1495:, the Chief of Police, and Nawab Ali (an intelligence officer). Inside the palace on 14 September, bodyguards within the building opened fire on the visitors. Tarun was killed but Amin only sustained injuries and escaped to his car, driving to the Ministry of Defence. Shortly afterwards, Amin placed the Army on high alert, ordered the detainment of Taraki, and telephoned Puzanov about the incident. That evening at 6:30, tanks from the 4th Armoured Corps entered the city and stood at government positions. Amin returned to the Arg with a contingent of Army officers and placed Taraki under arrest. The Gang of Four, however, had "disappeared", taking refuge at the Soviet embassy.
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1461:, to which Taraki was elected its chairman while Amin became its deputy. At around the same time, Taraki left his post as Council of Ministers chairman and Amin was elected his successor. Amin's new position offered him little real influence, however; as Chairman of the Council of Ministers, Amin had the power to elect every member of the cabinet, but all of them had to be approved by the head of state, Taraki. In reality, through this maneuver Taraki had effectively reduced Amin's power base by forcing him to relinquish his hold on the Afghan Army in order to take on the supposedly heavy responsibilities of his new but ultimately powerless post.
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divisions at the SovietâAfghan border, the sending of 500 military and civilian advisers and specialists, and the immediate delivery of Soviet armed equipment sold at 25 percent below the original price. However, the
Soviets were not pleased about the developments in Afghanistan and Brezhnev impressed upon Taraki the need for party unity. Despite reaching this agreement with Taraki, the Soviets continued to be reluctant to intervene further in Afghanistan and repeatedly refused Soviet military intervention within Afghan borders during Taraki's rule as well as later during Amin's short rule.
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instead of reporting to the cabinet about the Havana Summit, indirectly tried to dismiss Amin from his position as per the plot of the
Soviets. He sought to neutralise Amin's power and influence by requesting that he serve overseas as an ambassador, but Amin turned down the proposal, shouting "You are the one who should quit! Because of drink and old age you have taken leave of your senses." The following day, Taraki invited Amin to
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582:. His denunciation of the Royal Afghan Government earned him much publicity in the United States. It also attracted unfavourable attention from authorities back home, who relieved him of his post and ordered him repatriated but stopped short of placing him under arrest. After a short period of unemployment, Taraki started working for the United States Overseas Mission in Kabul as an
420:, the minority. Taraki along with his "protégé" Amin started a purge of the government and party that led to several high-ranking Parchamite members being sent into de facto exile by being assigned to serve overseas as ambassadors, and later started jailing domestic Parchamites. His regime locked up dissidents and oversaw massacres of villagers, citing the necessity of
1359:, and asked for "practical and technical assistance with men and armament". Kosygin was unfavorable to the proposal on the basis of the negative political repercussions such an action would have for his country, and he rejected all further attempts by Taraki to solicit Soviet military aid in Afghanistan. Following Kosygin's rejection Taraki requested aid from
550:
1403:-style personality cult he had created inspired Taraki to become overly confident and believe in his own brilliance. Taraki began discounting Amin's suggestions, fostering in Amin a deep sense of resentment. As their relationship turned increasingly sour, a power struggle developed between them for the control of the
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control, and consequently many of these reforms were not actually implemented nationwide. Popular resentment of Taraki's drastic policy changes triggered surging unrest throughout the country, reducing government control to only a limited area. The strength of this anti-reform backlash would ultimately lead to the
1515:
with pillows by three men under Amin's orders. Taraki did not resist nor did he say anything as he was instructed by the men to lie down on a bed to be suffocated. His body was secretly buried by the men at night. The news shocked
Brezhnev, who had vowed to protect Taraki. It was also one of the factors of the
53:
1477:
to conduct the assassination. However, Akbari was not informed that he was the chosen assassin or that it was a secret mission, and he confided the information to contacts in the Soviet embassy. The embassy responded by warning Amin of the assassination attempt, thereby saving him from certain death.
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and other Soviet officials. It was rumoured that Karmal was present at the meeting in an attempt to reconcile Taraki's Khalq faction and the
Parcham against Amin and his followers. At the meeting, Taraki was successful in negotiating some Soviet support, including the redeployment of two Soviet armed
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We believe it would be a fatal mistake to commit ground troops. If our troops went in, the situation in your country would not improve. On the contrary, it would get worse. Our troops would have to struggle not only with an external aggressor, but with a significant part of your own people. And the
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Contrary to government expectations, the reform was neither popular nor productive. Agricultural harvests plummeted and the reform itself led to rising discontent amongst
Afghans. When Taraki realized the degree of popular dissatisfaction with the reform he quickly abandoned the policy. However, the
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had been launched with the objective of eliminating illiteracy within 20 years. The government of Taraki attempted to reduce this time frame from 20 to four years, an unrealistic goal in light of the shortage of teachers and limited government capacity to oversee such an initiative. The duration of
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and well-established traditional power structures in rural areas. Taraki introduced women to political life and legislated an end to forced marriage. However, he ruled over a nation with a deep
Islamic religious culture and a long history of resistance to any type of strong centralized governmental
1514:
in which he said, "Taraki is still around. What should I do with him?" Brezhnev replied that it was his choice. Amin, who now believed he had the full support of the
Soviets, ordered the death of Taraki. Taraki's death occurred on 8 October 1979, when he was (according to most accounts) suffocated
440:
centered around him that Amin had cultivated. The state press and subsequent propaganda started to refer to him as the "Great Leader" and "Great
Teacher", and his portrait became a common sight throughout the country. His relationship with Amin turned sour during his rule, ultimately resulting in
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In the first months after the April 1978 revolution, Hafizullah Amin and Taraki had a very close relationship. Taraki reportedly remarked, "Amin and I are like nail and flesh, not separable". Amin set about constructing a personality cult centered on Taraki. In party and government meetings Amin
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and Deputy
Chairman of the Council of Ministers. Internal problems soon arose and several prominent Khalqists accused the Parcham faction of conspiring against the Taraki government. A Khalqi purge of the Parcham then began with the faction's most prominent members being sent out of the country:
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On 11 September 1979, Chairman Taraki was greeted by Amin at the airport on his return to Kabul from Moscow. The flight was scheduled to land at 2:30, but Amin forced the delay of the landing by an hour as a demonstration to Taraki of his control over the government. Shortly afterward, Taraki,
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on 1 January 1979 which attempted to limit the amount of land a family could own. Those whose landholdings exceeded the limit saw their property requisitioned by the government without compensation. The Afghan leadership believed the reform would be met with popular approval amongst the rural
1238:. The reform was declared complete in mid-1979 and the government proclaimed that 665,000 hectares (approximately 1,632,500 acres) had been redistributed. The government also declared that only 40,000 families, or 4 percent of the population, had been negatively affected by the land reform.
