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Ramsey's research in the immediate post-war years looked at measuring fundamental properties of atoms and molecules by use of molecular beams. On moving to
Harvard, his objective was to carry out accurate molecular-beam magnetic-resonance experiments, based on the techniques developed by Rabi.
869:, on the nature of the mission when the latter assumed command of the 509th. Ramsey went to Tinian with the Project Alberta detachment as Parsons's scientific and technical deputy. He was involved in the assembly of the Fat Man bomb and relayed Parsons's message indicating the success of the
780:, was necessary in order to prise him away from the Secretary of War's office. A compromise was agreed to, whereby Ramsey remained on the payroll of the Secretary of War and was merely seconded to the Manhattan Project. In October 1943, Group E-7 of the Ordnance Division was created at the
942:
However, the accuracy of the measurements depended on the uniformity of the magnetic field, and Ramsey found that it was difficult to create sufficiently uniform magnetic fields. He developed the separated oscillatory field method in 1949 as a means of achieving the accuracy he wanted.
1124:
His first wife, Elinor, died in 1983, after which he married Ellie Welch of
Brookline, Massachusetts. Ramsey died on November 4, 2011. He was survived by his wife Ellie, his four daughters from his first marriage, and his stepdaughter and stepson from his second marriage.
732:. Microwave radar promised to be small, lighter and more efficient than older types. Ramsey's group started with the design produced by Oliphant's team in Britain and attempted to improve it. The Radiation Laboratory produced the designs, which were prototyped by
969:
could be measured, as well as to investigate how much the hyperfine structure was affected by external magnetic and electric fields. He also participated in developing an extremely stable clock based on a hydrogen maser. From 1967 until 2019,
881:
At the end of the war, Ramsey returned to
Columbia as a professor and research scientist. Rabi and Ramsey picked up where they had left off before the war with their molecular-beam experiments. Ramsey and his first graduate student,
736:, and then tested by the laboratory. In June 1941, Ramsey travelled to Britain, where he met with Oliphant, and the two exchanged ideas. He brought back some British components, which were incorporated into the final design. A
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Kellogg, J. M. B.; Rabi, I. I.; Ramsey, N. F. Jr.; Zacharias, J. R. (October 1939). "The
Magnetic Moment of the Proton and the Deuteron. The Radiofrequency Spectrum of H in Various Magnetic Fields".
744:, was designed around the new radar. Ramsey returned to Washington in late 1942 as an adviser on the use of the new 3 cm microwave radar sets that were now coming into service, working for
815:. The United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) wanted to use the B-29 if at all possible, even though it required substantial modification. Ramsey supervised the test drop program, which began at
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ground-based radar set of the kind that Ramsey had helped develop at the
Radiation laboratory. Numerous problems were discovered with the bombs and the aircraft modifications, and corrected.
724:
Initially, Ramsey was in Rabi's magnetron group. When Rabi became a division head, Ramsey became the group leader. The role of the group was to develop the magnetron to permit a reduction in
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Biographical
Register of the Officers and Graduates of the US Military Academy at West Point New York Since Its Establishment in 1802: Supplement Volume VIII 1930–1940
1906:
Biographical
Register of the Officers and Graduates of the US Military Academy at West Point New York Since Its Establishment in 1802: Supplement Volume VII 1920–1930
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1950:
Biographical
Register of the Officers and Graduates of the US Military Academy at West Point New York Since Its Establishment in 1802: Supplement Volume IX 1940–1950
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in 1989 "for the invention of the separated oscillatory fields method and its use in the hydrogen maser and other atomic clocks". The Prize was shared with
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617:. Ramsey worked with them on the first experiments making use of the new technique and shared with Rabi and Zacharias in the discovery that the
421:, on August 27, 1915, to Minna Bauer Ramsey and Norman Foster Ramsey. His mother was the daughter of German immigrants and an instructor at the
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902:. In 1946, he became the first head of the Physics Department there. His time there was brief, for in 1947, he joined the physics faculty at
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Ramsey's parents hoped that he would go to West Point, but at 15, he was too young to be admitted. He was awarded a scholarship to the
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Plans for the delivery of the weapons in combat were assigned to the
Weapons Committee, which was chaired by Ramsey and answerable to
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681:. The two expected to spend the rest of their lives there, but World War II intervened. In September 1940 the British
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was not spherical, as had been thought. He received his PhD in physics from
Columbia in 1940 and became a fellow at the
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The first thing he had to do was determine the characteristics of the aircraft that would be used. There were only two
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at Harvard and retired in 1986. However, he remained active in physics, spending a year as a research fellow at the
453:, frequently moving from post to post, and lived in France for a time when his father was Liaison Officer with the
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2098:
Norman Ramsey, an oral history conducted in 1995 by Andrew Goldstein, IEEE History Center, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
1121:
for President of the United States as someone who would "restore science to its appropriate place in government".
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Greene, G. L.; Ramsey, N. F.; Mampe, W.; Pendlebury, J. M.; Smith, K.; Dress, W. B.; Miller, P. D.; Perrin, P.
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from 150 centimetres (59 in) to 10 centimetres (3.9 in), and then to 3 centimetres (1.2 in) or
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Tuxedo Park: A Wall Street Tycoon and the Secret Palace of Science That Changed the Course of World War II
389:
for most of his career, Ramsey also held several posts with such government and international agencies as
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and initiated a series of fellowships, grants and summer school programs to train European scientists.
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574:, which had not been covered at Columbia, resulting in being awarded a second BA degree by Cambridge.
