3579: 3578: 3573: 3570: 3566: 3565: 3560: 3557: 3553: 3552: 3549: 3546: 3541: 3523:merges-mergers 3472: 3469: 3466: 3465: 3460: 3457: 3451: 3450: 3445: 3442: 3438: 3437: 3432: 3429: 3425: 3424: 3419: 3416: 3412: 3411: 3406: 3403: 3399: 3398: 3393: 3390: 3386: 3385: 3380: 3377: 3373: 3372: 3367: 3364: 3360: 3359: 3354: 3351: 3347: 3346: 3339: 3334: 3329: 3325: 3324: 3319: 3316: 3312: 3311: 3306: 3303: 3299: 3298: 3293: 3290: 3286: 3285: 3280: 3277: 3273: 3272: 3267: 3264: 3260: 3259: 3254: 3251: 3245: 3244: 3239: 3236: 3232: 3231: 3226: 3223: 3219: 3218: 3213: 3210: 3206: 3205: 3200: 3197: 3193: 3192: 3187: 3184: 3180: 3179: 3174: 3171: 3167: 3166: 3161: 3158: 3154: 3153: 3148: 3145: 3141: 3140: 3135: 3132: 3128: 3127: 3124: 3121: 3116: 3048: 3032: 3029: 3028: 3023: 3020: 3016: 3015: 3010: 3007: 3003: 3002: 2997: 2994: 2990: 2989: 2984: 2981: 2977: 2976: 2971: 2968: 2964: 2963: 2958: 2955: 2951: 2950: 2945: 2942: 2938: 2937: 2932: 2929: 2925: 2924: 2919: 2916: 2912: 2911: 2906: 2903: 2899: 2898: 2893: 2890: 2886: 2885: 2880: 2877: 2873: 2872: 2867: 2864: 2860: 2859: 2854: 2851: 2847: 2846: 2841: 2838: 2834: 2833: 2828: 2825: 2821: 2820: 2815: 2812: 2808: 2807: 2802: 2799: 2795: 2794: 2787: 2782: 2779: 2775: 2774: 2769: 2766: 2762: 2761: 2756: 2753: 2749: 2748: 2743: 2740: 2736: 2735: 2730: 2727: 2723: 2722: 2717: 2714: 2710: 2709: 2704: 2701: 2697: 2696: 2691: 2688: 2684: 2683: 2678: 2675: 2671: 2670: 2665: 2662: 2658: 2657: 2652: 2649: 2645: 2644: 2639: 2636: 2632: 2631: 2626: 2623: 2619: 2618: 2613: 2610: 2606: 2605: 2600: 2597: 2593: 2592: 2587: 2584: 2580: 2579: 2574: 2571: 2567: 2566: 2561: 2558: 2554: 2553: 2548: 2545: 2541: 2540: 2535: 2532: 2528: 2527: 2522: 2519: 2515: 2514: 2509: 2506: 2502: 2501: 2496: 2493: 2489: 2488: 2483: 2480: 2476: 2475: 2470: 2467: 2463: 2462: 2459: 2456: 2451: 2415:homophones as 2384: 2381: 2378: 2377: 2372: 2369: 2365: 2364: 2359: 2356: 2352: 2351: 2346: 2343: 2339: 2338: 2333: 2330: 2326: 2325: 2320: 2317: 2313: 2312: 2309: 2306: 2301: 2238: 2235: 2229: 2226: 2218:Māori language 2214:language shift 2159:/ˌθɵːɹdˈtɵːɹm/ 2139:only with the 2115: 2112: 2063: 2060: 2020: 2017: 1978:of the native 1968:Indian English 1900: 1897: 1882: 1881: 1796: 1794: 1787: 1781: 1778: 1750: 1747: 1656:and (less so) 1617:American South 1560: 1557: 1529: 1526: 1513: 1510: 1454: 1451: 1411:Indian English 1369:Southland burr 1280: 1270: 1256: 1246: 1236: 1230: 1213: 1210: 1025:India-r-Office 1008:the idea of it 953: 950: 880: 877: 849:East Yorkshire 845:West Yorkshire 834:West Yorkshire 703:'morning' and 662:Middle English 617: 614: 612: 609: 430:rhotic accents 415:⟩, see 391: 390: 389: 386: 385: 383: 382: 375: 368: 360: 357: 356: 354: 353: 348: 342: 339: 338: 337:Related topics 334: 333: 331: 330: 325: 320: 315: 310: 305: 300: 298:L-vocalization 295: 290: 285: 280: 267: 264: 263: 259: 258: 256: 255: 250: 244: 241: 240: 236: 235: 233: 232: 227: 222: 217: 212: 207: 202: 197: 191: 188: 187: 181: 180: 178: 177: 172: 170:In Old English 166: 163: 162: 156: 155: 153: 152: 150:Middle English 147: 141: 138: 137: 133: 132: 126: 125: 109: 97: 87: 82: 81: 70: 59: 54: 53: 48: 47: 38: 37: 36: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12170: 12159: 12156: 12154: 12151: 12149: 12146: 12145: 12143: 12120: 12119: 12115: 12111: 12108: 12106: 12103: 12102: 12101: 12100: 12096: 12094: 12092: 12088: 12086: 12083: 12081: 12080: 12076: 12074: 12073:-vocalization 12072: 12068: 12066: 12064: 12060: 12058: 12055: 12053: 12050: 12049: 12047: 12045: 12041: 12035: 12032: 12030: 12027: 12025: 12022: 12020: 12017: 12015: 12012: 12010: 12007: 12005: 11999: 11997: 11991: 11989: 11988: 11984: 11983: 11981: 11979: 11975: 11971: 11967: 11962: 11958: 11952: 11949: 11947: 11944: 11942: 11939: 11937: 11934: 11930: 11927: 11925: 11922: 11920: 11917: 11915: 11912: 11911: 11910: 11907: 11905: 11902: 11900: 11897: 11895: 11892: 11890: 11887: 11886: 11883: 11879: 11872: 11867: 11865: 11860: 11858: 11853: 11852: 11849: 11835: 11826: 11817: 11813: 11809: 11805: 11801: 11797: 11793: 11789: 11785: 11779: 11770: 11765: 11761: 11757: 11752: 11749: 11745: 11741: 11737: 11734:(1): 69–101, 11733: 11729: 11725: 11720: 11717: 11713: 11708: 11703: 11699: 11695: 11688: 11683: 11680: 11678:3-11-017532-0 11674: 11670: 11665: 11662: 11660:3-11-017532-0 11656: 11652: 11647: 11643: 11639: 11635: 11631: 11625: 11621: 11616: 11613: 11611:9780521779395 11607: 11603: 11602: 11596: 11592: 11586: 11570: 11566: 11561: 11558: 11556:9780521791052 11552: 11548: 11543: 11539: 11537:0-521-26476-6 11533: 11529: 11524: 11521: 11515: 11511: 11506: 11502: 11500:3-11-016746-8 11496: 11492: 11487: 11483: 11478: 11471: 11467: 11463: 11459: 11455: 11451: 11447: 11440: 11435: 11431: 11429:0-521-26479-0 11425: 11421: 11417: 11413: 11410: 11408:3-11-017532-0 11404: 11400: 11395: 11392: 11390:9781444183092 11386: 11382: 11381: 11375: 11372: 11366: 11362: 11361: 11355: 11352: 11350:1-85359-032-0 11346: 11342: 11341: 11335: 11332: 11330:3-11-017532-0 11326: 11322: 11317: 11314: 11312:3-11-017532-0 11308: 11304: 11299: 11295: 11290: 11287:(1): 97–102, 11286: 11282: 11281: 11276: 11271: 11268: 11266:3-11-017532-0 11262: 11258: 11253: 11252: 11239: 11233: 11227:, p. 216 11226: 11221: 11203: 11196: 11195: 11187: 11172: 11168: 11161: 11154: 11150: 11144: 11140: 11133: 11127:, p. 260 11126: 11121: 11114: 11109: 11102: 11101:Thomas (2008) 11097: 11091:, p. 259 11090: 11085: 11078: 11073: 11066: 11061: 11055:, p. 235 11054: 11049: 11041: 11035: 11027: 11021: 11015:, p. 91. 11014: 11009: 11002: 10997: 10990: 10985: 10979:, p. 65. 10978: 10973: 10967:, p. 98. 10966: 10961: 10954: 10949: 10942: 10937: 10930: 10925: 10918: 10913: 10911: 10904:, p. 72. 10903: 10898: 10896: 10888: 10883: 10876: 10875:Watson (2007) 10871: 10864: 10859: 10852: 10847: 10840: 10835: 10828: 10823: 10815: 10809: 10805: 10801: 10795: 10788: 10783: 10776: 10771: 10764: 10758: 10750: 10748:0-19-280115-5 10744: 10740: 10736: 10735: 10727: 10720: 10715: 10708: 10703: 10701: 10699: 10697: 10695: 10687: 10682: 10673: 10666: 10662: 10661:9780521264785 10658: 10654: 10648: 10641: 10636: 10620: 10616: 10615:Teara.govt.nz 10612: 10606: 10599: 10598: 10593: 10587: 10579: 10575: 10571: 10567: 10560: 10553: 10548: 10541: 10536: 10529: 10523: 10515: 10511: 10507: 10503: 10499: 10495: 10491: 10484: 10482: 10473: 10469: 10465: 10458: 10456: 10447: 10443: 10439: 10435: 10428: 10426: 10417: 10413: 10409: 10405: 10400: 10395: 10391: 10387: 10383: 10376: 10361: 10357: 10350: 10342: 10340:9788194343271 10336: 10332: 10331: 10323: 10315: 10313:0-340-70608-2 10309: 10305: 10298: 10290: 10283: 10276: 10272: 10268: 10264: 10261: 10255: 10236: 10229: 10222: 10213: 10198: 10194: 10190: 10186: 10179: 10172: 10163: 10157: 10152: 10144: 10142:9781139489799 10138: 10134: 10133: 10125: 10117: 10111: 10107: 10106: 10098: 10083: 10081:9781853590313 10077: 10073: 10072: 10064: 10056: 10050: 10046: 10042: 10036: 10034: 10017: 10013: 10007: 9999: 9997:0-340-70608-2 9993: 9989: 9982: 9980: 9963: 9959: 9958:New York Post 9955: 9948: 9940: 9938:9783110208405 9934: 9930: 9929: 9921: 9907: 9905:9783110208429 9901: 9897: 9893: 9889: 9885: 9878: 9871: 9866: 9864: 9856: 9851: 9836: 9832: 9826: 9811: 9807: 9801: 9786: 9782: 9775: 9769: 9764: 9755: 9748: 9743: 9736: 9731: 9725: 9724: 9718: 9716: 9708: 9703: 9696: 9691: 9683: 9677: 9673: 9666: 9658: 9657: 9648: 9640: 9634: 9630: 9626: 9622: 9618: 9611: 9603: 9596: 9580: 9576: 9572: 9566: 9551: 9547: 9541: 9526: 9522: 9516: 9501: 9497: 9491: 9483: 9476: 9468: 9464: 9457: 9449: 9447:9780521642927 9443: 9439: 9434: 9433: 9424: 9418:, p. 73. 