1491:(the Presidential palace) for lunch with him and the Gang of Four. Amin turned down the offer, stating he would prefer their resignation rather than lunching with them. Soviet Ambassador Puzanov managed to persuade Amin to make the visit to the palace along with
1183:
Taraki was appointed
Chairman of the Revolutionary Council (head of state) and Chairman of the Council of Ministers (head of government) while retaining his post as PDPA general secretary (supreme leader). He initially formed a government which consisted of both
1399:
always referred to Taraki as "The Great Leader", "The Star of the East" or "The Great Thinker" among other titles, while Amin was given such titles as "The True Disciple and Student". Amin would later come to realize he had created a monster when the
619:, the first major left-wing newspaper in Afghanistan. The paper was banned within one month of its first printing. In 1967, less than two years after its founding, the PDPA split into several factions. The largest of these included Khalq (
526:, highlights the socio-economic difficulties facing Afghan workers and peasants. His works were translated into Russian language in the Soviet Union, where his work was viewed as embodying scientific socialist themes. He was hailed by the
1371:, who warned him that full Soviet intervention "would only play into the hands of our enemies â both yours and ours". Brezhnev also advised Taraki to ease up on the drastic social reforms and to seek broader support for his regime.
1472:
had received an intelligence report that Amin was planning to arrest or kill them. This report, it turned out, was incorrect. Nonetheless, the Gang of Four were ordered to assassinate Amin, its leader Sarwari selecting his nephew
428:
in Soviet Russia, that opponents of the Saur Revolution had to be eliminated. These factors, among others, led to a popular backlash that initiated a rebellion. Despite repeated attempts, Taraki was unable to persuade the
1209:, his friend and former Afghan ambassador to Yugoslavia, as he feared execution if he returned. Muhammad Najibullah followed them. Taraki consequently stripped them of all official titles and political authority.
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became Afghan Ambassador to Iran. Internal struggle was not only to be found between the Khalqist and Parchamites; tense rivalry between Taraki and Amin had begun in the Khalq faction with both vying for control.
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650:. His death served as a rallying point for the pro-communist Afghans. Fearing a communist coup d'état, Daoud ordered the arrest of certain PDPA leaders, including Taraki and Karmal, while placing others such as
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that he was no longer able to continue his duties, and that the Politburo subsequently elected Amin as the new General Secretary. After Taraki's arrest, Amin reportedly discussed the incident with
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was initiated, reportedly by Amin while still under house arrest. Khan was killed the next day along with most of his family. The PDPA rapidly gained control and on 1 May Taraki became
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Taraki's overthrow on 14 September 1979 and subsequent murder on 8 October, on Amin's orders, with Kabul press reporting that he died of illness. His death was a factor that led to the
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and the embassy were put in position in an attempt to rescue Taraki, but they were never ordered to make a move as they felt that Amin's forces had the edge. At 8pm on 16 September,
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1302:. The cultural focus of the UNESCO programme was declared "rubbish" by Taraki, who instead chose to introduce a political orientation by utilizing PDPA leaflets and left-wing
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called Taraki "the martyred son of the country", and denounced Hafizullah Amin as "this savage despot, beastly, lunatic, and recognised spy of the imperialism of America".
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1507:
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1437:. These men had joined the PDPA not because of ideological reasons, but instead due to their lofty political ambitions. They also had developed a close relationship with
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merchant family who employed him as a clerk for the Pashtun Trading Company. Taraki's first encounter with communism was during his night courses, where he met several
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887:
1418:, Taraki "did not have the physical strength or the backing to continue to lead the country for long", adding that Amin was a "far more impressive figure".
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The Soviets tried to dissuade Amin from expelling Taraki and his associates from their positions, but Amin refused. On 15 September, a Soviet battalion at
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Taraki signed a Twenty-Year Treaty of Friendship with the Soviet Union on 5 December 1978 which greatly expanded Soviet aid to his regime. Following the
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land reform was gradually implemented under the later Karmal administration, although the proportion of land area impacted by the reform is unclear.
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The new government, under Taraki, launched a campaign of repression against opponents of the Saur Revolution, which killed thousands, mostly at
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On the day that Taraki was assassinated, 28 men and women from Taraki's extended family (including his wife and brother) were jailed at
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373:, after which he started his political career as a journalist. From the 1940s onward Taraki also wrote novels and short stories in the
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to the post of general secretary on 1 January 1965. Karmal became second secretary. Taraki ran as a candidate for the PDPA during the
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Alexei Kosygin, the Chairman of the USSR Council of Ministers, in response to Taraki's request for Soviet presence in Afghanistan
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566:'s prime ministership, suppression of radicals was common. However, because of his language skills, Taraki was sent to the
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Taraki's leadership was short-lived and marked by controversies. The government was divided between two PDPA factions: the
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3002:"The Intervention in Afghanistan and the Fall of Detente â A Chronology [Prepared for a Nobel Symposium in 1995]"
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591:
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475:. He was the oldest of three children and attended a village school in Nawa, before leaving in 1932 what had become the
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2018:
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631:) led by Karmal. The main differences between the factions were ideological, with Taraki supporting the creation of a
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reported two days later that the ailing Taraki had died of a "serious illness", omitting any mention of his murder.
