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tourists, both domestic and international, that flock there. Between 10-15% of the total household income is derived from the sale of NTFPs. The harvesting of leaves in the diet of family goes round the year where different species are readily available in specific months. Water from forest areas is yet another service that is useful in the livelihoods of these people. They have micro-hydro plants installed in streams that generate the much needed power for pounding (grain and seeds) and lighting too.
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265:, house heating and cooking, animal feeding, indigenous medicine and healing, scientific learning, and income. Other terms synonymous with harvesting include wild-crafting, gathering, collecting, and foraging. NTFPs also serve as raw materials for industries ranging from large-scale floral greens suppliers and pharmaceutical companies to microenterprises centered upon a wide variety of activities (such as basket-making, woodcarving, and the harvest and processing of various medicinal plants).
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405:) collection that provides the bulk of household income. Every family sends several people into the forest on a regular basis during this period where they stay for 2–3 days during which 5–6 kg of berries are collected. A kilogram of dried berries (2–3 days of sun-dry) is sold for $ 1.50. The next comes bamboo shoots, mushrooms, and vegetable collection that goes through to February. The minority people in
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Estimate the contribution of NTFPs to national or regional economies is difficult, broad-based systems for tracking the combined value of the hundreds of products that make up various NTFP industries are lacking. One exception to this is the maple syrup industry, which in 2002 in the US alone yielded
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Other groupings or names for these types of forest products include wild forest products, minor forest produce, special, minor, alternative and secondary forest products. The term non-wood forest products (NWFP) differs from NTFP in that it does not include woodfuel or wood charcoal. The terminology
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Minority people in
Vietnam, Myanmar, and Laos live away from mainstream settlements. The hill tribes and many other minority groups are closely associated with forests for centuries. Much of their household subsistence and part of the income is generated from the sale of a variety of NTFP products.
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Both men and women are involved in collection and sale of NWFPs – and have different knowledge on different products, although women tend to collect forest foods to supplement the nutrition of their households – empowering them has important spill-over effects on households'/communities' nutrition.
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Land conversion, pollution and overharvesting threaten wild species and collectors' lives and livelihoods in many regions of the world. For instance, one in five medicinal and aromatic plant species have been found to be threatened with extinction, yet only 7 percent of MAPs have been assessed for
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The harvest of NTFPs remains widespread throughout the world. People from a wide range of socioeconomic, geographical, and cultural contexts harvest NTFPs for a number of purposes, including household subsistence, maintenance of cultural and familial traditions, spiritual fulfilment, physical and
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area depends mainly on a variety of NTFPs for their livelihoods. Among the products collected are fruits, berries, leaves, mushrooms, fish, bees honey, bamboo shoots, wild orchids and the list goes on. The Friday market is full of orchids and other wild plants put forward by these people for the
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and sword fern are multimillion-dollar industries. Others with documented trade data include Brazil nuts, bamboo, honey, chestnuts, and gum Arabic, among others. While these high-value species may attract the most attention, a diversity of NTFPs can be found in most forests of the world, many of
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NTFPs in particular highlight forest products which are of value to local people and communities, but have been overlooked in the wake of forest management priorities (for example, timber production and animal forage). For example, some 2.4 billion people – in both urban and rural settings – use
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estimates that NWFPs generated US$ 88 billion in 2011. Some 80 percent of the population of the developing world use NWFPs, mostly plant-based, for health. The value of forest foods as a nutritional resource is not limited to low- and middle-income countries; more than 100 million people in the
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Non-wood forest products (NWFPs) are a subset of NTFP; they exclude woodfuel and wood charcoal. Both NWFP and NTFP include wild foods. Worldwide, around 1 billion people depend to some extent on wild foods such as wild meat, edible insects, edible plant products, mushrooms and fish, which often
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Research on NTFPs has focused on three perspectives: NTFPs as a commodity with a focus on rural incomes and markets, as an expression of traditional knowledge or as a livelihood option for rural household needs, and finally, as a key component of sustainable forest management and conservation
419:) is an important income source to the rural people. This tree which is endemic to the country provides a fruit that has a high-popularity during certain months of the year. The returns from the sale of these two products is an important addition to the household incomes of rural people.
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More than 28,000 plant species are currently recorded as being of medicinal use and many of them are found in forest ecosystems. Visits to forest environments can have positive impacts on human physical and mental health and many people have a deep spiritual relationship to forests.