9417: 9416:Fisher (2001) 9412: 9405: 9401: 9390: 9383: 9378: 9371: 9365: 9358: 9354: 9353: 9348: 9342: 9335: 9330: 9328: 9326: 9324: 9322: 9315:, p. 77. 9314: 9313:Fisher (2001) 9309: 9307: 9305: 9298:, p. 76. 9297: 9296:Fisher (2001) 9292: 9290: 9288: 9280: 9275: 9273: 9271: 9269: 9260: 9256: 9251: 9246: 9241: 9236: 9232: 9228: 9224: 9217: 9208: 9206: 9199: 9198:Kurath (1964) 9196::31), citing 9195: 9190: 9181: 9179: 9177: 9169: 9164: 9157: 9152: 9150: 9148: 9146: 9144: 9142: 9140: 9138: 9136: 9128: 9122: 9118: 9104: 9102: 9097: 9096:-constricting 9095: 9090: 9083: 9081: 9076: 9074: 9069: 9067: 9062: 9053: 9049: 9039: 9036: 9035: 9025: 9020: 9016: 9015: 9010: 9007: 9002: 9001:[pak] 8988: 8987: 8983:The spelling 8982: 8979: 8975: 8971: 8968: 8962: 8954: 8950: 8946: 8940: 8932: 8928: 8927: 8922: 8920: 8916: 8913: 8910: 8906: 8902: 8899: 8897: 8893: 8889: 8885: 8881: 8877: 8874: 8870: 8866: 8862: 8857: 8853: 8851: 8844: 8837: 8833: 8830: 8827: 8826: 8821: 8817: 8814: 8810: 8806: 8802: 8799: 8798: 8796: 8792: 8787: 8779: 8775: 8771: 8767: 8764: 8763: 8761: 8758: 8754: 8750: 8748: 8744: 8741: 8737: 8733: 8729: 8726: 8725: 8724: 8722: 8705: 8702: 8700: 8697: 8696: 8690: 8687: 8684: 8683: 8677: 8674: 8671: 8670: 8664: 8661: 8658: 8657: 8651: 8648: 8645: 8644: 8638: 8635: 8632: 8631: 8625: 8622: 8619: 8618: 8612: 8609: 8607: 8604: 8603: 8597: 8594: 8591: 8590: 8584: 8582: 8579: 8576: 8575: 8571: 8567: 8562: 8559: 8556: 8555: 8549: 8546: 8543: 8542: 8538: 8534: 8530: 8525: 8523: 8520: 8517: 8516: 8510: 8507: 8504: 8503: 8497: 8494: 8491: 8490: 8484: 8481: 8479: 8476: 8475: 8469: 8466: 8464: 8461: 8460: 8454: 8451: 8448: 8447: 8441: 8438: 8435: 8434: 8430: 8427: 8422: 8417: 8416: 8410: 8407: 8403: 8399: 8395: 8391: 8390:William Labov 8386: 8376: 8372: 8371:Gloomy Sunday 8368: 8364: 8360: 8356: 8352: 8348: 8344: 8343:Three Stooges 8340: 8336: 8332: 8328: 8324: 8312: 8308: 8305:, as well as 8304: 8300: 8280: 8276: 8262: 8260: 8256: 8248: 8244: 8240: 8236: 8232: 8231:New York City 8228: 8222: 8199: 8197: 8185: 8181: 8161: 8133: 8131: 8106: 8103: 8100: 8099: 8093: 8090: 8087: 8086: 8080: 8077: 8074: 8073: 8067: 8064: 8061: 8060: 8054: 8051: 8048: 8047: 8043: 8038: 8035: 8032: 8031: 8025: 8022: 8019: 8018: 8014: 8011: 8006: 8001: 8000: 7994: 7991: 7981: 7978:instead, see 7963: 7957: 7951: 7943: 7935: 7921: 7916: 7910: 7906: 7902: 7900: 7887: 7883: 7866: 7863: 7860: 7859: 7853: 7850: 7847: 7846: 7842: 7838: 7833: 7830: 7827: 7826: 7820: 7817: 7814: 7813: 7807: 7804: 7801: 7800: 7794: 7791: 7788: 7787: 7781: 7778: 7775: 7774: 7768: 7765: 7762: 7761: 7755: 7752: 7749: 7748: 7742: 7739: 7736: 7735: 7729: 7726: 7723: 7722: 7716: 7713: 7710: 7709: 7703: 7700: 7697: 7696: 7690: 7687: 7684: 7683: 7677: 7674: 7671: 7670: 7664: 7661: 7658: 7657: 7651: 7648: 7645: 7644: 7638: 7635: 7632: 7631: 7625: 7622: 7619: 7618: 7612: 7609: 7606: 7605: 7599: 7596: 7593: 7592: 7586: 7583: 7580: 7579: 7573: 7570: 7567: 7566: 7560: 7557: 7554: 7553: 7547: 7544: 7541: 7540: 7534: 7531: 7528: 7527: 7521: 7518: 7515: 7514: 7508: 7505: 7502: 7501: 7495: 7492: 7489: 7488: 7482: 7479: 7476: 7475: 7469: 7466: 7463: 7462: 7456: 7453: 7450: 7449: 7443: 7440: 7437: 7436: 7430: 7427: 7424: 7423: 7417: 7414: 7411: 7410: 7404: 7401: 7398: 7397: 7391: 7388: 7385: 7384: 7378: 7375: 7373: 7370: 7369: 7363: 7360: 7358: 7355: 7354: 7348: 7345: 7342: 7341: 7335: 7332: 7329: 7328: 7322: 7319: 7316: 7315: 7309: 7306: 7303: 7302: 7296: 7293: 7290: 7289: 7283: 7280: 7277: 7276: 7270: 7267: 7264: 7263: 7257: 7254: 7251: 7250: 7244: 7241: 7238: 7237: 7231: 7228: 7225: 7224: 7218: 7215: 7212: 7211: 7205: 7202: 7199: 7198: 7192: 7189: 7186: 7185: 7179: 7176: 7173: 7172: 7166: 7163: 7160: 7159: 7153: 7150: 7147: 7146: 7140: 7137: 7134: 7133: 7127: 7124: 7121: 7120: 7114: 7111: 7108: 7107: 7101: 7098: 7095: 7094: 7088: 7085: 7082: 7081: 7075: 7072: 7069: 7068: 7062: 7059: 7056: 7055: 7049: 7046: 7043: 7042: 7036: 7033: 7030: 7029: 7023: 7020: 7017: 7016: 7010: 7007: 7004: 7003: 6997: 6994: 6991: 6990: 6984: 6981: 6978: 6977: 6971: 6968: 6965: 6964: 6958: 6955: 6952: 6951: 6945: 6942: 6939: 6938: 6932: 6929: 6926: 6925: 6919: 6916: 6913: 6912: 6906: 6903: 6900: 6899: 6893: 6890: 6887: 6886: 6880: 6877: 6874: 6873: 6867: 6864: 6861: 6860: 6854: 6851: 6848: 6847: 6841: 6838: 6835: 6834: 6828: 6825: 6822: 6821: 6815: 6812: 6809: 6808: 6802: 6800: 6797: 6794: 6793: 6787: 6784: 6781: 6780: 6774: 6771: 6768: 6767: 6761: 6758: 6755: 6754: 6748: 6745: 6742: 6741: 6735: 6732: 6729: 6728: 6724: 6721: 6716: 6711: 6710: 6704: 6702: 6690: 6673: 6670: 6667: 6666: 6660: 6657: 6654: 6653: 6649: 6645: 6640: 6637: 6634: 6633: 6629: 6626: 6621: 6616: 6615: 6609: 6607: 6603: 6599: 6595: 6591: 6587: 6583: 6571: 6567: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6542: 6541: 6535: 6533: 6530: 6527: 6526: 6520: 6518: 6515: 6512: 6511: 6505: 6503: 6500: 6497: 6496: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6483: 6480: 6479: 6473: 6471:soared, sword 6470: 6468: 6465: 6464: 6458: 6455: 6453: 6450: 6449: 6443: 6440: 6438: 6435: 6434: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6420: 6419: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6404: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6389: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6375: 6374: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6360: 6359: 6353: 6350: 6348: 6345: 6344: 6338: 6335: 6333: 6330: 6329: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6315: 6314: 6308: 6305: 6302: 6299: 6298: 6292: 6290: 6287: 6284: 6283: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6268: 6262: 6259: 6256: 6253: 6252: 6248: 6245: 6240: 6235: 6230: 6229: 6223: 6221: 6220: 6215: 6212: 6208: 6204: 6200: 6196: 6191: 6189: 6188:THOUGHT split 6185: 6181: 6177: 6173: 6162:(a merger of 6161: 6157: 6152: 6136: 6134: 6122: 6108: 6103: 6100: 6097: 6096: 6093: 6088: 6085: 6082: 6081: 6078: 6073: 6070: 6067: 6066: 6063: 6058: 6055: 6052: 6051: 6048: 6043: 6040: 6037: 