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to intervene in support of the restoration of civil order. Amin initiated most of these policies behind the scenes.
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4065:
4035:
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1216:. Estimates for the number executed at the prison, between April 1978 and December 1979, are as high as 27,000.
799:
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3458:
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667:
199:
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594:, but quit in 1963 to focus on the establishment of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA), a
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Karmal was recalled from Czechoslovakia but rather than returning to Afghanistan he went into hiding with
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1352:
4045:
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385:, he was elected as the party's General Secretary at its first congress. He ran as a candidate in the
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2373:"The Sickle and the Minaret: Communist Successor Parties in Yemen and Afghanistan after the Cold War"
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Taraki could count on the support of four prominent army officers in his struggle against Amin:
1192:; Karmal became Deputy Chairman of the Presidium of the Revolutionary Council while Amin became
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3422:
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1535:. After Karmal came into power, Taraki's jailed relatives, including his widow, were released.
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On 3 August 1978, a KGB delegation visited Afghanistan, and on first impression of general
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in 1952. Within several months, Taraki began denouncing the Royal Afghan Government under
8:
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In the months following the coup, Taraki and other party leaders initiated other radical
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and became known throughout the country as an author and poet. His best known book, the
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the project was later lengthened to seven years by the Soviets in the aftermath of the
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2014:
1985:
1956:
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1812:
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500:
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https://www.scribd.com/document/345774276/washingtons-secret-war-against-afghanistan
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1007:
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2485:. En.convdocs.org. 4 November 1978. Archived from the original on 24 December 2013
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674:(literally prime minister in Western parlance). The country was then renamed the
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518:, who introduced him to several Russians. Later Taraki became Deputy Head of the
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1382:, Cuba. On his way back he stopped in Moscow on 20 March and met with Brezhnev,
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3119:
History of the brief period of Communist-controlled Government in Afghanistan
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1407:. Their relations came to a head later that year when Taraki accused Amin of
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586:. He quit that job in 1958 and established his own translation company, the
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after Amin had appointed several family members to high-ranking positions.
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635:-like state, while Karmal wanted to establish a "broad democratic front".
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2458:
1667:"The World Was Going Our Way: The KGB and the Battle for the Third World"
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1578:
1503:
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1404:
1400:
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583:
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366:
3649:
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602:
425:
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2223:"Refworld | Women in Afghanistan: Pawns in men's power struggles"
601:
At the founding congress of the PDPA, held in his own home in Kabul's
52:
1683:
The Intervention in Afghanistan and the Fall of Detente: A Chronology
575:
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and communist values. Another important event was his encounter with
331:
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666:, a role which subsumed the responsibilities of both president and
632:
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International Department of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
484:
457:
397:, but the government closed it down shortly afterward. In 1978 he,
334:
politician, journalist and writer. He was a founding member of the
4011:
Political office-holders of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan
2278:
Soldiers of God: With Islamic Warriors in Afghanistan and Pakistan
3107:
1570:
1544:(the day of the PDPA's 15th anniversary), the education minister
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1189:
818:
624:
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74:
General Secretary of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan
613:
but did not win a seat. Shortly after the election, he launched
3095:
1574:
1379:
1294:
1267:
559:
480:
454:
361:, and he got his primary and secondary education from district
3290:
3022:
My Three Lives on Earth: The Life Story of an Afghan American
2685:
Lenin's Brain and Other Tales from the Secret Soviet Archives
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1185:
678:(DRA), installing a regime that would last until April 1992.
615:
413:
378:
290:
262:
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general secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
1724:
Soviet-Pakistan Relations and Post-Soviet Dynamics, 1947â92
1630:
534:". On his visit to the Soviet Union Taraki was greeted by
503:
in neighbouring India, who was an admirer of the works of
1633:, chiefly on socio-cultural and economical conditions in
2912:
Afghanistan: Political Frailty and External Interference
2878:
Afghanistan: Political Frailty and External Interference
2846:
Afghanistan: Political Frailty and External Interference
2817:
Afghanistan: Political Frailty and External Interference
2788:
Afghanistan: Political Frailty and External Interference
2719:
Afghanistan: Political Frailty and External Interference
2656:
Afghanistan: Political Frailty and External Interference
2194:
Afghanistan: Political Frailty and External Interference
1924:
Afghanistan: Political Frailty and External Interference
1895:
Afghanistan: Political Frailty and External Interference
1866:
Afghanistan: Political Frailty and External Interference
1834:
Afghanistan: Political Frailty and External Interference
1805:
Afghanistan: Political Frailty and External Interference
2162:
3068:
The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979-1982
2541:"Women in Afghanistan: Pawns in men's power struggles"
2427:
Afghanistan: The First Five Years of Soviet Occupation
2345:
Afghanistan: The First Five Years of Soviet Occupation
2320:
Afghanistan: The First Five Years of Soviet Occupation
2295:
Afghanistan: The First Five Years of Soviet Occupation
1197:
Karmal became Afghan Ambassador to Czechoslovakia and
330:; 14 July 1917 â 9 October 1979) was an Afghan
1953:
Revolution Unending: Afghanistan, 1979 to the Present
1565:, his first and best-known novel, published in 1957,
3981:
People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan politicians
1751:
Afghanistan's Two-Party Communism. Parcham and Khalq
1678:
1676:
1627:
PahÄá¹on̲ kÄ baiá¹Ä : ek Pukhtun kÄ« dÄstÄn-i alam
1573:
lenses, "an imitation in Pashto of the works of the
1445:, who was eager to use them against Amin. After the
605:
district, Taraki won a competitive election against
491:
members who impressed him with their discussions on
4081:
Afghan politicians assassinated in the 20th century
2745:
389:but failed to win a seat. In 1966 he published the
3619:
2975:. University of California Press. pp. 89â91.