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Ramsey, N. F.; Cone, A. A.; Chen, K. W.; Dunning, J. R. Jr.; Hartwig, G.; Walker, J. K.; Wilson, R.
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1069:. In addition to the Nobel Prize in Physics, Ramsey received a number of awards, including the
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to develop this technology. Ramsey was one of the scientists recruited by Rabi for this work.
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2105:. Dibner Library of the History of Science and Technology, Smithsonian Libraries, from SIRIS
2011:
Critical Assembly: A Technical History of Los Alamos During the Oppenheimer Years, 1943–1945
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which is used to set this standard is an application of Ramsey's work. He was awarded the
776:. Ramsey agreed to do so, but the intervention of the project director, Brigadier General
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with Ramsey as group leader, with the task of integrating the design and delivery of the
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463:. This allowed him to skip a couple of grades along the way, so that he graduated from
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1001:, Ramsey also worked on applying similar methods to beams of neutrons, measuring the
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acoustic evidence did not indicate the presence of a second gunman's involvement
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Papers relating to the Manhattan Project, 1945–1946, collected by Norman Ramsey
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The Harvard cyclotron during construction in 1948. Shown are Ramsey (left) and
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under Rabi at Columbia. Soon after Ramsey arrived at Columbia, Rabi invented
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899:
491:
487:
345:
307:
146:
9196:
9140:
8877:
8867:
8796:
8532:
8144:
7912:
7900:
7741:
7717:
7344:
6983:
6644:
6420:
6315:
6272:
5887:
5850:
5073:
4874:
4822:
4333:
3526:
3442:
3422:
3265:
3213:
2826:
2762:
2718:
2555:
2471:
2361:
2329:
1118:
1013:
during the 1960s he was involved in the design and construction of the
975:
725:
685:
brought a number of new technologies to the United States, including a
645:
622:
547:
430:
7642:
425:. His father, who was of Scottish descent, was a 1905 graduate of the
9238:
9104:
8872:
8675:
7771:
6407:
6177:
4527:
3915:
2914:
2886:
2722:
962:
929:
690:
366:
9526:
People associated with the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
8586:
6215:
1482:
1457:
1342:"Norman F. Ramsey, an oral history conducted in 1991 by John Bryant"
9278:
9111:
8645:
3919:
2662:
1014:
958:
733:
694:
618:
531:
406:
349:
838:
661:
9268:
9135:
2119:
Experiments with Separated Oscillatory Fields and Hydrogen Masers
1634:"The Passing of a Scientific Giant: Norman F. Ramsey (1915–2011)"
966:
832:
828:
796:
634:
503:
382:
373:
for the invention of the separated oscillatory field method (see
237:
1097:
in 1988. In 1990, Ramsey received the Golden Plate Award of the
30:"Norman Ramsey" redirects here. For the U.S. federal judge, see
8654:
7867:
1025:
committee that concluded that, contrary to the findings of the
862:
729:
642:
638:
567:
1999:
1744:"Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement"
1617:
1605:
1593:
1581:
1557:
1540:
853:. Ramsey drew up tables of organization and equipment for the
9373:
950:
702:
669:
was specifically designed to take advantage of the new radar.
9216:
8685:
2153:
1027:
House of Representatives Select Committee on Assassinations
923:
865:. Ramsey briefed the 509th's commander, Lieutenant Colonel
601:
in 1944. Ramsey was part of Rabi's team that also included
397:. Among his other accomplishments are helping to found the
390:
377:), which had important applications in the construction of
1417:
9511:
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
1841:"48 Nobel Winning Scientists Endorse Kerry-June 21, 2004"
1522:
1498:
974:
based on 9,192,631,770 Hz hyperfine transition of a
590:
112:
1716:"Norman Ramsey Dies at 96; Work Led to the Atomic Clock"
1286:
1274:
922:. During the 1950s, he was the first science adviser to
1973:
Now it Can be Told: The Story of the Manhattan Project
1953:. Chicago: R. R. Donnelly and Sons, The Lakeside Press
1931:. Chicago: R. R. Donnelly and Sons, The Lakeside Press
1909:. Chicago: R. R. Donnelly and Sons, The Lakeside Press
1628:
1626:
9303:
1563:
1510:
365:(August 27, 1915 – November 4, 2011) was an American
9471:
Columbia Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
1262:
1623:
1057:. He also continued visiting professorships at the
581:caused him to read recent papers on the subject by
502:from Columbia in 1935, he had become interested in
2047:. Sloan Foundation Series. New York: Basic Books.
2008:
1970:
1113:. In 2004, he signed a letter along with 47 other
953:, looking to increase the accuracy with which the
3931:
9427:
6216:Mathematical, statistical, and computer sciences
1136:"Proton–Proton Scattering at 105 MeV and 75 MeV"
526:, and encountered notable physicists, including
1035:assassination of President John F. Kennedy
3664:
2117:including the Nobel Lecture, December 8, 1989
1174:"Determination of the Neutron Magnetic Moment"
1155:"Inelastic Scattering Of Electrons By Protons"
9501:Members of the American Philosophical Society
8602:
7853:
7658:
3901:
3650:
2139:
2086:including (right to left) Norman F. Ramsey,
1089:in 1985, the Compton Medal in 1986, and the
894:moments. With Rabi, he helped establish the
857:detachment that would accompany the USAAF's
454:
9531:Presidents of the American Physical Society
7869:Presidents of the American Physical Society
1242:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1134:Ramsey, N. F.; Birge, R. W.; Kruse, U. E..