6036: 6033: 6028: 6025: 6022: 6021: 6018: 6013: 6010: 6007: 6006: 6003: 5998: 5995: 5992: 5991: 5985: 5982: 5979: 5978: 5975: 5970: 5967: 5964: 5963: 5960: 5955: 5952: 5949: 5948: 5945: 5940: 5937: 5934: 5933: 5930: 5925: 5922: 5919: 5918: 5915: 5910: 5907: 5904: 5903: 5900: 5895: 5892: 5889: 5888: 5884: 5881: 5876: 5871: 5870: 5864: 5859: 5852: 5835: 5831: 5823: 5815: 5803: 5795: 5789: 5781: 5777: 5772: 5768: 5760: 5746: 5724: 5719: 5716: 5713: 5712: 5709: 5704: 5701: 5698: 5697: 5694: 5689: 5686: 5683: 5682: 5679: 5674: 5671: 5668: 5667: 5664: 5659: 5656: 5653: 5652: 5649: 5644: 5641: 5638: 5637: 5634: 5629: 5626: 5623: 5622: 5619: 5614: 5611: 5608: 5607: 5604: 5599: 5596: 5593: 5592: 5589: 5584: 5581: 5578: 5577: 5574: 5569: 5566: 5563: 5562: 5559: 5554: 5551: 5548: 5547: 5544: 5539: 5536: 5533: 5532: 5529: 5524: 5521: 5518: 5517: 5514: 5509: 5506: 5503: 5502: 5499: 5494: 5491: 5488: 5487: 5484: 5479: 5476: 5473: 5472: 5469: 5464: 5461: 5458: 5457: 5454: 5449: 5446: 5443: 5442: 5439: 5434: 5431: 5428: 5427: 5424: 5419: 5416: 5413: 5412: 5409: 5404: 5401: 5398: 5397: 5394: 5389: 5387: 5383: 5380: 5377: 5376: 5373: 5368: 5365: 5362: 5361: 5358: 5353: 5350: 5347: 5346: 5343: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5330: 5329: 5326: 5321: 5318: 5315: 5314: 5310: 5307: 5302: 5297: 5296: 5290: 5288: 5284: 5280: 5279:Boston accent 5276: 5251: 5248: 5245: 5244: 5238: 5235: 5232: 5231: 5225: 5222: 5219: 5218: 5212: 5209: 5206: 5205: 5202: 5197: 5194: 5191: 5190: 5184: 5181: 5178: 5177: 5165: 5162: 5157: 5154: 5151: 5150: 5144: 5141: 5138: 5137: 5134: 5129: 5126: 5123: 5122: 5118: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5104: 5098: 5097: 5093: 5089: 5085: 5081: 5076: 5055: 5050: 5048: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5039: 5035: 5030: 5028: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5019: 5015: 5010: 5007: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4998: 4995: 4990: 4987: 4984: 4982:staid, stayed 4981: 4979: 4978: 4975: 4970: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4959: 4958: 4955: 4950: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4938: 4935: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4919: 4918: 4914: 4909: 4906: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4897: 4894: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4878: 4874: 4869: 4866: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4857: 4854: 4849: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4838: 4837: 4833: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4818: 4817: 4814: 4809: 4807: 4804: 4801: 4798: 4797: 4793: 4788: 4785: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4776: 4772: 4767: 4765: 4762: 4759: 4756: 4755: 4751: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4738: 4735: 4734: 4730: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4717: 4714: 4713: 4710: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4698: 4695: 4694: 4691: 4686: 4683: 4680: 4677: 4674: 4673: 4669: 4664: 4661: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4652: 4649: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4633: 4632: 4628: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4613: 4612: 4608: 4603: 4600: 4597: 4594: 4592: 4591: 4588: 4583: 4580: 4577: 4575: 4572: 4571: 4568: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4556: 4553: 4552: 4549: 4544: 4541: 4538: 4535: 4532: 4531: 4527: 4522: 4519: 4516: 4513: 4511: 4510: 4506: 4501: 4498: 4495: 4492: 4490: 4489: 4486: 4481: 4478: 4475: 4473: 4470: 4469: 4466: 4461: 4459: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4450: 4447: 4442: 4439: 4436: 4433: 4431: 4430: 4426: 4423: 4418: 4413: 4403: 4393: 4392: 4386: 4384: 4371: 4347: 4335: 4318: 4313: 4311: 4301: 4285: 4273: 4268:(though long 4265: 4256: 4251: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4238:set, so that 4229: 4219: 4199: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4171: 4161: 4148: 4140: 4126: 4102: 4094: 4084: 4077: 4075: 4065: 4055: 4051: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4006: 4004: 4000: 3974: 3969: 3966: 3963: 3962: 3959: 3954: 3951: 3948: 3947: 3944: 3939: 3936: 3933: 3932: 3928: 3925: 3920: 3915: 3914: 3908: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3877: 3875: 3862: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3836: 3828: 3822: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3782: 3776: 3743: 3740: 3737: 3736: 3730: 3728:splendo(u)red 3727: 3724: 3723: 3717: 3714: 3711: 3710: 3704: 3701: 3698: 3697: 3691: 3688: 3685: 3684: 3678: 3675: 3672: 3671: 3665: 3662: 3659: 3658: 3652: 3649: 3646: 3645: 3639: 3636: 3633: 3632: 3626: 3623: 3620: 3619: 3613: 3610: 3607: 3606: 3600: 3597: 3594: 3593: 3587: 3584: 3581: 3580: 3574: 3571: 3568: 3567: 3561: 3558: 3555: 3554: 3550: 3547: 3542: 3537: 3536: 3530: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3517: 3513: 3508: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3461: 3458: 3456: 3453: 3452: 3446: 3443: 3440: 3439: 3433: 3430: 3427: 3426: 3420: 3417: 3414: 3413: 3407: 3404: 3401: 3400: 3394: 3391: 3388: 3387: 3381: 3378: 3375: 3374: 3368: 3365: 3362: 3361: 3355: 3352: 3349: 3348: 3340: 3335: 3333: 3330: 3327: 3326: 3320: 3317: 3314: 3313: 3307: 3304: 3301: 3300: 3294: 3291: 3288: 3287: 3281: 3279:manner, manor 3278: 3275: 3274: 3268: 3265: 3262: 3261: 3255: 3252: 3250: 3247: 3246: 3240: 3237: 3234: 3233: 3227: 3224: 3221: 3220: 3214: 3211: 3208: 3207: 3201: 3198: 3195: 3194: 3188: 3185: 3182: 3181: 3175: 3172: 3169: 3168: 3162: 3159: 3156: 3155: 3149: 3146: 3143: 3142: 3136: 3133: 3130: 3129: 3125: 3122: 3117: 3112: 3111: 3105: 3103: 3099: 3098: 3093: 3089: 3087: 3082: 3078: 3073: 3070: 3063: 3058: 3054: 3053:John C. Wells 3045: 3038: 3024: 3021: 3018: 3017: 3011: 3008: 3005: 3004: 2998: 2995: 2992: 2991: 2985: 2982: 2979: 2978: 2972: 2969: 2966: 2965: 2959: 2956: 2953: 2952: 2946: 2943: 2940: 2939: 2933: 2930: 2927: 2926: 2920: 2917: 2914: 2913: 2907: 2904: 2901: 2900: 2894: 2891: 2888: 2887: 2881: 2878: 2875: 2874: 2868: 2865: 2862: 2861: 2855: 2852: 2849: 2848: 2842: 2839: 2836: 2835: 2829: 2826: 2823: 2822: 2816: 2813: 2810: 2809: 2803: 2800: 2797: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2783: 2780: 2777: 2776: 2770: 2767: 2764: 2763: 2757: 2754: 2751: 2750: 2744: 2741: 2738: 2737: 2731: 2728: 2725: 2724: 2718: 2715: 2712: 2711: 2705: 2702: 2699: 2698: 2692: 2689: 2686: 2685: 2679: 2676: 2673: 2672: 2666: 2663: 2660: 2659: 2653: 2650: 2647: 2646: 2640: 2637: 2634: 2633: 2627: 2624: 2621: 2620: 2614: 2611: 2608: 2607: 2601: 2598: 2595: 2594: 2588: 2585: 2582: 2581: 2575: 2572: 2569: 2568: 2562: 2559: 2556: 2555: 2549: 2546: 2543: 2542: 2536: 2533: 2530: 2529: 2523: 2520: 2517: 2516: 2510: 2507: 2504: 2503: 2497: 2494: 2491: 