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and conservation strategies, and for their important role in improving dietary diversity and providing nutritious food, particularly for forest-proximate peoples. All research promotes forest products as valuable commodities and tools that can promote the conservation of forests.
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In recent decades, interest has grown in using NTFPs as alternatives or supplements to forest management practices. In some forest types, under the right political and social conditions, forests can be managed to increase NTFP diversity, and consequently, to increase
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strategies. These perspectives promote forest products as valuable commodities and important tools that can promote the conservation of forests. In some contexts, the gathering and use of NTFPs can be a mechanism for poverty alleviation and local development.
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Bonet, Jose-Antonio; Oliach, Daniel; Fischer, Christine; Olivera, Antoni; Martinez de Aragon, Juan; Colinas, Carlos (2009). "Cultivation
Methods of the Black Truffle, the Most Profitable Mediterranean Non-Wood Forest Product; A State of the Art Review".
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project, defines them as "materials supplied by woodlands - except the conventional harvest of timber". These definitions include wild and managed game, fish, and insects. NTFPs are commonly grouped into categories such as floral greens, decoratives,
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the IUCN Red List of
Threatened Species (TRAFFIC, 2018). Data and information on NWFPs is incomplete yet essential to monitor their status in the wild, their contribution to food and nutrition security and for traceability across the supply chain.
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Research on NTFPs has focused on their ability to be produced as commodities for rural incomes and markets, as an expression of traditional knowledge or as a livelihood option for rural household needs, as a key component of
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For part-time (unpaid) collection of woodfuel for rural uses, women account for almost 80 percent of all labour and a significantly higher proportion than this in Africa and Latin
America and the Caribbean.
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contain high levels of key micronutrients. Several million households world-wide depend on NWFPs for income, and these products may be particularly important for local economies. On a global scale,
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wood-based energy for cooking. Different communities are involved in collecting and using forest NTFPs, often with different minority communities or gender roles determining how they are used.
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In the highlands of
Vietnam, NTFPs production is spread almost throughout the year, so provides a sustained income for the ethnic minority people. From June to August is the wild berry called
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Martinez de Aragon, Juan; Fischer, Christine; Bonet, Jose-Antonio (2012). "Economically profitable post fire restoration with black truffle (Tuber melanosporum) producing plantations".
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in Peru found that exploitation of NTFPs could yield higher net revenue per hectare than would timber harvest of the same area, while still conserving vital
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debate on NWFPs has persisted for decades, although steps have been taken to disentangle the different terms and definitions for improved forest statistics.
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In tropical forests, for example, NTFPs can be an important source of income that can supplement farming and/or other activities. A value analysis of the
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In the drier areas of Sri Lanka, the harvesting of curry leaves to be sold to traders is an important income. The harvesting of velvet tamarind (
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The
Canadian NTFP Business Companion: Ideas, Techniques and Resources for Small Businesses in Non-Timber Forest Products & Services.
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Non-Timber Forest
Products: Medicinal Herbs, Fungi, Edible Fruits and Nuts, and Other Natural Products from the Forest.
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Peters, Charles M.; Alwyn H. Gentry; Robert O. Mendelsohn (29 June 1989). "Valuation of an
Amazonian rainforest".
759:"Forest Research - Social, cultural and economic values of contemporary non-timber forest products: Wild Harvests"
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obtained from forests other than timber. Harvest ranges from wild collection to farming. They typically include
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defines NTFPs as "any biological resources found in woodlands except timber", and Forest
Harvest, part of the
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Poverty Alleviation and Biodiversity Conservation in Tropical Countries
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cultivation in the Mediterranean area is highly profitable when well managed.
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921:"SIC 0831 Forest Nurseries and Gathering of Forest Products".
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Kala, CP 2003. Medicinal Plants of Indian Trans-Himalaya.
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Emery, Marla and Rebecca J. McLain; (editors). 2001.
937:"FAO – Non-wood forest products: Data and statistics"
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further distinctions see the definition section below
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586:. Ministry of Forests and Range (Canada). March 2008
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Commodities obtained from forests other than timber
902:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
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286:such as in the US, wild edible mushrooms such as
278:1.4 million US gallons (5,300 m) worth
244:European Union (EU) regularly consume wild food.
49:) are useful foods, substances, materials and/or
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1065:Non Timber Forest Products in the United States.