1051:Joint Institute for Laboratory Astrophysics
577:A term paper Ramsey wrote for Goldhaber on
8609:
8595:
7860:
7846:
7665:
7651:
3908:
3894:
3657:
3643:
2146:
2132:
2112:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1216:
679:University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign
677:, and accepted a teaching position at the
49:
9506:Members of the French Academy of Sciences
1481:
9481:Fellows of the American Physical Society
5625:
2015:. New York: Cambridge University Press.
1683:
1681:
1452:
928:
837:
790:
660:
7672:
4195:
3917:United States National Medal of Science
2003:; Henriksen, Paul W.; Meade, Roger A.;
1770:American Academy of Arts & Sciences
1710:
1708:
1706:
1356:
1213:
689:, a high-powered device that generates
656:
478:, but in 1930 his father was posted to
14:
9428:
2037:
1965:
1943:
1921:
1899:
1867:
1569:
1528:
1516:
1504:
1446:
1367:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1303:
1301:
1292:
1280:
1268:
1167:United States Atomic Energy Commission
1148:United States Atomic Energy Commission
673:In 1940, he married Elinor Jameson of
633:in Washington, D.C., where he studied
395:United States Atomic Energy Commission
8616:
8590:
7841:
7646:
6745:
6744:
6214:
5624:
5138:
4194:
3930:
3889:
3638:
2127:
1678:
1368:Tucker, Anthony (November 18, 2011).
1203:(First edition 1956, Reprinted 1986).
1103:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
831:bombs were dropped and tracked by an
719:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
693:using the interaction of a stream of
595:molecular-beam resonance spectroscopy
585:, and this stimulated an interest in
482:, New York. Ramsey therefore entered
417:Norman Foster Ramsey Jr. was born in
9380:
1703:
759:
9516:National Medal of Science laureates
9456:American people of Scottish descent
1323:
1298:
1047:Eugene Higgins professor of physics
819:, in August 1943, before moving to
807:aircraft large enough: the British
711:National Defense Research Committee
24:
9466:Columbia College (New York) alumni
9074:Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
1877:. New York: Simon & Schuster.
1248:"Norman F. Ramsey – Autobiography"
1194:United States Department of Energy
1163:United States Department of Energy
1144:United States Department of Energy
1101:. He was an elected member of the
764:In 1943, Ramsey was approached by
701:, which promised to revolutionize
399:United States Department of Energy
25:
9552:
9451:American people of German descent
2070:
1689:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1989"
1199:Ramsey, N. F. "Molecular Beams",
1011:Universities Research Association
9406:
9389:
9361:
9349:
9337:
9325:
9313:
9290:
9289:
1165:(through predecessor agency the
1146:(through predecessor agency the
1833:
1808:
1783:
1758:
1752:American Academy of Achievement
1736:
1656:
1128:
1099:American Academy of Achievement
788:being built by the laboratory.
651:
597:, for which he was awarded the
9541:Vannevar Bush Award recipients
9491:IEEE Medal of Honor recipients
1977:. New York: Harper & Row.
1411:
1389:
1111:American Philosophical Society
949:developed the atomic-hydrogen
896:Brookhaven National Laboratory
873:to Groves in Washington, D.C.
778:Leslie R. Groves Jr.
665:The Northrop P-61 Black Widow
514:, where he studied physics at
498:. By the time he received his
427:United States Military Academy
403:Brookhaven National Laboratory
13:
1:
5139:
3932:Behavioral and social science
1861:
1178:Oak Ridge National Laboratory
1071:Ernest Orlando Lawrence Award
1045:Ramsey eventually became the
1040:
823:, in March 1944. Mock-ups of
412:
162:Ernest Orlando Lawrence Award
9536:University of Michigan staff
9234:Oppenheimer security hearing
1845:George Washington University
1107:National Academy of Sciences
772:, who asked him to join the
589:and in doing research for a
566:. At Cambridge, he took the
494:and switched to this as his
7:
9476:Columbia University faculty
8127:Charles Christian Lauritsen
2044:Rabi, Scientist and Citizen
1664:"Nobel Prize press release"
1458:"Norman Ramsey (1915–2011)"
1157:, Department of Physics at
1005:and finding a limit to its
972:the second has been defined
945:Ramsey and his PhD student
886:, measured various nuclear
876:
486:in 1931 and began studying
342:Other notable students
10:
9557:
9521:Nobel laureates in Physics
9486:Harvard University faculty
7996:William Francis Gray Swann
6820:Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar
997:In collaboration with the
821:Muroc Dry Lake, California
490:. He became interested in
29:
9287:
9177:Bismuth phosphate process
9172:Atomic Energy Act of 1946
9159:
9128:
9061:
8850:
8719:
8633:
8624:
8563:Sylvester James Gates Jr.
8435:
8280:
8119:
7976:
7907:Edward Leamington Nichols
7875:
7680:
7582:
7431:
7280:
7101:
6907:
6755:
6751:
6740:
6674:
6576:
6465:
6376:
6297:
6225:
6221:
6210:
6167:
6076:
5968:
5859:
5795:William Hayward Pickering
5740:
5635:
5631:
5620:
5546:
5438:
5292:
5168:
5149:
5145:
5134:
5045:
4854:
4668:
4486:
4342:
4205:
4201:
4190:
4147:
4088:
4000:
3960:
3941:
3937:
3926:
3813:
3794:
3769:
3738:
3719:
3699:
3674:
3275:
2932:
2621:
2399:
2165:
1095:National Medal of Science
1023:National Research Council
842:Ramsey's Los Alamos badge
813:Boeing B-29 Superfortress
742:Northrop P-61 Black Widow
506:. Columbia awarded him a
369:who was awarded the 1989
356:
341:
276:
264:
243:
233:
226:
199:National Medal of Science
153:
142:
132:
97:
76:
57:
48:
41:
9496:Manhattan Project people
9446:American Nobel laureates
8300:Norman Foster Ramsey Jr.