2490: 2484: 2481: 2478: 2477: 2471: 2468: 2465: 2464: 2460: 2457: 2452: 2447: 2446: 2440: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2394: 2390: 2373: 2370: 2367: 2366: 2360: 2357: 2354: 2353: 2347: 2344: 2341: 2340: 2334: 2331: 2328: 2327: 2321: 2318: 2315: 2314: 2310: 2307: 2302: 2297: 2296: 2290: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2256: 2248: 2244: 2234: 2225: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2196: 2189: 2182: 2173: 2168: 2157: 2129: 2125: 2122:and parts of 2121: 2111: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2059: 2053: 2052: 2046: 2042: 2041:Cape Province 2038: 2034: 2029: 2025: 2016: 2014: 2008: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1988: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1921: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1906: 1896: 1893: 1889: 1878: 1875: 1867: 1856: 1853: 1849: 1846: 1842: 1839: 1835: 1832: 1828: 1825: – 1824: 1820: 1819:Find sources: 1813: 1809: 1803: 1802: 1797:This article 1795: 1791: 1786: 1785: 1777: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1758:New Brunswick 1755: 1746: 1744: 1737: 1730: 1715: 1711: 1709: 1708: 1703: 1700: 1688: 1687: 1681: 1677: 1675: 1671: 1670:William Labov 1667: 1663: 1659: 1658:New Hampshire 1655: 1651: 1648:, especially 1647: 1642: 1640: 1636: 1635: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1613: 1611: 1605: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1576: 1572: 1571: 1565: 1559:United States 1556: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1533:Welsh English 1525: 1523: 1519: 1509: 1507: 1503: 1498: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1450: 1446: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1393: 1389: 1384: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1357: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1330:Welsh English 1327: 1322: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1291: 1287: 1277: 1267: 1263: 1253: 1243: 1227: 1218: 1209: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1192:in the words 1187: 1174: 1172: 1168: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1135:word boundary 1127: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1068: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1037: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1026: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 998: 994: 990: 986: 982: 978: 971: 967: 963: 949: 947: 941: 938: 934: 929: 927: 922: 917: 911: 907: 903: 899: 895: 894:New York City 890: 879:United States 876: 874: 870: 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 846: 842: 837: 835: 831: 827: 826:Black Country 823: 819: 813: 810: 804: 802: 796: 794: 790: 786: 782: 778: 774: 770: 766: 762: 758: 754: 745: 743: 731: 727: 718: 707: 701: 691: 685: 680: 678: 672: 667: 663: 659: 655: 651: 644:, especially 643: 630: 622: 608: 606: 602: 597: 593: 583: 581: 575: 573: 569: 565: 560: 553: 549: 546: 542: 538: 534: 530: 526: 522: 518: 517:United States 514: 510: 505: 503: 495: 491: 459: 455: 451: 443: 435: 431: 427: 418: 406: 402: 400: 396: 381: 376: 374: 369: 367: 362: 361: 359: 358: 352: 349: 347: 344: 343: 341: 340: 336: 335: 329: 326: 324: 321: 319: 316: 314: 311: 309: 306: 304: 301: 299: 296: 294: 291: 289: 286: 284: 281: 279: 277: 273: 269: 268: 266: 265: 261: 260: 254: 251: 249: 246: 245: 243: 242: 238: 237: 231: 228: 226: 223: 221: 218: 216: 213: 211: 208: 206: 203: 201: 198: 196: 193: 192: 190: 189: 186: 183: 182: 176: 173: 171: 168: 167: 165: 164: 161: 158: 157: 151: 148: 146: 143: 142: 140: 139: 135: 134: 131: 128: 127: 123: 122: 117: 115: 104: 85: 77: 57: 51: 33: 19: 12117: 12098: 12090: 12084: 12078: 12070: 12062: 11986: 11924:Northumbrian 11834:0-52128541-0 11825:0-52128540-2 11816:0-52129719-2 11795: 11759: 11755: 11731: 11727: 11697: 11693: 11668: 11650: 11641: 11619: 11600: 11573:. Retrieved 11546: 11527: 11509: 11490: 11481: 11470:the original 11452:(1): 29–54. 11449: 11445: 11419: 11398: 11379: 11359: 11339: 11320: 11302: 11284: 11278: 11256: 11248:Bibliography 11237: 11232: 11225:Labov (1966) 11220: 11209:, retrieved 11202:the original 11193: 11186: 11174:. Retrieved 11171:Dialect Blog 11170: 11160: 11152: 11138: 11132: 11120: 11113:Wells (1982) 11108: 11103:, p. 97 11096: 11084: 11072: 11065:Wells (1982) 11060: 11048: 11034: 11020: 11008: 10996: 10984: 10972: 10960: 10953:Wells (1982) 10948: 10941:Wells (1982) 10936: 10924: 10882: 10870: 10858: 10846: 10834: 10822: 10803: 10794: 10787:Wells (1982) 10782: 10775:Wells (1982) 10770: 10757: 10733: 10726: 10719:Wells (1982) 10714: 10709:, p. ?. 10707:Wells (1982) 10686:Wells (1982) 10681: 10672: 10665:Google Books 10652: 10647: 10635: 10623:. Retrieved 10614: 10605: 10595: 10590:Clark, L.," 10586: 10569: 10565: 10559: 10547: 10535: 10527: 10522: 10497: 10493: 10471: 10467: 10437: 10433: 10389: 10385: 10375: 10363:. Retrieved 10359: 10349: 10329: 10322: 10304:Urban Voices 10303: 10297: 10288: 10282: 10274: 10254: 10242:. Retrieved 10235:the original 10221: 10212: 10200:. Retrieved 10188: 10184: 10171: 10162: 10151: 10131: 10124: 10104: 10097: 10085:. Retrieved 10070: 10063: 10044: 10020:. Retrieved 10015: 10006: 9988:Urban Voices 9987: 9966:. Retrieved 9957: 9947: 9927: 9920: 9909:, retrieved 9887: 9877: 9870:Wells (1982) 9855:Wells (1982) 9850: 9838:. Retrieved 9834: 9825: 9813:. Retrieved 9809: 9800: 9788:. Retrieved 9785:Dialect Blog 9784: 9774: 9763: 9754: 9747:Wells (1982) 9742: 9735:Wells (1982) 9730: 9721: 9702: 9695:Wells (1982) 9690: 9671: 9665: 9655: 9647: 9620: 9610: 9601: 9595: 9583:. Retrieved 9575:sounds.bl.uk 9574: 9565: 9553:. Retrieved 9550:sounds.bl.uk 9549: 9540: 9528:. Retrieved 9525:sounds.bl.uk 9524: 9515: 9503:. Retrieved 9500:sounds.bl.uk 9499: 9490: 9481: 9475: 9466: 9462: 9456: 9431: 9423: 9411: 9389: 9377: 9369: 9364: 9350: 9346: 9341: 9230: 9226: 9216: 9189: 9168:Wells (1982) 9163: 9126: 9121: 9100: 9099: 9093: 9092: 9089:-pronouncing 9085: 9079: 9078: 9072: 9071: 9065: 9064: 9057: 9052: 9012: 8984: 8978:school ma'am 8977: 8973: 8964: 8949:Wong Kar-wai 8942: 8924: 8914: 8904: 8900: 8895: 8891: 8883: 8879: 8872: 8855: 8847: 8823: 8812: 8804: 8800: 8769: 8765: 8746: 8742: 8739: 8736:filled pause 8731: 8727: 8718: 8595:hurst; Hurst 8405: 8397: 8393: 8387: 8366: 8362: 8359:Sam M. Lewis 8350: 8347:Curly Howard 8338: 8334: 8331:thirty-third 8330: 8326: 8322: 8310: 8306: 8302: 8298: 8268: 8258: 8254: 8202: 8193: 8119: 7992: 7955: 7917: 7898: 7885: 7881: 7879: 6688: 6686: 6648:yod-dropping 6605: 6601: 6597: 6593: 6585: 6581: 6569: 6565: 6563: 6543:taught, taut 6217: 6206: 6202: 6198: 6192: 6179: 6175: 6171: 6159: 6155: 6153: 6137: 6132: 6121:caught–court 6120: 6118: 5857: 5850: 5836: 5779: 5775: 5773: 5734: 5286: 5282: 5264: 5163: 5095: 5091: 5087: 5083: 5077: 5066: 