2424:
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2317:
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2241:
1950:
3137:Telephone Conversation Between Kosygin and Taraki
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1673:
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2503:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
2221:Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for.
479:, at the age of 15, to work in the port city of
3071:. University of California Press. p. 317.
2972:Before Taliban. Genealogies of the Afghan Jihad
2945:Afgantsy. The Russians in Afghanistan 1979â1989
2592:The Cold War and the Making of the Modern World
2130:Brecher, Michael; Wilkenfeld, Jonathan (1997).
2096:
2033:
2004:
1975:
1697:Before Taliban. Genealogies of the Afghan Jihad
590:. Four years later, he started working for the
2589:
2367:
2280:, New York, Vintage Departures, (2001), p. 115
2062:
1700:. University of California Press. p. 72.
642:was assassinated and the murder was blamed on
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3276:
2682:
2449:
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1955:. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. p. 74.
1374:In 1979, Taraki attended a conference of the
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2716:
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1234:population while weakening the power of the
638:On 17 April 1978, a prominent leftist named
377:style. Forming the PDPA at his residence in
2948:. Oxford University Press. pp. 67â68.
2938:
2381:Middle East Review of International Affairs
2092:
2090:
2088:
1777:Inside Afghanistan: End of the Taliban Era?
1774:
86:1 January 1965 â 14 September 1979
3956:20th-century heads of state of Afghanistan
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3598:
3283:
3269:
2995:
2415:
2283:
1587:, criticism of feudal lords of Afghanistan
1569:looks at the tribal Pashtun world through
1320:
686:
654:under house arrest. On 27 April 1978, the
499:, a Pashtun nationalist and leader of the
132:30 April 1978 â 14 September 1979
51:
2248:. Harvard University Press. p. 138.
1219:
3161:People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan
2905:
2903:
2901:
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1796:
1754:. Hoover Institution Press. p. 15.
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336:People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan
287:People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan
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2871:
2869:
2781:
2779:
2777:
2563:"Taraki opens Afghanistan's TV station"
2533:
1693:
1506:announced that Taraki had informed the
1333:people would never forgive such things"
1317:, the first TV channel in the country.
1266:Traditional practices that were deemed
416:(led by Taraki), the majority, and the
14:
3933:
2712:
2710:
2708:
2322:. DIANE Publishing. pp. 315â316.
1859:
1857:
1747:
1720:
1652:Shaista Wahab & Barry Youngerman,
1466:6th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement
3593:
3264:
3064:
2898:
2361:
2239:
2233:
1793:
1538:In the 2 January 1980 edition of the
1464:During Taraki's foreign visit to the
1285:Under the previous administration of
611:September 1965 parliamentary election
453:Taraki was born on 14 July 1917 to a
27:First leader of Socialist Afghanistan
2866:
2774:
2220:
2165:Urban Terrorism: Myths and Realities
2065:Historical Dictionary of Afghanistan
1656:, Infobase Publishing (2007), p. 137
1393:
510:In 1937, Taraki started working for
120:Revolutionary Council of Afghanistan
4041:Assassinated heads of state in Asia
3165:1 January 1965 â 14 September 1979
2705:
2244:Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam
1854:
1313:, Taraki started the broadcasts of
568:Afghan Embassy in the United States
544:Communist Party of the Soviet Union
393:, a party newspaper advocating for
327:
181:1 May 1978 â 27 March 1979
169:Council of Ministers of Afghanistan
24:
3208:30 April 1978 â 14 September 1979
2163:Asthana, N.C.; Nirmal, A. (2009).
1615:MochÄ« : da lanážo kÄ«so á¹olagah
1327:AfghanistanâSoviet Union relations
676:Democratic Republic of Afghanistan
407:Democratic Republic of Afghanistan
387:1965 Afghan parliamentary election
276:
267:Democratic Republic of Afghanistan
25:
4092:
3088:
2429:. DIANE Publishing. p. 317.
2347:. DIANE Publishing. p. 316.
2297:. DIANE Publishing. p. 315.
1254:that challenged both traditional
4076:Politicians assassinated in 1979
3966:20th-century short story writers
3868:
3831:
3778:
3713:
3629:
3547:
3511:
3480:
3445:
3402:
3340:
3305:
3106:
3094:
2455:The Rise & Fall of Communism
1608:
1481:
1443:Soviet ambassador in Afghanistan
1245:
1229:Taraki's Government initiated a
986:Minister of Information, Culture
401:and Babrak Karmal initiated the
4031:Afghan male short story writers
3058:
3038:
3027:
3015:
2989:
2962:
2932:
2837:
2808:
2739:
2676:
2647:
2612:
2583:
2555:
2475:
2443:
2336:
2311:
2270:
2214:
2185:
2156:
2123:
2056:
2027:
1998:
1969:
1944:
1915:
1886:
1459:Homeland Higher Defence Council
1315:Afghanistan National Television
436:Taraki's reign was marked by a
3991:Prime ministers of Afghanistan
3621:Prime ministers of Afghanistan
2167:. Pointer Publishers. p.
1825:
1779:. APH Publishing. p. 79.