8133:John Hasbrouck Van Vleck
7961:Thomas Corwin Mendenhall
7244:Norman Foster Ramsey Jr.
6690:S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan
4321:Burrhus Frederic Skinner
3748:Norman Foster Ramsey Jr.
1370:"Norman Ramsey obituary"
1311:. Soylent Communications
1207:
1021:. He also headed a 1982
916:Mt. Holyoke College
437:who rose to the rank of
363:Norman Foster Ramsey Jr.
43:Norman Foster Ramsey Jr.
9254:S-1 Executive Committee
9202:Einstein–Szilard letter
8318:Arthur Leonard Schawlow
8074:Arthur Jeffrey Dempster
8062:Percy Williams Bridgman
7937:Robert Andrews Millikan
6555:Cathleen Synge Morawetz
4473:George Ledyard Stebbins
4394:James Augustine Shannon
1201:Oxford University Press
1003:neutron magnetic moment
851:William S. Parsons
564:J. J. Thomson
465:Leavenworth High School
119:University of Cambridge
8696:Salt Wells Pilot Plant
8217:John Archibald Wheeler
8104:Francis Wheeler Loomis
8038:John Torrence Tate Sr.
7925:Benjamin Osgood Peirce
7883:Henry Augustus Rowland
7012:Joseph O. Hirschfelder
6999:Kenneth Sanborn Pitzer
5955:Harry George Drickamer
5901:Hans Wolfgang Liepmann
5575:M. Frederick Hawthorne
5449:John D. Baldeschwieler
4689:Daniel E. Koshland Jr.
4371:Earl W. Sutherland Jr.
3819:Nobel Prize recipients
3771:Physiology or Medicine
3686:(Canada/United States)
2159:Nobel Prize in Physics
2005:Westfall, Catherine L.
1766:"Norman Foster Ramsey"
1691:. The Nobel Foundation
1666:. The Nobel Foundation
1440:10.1103/PhysRev.56.728
1250:. The Nobel Foundation
1188:, Astronomy Centre of
1186:Institut Laue–Langevin
1150:), (January 31, 1951).
1067:University of Michigan
1055:University of Colorado
1009:. As president of the
1007:electric dipole moment
999:Institut Laue–Langevin
984:Nobel Prize in Physics
957:separations of atomic
938:
920:University of Virginia
843:
800:
670:
625:. This meant that the
599:Nobel prize in physics
456:Direction d'Artillerie
455:
449:. He was raised as an
433:and an officer in the
371:Nobel Prize in Physics
205:Nobel Prize in Physics
90:Wayland, Massachusetts
71:Washington, D.C., U.S.
9274:X-10 Graphite Reactor
9229:Nobel Prize laureates
9099:509th Composite Group
8420:Jerome Isaac Friedman
8098:J. Robert Oppenheimer
7919:William Francis Magie
7895:Arthur Gordon Webster
7603:Sylvester James Gates
6989:William Alfred Fowler
6971:Robert Rathbun Wilson
6784:Robert Burns Woodward
5596:Geraldine L. Richmond
5344:Howard E. Simmons Jr.
4627:Rosalyn Sussman Yalow
4556:Vernon B. Mountcastle
4412:Sterling B. Hendricks
4229:Marshall W. Nirenberg
4224:Theodosius Dobzhansky
4072:William Julius Wilson
1344:. IEEE History Center
1087:Rumford Premium Prize
1075:Davisson–Germer Prize
1059:University of Chicago
932:
859:509th Composite Group
841:
794:
782:Los Alamos Laboratory
754:Henry L. Stimson
748:in the office of the
746:Edward L. Bowles
664:
375:Ramsey interferometry
169:Davisson-Germer Prize
137:Ramsey interferometry
18:Norman F. Ramsey, Jr.
9182:British contribution
9084:Operation Peppermint
9079:Operation Crossroads
8938:Maria Goeppert Mayer
8384:Donald N. Langenberg
8372:Nicolaas Bloembergen
8241:Edward Mills Purcell
8151:Raymond Thayer Birge
7949:Joseph Sweetman Ames
7724:Nicolaas Bloembergen
7574:Warren M. Washington
7538:Fay Ajzenberg-Selove
7447:Jeremiah P. Ostriker
7392:Martin Schwarzschild
7173:Solomon J. Buchsbaum
7165:J. Robert Schrieffer
7135:E. Margaret Burbidge
6979:Nicolaas Bloembergen
6956:Arie Jan Haagen-Smit
6835:Vladimir K. Zworykin
6587:John Griggs Thompson
6510:Martin David Kruskal
6350:Kurt Otto Friedrichs
5823:Erwin Wilhelm MĂĽller
5777:Ralph Brazelton Peck
5732:Jack St. Clair Kilby
5659:John Robinson Pierce
5626:Engineering sciences
5557:Jacqueline K. Barton
5412:George M. Whitesides
5331:Dudley R. Herschbach
5269:Richard B. Bernstein
5238:Walter H. Stockmayer
4786:Elizabeth F. Neufeld
4717:G. Evelyn Hutchinson
4607:Stanley Norman Cohen
4594:Rita Levi-Montalcini
4430:Keith Roberts Porter
4293:Alfred H. Sturtevant
4288:Michael Heidelberger
4260:Fritz Albert Lipmann
1820:search.amphilsoc.org
1816:"APS Member History"
1644:on November 12, 2011
1618:Hoddeson et al. 1993
1606:Hoddeson et al. 1993
1594:Hoddeson et al. 1993
1582:Hoddeson et al. 1993
1558:Hoddeson et al. 1993
1541:Hoddeson et al. 1993
1105:, the United States
871:bombing of Hiroshima
867:Paul W. Tibbets
715:Radiation Laboratory
657:Radiation laboratory
631:Carnegie Institution
516:Cavendish Laboratory
512:Cambridge University
476:University of Kansas
471:, at the age of 15.