5026:their, there 4844:fares, fairs 4372: 4314: 4288:. Formerly, 4252: 4243: 4239: 4183: 4179: 4149: 4100: 4092: 4078: 4053: 4049: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4007: 3984: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3878: 3873: 3863: 3850: 3846: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3756: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3511: 3509: 3488: 3480: 3476: 3474: 3292:miner, minor 3101: 3095: 3091: 3084: 3081:Korea–career 3080: 3074: 3068: 3061: 3057:lexical sets 3050: 3043: 3036: 2436: 2432: 2412: 2408: 2392: 2388: 2386: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2266: 2262: 2246: 2242: 2240: 2231: 2222:alveolar tap 2194: 2187: 2180: 2174: 2170:/ˈfɐːmˌkɐːt/ 2166: 2163:/ˌθɵːdˈtɵːm/ 2155: 2128:South Island 2117: 2102:tin-miners, 2080:Point Pearce 2065: 2050: 2048: 2044: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2009: 1989: 1976:phonotactics 1966: 1922: 1902: 1885: 1870: 1861: 1851: 1844: 1837: 1830: 1818: 1806:Please help 1801:verification 1798: 1762:Newfoundland 1752: 1716: 1712: 1705: 1685: 1678: 1643: 1632: 1614: 1606: 1594:Philadelphia 1580: 1568: 1548: 1531: 1515: 1499: 1495:Lincolnshire 1471:West Country 1456: 1447: 1406: 1402: 1397: 1391: 1385: 1380: 1376: 1358: 1323: 1296: 1225: 1212:Distribution 1201: 1197: 1193: 1185: 1175: 1170: 1166: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1128: 1123: 1122:may be but 1119: 1111: 1107: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1083: 1069: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1038: 1033: 1030:glottal stop 1024: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 984: 980: 976: 961: 955: 942: 930: 918: 882: 853:Lincolnshire 838: 815: 808: 806: 800: 797: 788: 784: 780: 776: 772: 768: 764: 760: 756: 746: 741: 729: 719: 676: 652:'buttocks' ( 649: 635: 601:World War II 584: 576: 541:South Africa 506: 493: 489: 457: 453: 441: 429: 423: 411:and ⟨ 393: 312: 275: 271: 111: 102: 75: 49: 11909:Old English 11211:16 February 11077:Beal (2004) 11013:Swan (2001) 10929:Beal (2004) 10902:Watt (2000) 10851:Lass (1990) 10552:Lass (2002) 10500:: 139–152. 10156:Gick (1999) 10022:15 February 9840:25 February 9815:25 February 9790:25 February 9585:15 February 9530:15 February 9505:15 February 9404:Lass (1999) 9382:Lass (1999) 9279:Lass (1999) 9156:Lass (1999) 9075:-vocalizing 8863:The donkey 8803:instead of 8243:World War I 8235:New Orleans 8203:Up-gliding 8136:Up-gliding 7886:toad–toured 6199:boss–bourse 4923:raise, rays 4304:before any 4194:can be or 4188:zero copula 2184:/ˈɑɪəɹlənd/ 2114:New Zealand 2092:postvocalic 1960:, etc.) in 1760:, parts of 1689:; that is, 1639:New Orleans 1602:Scots-Irish 1541:North Wales 1506:Southampton 1437:, and some 1390:, in which 1348:, Standard 1202:caterpillar 1173:-dropping. 989:intrusive R 753:John Walker 654:Old English 592:prestigious 552:postvocalic 537:New Zealand 450:postvocalic 205:Close front 145:Old English 12142:Categories 12044:Consonants 12019:Diphthongs 11929:West Saxon 11575:8 November 11176:1 December 10625:15 January 9681:3110197189 9623:: 79–102. 9233:: 902213. 9194:Gick (1999 9113:References 9008:in Korean. 8997:pronounced 8974:schoolmarm 8869:A.A. Milne 8832:Hindustani 8797:'s books: 8570:t–d merger 8402:non-rhotic 8353:in comedy 8335:toity-toid 8239:Charleston 8196:media help 7899:dough–door 6689:dough-door 6456:soar, sore 6411:pore, pour 5878:PALM–START 5043:way, weigh 4864:pair, pear 4659:hair, hair 4598:fare, fair 4496:bare, bear 4440:here, hear 4437:hair, hare 4409:/ai,ɛi(h)/ 4246:as - see 4091:, such as 3785:, so that 3663:humo(u)red 2996:tern, turn 2791:H-dropping 2407:and makes 2277:, causing 2261:, causing 2156:third term 2037:non-rhotic 1980:Indo-Aryan 1834:newspapers 1764:, and the 1699:unstressed 1637:accent of 1586:Gulf Coast 1487:Manchester 1483:Lancashire 1473:), in the 1467:Portsmouth 1465:to around 1463:Shrewsbury 1088:diphthongs 1045:long vowel 997:epenthetic 970:epenthetic 906:Charleston 902:Alexandria 822:Birmingham 726:Ben Jonson 580:low vowels 570:, and the 488:. When an 293:H-dropping 210:Diphthongs 200:Close back 114:media help 18:Non-rhotic 12085:Rhoticity 12065:-dropping 11748:144002794 11716:232345844 11446:Phonology 10506:0307-3238 10416:931520939 10408:1877-0428 10360:Scroll.in 9659:(Thesis). 9469:: 78–101. 9068:-dropping 9061:-deleting 8944:caa¹ siu¹ 8774:Cantonese 8772:from the 8753:Parcheesi 8751:The game 8568:With the 8363:returning 8351:certainly 8345:comedian 8281:phonemes 7882:show–sure 6026:darkling 6023:duckling 5810:is front 5172:/ˈkɑːlmə/ 4407:(from ME 4397:(from ME 4366:vs. for 4099:(such as 4048:(so that 4020:as , but 3855:r-colored 3732:ˈsplɛndəd 3715:scattered 3650:foundered 3637:chattered 3624:chartered 3422:ˈt(j)uːnə 3409:ˈt(j)uːbə 3270:ˈl(j)uːnə 3092:Maia–mire 2253:vowel is 2191:/ˈmiəɹli/ 2167:farm cart 2120:Southland 2066:Standard 2062:Australia 1984:Dravidian 1962:West Asia 1948:, etc.), 1936:, etc.), 1914:Hong Kong 1864:July 2018 1770:Lunenburg 1743:r-colored 1598:Baltimore 1518:Edinburgh 1491:Yorkshire 1262:retroflex 1252:retroflex 1116:diphthong 1086:, become 1061:car owner 966:linking R 962:water ice 830:Wakefield 572:Caribbean 533:Australia 502:linking R 313:Rhoticity 220:Open back 72:/ˈfɑrmər/ 12110:stopping 12105:fronting 12057:Flapping 12052:Clusters 11794:(1982). 11778:citation 11640:(1984). 11585:cite web 11569:Archived 11466:61173209 10802:(2008). 10619:Archived 10365:28 March 10263:Archived 10087:16 March 10043:(1984). 10016:BBC News 9968:13 April 9962:Archived 9911:16 April 9579:Archived 9259:35602002 9098:", and " 9077:", and " 9032:See also 9017:for the 8961:Jyutping 8939:Jyutping 8926:char siu 8339:soitenly 8211:phoneme 8182:speaker 8101:toe, tow 6570:law–lure 6566:paw–poor 6260:oar, ore 4656:hay, hey 3971:ˈwɪnə(r) 3956:ˈpɪlə(r) 3941:ˈhɒlə(r) 3907:occurs. 3885:electro- 3859:broadest 3741:tendered 3725:splendid 3702:pitchers 3689:pattered 3676:mattered 3667:ˈhjuːməd 3654:ˈfaʊndəd 3628:ˈtʃɑːtəd 3611:buttered 3598:butchers 3572:bettered 3559:battered 3516:agentive 3481:battered 3229:ˈfɔːməli 3225:formerly 3222:formally 3190:ˈkʌstədi 3186:custardy 2596:colo(u)r 2108:American 2104:Scottish 1707:Carolina 1702:syllable 1684:linking 1512:Scotland 1479:Scotland 1399:Variably 1373:Pasifika 1365:Murihiku 1284: ( 1274: ( 1260: ( 1250: ( 1242:alveolar 1240: ( 1198:governor 1194:surprise 1151:stirring 1149:) and ( 1094:is and 1018:becomes 1010:becomes 981:drawring 910:Savannah 873:Carlisle 824:and the 706:cadenall 568:Pakistan 559:informal 548:variable 509:Scotland 469:/ˈbʌtər/ 463:/ˈhɑːrd/ 409:/ / 405:Help:IPA 351:Spelling 288:Flapping 253:Clusters 175:In Scots 99:/ˈfɑːmə/ 11919:Mercian 11914:Kentish 10514:2199758 10244:4 April 9831:"Stuff" 9806:"Stuff" 9555:14 July 9250:9120598 8953:Chinese 8931:Chinese 8909:Burmese 8905:Myanmar 8888:KiKongo 8873:hee-haw 8809:drawled 8778:Chinese 8757:Pachisi 8527:ˈkəɪɾəs 8443:əˈdʒəɪn 8439:adjourn 8367:joining 8132:below. 