581:"Glossary of Forestry Terms in British Columbia"
1042:. Progress in Development Studies 6(4): 275-286
554:work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO (
295:which remain invisible in official statistics.
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997:Belcher, B.M. (2003). "What isn't an NTFP?".
226:, foods, flavors and fragrances, fibers, and
564:, FAO & UNEP, FAO & UNEP.
550: This article incorporates text from a
923:Encyclopedia of American Industries, 5th ed
906:) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
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614:"FAO – Forestry, Non-wood forest products"
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382:Learn how and when to remove this message
1110:Virginia Tech Non-Timber Forest Products
804:"Forests and non-timber forest products"
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780:"non timber forest products in Scotland"
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1090:FAO Nonwood Forest Products Website
525:Ecotourism in the Amazon rainforest
201:, rubber, wild pigs, tree oils and
169:The wide variety of NTFPs includes
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113:. Overlapping concepts include
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658:. Rome: FAO & UNEP. 2020.
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332:In ethnic minority communities
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999:International Forestry Review
870:International Forestry Review
829:State of World's Forests 2014
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308:sustainable forest management
142:sustainable forest management
109:, fish, insects, spices, and
3364:Pollution / quality
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631:"Minor Forest Produce (MFP)"
556:license statement/permission
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181:, transplants, seed cones,
127:special, minor, alternative
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520:Countermeasures in LULUCF
131:secondary forest products
2800:Great Green Wall (China)
2373:Close to nature forestry
1074:Mohammed, Gina H. 2011.
314:and cultural diversity.
310:and the conservation of
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318:Impacts on people
300:Amazon rainforest
284:temperate forests
282:38.3 million. In
38:(leaf) collection
4452:
4402:
4401:
4353:
4300:Natural heritage
4259:overexploitation
4198:
4197:
3932:
3931:
3878:herbal medicines
3858:FAO Plant Treaty
3398:
3375:
3360:
3359:
3340:
3333:
3326:
3317:
3316:
3303:
3302:
3293:
3292:
3284:Trees portal
3282:
3281:
3268:
3267:
3254:
3253:
3240:
3239:
3238:
3226:
3225:
3224:
3212:
3211:
3210:
3197:
3196:
2918:Forest gardening
2875:Timber recycling
2822:Invasive species
2710:Tree measurement
2271:
2264:
2257:
2248:
2247:
2232:
2231:
2222:
2221:
2196:Resin extraction
2186:Mushroom hunting
2162:
1908: / etc.
1762:
1655:
1490:Saffron milk cap
1480:Parasol mushroom
1320:Fiddlehead ferns
1140:
1133:
1126:
1117:
1116:
1027:
1021:
1015:
1014:
994:
988:
987:
976:10.1038/339655a0
951:
945:
944:
933:
927:
926:
918:
912:
911:
901:
893:
867:
858:
852:
851:
838:10.4060/cb3694en
824:
815:
814:
812:
811:
800:
791:
790:
788:
787:
776:
770:
769:
767:
766:
755:
749:
748:
723:(5–6): 615–630.
712:
706:
705:
692:
686:
685:
664:10.4060/ca8985en
650:
639:
638:
627:
618:
617:
610:
595:
594:
592:
591:
585:
577:
549:
504:
499:
498:
490:
485:
484:
483:
476:
471:
470:
469:
462:
457:
456:
448:
443:
442:
416:Dialium ovoideum
387:
380:
376:
373:
367:
344:
336:
224:medicinal plants
95:medicinal plants
4460:
4459:
4455:
4454:
4453:
4451:
4450:
4449:
4415:
4414:
4413:
4408:
4386:
4351:
4331:
4317:Systems ecology
4283:Natural capital
4185:
4070:
4059:reclaimed water
3921:
3883:UPOV Convention
3731:
3526:
3435:
3409:
3405:Ozone depletion
3396:
3373:
3349:
3344:
3314:
3309:
3276:
3262:
3248:
3236:
3234:
3222:
3220:
3208:
3206:
3185:
3062:
3039:spruce-pine-fir
3012:Christmas trees
2894:
2810:Illegal logging
2742:
2736:
2451:Controlled burn
2436:
2427:
2408:Social forestry
2388:Energy forestry
2368:Bamboo forestry
2363:Analog forestry
2337:
2280:
2275:
2245:
2240:
2210:
2160:
2145:
2136:Vegetable ivory
2008:
1896:
1808:
1756:
1649:
1611:
1593:
1527:
1509:
1475:Oyster mushroom
1465:Meadow mushroom
1410:
1394:Twincrest onion
1297:
1201:
1184:
1155:Animal products
1149:
1144:
1114:
1085:
1035:
1033:Further reading
1030:
1022:
1018:
995:
991:
952:
948:
935:
934:
930:
920:
919:
915:
895:
894:
865:
859:
855:
848:
826:
825:
818:
809:
807:
802:
801:
794:
785:
783:
782:. ForestHarvest
778:
777:
773:
764:
762:
757:
756:
752:
713:
709:
693:
689:
674:
652:
651:
642:
629:
628:
621:
612:
611:
598:
589:
587:
583:
579:
578:
574:
570:
543:
500:
493:
486:
481:
479:
472:
467:
465:
458:
451:
444:
437:
434:
425:
388:
377:
371:
368:
357:
345:
334:
325:
320:
275:
258:
236:
167:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4458:
4448:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4410:
4409:
4407:
4406:
4395:
4392:
4391:
4388:
4387:
4385:
4384:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4352:(perpetuation)
4347:
4341:
4339:
4333:
4332:
4330:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4313:
4312:
4305:Nature reserve
4302:
4297:
4296:
4295:
4290:
4280:
4279:
4278:
4268:
4267:
4266:
4261:
4251:
4246:
4245:
4244:
4239:
4229:
4228:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4201:
4195:
4191:
4190:
4187:
4186:
4184:
4183:
4182:
4181:
4176:
4166:
4161:
4156:
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4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4110:
4109:
4099:
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4010:
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3998:
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3981:
3976:
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3961:
3956:
3951:
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3938:
3936:
3929:
3923:
3922:
3920:
3919:
3918:
3917:
3912:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3891:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3834:
3833:
3823:
3822:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3796:
3795:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3782:climate change
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3758:
3757:
3750:Bioprospecting
3747:
3741:
3739:
3733:
3732:
3730:
3729:
3728:
3727:
3722:
3712:
3711:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3685:
3684:
3683:
3678:
3677:
3676:
3671:
3661:
3660:
3659:
3654:
3644:
3643:
3642:
3632:
3627:
3617:
3616:
3615:
3605:
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3603:
3593:
3592:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3566:
3561:
3556:
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3554:
3553:
3552:
3536:
3534:
3528:
3527:
3525:
3524:
3519:
3518:
3517:
3512:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3449:
3447:
3441:
3440:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3417:
3415:
3411:
3410:
3408:
3407:
3402:
3401:
3400:
3395:Clean Air Act
3387:
3382:
3377:
3368:
3366:
3357:
3351:
3350:
3343:
3342:
3335:
3328:
3320:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3307:
3297:
3287:
3273:
3259:
3245:
3231:
3217:
3203:
3190:
3187:
3186:
3184:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3171:Timber cruiser
3168:
3166:Shingle weaver
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3127:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3070:
3068:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3060:
3059:
3058:
3048:
3047:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3016:
3015:
3014:
3004:
3002:Rail transport
2999:
2998:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2952:
2951:
2950:
2945:
2943:pulp and paper
2940:
2935:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2913:Forest farming
2910:
2904:
2902:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2871:
2870:
2863:
2861:slash-and-char
2858:
2856:slash-and-burn
2853:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2830:
2829:
2819:
2818:
2817:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2780:Forest dieback
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2746:
2744:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2734:
2733:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2707:
2706:
2705:
2700:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2679:
2678:
2668:
2667:
2666:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2645:
2644:
2639:
2629:
2628:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2587:
2586:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2484:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2453:
2448:
2442:
2440:
2429:
2428:
2426:
2425:
2423:Urban forestry
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2359:
2358:
2345:
2343:
2339:
2338:
2336:
2335:
2328:
2321:
2314:
2307:
2300:
2293:
2285:
2282:
2281:
2274:
2273:
2266:
2259:
2251:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2238:
2226:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2208:
2203:
2201:Rubber tapping
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2167:Forest farming
2164:
2153:
2151:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2122:
2121:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2090:
2089:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2043:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2022:
2016:
2014:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1989:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1928:
1927:
1917:
1911:
1909:
1898:
1897:
1895:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1818:
1816:
1810:
1809:
1807:
1806:
1803:Vateria indica
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:Shorea robusta
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
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1677:
1672:
1667:
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1520:
1514:
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1508:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1451:
1449:Honey mushroom
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1420:
1418:
1412:
1411:
1409:
1408:
1407:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1360:
1359:
1354:
1344:
1343:
1342:
1332:
1330:Mahuwa flowers
1327:
1322:
1317:
1311:
1309:
1299:
1298:
1296:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
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1177:
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1143:
1142:
1135:
1128:
1120:
1113:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1086:
1084:
1083:External links
1081:
1080:
1079:
1072:
1061:
1054:
1043:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1028:
1016:
1005:(2): 161–168.