1768:
1741:
1714:
1687:
1659:
1654:A Brief History of Afghanistan
1646:
1224:
309:Politician, journalist, writer
13:
1:
3292:Heads of state of Afghanistan
3124:Biography of President Taraki
2749:Afghanistan: A Modern History
2622:Moscow's Third World Strategy
1640:
1526:
1062:Minister of Mines, Industries
932:Minister of Radio, Television
681:
58:
3986:Assassinated prime ministers
2746:Rasanayagam, Angelo (2005).
2483:"Women's Rights in the PDPA"
2136:University of Michigan Press
1129:Minister of Higher Education
795:Minister of National Defence
690:
471:, part of what was then the
277:Assassination by suffocation
7:
4006:Afghan expatriates in India
3996:People from Ghazni Province
3794:Abdul Sabur Farid Kohistani
3255:1 May 1978 â 27 March 1979
2571:. 20 August 1978. p. 1
2425:Amtstutz, J. Bruce (1994).
2343:Amtstutz, J. Bruce (1994).
2318:Amtstutz, J. Bruce (1994).
2293:Amtstutz, J. Bruce (1994).
1951:Dorronsoro, Gilles (2005).
1306:as basic reading material.
1194:Minister of Foreign Affairs
991:Muhammad Hasan Bareq-Shafi'
759:Minister of Foreign Affairs
694:Taraki cabinet (1978â1979)
10:
4097:
4026:Afghan short story writers
4001:People from Kabul Province
3976:Columbia University alumni
3693:Mohammad Nur Ahmad Etemadi
3682:Mohammad Hashim Maiwandwal
3488:Transitional Islamic State
2969:Edwards, David B. (2002).
2627:Princeton University Press
2619:Rubinstein, Alvin (1990).
1694:Edwards, David B. (2002).
1324:
1165:Minister of Border Affairs
1147:Minister of Tribal Affairs
1026:Minister of Social Affairs
777:Minister of Communications
574:, and accused it of being
3971:Presidents of Afghanistan
3904:
3866:
3829:
3776:
3711:
3627:
3576:
3545:
3509:
3478:
3443:
3400:
3338:
3303:
3247:
3220:
3210:
3200:
3182:
3177:
3167:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3065:Kakar, M. Hassan (1995).
3009:National Security Archive
1727:. Springer. p. 263.
1620:
1556:
1357:USSR Council of Ministers
1078:
899:
875:Ghulam Dastagir Panjsheri
868:
793:
712:
596:communist political party
338:(PDPA) who served as its
313:
305:
297:
282:
273:Manner of death
272:
252:
225:
220:
216:
206:
185:
174:
163:
153:
136:
125:
114:
102:
90:
79:
72:
68:
50:
41:
34:
3145:Party political offices
3129:21 February 2008 at the
2097:Gladstone, Cary (2001).
2034:Gladstone, Cary (2001).
2005:Gladstone, Cary (2001).
1976:Gladstone, Cary (2001).
1748:Arnold, Anthony (1983).
1551:
1111:Minister of Water, Power
1080:Minister of Public Works
489:Communist Party of India
483:, India. There he met a
42:
2590:Walker, Martin (1993).
2543:. Amnesty International
2063:Adamec, Ludwig (2011).
1427:Sayed Mohammad Gulabzoy
1321:AfghanâSoviet relations
1311:Afghan Independence Day
1116:Muhammad Mansur Hashimi
1067:Muhammad Isma'il Danesh
950:Minister of Agriculture
919:Muhammad Siddiq Alemyar
782:Muhammad Aslam Watanjar
746:Muhammad Aslam Watanjar
713:Deputy Chairman of the
687:Establishment and purge
648:Republic of Afghanistan
588:Noor Translation Bureau
497:Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan
4066:Executed Afghan people
4036:Afghan revolutionaries
3961:20th-century novelists
3821:Abdul Rahim Ghafoorzai
3423:Sibghatullah Mojaddedi
3380:Haji Mohammad Chamkani
3111:Quotations related to
2683:Grigory, Paul (2008).
2403:Cite journal requires
2240:Kepel, Gilles (2002).
1721:Hafeez, Malik (1994).
1519:two months later. The
1449:on 17 March 1979, the
1341:
1220:Socio-economic changes
1049:Abdul Quddus Ghorbandi
554:
477:Kingdom of Afghanistan
473:Emirate of Afghanistan
463:peasant family in the
342:from 1965 to 1979 and
247:Emirate of Afghanistan
3804:Arsala Rahmani Daulat
3568:Hibatullah Akhundzada
3204:Revolutionary Council
2910:Misdaq, Nabi (2006).
2876:Misdaq, Nabi (2006).
2844:Misdaq, Nabi (2006).
2815:Misdaq, Nabi (2006).
2786:Misdaq, Nabi (2006).
2717:Misdaq, Nabi (2006).
2654:Misdaq, Nabi (2006).
2192:Misdaq, Nabi (2006).
2099:Afghanistan Revisited
2071:. pp. xlixâlii.
2036:Afghanistan Revisited
2007:Afghanistan Revisited
1978:Afghanistan Revisited
1922:Misdaq, Nabi (2006).
1893:Misdaq, Nabi (2006).
1864:Misdaq, Nabi (2006).
1832:Misdaq, Nabi (2006).
1803:Misdaq, Nabi (2006).
1455:Revolutionary Council
1330:
1325:Further information:
1293:programme created by
870:Minister of Education
812:Nur Muhammad Taraki (
664:Revolutionary Council
623:) led by Taraki, and
592:U.S. Embassy in Kabul
552:
516:Minister of Economics
449:Early life and career
348:Revolutionary Council
18:Noor Mohammad Tarakai
4056:Pashtun nationalists
4016:1970s in Afghanistan
3951:1979 murders in Asia
3763:Sultan Ali Keshtmand
3758:Mohammad Hasan Sharq
3753:Sultan Ali Keshtmand
3703:Mohammad Musa Shafiq
3655:Mohammad Hashim Khan
3251:Council of Ministers
3229:Mohammad Musa Shafiq
3103:at Wikimedia Commons
2916:Taylor & Francis
2882:Taylor & Francis
2852:. pp. 122â123.