7956:Geordie 7920:Geordie 7177:mourner 6878:coursed 6574:THOUGHT 6214:musical 6180:ore/oar 6164:THOUGHT 6149:THOUGHT 6125:THOUGHT 6086:marred 6030:ˈdaklɪŋ 5923:barred 5854:/kɑːnt/ 5481:ˈɡɑːbəl 5182:farther 5088:farther 4988:steered 4968:speared 4948:sheared 4317:Geordie 4253:In the 4180:they're 3881:crypto- 3845:(as in 3799:/ˈfɛlə/ 3745:ˈtɛndəd 3719:ˈskætəd 3712:scatted 3706:ˈpɪtʃəz 3699:pitches 3647:founded 3641:ˈtʃætəd 3634:chatted 3621:charted 3602:ˈbʊtʃəz 3595:butches 3589:ˈbʌstəd 3585:bustard 3370:ˈskiːmə 3366:schemer 3343:/ˈpɪtə/ 3183:custody 3151:ˈtʃiːtə 3147:cheater 3144:cheetah 3102:obscure 2993:ton(ne) 2918:stirred 2469:blurred 2429:Norfolk 2181:Ireland 2100:Cornish 2084:Raukkan 2001:Punjabi 1958:Kurdish 1954:Persian 1942:Turkish 1926:Semitic 1848:scholar 1780:Ireland 1621:Alabama 1522:Glasgow 1502:Bristol 1453:England 1290:rounded 1155:stir it 1124:wearing 985:drawing 674:), and 616:England 611:History 525:England 513:Ireland 485:/ˈbʌtə/ 479:/ˈhɑːd/ 397:in the 11978:Vowels 11838: 11832:, 11829: 11823:, 11820: 11814: 11806:, 11746: 11714: 11675: 11657: 11626: 11608: 11553: 11534: 11516: 11497: 11464: 11426: 11405: 11387: 11367: 11347: 11327: 11309: 11263: 11145: 10810: 10745: 10659: 10512: 10504: 10474:: 1–7. 10414: 10406: 10337: 10310: 10269:". In 10139: 10112: 10078: 10051: 9994: 9935: 9902: 9678: 9635: 9444: 9347:et al. 9257: 9247: 9014:dumsor 8963:: 8955:: 8947:) and 8941:: 8933:: 8896:mpinda 8884:pinder 8880:goober 8865:Eeyore 8856:kargaz 8850:kāghaz 8836:काग़ज़ 8807:for a 8780:: 8699:Voight 8599:ˈhəɪst 8586:ˈhəɪst 8581:Hearst 8564:ˈɡəɪɾə 8560:girder 8522:Curtis 8518:coitus 8436:adjoin 8431:Notes 8383:CHOICE 8355:shorts 8319:CHOICE 8293:as in 8287:CHOICE 8285:as in 8237:, and 8122:CHOICE 8091:toured 8052:moored 8015:Notes 7901:merger 7805:toward 7766:toward 7740:toward 7688:soared 7545:soared 7506:roared 7454:roared 7441:roared 7393:ˈpoʊtʃ 7181:ˈmoʊnə 7099:whores 7086:whored 6882:ˈkoʊst 6869:ˈtʃoʊz 6865:chores 6799:Bourne 6725:Notes 6718:/oʊr// 6630:Notes 6582:caught 6531:torque 6522:ˈstɔːk 6498:sought 6441:source 6346:fought 6319:drawer 6270:caught 6249:Notes 6207:orphan 6156:caught 6071:heart 6056:farce 5938:barge 5935:budge 5885:Notes 5861:/kʌnt/ 5784:SQUARE 5706:ˈstɑːk 5646:ˈpɑːks 5631:ˈpɑːti 5616:ˈpɑːli 5612:parley 5571:ˈlɑːdʒ 5477:garble 5474:gobble 5391:ˈklɑːk 5386:Clarke 5370:ˈkɑːmə 5355:ˈbɑːks 5311:Notes 5214:ˈlɑːvə 5199:ˈɡɑːnə 5195:garner 5186:ˈfɑːðə 5179:father 5164:Calmer 5159:ˈkɑːmə 5152:calmer 5146:ˈbɑːmi 5119:Notes 5084:father 4992:ˈsteːd 4985:stared 4972:ˈspeːd 4965:spared 4945:shared 4887:reared 4707:ˈdʒeːd 4703:jeered 4581:feared 4561:fierce 4427:Notes 4381:, see 4329:SQUARE 4258:SQUARE 4232:SQUARE 4228:Scouse 4224:SQUARE 4192:SQUARE 4176:SQUARE 4166:) and 4156:SQUARE 4133:SQUARE 4038:SQUARE 4018:feared 3991:SQUARE 3967:winner 3964:winnow 3952:pillar 3949:pillow 3937:holler 3934:hollow 3929:Notes 3889:socio- 3815:follow 3811:potato 3807:marrow 3803:yellow 3791:feller 3787:fellow 3738:tended 3693:ˈpætəd 3686:patted 3680:ˈmætəd 3673:matted 3615:ˈbʌtəd 3608:butted 3582:busted 3576:ˈbɛtəd 3569:betted 3563:ˈbætəd 3556:batted 3551:Notes 3491:lists 3477:batted 3459:wicker 3448:ˈwɒndə 3444:wander 3435:ˈvɛspə 3431:vesper 3392:terror 3383:ˈtaɪɡə 3363:schema 3357:ˈroʊtə 3337:ˈpiːtə 3322:ˈpɑːkə 3318:Parker 3309:ˈpændə 3305:pander 3296:ˈmaɪnə 3257:ˈliːmə 3242:ˈkɑːmə 3238:calmer 3212:fetter 3203:ˈɡɑːnə 3199:garner 3177:ˈkoʊmə 3173:comber 3164:ˈkoʊdə 3138:ˈɛəriə 3134:airier 3126:Notes 3094:, and 3090:, and 3088:–sheer 3047:merger 2970:surfer 2967:suffer 2961:ˈsʌkəl 2957:circle 2954:suckle 2944:cirque 2931:search 2759:ˈhʌdəl 2755:hurdle 2752:huddle 2700:fussed 2642:ˈkʌdəl 2638:curdle 2635:cuddle 2599:curler 2531:bummer 2521:burger 2518:bugger 2461:Notes 2425:London 2311:Notes 2259:SQUARE 2216:. The 2188:merely 2019:Africa 1938:Turkic 1934:Hebrew 1930:Arabic 1850: 1843: 1836: 1829: 1821: 1749:Canada 1627:, and 1423:Tobago 1417:, and 1367:(the " 1288:& 1282: 1276:uvular 1272: 1264:& 1258: 1248: 1238: 1232: 1226:farmer 1200:, and 908:, and 898:Boston 865:Golcar 828:, and 700:monyng 679:(fish) 539:, and 521:Canada 519:, and 515:, the 458:butter 413: 278:merger 276:caught 103:farmer 76:farmer 11744:S2CID 11712:S2CID 11690:(PDF) 11473:(PDF) 11462:S2CID 11442:(PDF) 11205:(PDF) 11198:(PDF) 10238:(PDF) 10231:(PDF) 10202:4 May 10181:(PDF) 9082:-less 9044:Notes 9024:dumsɔ 9021:term 8901:Burma 8892:ngubá 8886:from 8825:Karma 8707:ˈvəɪt 8692:ˈvəɪs 8688:verse 8685:voice 8679:ˈtəɪd 8672:toyed 8666:ˈpəɪz 8662:purrs 8659:poise 8653:ˈpəɪl 8649:pearl 8627:ˈləɪn 8623:learn 8614:ˈhəɪl 8606:Hoyle 8592:hoist 8577:hoist 8551:ˈfəɪl 8531:With 8512:ˈkəɪn 8499:ˈkəɪl 8486:ˈbəɪl 8478:Boyle 8471:ˈbəɪd 8456:ˈbəɪl 8424:/ɜːr/ 8379:NURSE 8365:with 8311:verse 8307:voice 8295:NURSE 8291:/ɜːr/ 8271:NURSE 8251:/ɜːr/ 8209:NURSE 8205:NURSE 8176:NURSE 8159:NURSE 8138:NURSE 8126:NURSE 8095:ˈtoʊd 8056:ˈmoʊd 8008:/ʊər/ 7974:with 7964:] 7960:[ 7952:] 7948:[ 7944:] 7940:[ 7936:] 7932:[ 7839:With 7809:ˈtoʊd 7802:towed 7783:ˈtoʊn 7770:ˈtoʊd 7744:ˈtoʊd 7731:ˈstoʊ 7727:store 7718:ˈsoʊd 7714:sword 7711:sowed 7705:ˈsoʊd 7701:sored 7698:sowed 7692:ˈsoʊd 7685:sowed 7627:ˈsnoʊ 7623:snore 7614:ˈʃoʊn 7610:shorn 7607:shown 7597:shore 7588:ˈʃoʊn 7584:shorn 7581:shone 7575:ˈsoʊd 7571:sword 7568:sewed 7562:ˈsoʊd 7558:sored 7555:sewed 7549:ˈsoʊd 7542:sewed 7510:ˈroʊd 7503:rowed 7484:ˈroʊz 7480:roars 7458:ˈroʊd 7445:ˈroʊd 7432:ˈpoʊz 7428:pours 7419:ˈpoʊz 7415:pores 7406:ˈpoʊk 7389:porch 7386:poach 7320:oared 7255:oared 7220:ˈmoʊn 7216:mourn 7190:Moore 7151:Moore 7142:ˈmoʊn 7138:mourn 7103:ˈhoʊz 7090:ˈhoʊd 7077:ˈhoʊd 7073:horde 7064:ˈhoʊd 7060:hoard 7047:whore 7038:ˈɡoʊd 7034:gored 6986:ˈfloʊ 6982:floor 6973:ˈfloʊ 6969:floor 6960:ˈdoʊz 6956:doors 6940:dough 6934:ˈdoʊz 6930:doors 6908:ˈkoʊd 6904:cored 6895:ˈkoʊt 6891:court 6875:coast 6862:chose 6856:ˈboʊd 6852:bored 6849:bowed 6843:ˈboʊd 6839:board 6836:bowed 6804:ˈboʊn 6789:ˈboʊn 6785:borne 6776:ˈboʊd 6772:bored 6763:ˈboʊd 6759:board 6697:FORCE 6646:With 6623:/ʊər/ 6586:court 6552:ˈtɔːt 6537:ˈtɔːk 6516:stork 6513:stalk 6507:ˈsɔːt 6492:ˈʃɔːn 6488:shorn 6475:ˈsɔːd 6466:sawed 6445:ˈsɔːs 6436:sauce 6385:ˈlɔːd 6355:ˈfɔːt 6340:ˈflɔː 6336:floor 6325:ˈdrɔː 6303:corps 6294:ˈkɔːk 6285:caulk 6279:ˈkɔːt 6275:court 6242:/oʊr/ 6203:often 6182:(see 6168:FORCE 6160:court 6145:FORCE 6141:NORTH 6129:NORTH 6101:part 6098:putt 6053:fuss 6041:darn 6038:done 6011:dark 6008:duck 5996:cart 5983:carp 5968:Bart 5965:butt 5953:barn 5942:ˈbadʒ 5908:bard 5893:bark 5890:buck 5873:STRUT 5851:can't 5832:] 5828:[ 5824:] 5820:[ 5816:] 5812:[ 5804:] 5800:[ 5796:] 5792:[ 5780:start 5769:] 5765:[ 5761:] 5757:[ 5749:STRUT 5741:START 