989:
946:
928:
913:
876:(1): 101–119.
853:
846:
816:
792:
771:
750:
707:
687:
672:
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571:
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539:
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537:
532:
527:
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517:
512:
506:
505:
502:Biology portal
491:
477:
474:Ecology portal
463:
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211:United Kingdom
166:
163:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4457:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4422:
4420:
4405:
4397:
4396:
4393:
4383:
4382:Non-renewable
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4342:
4340:
4338:
4334:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4322:Urban ecology
4320:
4318:
4315:
4311:
4308:
4307:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4294:
4291:
4289:
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4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4154:Privatization
4152:
4150:
4147:
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4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
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4079:
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4064:
4060:
4057:
4056:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4049:Surface water
4047:
4045:
4042:
4038:
4035:
4034:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4021:
4020:
4016:
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3560:
3557:
3551:
3550:peak farmland
3548:
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2176:Honey hunting
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1505:Yellow knight
1503:
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1495:Slippery jack
1493:
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1325:Heart of palm
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1303:Edible plants
1300:
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1268:Juniper berry
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925:. Gale. 2008.
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349:This section
347:
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208:
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196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
175:huckleberries
172:
162:
160:
159:Black truffle
156:
150:
146:
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137:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
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76:
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64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
37:
33:
26:
21:
4380: /
4254:Exploitation
4139:Conservation
4082:Desalination
4017:
3910:conservation
3818:
3745:Biodiversity
3693:conservation
3540:Agricultural
3468:Fossil fuels
3275:
3261:
3247:
3233:
3219:
3205:
3198:
3176:Tree planter
3156:Resin tapper
3136:Truck driver
3131:River driver
2974:
2880:Tree hugging
2865:
2848:
2815:timber mafia
2805:High grading
2790:Ghost forest
2760:Clearcutting
2683:Silviculture
2659:Horticulture
2503:Fire ecology
2418:Urban forest
2393:Mycoforestry
2353:
2349:Agroforestry
2330:
2323:
2316:
2309:
2302:
2297:Forest areas
2295:
2288:
2233:
2206:Wildcrafting
2191:Naval stores
2169: /
2157:
2126:Tendu leaves
2082:Natural dyes
1952:Gutta-percha
1904: /
1842:Frankincense
1802:
1758:
1715:Mango butter
1660:Cocoa butter
1651:
1648:Chaulmoogra
1618:Allanblackia
1549:Black pepper
1434:Birch bolete
1384:Canada onion
1369:Wild ginseng
1364:Saw palmetto
1305: /
1195: /
1146:
1075:
1064:
1057:
1046:
1039:
1019:
1002:
998:
992:
959:
955:
949:
940:
931:
922:
916:
898:cite journal
873:
869:
856:
828:
808:. Retrieved
784:. Retrieved
774:
763:. Retrieved
753:
720:
716:
710:
701:
697:
690:
654:
634:
588:. Retrieved
575:
560:
552:free content
544:
530:Rural crafts
446:Trees portal
426:
414:
412:
400:
396:
393:
378:
369:
358:Please help
353:verification
350:
326:
297:
276:
267:
259:
250:
246:
237:
230:and resins.