2850:Taylor & Francis
2821:Taylor & Francis
2792:Taylor & Francis
2723:Taylor & Francis
2660:Taylor & Francis
2198:Taylor & Francis
2042:. pp. 116â117.
1928:Taylor & Francis
1899:Taylor & Francis
1870:Taylor & Francis
1840:. pp. 107â108.
1838:Taylor & Francis
1809:Taylor & Francis
1775:Reddy, L.R. (2002).
1533:Pul-e-Charkhi prison
1376:Non-Aligned Movement
1369:Soviet head of state
1214:Pul-e-Charkhi prison
1044:Minister of Commerce
955:Saleh Muhammad Zirai
906:Sultan Ali Keshtmand
901:Minister of Planning
852:Minister of Interior
715:Council of Ministers
672:Council of Ministers
405:and established the
196:Mohammad Musa Shafiq
192:Position established
97:Position established
4071:Executed presidents
4061:Executed communists
3816:Gulbuddin Hekmatyar
3810:Ahmad Shah Ahmadzai
3799:Gulbuddin Hekmatyar
3768:Fazal Haq Khaliqyar
3738:Nur Muhammad Taraki
3721:Democratic Republic
3672:Mohammad Daoud Khan
3429:Burhanuddin Rabbani
3386:Mohammad Najibullah
3365:Nur Muhammad Taraki
3348:Democratic Republic
3330:Mohammad Daoud Khan
3186:Mohammed Daoud Khan
3151:New political party
3113:Nur Muhammad Taraki
3101:Nur Muhammad Taraki
2940:Braithwaite, Rodric
2521:. Countrystudies.us
2276:Kaplan, Robert D.,
1567:The Journey of Bang
1517:Soviet intervention
1347:, Taraki contacted
1309:On 19 August 1978,
1300:Soviet intervention
1287:Mohammad Daoud Khan
1199:Mohammad Najibullah
1013:Abdul Hakim Shara'i
1004:Minister of Justice
968:Minister of Finance
888:Abdul Rashid Jalili
644:Mohammed Daoud Khan
564:Mohammad Daoud Khan
520:Bakhtar News Agency
443:Soviet intervention
438:cult of personality
369:and graduated from
353:Taraki was born in
350:from 1978 to 1979.
320:Nur Muhammad Taraki
143:Mohammed Daoud Khan
36:Nur Muhammad Taraki
3225:Title last held by
3178:Political offices
1435:Assadullah Sarwari
1098:Dastagir Panjsheri
834:Minister of Health
555:
538:, the Head of the
530:as "Afghanistan's
512:Abdul Majid Zabuli
501:Red Shirt Movement
445:in December 1979.
4046:Afghan communists
3928:
3927:
3587:
3586:
3391:Abdul Rahim Hatif
3259:
3258:
3245:
3211:Succeeded by
3198:
3168:Succeeded by
3157:General Secretary
3133:at Afghanland.com
3099:Media related to
3054:. 2 January 1980.
3046:"VOL. XVII NO. 2"
2955:978-0-19-983265-1
2640:978-0-691-02332-8
2468:978-0-224-07879-5
2255:978-0-674-01090-1
2178:978-81-7132-598-6
2149:978-0-472-10806-0
2132:A Study of Crisis
2078:978-0-8108-7815-0
1734:978-1-349-10573-1
1603:Be tarbiyatah zoy
1493:Sayed Daoud Tarun
1439:Alexander Puzanov
1431:Sherjan Mazdoryar
1394:TarakiâAmin break
1181:
1180:
1152:Nizamuddin Tahzib
973:Abdul Karim Misaq
528:Soviet Government
375:socialist realism
340:General Secretary
317:
316:
16:(Redirected from
4088:
4021:Afghan novelists
3882:
3881:
3874:
3872:
3871:
3852:Mohammad Rabbani
3845:
3844:
3837:
3835:
3834:
3784:
3782:
3781:
3731:
3730:
3719:
3717:
3716:
3667:Shah Mahmud Khan
3635:
3633:
3632:
3614:
3607:
3600:
3591:
3590:
3561:
3560:
3559:(Supreme Leader)
3553:
3551:
3550:
3525:
3524:
3519:Islamic Republic
3517:
3515:
3514:
3494:
3493:
3486:
3484:
3483:
3463:
3462:
3451:
3449:
3448:
3416:
3415:
3408:
3406:
3405:
3358:
3357:
3346:
3344:
3343:
3323:
3322:
3311:
3309:
3308:
3285:
3278:
3271:
3262:
3261:
3249:Chairman of the
3236:
3233:
3202:Chairman of the
3189:
3183:Preceded by
3142:
3141:
3110:
3098:
3083:
3082:
3062:
3056:
3055:
3042:
3036:
3031:
3025:
3019:
3013:
3012:
3006:
2998:Zubok, Vladislav
2996:Byrne, Malcolm;
2993:
2987:
2986:
2966:
2960:
2959:
2936:
2930:
2929:
2907:
2896:
2895:
2873:
2864:
2863:
2841:
2835:
2834:
2812:
2806:
2805:
2783:
2772:
2771:
2743:
2737:
2736:
2714:
2703:
2702:
2680:
2674:
2673:
2651:
2645:
2644:
2616:
2610:
2609:
2587:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2559:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2548:
2537:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2526:
2515:
2509:
2508:
2502:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2479:
2473:
2472:
2447:
2441:
2440:
2422:
2413:
2412:
2406:
2401:
2399:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2365:
2359:
2358:
2340:
2334:
2333:
2315:
2309:
2308:
2290:
2281:
2274:
2268:
2267:
2247:
2237:
2231:
2230:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2160:
2154:
2153:
2127:
2121:
2120:
2094:
2083:
2082:
2060:
2054:
2053:
2031:
2025:
2024:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1890:
1884:
1883:
1861:
1852:
1851:
1829:
1823:
1822:
1800:
1791:
1790:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1745:
1739:
1738:
1718:
1712:
1711:
1691:
1685:
1680:
1671:
1670:
1663:
1657:
1650:
1563:De Bang musÄfirÄ«
1546:Anahita Ratebzad
1457:established the
1384:foreign minister
1339:
1261:Afghan civil war
1252:Marxist policies
1207:Anahita Ratebzad
1170:Sahibjan Sahrayi
1031:Anahita Ratebzad
1008:Attorney General
691:
640:Mir Akbar Khyber
553:A younger Taraki
524:De Bang Mosaferi
371:Kabul University
329:
259:
235:
233:
221:Personal details
209:
188:
179:
156:
139:
130:
105:
93:
84:
63:
60:
55:
45:
32:
31:
21:
4096:
4095:
4091:
4090:
4089:
4087:
4086:
4085:
3931:
3930:
3929:
3924:
3900:
3879:
3878:
3876:Islamic Emirate
3869:
3867:
3862:
3842:
3841:
3839:Islamic Emirate
3832:
3830:
3825:
3779:
3777:
3772:
3743:Hafizullah Amin
3724:
3723:
3714:
3712:
3707:
3630:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3588:
3583:
3572:
3558:
3557:
3555:Islamic Emirate
3548:
3546:
3541:
3522:
3521:
3512:
3510:
3505:
3491:
3490:
3481:
3479:
3474:
3456:
3455:
3453:Islamic Emirate
3446:
3444:
3439:
3413:
3412:
3403:
3401:
3396:
3370:Hafizullah Amin
3351:
3350:
3341:
3339:
3334:
3316:
3315:
3306:
3304:
3299:
3289:
3254:
3235:
3231:
3226:
3216:
3214:Hafizullah Amin
3207:
3188:
3173:
3171:Hafizullah Amin
3164:
3131:Wayback Machine
3091:
3086:
3079:
3063:
3059:
3051:Kabul New Times
3044:
3043:
3039:
3032:
3028:
3024:by Tawab Assifi
3020:
3016:
3004:
2994:
2990:
2983:
2967:
2963:
2956:
2937:
2933:
2926:
2918:. p. 125.
2908:
2899:
2892:
2884:. p. 123.
2874:
2867:
2860:
2842:
2838:
2831:
2823:. p. 119.
2813:
2809:
2802:
2794:. p. 122.
2784:
2775:
2768:
2744:
2740:
2733:
2725:. p. 124.
2715:
2706:
2699:
2691:. p. 121.
2681:
2677:
2670:
2662:. p. 134.
2652:
2648:
2641:
2617:
2613:
2606:
2598:. p. 253.
2588:
2584:
2574:
2572:
2568:The Kabul Times
2561:
2560:
2556:
2546:
2544:
2539:
2538:
2534:
2524:
2522:
2517:
2516:
2512:
2496:
2495:
2488:
2486:
2481:
2480:
2476:
2469:
2461:. p. 356.
2448:
2444:
2437:
2423:
2416:
2404:
2402:
2393:
2392:
2385:
2383:
2366:
2362:
2355:
2341:
2337:
2330:
2316:
2312:
2305:
2291:
2284:
2275:
2271:
2256:
2238:
2234:
2219:
2215:
2208:
2200:. p. 319.
2190:
2186:
2179:
2161:
2157:
2150:
2128:
2124:
2117:
2103:Nova Publishers
2095:
2086:
2079:
2069:Scarecrow Press
2061:
2057:
2050:
2040:Nova Publishers
2032:
2028:
2021:
2013:. p. 116.
2011:Nova Publishers
2003:
1999:
1992:
1984:. p. 113.
1982:Nova Publishers
1974:
1970:
1963:
1949:
1945:
1938:
1930:. p. 101.
1920:
1916:
1909:
1901:. p. 103.
1891:
1887:
1880:
1872:. p. 108.
1862:
1855:
1848:
1830:
1826:
1819:
1811:. p. 107.
1801:
1794:
1787:
1773:
1769:
1762:
1746:
1742:
1735:
1719:
1715:
1708:
1692:
1688:
1681:
1674:
1665:
1664:
1660:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1623:
1611:
1559:
1554:
1541:Kabul New Times
1529:
1512:Leonid Brezhnev
1500:Bagram Air Base
1484:
1396:
1361:Leonid Brezhnev
1340:
1337:
1329:
1323:
1280:forced marriage
1248:
1227:
1222:
1092:28 August 1978
913:23 August 1978
882:28 August 1978
807:17 August 1978
764:Hafizullah Amin
733:Hafizullah Amin
689:
684:
656:Saur Revolution
652:Hafizullah Amin
536:Boris Ponomarev
469:Ghazni Province
451:
403:Saur Revolution
399:Hafizullah Amin
359:Ghazni Province
283:Political party
261:
257:
243:Ghazni Province
237:
231:
229:
212:Hafizullah Amin
207:
194:
186:
180:
175:
159:Hafizullah Amin
154:
137:
131:
126:
109:Hafizullah Amin
103:
91:
85:
80:
64:
61:
46:
43:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4094:
4084:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4051:Pashtun people
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3926:
3925:
3923:
3922:
3921:prime minister
3909:
3905:
3902:
3901:
3899:
3898:
3892:
3885:
3883:
3864:
3863:
3861:
3860:
3854:
3848:
3846:
3827:
3826:
3824:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3807:
3801:
3796:
3790:
3788:
3774:
3773:
3771:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3734:
3732:
3709:
3708:
3706:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3687:Abdullah Yaqta
3684:
3679:
3677:Mohammad Yusuf
3674:
3669:
3664:
3657:
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3089:External links
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2371:(March 2005).