5737:STRUT 5721:ˈtɑːp 5702:stark 5699:stock 5691:ˈʃɑːp 5687:sharp 5676:ˈʃɑːk 5672:shark 5669:shock 5661:ˈʃɑːd 5657:shard 5642:parks 5627:party 5624:potty 5609:Polly 5601:ˈɑːks 5586:ˈmɑːk 5567:large 5564:lodge 5556:ˈlɑːk 5541:ˈhɑːt 5537:heart 5526:ˈhɑːp 5511:ˈhɑːk 5496:ˈɡɑːd 5492:guard 5466:ˈdɑːt 5451:ˈdɑːn 5436:ˈkɑːt 5421:ˈkɑːp 5406:ˈkɑːd 5382:Clark 5378:clock 5366:karma 5363:comma 5351:barks 5340:ˈbɑːt 5323:ˈbɑːb 5304:/ɑːr/ 5287:guard 5271:START 5253:ˈspɑː 5210:larva 5192:Ghana 5155:karma 5142:barmy 5139:balmy 5131:ˈɑːmz 5112:/ɑːr/ 5073:START 5012:ˈsteː 5008:steer 5005:stare 4960:spade 4952:ˈʃeːd 4940:shade 4932:ˈreːz 4928:rears 4891:ˈreːd 4851:ˈfeːz 4847:fears 4839:phase 4811:ˈmeːz 4805:mares 4802:maize 4688:ˈheːz 4684:hears 4681:hairs 4646:ˈɡeːz 4642:gears 4585:ˈfeːd 4578:fared 4565:ˈfeːs 4546:ˈdeːz 4542:dears 4539:dares 4483:ˈbeːd 4479:beard 4476:bared 4457:aired 4348:] 4344:[ 4336:] 4332:[ 4302:] 4298:[ 4286:] 4282:[ 4274:] 4270:[ 4266:] 4262:[ 4236:NURSE 4220:] 4216:[ 4200:] 4196:[ 4186:(see 4174:(for 4172:] 4168:[ 4147:is . 4141:] 4137:[ 4131:is , 4109:/ɛih/ 4085:] 4081:[ 4066:] 4062:[ 3823:] 3819:[ 3795:fella 3783:] 3779:[ 3765:with 3660:humid 3495:(and 3463:ˈwɪkə 3455:Wicca 3441:Wanda 3428:Vespa 3418:tuner 3405:tuber 3396:ˈtɛrə 3389:terra 3379:tiger 3376:taiga 3353:rotor 3332:Peter 3315:parka 3302:panda 3289:mynah 3283:ˈmænə 3276:manna 3266:lunar 3253:lemur 3235:karma 3216:ˈfɛtə 3196:Ghana 3160:coder 3086:Shi'a 3006:tough 2987:ˈsʌli 2983:surly 2980:sully 2974:ˈsʌfə 2935:ˈsʌtʃ 2922:ˈstʌd 2909:ˈspʌn 2905:spurn 2892:shirt 2879:shirk 2876:shuck 2853:purse 2789:With 2746:ˈɡʌli 2742:girly 2739:gully 2707:ˈfʌst 2703:first 2603:ˈkʌlə 2590:ˈklʌk 2586:clerk 2583:cluck 2577:ˈbʌst 2573:burst 2564:ˈbʌnt 2560:burnt 2538:ˈbʌmə 2534:Burma 2525:ˈbʌɡə 2473:ˈblʌd 2466:blood 2454:/ɜːr/ 2437:worse 2433:first 2421:/ɜːr/ 2417:/bʌd/ 2397:/ɜːr/ 2371:fared 2358:dared 2345:cared 2332:bared 2319:aired 2304:/ɛər/ 2287:beard 2283:bared 2267:bared 2247:bared 2210:Māori 2202:/ɐːɹ/ 2198:/ɵːɹ/ 2141:NURSE 2124:Otago 2096:stems 1997:Tamil 1946:Azeri 1892:Cavan 1888:Louth 1855:JSTOR 1841:books 1731:] 1727:[ 1723:/ɜːr/ 1654:Maine 1551:with 1537:Welsh 1528:Wales 1475:Corby 1457:Most 1381:force 1377:nurse 1065:water 1004:schwa 687:, ME 564:India 529:Wales 401:(IPA) 283:Drawl 230:Pre-R 225:Pre-L 11812:ISBN 11784:link 11673:ISBN 11655:ISBN 11624:ISBN 11606:ISBN 11591:link 11577:2016 11551:ISBN 11532:ISBN 11514:ISBN 11495:ISBN 11424:ISBN 11403:ISBN 11385:ISBN 11365:ISBN 11345:ISBN 11325:ISBN 11307:ISBN 11261:ISBN 11213:2023 11178:2019 11143:ISBN 10808:ISBN 10743:ISBN 10657:ISBN 10627:2017 10510:OCLC 10502:ISSN 10412:OCLC 10404:ISSN 10367:2021 10335:ISBN 10308:ISBN 10246:2019 10204:2023 10137:ISBN 10110:ISBN 10089:2021 10076:ISBN 10049:ISBN 10024:2022 9992:ISBN 9970:2013 9933:ISBN 9913:2019 9900:ISBN 9842:2024 9817:2024 9792:2024 9676:ISBN 9633:ISBN 9587:2022 9557:2022 9532:2022 9507:2022 9442:ISBN 9255:PMID 9103:-ful 9091:", " 9070:", " 9063:", " 9019:Akan 8986:Park 8976:for 8919:Igbo 8917:for 8915:Orlu 8911:and 8907:for 8903:and 8894:and 8890:and 8882:and 8843:کاغذ 8820:Kama 8805:dawg 8801:dorg 8784:(= " 8768:for 8766:char 8745:and 8732:Erm, 8730:and 8703:vert 8675:turd 8646:poil 8640:ˈəɪl 8636:earl 8620:loin 8610:hurl 8547:furl 8544:foil 8508:kern 8505:coin 8495:curl 8492:coil 8482:burl 8467:bird 8463:Boyd 8452:burl 8449:boil 8428:IPA 8419:/ɔɪ/ 8406:bird 8398:bird 8394:bird 8329:and 8327:boid 8323:bird 8315:/ɔɪ/ 8309:and 8303:curl 8301:and 8299:coil 8289:and 8283:/ɔɪ/ 8259:stir 8255:stir 8124:and 8108:ˈtoʊ 8104:tour 8088:toad 8082:ˈʃoʊ 8078:sure 8075:show 8069:ˈmoʊ 8065:moor 8049:mode 8040:ˈloʊ 8036:lure 8027:ˈboʊ 8023:boor 8012:IPA 8003:/oʊ/ 7988:CURE 7984:GOAT 7976:/ɔː/ 7972:/oː/ 7968:/oː/ 7938:and 7928:GOAT 7924:/ʊə/ 7913:/oʊ/ 7894:CURE 7892:and 7890:GOAT 7868:ˈjoʊ 7864:your 7855:ˈjoʊ 7851:yore 7835:ˈwoʊ 7831:wore 7828:whoa 7822:ˈwoʊ 7818:wore 7796:ˈtoʊ 7792:tore 7779:torn 7776:tone 7763:toed 7757:ˈtoʊ 7753:tore 7737:toad 7724:stow 7679:ˈsoʊ 7675:sore 7666:ˈsoʊ 7662:soar 7653:ˈsoʊ 7649:sore 7640:ˈsoʊ 7636:soar 7620:snow 7601:ˈʃoʊ 7594:show 7536:ˈsoʊ 7532:sore 7523:ˈsoʊ 7519:soar 7497:ˈroʊ 7493:roar 7477:rose 7471:ˈroʊ 7467:roar 7451:rode 7438:road 7425:pose 7412:pose 7402:pork 7399:poke 7380:ˈpoʊ 7376:pour 7365:ˈpoʊ 7361:pore 7350:ˈpoʊ 7346:pour 7337:ˈpoʊ 7333:pore 7324:ˈoʊd 7317:owed 7259:ˈoʊd 7213:mown 7207:ˈmoʊ 7203:more 7194:ˈmoʊ 7174:Mona 7168:ˈmoʊ 7164:more 7155:ˈmoʊ 7135:moan 7129:ˈloʊ 7125:lore 7116:ˈloʊ 7112:lore 7096:hose 7083:hoed 7070:hoed 7057:hoed 7051:ˈhoʊ 7031:goad 7025:ˈɡoʊ 7021:gore 7012:ˈfoʊ 7008:four 6999:ˈfoʊ 6995:fore 6979:flow 6966:floe 6953:doze 6947:ˈdoʊ 6943:door 6927:does 6921:ˈdoʊ 6917:door 6901:code 6888:coat 6830:ˈboʊ 6826:bore 6817:ˈboʊ 6813:boar 6795:bone 6782:bone 6769:bode 6756:bode 6750:ˈboʊ 6746:bore 6743:beau 6737:ˈboʊ 6733:boar 6730:beau 6722:IPA 6713:/ɔʊ/ 6695:and 6693:GOAT 6675:ˈpɔː 6671:poor 6662:ˈmɔː 6658:moor 6642:ˈlɔː 6638:lure 6627:IPA 6618:/ɔː/ 6606:tour 6602:tore 6578:CURE 6576:and 6546:tort 6528:talk 6501:sort 6482:Sean 6460:ˈsɔː 6430:ˈrɔː 6426:roar 6415:ˈpɔː 6400:ˈlɔː 6396:lore 6379:lord 6376:laud 6370:ˈnɔː 6361:gnaw 6351:fort 6331:flaw 6316:draw 6310:ˈkɔː 6306:core 6288:cork 6246:IPA 6237:/ɔr/ 6232:/ɔː/ 6205:and 6193:The 6166:and 6158:and 6127:and 6105:ˈpat 6090:ˈmad 6083:mud 6075:ˈhat 6068:hut 6060:ˈfas 6045:ˈdan 6015:ˈdak 6000:ˈkat 5993:cut 5987:ˈkap 5980:cup 5972:ˈbat 5957:ˈban 5950:bun 5927:ˈbad 5920:bud 5912:ˈbad 5905:bud 5897:ˈbak 5882:IPA 5858:cunt 5845:and 5843:/ɑː/ 5826:vs. 5808:/ɑː/ 5798:and 5778:and 5776:palm 5753:PALM 5739:and 5717:tarp 5684:shop 5654:shod 5597:arcs 5582:mark 5579:mock 5552:lark 5549:lock 5522:harp 5507:hark 5504:hock 5462:dart 5447:darn 5432:cart 5417:carp 5402:card 5335:Bart 5319:barb 5308:IPA 5269:and 5249:spar 5240:ˈpɑː 5227:ˈmɑː 5207:lava 5127:arms 5124:alms 5116:IPA 5107:/ɑː/ 5096:spar 5090:and 5071:and 5069:PALM 5052:ˈweː 5046:wear 5032:ˈðeː 5023:they 5002:stay 4920:raze 4911:ˈreː 4907:rear 4904:rare 4882:raid 4871:ˈpeː 4867:peer 4830:ˈneː 4826:near 4799:maze 4790:ˈmeː 4786:mere 4783:mare 4769:ˈkeː 4763:care 4748:ˈkeː 4742:care 4727:ˈkeː 4721:care 4696:jade 4678:hays 4675:haze 4666:ˈheː 4662:here 4637:gays 4634:gaze 4625:ˈɡeː 4621:gear 4605:ˈfeː 4601:fear 4573:fade 4554:face 4536:days 4533:daze 4524:ˈdeː 4520:dear 4517:dare 4503:ˈbeː 4499:beer 4471:bade 4463:ˈeːd 4424:IPA 4420:/ɪə/ 4415:/eə/ 4405:/eɪ/ 4399:/aː/ 4395:/eɪ/ 4379:FACE 4368:NEAR 4364:FACE 4360:NEAR 4356:FACE 4352:FACE 4340:FACE 4325:NEAR 4323:and 4321:FACE 4294:NEAR 4290:FACE 4278:FACE 4244:fair 4214:and 4212:FACE 4208:NEAR 4204:FACE 4184:they 4164:FACE 4154:and 4152:FACE 4145:NEAR 4143:and 4129:FACE 4121:/æi/ 4117:/aː/ 4113:/æi/ 4107:and 4105:/ɛi/ 4101:days 4097:/ai/ 4093:daze 4089:/aː/ 4076:: . 