423:University of Kansas
9461:American physicists
8943:George Kistiakowsky
8898:Charles Critchfield
8557:Philip H. Bucksbaum
8449:William F. Brinkman
8336:Mildred Dresselhaus
8259:Joseph Edward Mayer
8235:Luis Walter Alvarez
8199:John Harry Williams
8026:Harrison M. Randall
7984:Karl Taylor Compton
7889:Albert A. Michelson
7808:George H. Heilmeier
7674:IEEE Medal of Honor
7624:Shirley Ann Jackson
7543:Charles P. Slichter
7387:Marshall Rosenbluth
7379:Wallace S. Broecker
7332:Eugene M. Shoemaker
7093:Victor F. Weisskopf
7040:Herbert S. Gutowsky
7022:Edgar Bright Wilson
6863:George Kistiakowsky
6481:Stephen Cole Kleene
5992:George H. Heilmeier
5979:Mildred Dresselhaus
5870:Edward H. Heinemann
5800:Frederick E. Terman
5764:Richard T. Whitcomb
5685:Clarence L. Johnson
5646:Theodore von Kármán
5533:Stephen J. Benkovic
5512:Mostafa A. El-Sayed
5499:Marvin H. Caruthers
5454:Ralph F. Hirschmann
5394:Darleane C. Hoffman
5284:Harden M. McConnell
5225:Frank H. Westheimer
5037:Stanley B. Prusiner
5001:Robert J. Lefkowitz
4760:Howard Martin Temin
4617:Maurice R. Hilleman
4612:Joseph L. Goldstein
4551:Donald A. Henderson
4468:Earl Reece Stadtman
4453:Elizabeth C. Crosby
4417:Orville Alvin Vogel
4247:Donald D. Van Slyke
4196:Biological sciences
1748:www.achievement.org
1638:National Geographic
1620:, pp. 392–393.
1608:, pp. 387–388.
1584:, pp. 380–382.
1560:, pp. 378–379.
1531:, pp. 135–135.
1507:, pp. 209–213.
1474:2011Natur.480..182W
1432:1939PhRv...56..728K
1397:"Isidor Isaac Rabi"
1295:, pp. 167–168.
1283:, pp. 669–670.
1169:), (December 1966).
1079:IEEE Medal of Honor
892:electric quadrupole
484:Columbia University
469:Leavenworth, Kansas
447:Rock Island Arsenal
435:Ordnance Department
251:Columbia University
217:Vannevar Bush Award
175:IEEE Medal of Honor
105:Columbia University
9344:History of science
9320:Nuclear technology
9008:Henry DeWolf Smyth
8787:Robert Oppenheimer
8742:Priscilla Duffield
8521:Malcolm R. Beasley
8485:Arthur Bienenstock
8360:James A. Krumhansl
8306:Lewis M. Branscomb
8193:William V. Houston
8163:Henry DeWolf Smyth
8092:Lee Alvin DuBridge
8032:Lyman James Briggs
8020:Floyd K. Richtmyer
7766:Robert G. Gallager
7496:G. Brent Dalrymple
7314:Arthur L. Schawlow
7221:James A. Van Allen
7112:Philip W. Anderson
7068:Richard P. Feynman
6994:Linus Carl Pauling
6629:Dennis P. Sullivan
6186:John B. Goodenough
6119:Edwin N. Lightfoot
6087:Yuan-Cheng B. Fung
6068:Kenneth N. Stevens
5836:Raymond D. Mindlin
5759:Harold E. Edgerton
5604:A. Paul Alivisatos
5483:Stephen J. Lippard
5462:Ernest R. Davidson
5399:Harold S. Johnston
5233:William S. Johnson
5197:George C. Pimentel
5032:Susan L. Lindquist
5014:Francis S. Collins
4908:Victor A. McKusick
4883:Francisco J. Ayala
4865:Nancy C. Andreasen
4815:Robert A. Weinberg
4589:Har Gobind Khorana
4574:Michael E. DeBakey
4561:George Emil Palade
4533:Wendell L. Roelofs
4523:Howard L. Bachrach
4353:Barbara McClintock
4255:Edward F. Knipling
3754:Hans Georg Dehmelt
2111:on Nobelprize.org
1791:"Norman F. Ramsey"
1724:. November 6, 2011
1309:"Norman F. Ramsey"
1182:Harvard University
1159:Harvard University
1140:Harvard University
988:Hans Georg Dehmelt
939:
908:Middlebury College
904:Harvard University
884:William Nierenberg
844:
817:Dahlgren, Virginia
801:
766:Robert Oppenheimer
675:Brooklyn, New York
671:
570:in order to study
508:Kellett Fellowship
387:Harvard University
326:Geoffrey L. Greene
320:Richard R. Freeman
284:William Nierenberg
256:Harvard University
32:Norman Park Ramsey
27:American physicist
9376:Norman Ramsey Jr.