168:
155:biodiversity
151:
147:
138:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
55:game animals
46:
42:
41:
4373:Nationalism
4345:Common-pool
3986:Hydrosphere
3979:remediation
3964:Groundwater
3559:Degradation
3200:WikiProject
3124:smokejumper
3104:Firefighter
3067:Occupations
3051:Woodworking
2632:Forestation
2563:restoration
2518:informatics
2383:Ecoforestry
2141:Willow bark
1972:Maple syrup
1967:Maple sugar
1942:Fruit syrup
1925:chewing gum
1915:Birch syrup
1772:Shea butter
1444:Chanterelle
1389:Crow garlic
1379:Bear garlic
1374:Wild onions
1352:filé powder
1273:Lingonberry
1258:Huckleberry
806:. Cifor.org
717:New Forests
515:Ethnobotany
510:Bioproducts
195:maple syrup
165:Definitions
59:fur-bearers
51:commodities
36:Tendu patta
4419:Categories
4368:Extraction
4327:Wilderness
4288:accounting
4271:Management
4237:ecological
4225:tragedy of
4144:Peak water
4129:Efficiency
4102:Sanitation
4044:Stormwater
4037:harvesting
4013:Irrigation
3915:management
3873:gene banks
3814:management
3792:management
3708:resilience
3674:phosphorus
3630:industrial
3608:Management
3584:soundscape
3490:Geothermal
3146:Lumberjack
3141:Log scaler
3024:engineered
2975:non-timber
2948:sawmilling
2900:Industries
2867:svedjebruk
2578:transition
2558:protection
2548:old-growth
2533:governance
2488:Dendrology
2438:management
2304:Ministries
2052:Birch beer
2047:Birch bark
2004:Spruce gum
1987:akpeteshie
1977:Palm sugar
1947:Gum arabic
1937:Date sugar
1887:Turpentine
1767:Sandalwood
1670:Eucalyptus
1665:Eucalyptol
1554:Brazil nut
1429:Bay bolete
1283:Strawberry
1238:Cocoa bean
1233:Breadfruit
1223:Blackberry
1197:tree fruit
1067:Lawrence:
810:2013-11-21
786:2013-11-21
765:2013-11-21
635:Arthapedia
590:2009-04-06
568:References
312:biological
91:pollarding
4378:Renewable
4363:Depletion
4350:Conflict
4232:Economics
4210:enclosure
4169:Resources
4149:Pollution
4066:Watershed
3969:pollution
3900:Seed bank
3895:Rangeland
3777:Fisheries
3762:Biosphere
3755:biopiracy
3698:fertility
3574:cityscape
3569:Landscape
3476:peak coal
3463:Resources
3414:Emissions
3094:Ecologist
3007:Tree farm
2908:Coppicing
2850:chitemene
2750:Acid rain
2698:allometry
2620:SmartWood
2568:secondary
2553:pathology
2528:inventory
2466:driftwood
2332:Arbor Day
2171:gardening
2131:Thatching
1982:Palm wine
1827:Birch tar
1755:Sal-seed
1680:Japan wax
1633:Candlenut
1574:Malva nut
1539:Areca nut
1460:Matsutake
1416:Mushrooms
1357:root beer
1347:Sassafras
1335:Sago palm
1278:Raspberry
1263:Jackfruit
1228:Blueberry
1180:Wild game
1060:Earthscan
890:215403967
682:241416114
372:June 2021
288:matsutake
187:tree nuts
183:pine nuts
171:mushrooms
75:mushrooms
4430:Forestry
4404:Category
4337:Resource
4276:adaptive
4174:improved
4134:Conflict
4119:Security
4114:Scarcity
4107:improved
4097:Leaching
3974:recharge
3954:Drinking
3905:Wildlife
3772:Bushmeat
3767:Bushfood
3720:planning
3625:gemstone
3620:Minerals
3601:property
3589:viewshed
3579:seascape
3510:sunlight
3484:peak oil
3480:peak gas
3295:Category
3109:handcrew
3079:Arborist
3074:Forester
3034:mahogany
2980:palm oil
2970:charcoal
2955:Products
2890:Wildfire
2703:breeding
2664:GM trees
2513:dynamics
2325:Journals
2318:Colleges
2278:Forestry
2224:Category
2040:textiles
1872:Pine tar
1837:Creosote
1787:Tea-tree
1782:Tea-seed
1750:Pongamia
1740:Phulwara
1725:Nagkesar
1720:Murumuru
1695:Kpangnan
1643:Carnauba
1584:Pine nut
1569:Hazelnut
1559:Cinnamon
1544:Bay leaf
1534:Allspice
1456:(reishi)
1288:Tamarind
1253:Gambooge
1213:Bilberry
1105:NTFP.org
745:17598889
704:: 57–71.