4058:/eː/ 4054:fear 4052:and 4050:fare 4042:NEAR 4036:and 4034:FACE 4026:dear 4014:fade 3995:NEAR 3993:and 3987:FACE 3926:IPA 3922:/ər/ 3917:/oʊ/ 3905:/əʊ/ 3901:/əʊ/ 3895:and 3893:/əʊ/ 3887:and 3851:sofa 3849:and 3847:data 3831:/ər/ 3793:and 3771:/ər/ 3769:and 3763:/ou/ 3761:and 3759:/oː/ 3548:IPA 3544:/ər/ 3539:/ɪ̈/ 3525:and 3519:-ers 3514:and 3505:/ɪz/ 3503:and 3501:/ɪd/ 3497:/əz/ 3493:/əd/ 3479:and 3415:tuna 3402:tuba 3350:rota 3328:pita 3263:Luna 3249:Lima 3209:feta 3170:coma 3157:coda 3131:area 3123:IPA 3119:/ər/ 3097:skua 3067:lett 3065:and 3060:comm 3042:lett 3035:Comm 3026:ˈtʌk 3022:Turk 3019:tuck 3013:ˈtʌf 3009:turf 3000:ˈtʌn 2948:ˈsʌk 2941:suck 2928:such 2915:stud 2902:spun 2896:ˈʃʌt 2889:shut 2883:ˈʃʌk 2870:ˈpʌt 2866:pert 2863:putt 2857:ˈpʌs 2844:ˈpʌk 2840:perk 2837:puck 2831:ˈmʌk 2827:murk 2824:muck 2818:ˈlʌk 2814:lurk 2811:luck 2805:ˈhʌt 2801:hurt 2772:ˈhʌl 2768:hurl 2765:hull 2733:ˈɡʌl 2729:girl 2726:gull 2720:ˈfʌz 2716:furs 2713:fuzz 2694:ˈfʌn 2690:fern 2681:ˈdʌk 2677:dirk 2674:duck 2668:ˈkʌt 2664:curt 2655:ˈkʌl 2651:curl 2648:cull 2629:ˈkʌd 2625:curd 2616:ˈkʌb 2612:curb 2570:bust 2557:bunt 2551:ˈbʌn 2547:burn 2512:ˈbʌɡ 2508:burg 2499:ˈbʌɡ 2495:berg 2486:ˈbʌd 2482:bird 2458:IPA 2435:and 2413:bird 2411:and 2399:and 2393:bird 2391:and 2375:fɛəd 2362:dɛəd 2349:kɛəd 2336:bɛəd 2308:IPA 2299:/ɛə/ 2281:and 2275:NEAR 2265:and 2251:TRAP 2245:and 2145:LETT 2082:and 2049:writ 1999:and 1982:and 1899:Asia 1890:and 1827:news 1772:and 1741:(an 1644:The 1596:and 1549:bird 1493:and 1352:and 1317:and 1286:back 1266:long 1163:/ɑː/ 1143:bird 1120:wear 1112:sour 1108:tire 1104:/ər/ 1096:poor 1092:near 1078:(or 1076:/uː/ 1074:and 1072:/iː/ 983:for 871:and 857:Kent 855:and 839:The 789:baad 777:bard 773:lard 761:aunt 690:bars 684:bærs 681:(OE 677:bass 658:ears 482:and 466:and 456:and 454:hard 101:for 74:for 12003:/r/ 11995:/l/ 11800:doi 11764:doi 11736:doi 11702:doi 11454:doi 11289:doi 10594:," 10574:doi 10442:doi 10394:doi 10193:doi 9892:doi 9625:doi 9438:174 9245:PMC 9235:doi 9087:/r/ 9059:/r/ 8957:王家衞 8867:in 8813:dog 8793:In 8786:tea 8770:cha 8747:um. 8743:eh, 8740:uh, 8633:oil 8317:of 8218:ɜːr 8062:mow 8033:low 8020:bow 7918:In 7884:or 7815:woe 7789:tow 7750:toe 7672:sow 7659:sow 7529:sew 7516:sew 7490:row 7464:roe 7372:Poe 7357:Poe 7311:ˈoʊ 7307:ore 7304:owe 7298:ˈoʊ 7294:oar 7291:owe 7285:ˈoʊ 7281:ore 7272:ˈoʊ 7268:oar 7252:ode 7246:ˈoʊ 7242:ore 7233:ˈoʊ 7229:oar 7200:mow 7187:mow 7161:Moe 7148:Moe 7122:low 7044:hoe 7005:foe 6992:foe 6914:doe 6823:bow 6810:bow 6668:paw 6655:maw 6635:law 6598:tor 6594:taw 6568:or 6451:saw 6421:raw 6406:paw 6391:law 6364:nor 6300:caw 6264:ˈɔː 6254:awe 6172:awe 5847:/æ/ 5839:/ʌ/ 5830:ɑ̟ː 5822:ʌ̞̈ 5714:top 5639:pox 5534:hot 5519:hop 5489:god 5459:dot 5444:don 5429:cot 5414:cop 5399:cod 5348:box 5331:bot 5316:Bob 5299:/ɒ/ 5283:god 5267:LOT 5246:spa 5236:par 5223:mar 5168:/l/ 5092:spa 4901:ray 4861:pay 4821:nay 4780:may 4760:Kay 4739:Kay 4718:Kay 4616:gay 4595:fay 4514:day 4493:bay 4454:aid 4444:ˈeː 4434:hay 4315:In 4308:(a 4306:/r/ 4240:fur 4226:in 4222:in 4135:is 4103:), 4083:e̞ː 4070:/r/ 4046:/r/ 4030:/r/ 4022:day 4010:/r/ 3897:/ə/ 3870:/r/ 3866:/ə/ 3843:/ə/ 3839:/ə/ 3767:/ə/ 3512:-es 3114:/ə/ 2850:pus 2798:hut 2785:ˈʌn 2781:urn 2778:Hun 2687:fun 2661:cut 2622:cud 2609:cub 2544:bun 2505:bug 2492:bug 2479:bud 2449:/ʌ/ 2427:to 2409:bud 2401:/ʌ/ 2389:bud 2368:fad 2355:dad 2342:cad 2329:bad 2323:ɛəd 2316:add 2279:bad 2263:bad 2243:bad 2195:err 2177:/ɹ/ 2154:in 2152:/ɹ/ 2137:/ɹ/ 2133:/ɹ/ 2088:/r/ 2056:/r/ 1810:by 1721:in 1719:/r/ 1695:/r/ 1691:/r/ 1634:Yat 1612:." 1553:/ɚ/ 1504:or 1224:in 1222:/r/ 1206:/r/ 1190:/r/ 1182:/r/ 1178:/r/ 1167:car 1165:in 1147:fur 1131:/r/ 1080:/ʊ/ 1057:car 1041:/r/ 1000:/r/ 973:/r/ 958:/r/ 914:/r/ 885:/r/ 832:in 785:baa 771:in 749:/r/ 738:/r/ 734:/r/ 728:'s 722:/r/ 715:/r/ 711:/r/ 695:/r/ 671:ars 668:or 666:ers 650:ass 646:/s/ 638:/r/ 587:/r/ 555:/r/ 498:/r/ 494:r a 474:/r/ 460:as 448:in 446:/r/ 438:/r/ 272:Cot 12144:: 12118:Wh 12099:Th 12079:Ng 11810:. 11780:}} 11776:{{ 11760:33 11758:, 11742:, 11732:12 11730:, 11726:, 11710:, 11698:37 11696:, 11692:, 11587:}} 11583:{{ 11567:. 11460:. 11450:16 11448:. 11444:. 11285:37 11283:, 11277:, 11169:. 11151:. 10909:^ 10894:^ 10763:60 10741:. 10739:59 10693:^ 10613:. 10568:. 10508:. 10498:16 10496:. 10492:. 10480:^ 10472:17 10470:. 10466:. 10454:^ 10438:31 10436:. 10424:^ 10410:. 10402:. 10390:46 10388:. 10384:. 10358:. 10187:. 10183:. 10032:^ 10014:. 9978:^ 9960:. 9956:. 9898:, 9886:, 9862:^ 9833:. 9808:. 9783:. 9714:^ 9631:. 9619:. 9577:. 9573:. 9548:. 9523:. 9498:. 9467:12 9465:. 9440:. 9349:, 9320:^ 9303:^ 9286:^ 9267:^ 9253:. 9243:. 9229:. 9225:. 9204:^ 9175:^ 9134:^ 9105:". 8959:; 8937:; 8935:叉燒 8839:/ 8728:Er 8572:. 8539:. 8233:, 7962:oː 7950:ɵː 7942:ɵː 7934:oː 7861:yo 7848:yo 7843:. 7646:so 7633:so 7343:Po 7330:Po 7278:oh 7265:oh 7109:lo 7018:go 6650:. 6608:. 6257:or 6222:. 6216:, 6176:or 6151:. 5863:. 5841:, 5814:aː 5802:äː 5771:. 5594:ox 5384:; 5289:. 5233:pa 5220:ma 5174:. 5170:: 4411:) 4401:) 4385:. 4375:eː 4370:. 4346:eː 4334:ɛː 4300:iː 4284:ɛː 4272:eː 4218:eː 4206:. 4198:ɛː 4170:eː 4139:ɛː 4005:. 3989:, 3883:, 3876:. 3813:, 3809:, 3805:, 3104:. 3083:, 3069:er 3044:er 2793:. 2439:. 2289:. 2193:, 2186:, 2147:ER 2051:er 2045:er 1995:, 1956:, 1944:, 1932:, 1916:, 1676:. 1623:, 1555:. 1445:. 1433:, 1413:, 1356:. 1344:, 1340:, 1336:, 1332:, 1328:, 1321:. 1313:, 1309:, 1305:, 1301:, 1196:, 1153:, 1145:, 1126:. 1014:, 916:. 904:, 900:, 896:, 851:, 847:, 836:. 809:no 803:: 787:, 775:, 757:ar 664:: 660:, 656:: 574:. 566:, 550:: 535:, 531:, 527:, 511:, 436:, 328:WH 323:TH 303:NG 12091:T 12071:L 12063:H 11987:A 11870:e 11863:t 11856:v 11841:. 11802:: 11786:) 11766:: 11738:: 11704:: 11632:. 11593:) 11579:. 11540:. 11503:. 11456:: 11432:. 11291:: 11180:. 11042:. 10816:. 10765:. 10751:. 10667:. 10629:. 10580:. 10576:: 10570:9 10516:. 10448:. 10444:: 10418:. 10396:: 10369:. 10343:. 10316:. 10248:. 10206:. 10195:: 10189:1 10145:. 10118:. 10091:. 10057:. 10026:. 10000:. 9972:. 9941:. 9894:: 9844:. 9819:. 9794:. 9684:. 9651:* 9641:. 9627:: 9604:. 9589:. 9559:. 9534:. 9509:. 9484:. 9450:. 9398:r 9372:. 9261:. 9237:: 9231:7 9101:r 9094:r 9080:r 9073:r 9066:r 9027:. 8995:( 8992:박 8969:) 8951:( 8929:( 8858:. 8815:. 8782:茶 8759:. 8221:/ 8215:/ 8198:. 7239:O 7226:O 6604:– 6600:– 6596:– 6584:– 6178:- 6174:- 6143:/ 5794:ɐ 5767:ʌ 5759:ä 5751:- 5285:- 5094:- 5086:- 4757:K 4736:K 4715:K 4264:e 4064:ɛ 4040:/ 3821:ə 3781:ɐ 3062:a 3040:– 3037:a 2395:( 1952:( 1940:( 1928:( 1877:) 1871:( 1866:) 1862:( 1852:· 1845:· 1838:· 1831:· 1804:. 1729:ɚ 1686:r 1407:r 1403:r 1392:r 1292:) 1278:) 1268:) 1254:) 1244:) 1171:r 1159:r 1139:r 1100:r 1084:r 1034:r 979:( 977:r 781:a 769:r 742:r 490:r 419:. 379:e 372:t 365:v 308:R 274:– 195:A 116:. 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Knowledge

Rhoticity in English

Index