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1423:Aslam Watanjar
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383:Babrak Karmal
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328:ÙÙر Ù
ØÙ
د ترکÛ
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44:ÙÙر Ù
ØÙ
د ترکÛ
40:
33:
30:
19:
3914:indicates a
3911:
3889:Hasan Akhund
3880:(since 2021)
3737:
3659:
3537:Ashraf Ghani
3532:Hamid Karzai
3501:Hamid Karzai
3434:Hamid Karzai
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3115:at Wikiquote
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2689:Hoover Press
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2614:
2591:
2585:
2573:. Retrieved
2566:
2557:
2545:. Retrieved
2535:
2523:. Retrieved
2513:
2487:. Retrieved
2477:
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2445:
2426:
2396:cite journal
2384:. Retrieved
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864:5 July 1978
817:
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727:5 July 1978
708:Left office
705:Took office
637:
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523:
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431:Soviet Union
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258:(1979-10-09)
236:14 July 1917
208:Succeeded by
191:
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155:Succeeded by
127:
104:Succeeded by
96:
81:
29:
3946:1979 deaths
3941:1917 births
3895:Abdul Kabir
3857:Abdul Kabir
3843:(1996â2001)
3698:Abdul Zahir
3523:(President)
3492:(President)
3470:Mullah Omar
3414:(President)
2756:. pp.
2525:22 December
2489:22 December
2459:Bodley Head
1635:Balochistan
1579:Maxim Gorky
1504:Radio Kabul
1475:Aziz Akbari
1405:Afghan Army
1401:Kim Il Sung
1276:bride price
1236:bourgeoisie
1231:land reform
1225:Land reform
1190:Parchamites
1134:Mahmud Suma
800:Abdul Qadir
584:interpreter
580:dictatorial
532:Maxim Gorky
418:Parchamites
381:along with
367:Balochistan
187:Preceded by
138:Preceded by
92:Preceded by
3935:Categories
3650:Shir Giyan
3645:Shir Ahmad
3296:since 1973
2754:I.B.Tauris
2629:. p.
2575:31 January
2457:. London:
2138:. p.
2105:. p.
1641:References
1527:Post-death
1174:28 August
1102:28 August
923:23 August
892:28 August
825:17 August
702:Incumbent
682:Leadership
603:Karte Char
576:autocratic
572:King Zahir
426:Bolsheviks
422:Red Terror
306:Profession
232:1917-07-14
3916:localized
3319:President
3194:President
2264:685132509
1577:novelist
1304:pamphlets
1270:âsuch as
1186:Khalqists
1177:27 March
1159:27 March
1156:30 April
1141:27 March
1138:30 April
1123:27 March
1120:30 April
1105:27 March
1089:30 April
1074:27 March
1071:30 April
1056:27 March
1053:30 April
1038:27 March
1035:30 April
1020:27 March
1017:30 April
998:27 March
995:30 April
980:27 March
977:30 April
962:27 March
959:30 April
944:27 March
941:30 April
926:27 March
910:30 April
895:27 March
879:30 April
861:30 April
846:27 March
843:30 April
839:Shah Wali
828:27 March
804:30 April
789:27 March
786:30 April
771:27 March
768:30 April
753:27 March
750:30 April
737:30 April
724:30 April
546:members.
485:Kandahari
414:Khalqists
332:communist
177:In office
147:President
128:In office
82:In office
3908:* Acting
3727:Chairman
3580:* Acting
3354:Chairman
3127:Archived
3000:(1995).
2942:(2011).
2547:24 March
2499:cite web
2453:(2009).
2386:19 April
2227:Refworld
1453:and the
1409:nepotism
1353:chairman
1336:â
1291:literacy
814:de facto
668:Chairman
660:Chairman
633:Leninist
344:Chairman
301:Nur Bibi
165:Chairman
116:Chairman
57:Taraki,
3912:Italics
3637:Kingdom
3159:of the
1593:SangsÄr
1571:Marxist
1489:the Arg
1355:of the
819:de jure
699:Office
670:of the
662:of the
625:Parcham
461:Tarakai
458:Pashtun
424:by the
346:of the
202:, 1973)
167:of the
118:of the
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1704:
1621:Essays
1575:Soviet
1557:Novels
1441:, the
1380:Havana
1363:, the
1295:UNESCO
1268:feudal
816:, not
629:Banner
621:Masses
560:Sardar
557:Under
514:, the
481:Bombay
455:Khilji
363:Pishin
324:Pashto
298:Spouse
3919:rebel
3005:(PDF)
2758:86â88
2379:(1).
1585:á¹ aá¹ah
1552:Books
1272:usury
616:Khalq
391:Khalq
379:Kabul
291:Khalq
263:Kabul
3073:ISBN
2977:ISBN
2950:ISBN
2920:ISBN
2886:ISBN
2854:ISBN
2825:ISBN
2796:ISBN
2762:ISBN
2727:ISBN
2693:ISBN
2664:ISBN
2635:ISBN
2600:ISBN
2577:2021
2549:2009
2527:2013
2505:link
2491:2013
2463:ISBN
2431:ISBN
2409:help
2388:2011
2349:ISBN
2324:ISBN
2299:ISBN
2260:OCLC
2250:ISBN
2202:ISBN
2173:ISBN
2144:ISBN
2111:ISBN
2073:ISBN
2044:ISBN
2015:ISBN
1986:ISBN
1957:ISBN
1932:ISBN
1903:ISBN
1874:ISBN
1842:ISBN
1813:ISBN
1781:ISBN
1756:ISBN
1729:ISBN
1702:ISBN
1631:Urdu
1598:Spīn
1433:and
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