9301:
9300:
9223:Los Alamos Primer
9212:Interim Committee
9167:African Americans
9119:The Great Artiste
8978:Isidor Isaac Rabi
8973:Norman Ramsey Jr.
8772:Franklin Matthias
8711:Heavy water sites
8618:Manhattan Project
8584:
8583:
8515:Michael S. Turner
8354:Val Logsdon Fitch
8324:Maurice Goldhaber
8288:William A. Fowler
8223:Charles H. Townes
8110:Isidor Isaac Rabi
7943:Henry A. Bumstead
7835:
7834:
7820:Charles Concordia
7784:Karl Johan Åström
7778:Amos E. Joel, Jr.
7736:John Roy Whinnery
7712:Sidney Darlington
7640:
7639:
7636:
7635:
7632:
7631:
7569:Esther M. Conwell
7509:Robert N. Clayton
7501:Riccardo Giacconi
7465:Raymond Davis Jr.
7353:Albert Overhauser
7296:Edwin M. McMillan
7257:Arnold O. Beckman
7234:Paul Ching-Wu Chu
7211:Paul C. Lauterbur
7188:Robert Hofstadter
7140:Maurice Goldhaber
7127:Charles H. Townes
7078:Edward M. Purcell
7045:Frederick Rossini
6899:Wolfgang Panofsky
6830:John H. Van Vleck
6746:Physical sciences
6736:
6735:
6732:
6731:
6698:Solomon W. Golomb
6658:Andrew J. Viterbi
6653:Leonard Kleinrock
6600:Calyampudi R. Rao
6568:Ronald R. Coifman
6476:George F. Carrier
6457:Donald C. Spencer
6452:Saunders Mac Lane
6387:Marshall H. Stone
6337:Shiing-Shen Chern
6244:Solomon Lefschetz
6206:
6205:
6202:
6201:
6143:David J. Wineland
6111:John M. Prausnitz
6052:C. Kumar N. Patel
6047:James L. Flanagan
6015:John Roy Whinnery
6002:H. Guyford Stever
5984:Nick Holonyak Jr.
5947:George W. Housner
5942:Willis M. Hawkins
5937:Daniel C. Drucker
5919:Robert Byron Bird
5911:Bernard M. Oliver
5818:Peter C. Goldmark
5805:Wernher von Braun
5751:George E. Mueller
5724:Nathan M. Newmark
5719:J. Presper Eckert
5698:Claude E. Shannon
5667:Charles S. Draper
5616:
5615:
5612:
5611:
5583:Judith P. Klinman
5467:Gábor A. Somorjai
5378:Isabella L. Karle
5365:George S. Hammond
5326:Gertrude B. Elion
5279:Rudolph A. Marcus
5130:
5129:
5126:
5125:
5056:Ralph L. Brinster
4975:Torsten N. Wiesel
4952:Norman E. Borlaug
4939:Solomon H. Snyder
4934:J. Michael Bishop
4893:Mario R. Capecchi
4773:Salome G. Waelsch
4704:E. Donnall Thomas
4579:Theodor O. Diener
4478:Paul Alfred Weiss
4306:Bernard B. Brodie
4242:George G. Simpson
4186:
4185:
4182:
4181:
4131:Michael I. Posner
4032:Eleanor J. Gibson
3984:George J. Stigler
3952:Neal Elgar Miller
3883:
3882:
3796:Economic Sciences
3779:J. Michael Bishop
3632:
3631:
2001:Hoddeson, Lillian
1945:Cullum, George W.
1923:Cullum, George W.
1901:Cullum, George W.
1795:www.nasonline.org
1190:Sussex University
1019:Batavia, Illinois
912:Oxford University
799:used at Nagasaki.