432:See also
423:Research
199:cinnamon
197:, cork,
107:fuelwood
4205:Commons
4194:Related
4159:Quality
4075:Aspects
4001:glacial
3942:Aquifer
3848:Pasture
3799:Forests
3725:reserve
3500:Nuclear
3470: (
3426:Trading
3421:Airshed
3305:Outline
3119:lookout
3114:hotshot
2995:tanbark
2965:biomass
2960:biochar
2938:plywood
2923:Logging
2827:wilding
2476:log jam
2433:Ecology
2235:Commons
2150:Related
2114:Tanbark
2109:Shellac
2099:Quinine
2072:Gambier
1992:ogogoro
1892:Varnish
1857:Lacquer
1847:Gamboge
1832:Camphor
1822:Benzoin
1732: (
1638:Capuacu
1623:Babassu
1589:Vanilla
1500:Truffle
1485:Red cap
1454:Lingzhi
1243:Coconut
1218:Binukaw
1193:Berries
984:4338510
964:Bibcode
725:Bibcode
541:Sources
207:ginseng
87:foliage
71:berries
27:flowers
4215:global
4179:policy
4124:Supply
4087:Floods
4054:Sewage
4027:Marine
4019:huerta
3853:Plants
3843:Meadow
3703:health
3681:rights
3669:copper
3647:mining
3545:arable
3445:Energy
3385:Indoor
3151:Ranger
3099:Feller
3084:Bucker
2990:rubber
2933:lumber
2743:topics
2730:volume
2725:height
2671:i-Tree
2508:Forest
2461:coarse
2456:Debris
2355:dehesa
2158:Dehesa
2119:tannin
2104:Rattan
2067:Forage
2030:edible
2025:Bamboo
2020:Amadou
1999:Rubber
1920:Chicle
1862:Mastic
1814:Resins
1797:Ucuuba
1792:Tucuma
1777:Tamanu
1734:kernel
1705:Mafura
1675:Illipe
1628:Bacuri
1579:Nutmeg
1523:spices
1248:Durian
1208:Banana
982:
956:Nature
888:
844:
743:
680:
670:
209:. The
205:, and
203:resins
133:– for
111:forage
23:Dried
4358:Curse
4164:Right
4006:polar
3996:bergs
3959:Fresh
3927:Water
3640:metal
3564:Field
3515:shade
3505:Solar
3495:Hydro
3380:Index
2985:rayon
2720:girth
2715:crown
2676:urban
2573:stand
2481:slash
2471:large
2342:Types
2290:Index
2087:henna
2062:Ferns
2013:Other
1962:Latex
1882:Rosin
1877:Pitch
1867:Myrrh
1852:Kauri
1710:Mahua
1700:Kusum
1690:Kombo
1685:Kokum
1607:waxes
1564:Clove
1470:Morel
1404:Ramps
1340:queen
1315:Betel
1307:roots
1168:Honey
980:S2CID
886:S2CID
866:(PDF)
741:S2CID
678:S2CID
584:(PDF)
407:Sa Pa
292:salal
280:US$ D
179:ferns
67:seeds
47:NTFPs
25:Mahua
4293:good
4242:land
4220:land
4032:Rain
3888:wood
3863:food
3826:Game
3737:Life
3688:Soil
3664:peak
3657:sand
3532:Land
3522:Wind
3397:(US)
3374:(US)
3044:teak
3029:fuel
3019:Wood
2839:REDD
2693:Tree
2610:PEFC
2595:ATFS
2094:Peat
2077:Moss
2057:Cork
1957:Kino
1745:Pilu
1730:Palm
1518:Nuts
1173:pine
1163:Furs
908:link
904:link
842:ISBN
668:ISBN
256:Uses
228:saps
191:moss
129:and
103:mast
99:peat
79:oils
63:nuts
4092:Law
3991:Ice
3831:law
3809:law
3787:law
3715:Use
3652:law
3635:ore
3596:Law
3472:gas
3458:Law
3453:Bio
3390:Law
3355:Air
2615:SFI
2605:FSC
2600:CFS
2538:law
2523:IPM
2435:and
1906:gum
1902:Sap
1602:Oil
1439:Cep
1007:doi
972:doi
960:339
941:FAO
878:doi
834:doi
733:doi
660:doi
397:uoi
362:by
241:FAO
213:'s
83:sap
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3482:,
3478:,
3474:,
1001:.
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900:}}
896:{{
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666:.
643:^
633:.
622:^
599:^
193:,
189:,
185:,
177:,
173:,
125:,
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105:,
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