795:Ramsey signs the
774:Manhattan Project
760:Manhattan Project
707:Alfred Lee Loomis
615:Jerrold Zacharias
583:Isidor Isaac Rabi
572:quantum mechanics
524:Maurice Goldhaber
445:, commanding the
439:brigadier general
360:
359:
314:David J. Wineland
277:Doctoral students
271:Isidor Isaac Rabi
228:Scientific career
16:(Redirected from
9548:
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9292:
9244:Quebec Agreement
9028:John von Neumann
8968:George B. Pegram
8777:Dorothy McKibbin
8611:
8604:
8597:
8588:
8587:
8491:Cherry A. Murray
8408:D. Allan Bromley
8378:Ernest M. Henley
8366:Eugen Merzbacher
8342:Robert R. Wilson
8181:Victor Weisskopf
8175:George Uhlenbeck
8050:George B. Pegram
7862:
7855:
7848:
7839:
7838:
7706:William Shockley
7688:H. Earle Vaughan
7667:
7660:
7653:
7644:
7643:
7452:Gilbert F. White
7397:George Wetherill
7291:Allan M. Cormack
7249:Jack Steinberger
7229:D. Allan Bromley
7178:H. Richard Crane
7155:Frederick Reines
7145:Helmut Landsberg
7060:George Uhlenbeck
6961:Vladimir Haensel
6923:Allan R. Sandage
6894:Herbert C. Brown
6876:Herbert Friedman
6802:Leon M. Lederman
6774:Julian Schwinger
6753:
6752:
6742:
6741:
6711:Alexandre Chorin
6685:Richard A. Tapia
6666:David B. Mumford
6494:Alberto CalderĂłn
6439:Joseph B. Keller
6426:Michael Freedman
6395:Herman Goldstine
6249:H. Marston Morse
6223:
6222:
6212:
6211:
6151:Rudolf E. Kálmán
6135:Robert S. Langer
6127:Jan D. Achenbach
5960:Herbert E. Grier
5711:Igor I. Sikorsky
5672:Othmar H. Ammann
5633:
5632:
5622:
5621:
5588:Jerrold Meinwald
5357:Norman Hackerman
5336:Glenn T. Seaborg
5251:William O. Baker
5179:F. Albert Cotton
5147:
5146:
5136:
5135:
5113:Mary-Claire King
5006:Bert W. O'Malley
4962:Thomas E. Starzl
4957:Phillip A. Sharp
4944:Charles Yanofsky
4926:Evelyn M. Witkin
4921:James E. Darnell
4747:Paul C. Zamecnik
4712:Mary Ellen Avery
4684:Herbert W. Boyer
4679:Baruj Benacerraf
4650:Joshua Lederberg
4640:Viktor Hamburger
4602:Michael S. Brown
4448:Robert H. Burris
4203:
4202:
4192:
4191:
4139:Mortimer Mishkin
4064:William K. Estes
4048:Roger N. Shepard
4040:Robert K. Merton
4024:George A. Miller
3971:Herbert A. Simon
3939:
3938:
3928:
3927:
3910:
3903:
3896:
3887:
3886:
3821:
3785:Harold E. Varmus
3712:Camilo José Cela
3659:
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2287:Kamerlingh Onnes
2281:
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2245:
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2229:
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2189:
2177:
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2134:
2125:
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2109:Norman F. Ramsey
2077:Group photograph
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1257:
1255:
1244:
1063:Williams College
750:Secretary of War
713:established the
687:cavity magnetron
579:magnetic moments
552:Arthur Eddington
480:Governors Island
461:Military Attaché
458:
419:Washington, D.C.
266:Doctoral advisor
211:UNSW Dirac Medal
165:
86:
84:
81:November 4, 2011
67:
65:
53:
39:
38:
21:
9556:
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9545:
9426:
9425:
9422:
9412:
9407:
9405:
9395:
9390:
9388:
9385:
9381:sister projects
9378:at Knowledge's
9372:
9362:
9360:
9350:
9348:
9338:
9336:
9324:
9314:
9312:
9304:
9302:
9297:
9283:
9249:RaLa Experiment
9155:
9124:
9089:Project Alberta
9057:
9053:Chien-Shiung Wu
8983:James Rainwater
8918:Richard Feynman
8908:John R. Dunning
8883:Norris Bradbury
8846:
8832:Stafford Warren
8802:William Purnell
8782:Kenneth Nichols
8762:Ernest Lawrence
8737:James B. Conant
8715:
8629:
8620:
8615:
8585:
8580:
8569:Frances Hellman
8467:Marvin L. Cohen
8455:Myriam Sarachik
8443:George Trilling
8431:
8426:James S. Langer
8402:J.R. Schrieffer
8312:Herman Feshbach
8276:
8271:Chien-Shiung Wu
8253:Philip M. Morse
8187:Frederick Seitz
8115:
8080:Harvey Fletcher
7972:
7871:
7866:
7836:
7831:
7814:Donald Pederson
7802:Robert Metcalfe
7700:Richard Bellman
7676:
7671:
7641:
7628:
7616:Sean C. Solomon
7578:
7530:Daniel Kleppner
7522:Lonnie Thompson
7517:Ralph A. Alpher
7483:W. Jason Morgan
7470:Charles Keeling
7460:Marvin L. Cohen
7427:
7410:John N. Bahcall
7405:Don L. Anderson
7371:Peter Goldreich
7324:Steven Weinberg
7276:
7206:Walter Elsasser
7183:Herman Feshbach
7097:
7035:Samuel Goudsmit
7027:Chien-Shiung Wu
6966:Frederick Seitz
6933:John A. Wheeler
6918:Robert H. Dicke
6903:
6766:Luis W. Alvarez
6747:
6728:
6716:David Blackwell
6670:
6621:Carl R. de Boor
6592:Karen Uhlenbeck
6572:
6526:Louis Nirenberg
6461:
6434:Ralph E. Gomory
6372:
6368:Donald E. Knuth
6355:Hassler Whitney
6293:
6217:
6198:
6163:
6095:Andreas Acrivos
6072:
6060:Eli Ruckenstein
6039:Hermann A. Haus
6010:Calvin F. Quate
5997:Luna B. Leopold
5964:
5855:
5841:Robert N. Noyce
5831:Emmett N. Leith
5790:Manson Benedict
5772:Rudolf Kompfner
5736:
5690:Warren K. Lewis
5627:
5608:
5542:
5504:Peter B. Dervan
5475:John I. Brauman
5434:
5386:Norman Davidson
5313:John D. Roberts
5288:
5256:Konrad E. Bloch
5202:Richard N. Zare
5164:
5141:
5122:
5079:Sallie Chisholm
5061:Rudolf Jaenisch
5041:
5024:J. Craig Venter
4983:Rita R. Colwell
4850:
4836:David Baltimore
4727:Robert W. Kates
4699:David G. Nathan
4694:Edward B. Lewis
4664:
4660:Harland G. Wood
4655:Roger W. Sperry
4510:Glenn W. Burton
4482:
4458:Arthur Kornberg
4425:Roger Guillemin
4402:Hallowell Davis
4366:Daniel I. Arnon
4358:Albert B. Sabin
4338:
4311:Detlev W. Bronk
4283:Harry F. Harlow
4278:Kenneth S. Cole
4265:William C. Rose
4237:Francis P. Rous
4197:
4178:
4143:
4123:Gordon H. Bower
4084:
4080:Robert M. Solow
3996:
3992:Milton Friedman
3956:
3933:
3922:
3914:
3884:
3879:
3817:
3809:
3804:Trygve Haavelmo
3790:
3787:(United States)
3781:(United States)
3765:
3750:(United States)
3734:
3729:14th Dalai Lama
3715:
3695:
3692:(United States)
3670:
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3633:
3628:
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3348:
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3300:
3284:
3277:
3271:
3255:
3243:
3227:
3218:Cohen-Tannoudji
3211:
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3183:
3171:
3159:
3151:
3143:
3127:
3111:
3095:
3083:
3067:
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2224:
2216:
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2192:
2180:
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2161:
2152:
2073:
2055:
2039:Rigden, John S.
2023:
1985:
1956:
1954:
1934:
1932:
1912:
1910:
1885:
1864:
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1849:
1847:
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1539:
1535:
1527:
1523:
1515:
1511:
1503:
1499:
1483:10.1038/480182a
1451:
1447:
1420:Physical Review
1416:
1412:
1402:
1400:
1395:
1394:
1390:
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1279:
1275:
1267:
1263:
1253:
1251:
1246:
1245:
1214:
1210:
1131:
1115:Nobel laureates
1043:
947:Daniel Kleppner
888:magnetic dipole
879:
855:Project Alberta
786:nuclear weapons
762:
659:
654:
621:was a magnetic
587:molecular beams
528:Edward Appleton
520:Lord Rutherford
415:
337:
302:Daniel Kleppner
290:Francis F. Chen
260:
222:
160:
128:
93:
87:
82:
80:
72:
69:
68:August 27, 1915
63:
61:
44:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9554:
9544:
9543:
9538:
9533:
9528:
9523:
9518:
9513:
9508:
9503:
9498:
9493:
9488:
9483:
9478:
9473:
9468:
9463:
9458:
9453:
9448:
9443:
9438:
9421:
9420:
9418:from Wikiquote
9403:
9374:
9371:
9370:
9358:
9346:
9334:
9322:
9299:
9298:
9288:
9285:
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9251:
9246:
9241:
9236:
9231:
9226:
9219:
9214:
9209:
9204:
9199:
9194:
9192:Chicago Pile-1
9189:
9187:Calutron Girls
9184:
9179:
9174:
9169:
9163:
9161:
9160:Related topics
9157:
9156:
9154:
9153:
9148:
9143:
9138:
9132:
9130:
9126:
9125:
9123:
9122:
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9063:
9059:
9058:
9056:
9055:
9050:
9045:
9040:
9035:
9030:
9025:
9023:Stanisław Ulam
9020:
9015:
9010:
9005:
9000:
8995:
8990:
8985:
8980:
8975:
8970:
8965:
8960:
8958:Edwin McMillan
8955:
8950:
8945:
8940:
8935:
8930:
8925:
8920:
8915:
8910:
8905:
8903:Harry Daghlian
8900:
8895:
8893:John Cockcroft
8890:
8888:James Chadwick
8885:
8880:
8875:
8870:
8865:
8860:
8854:
8852:
8848:
8847:
8845:
8844:
8839:
8834:
8829:
8824:
8819:
8814:
8812:Charles Thomas
8809:
8807:Frank Spedding
8804:
8799:
8794:
8789:
8784:
8779:
8774:
8769:
8767:James Marshall
8764:
8759:
8754:
8749:
8747:Thomas Farrell
8744:
8739:
8734:
8732:Arthur Compton
8729:
8723:
8721:
8720:Administrators
8717:
8716:
8714:
8713:
8708:
8703:
8698:
8693:
8688:
8683:
8678:
8673:
8668:
8663:
8658:
8648:
8643:
8637:
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8591:
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8578:
8572:
8566:
8560:
8554:
8548:
8542:
8536:
8530:
8524:
8518:
8512:
8509:Robert L. Byer
8506:
8500:
8494:
8488:
8482:
8476:
8470:
8464:
8458:
8452:
8446:
8439:
8437:
8433:
8432:
8430:
8429:
8423:
8417:
8414:Andrew Sessler
8411:
8405:
8399:
8396:C. Kumar Patel
8393:
8390:Burton Richter
8387:
8381:
8375:
8369:
8363:
8357:
8351:
8345:
8339:
8333:
8330:Robert Marshak
8327:
8321:
8315:
8309:
8303:
8297:
8291:
8284:
8282:
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8117:
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8107:
8101:
8095:
8089:
8083:
8077:
8071:
8068:Albert W. Hull
8065:
8059:
8056:George Stewart
8053:
8047:
8041:
8035:
8029:
8023:
8017:
8014:Robert W. Wood
8011:
8008:Arthur Compton
8005:
7999:
7993:
7987:
7980:
7978:
7974:
7973:
7971:
7970:
7964:
7958:
7955:Theodore Lyman
7952:
7946:
7940:
7934:
7931:Ernest Merritt
7928:
7922:
7916:
7910:
7904:
7898:
7892:
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7877:
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7872:
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7850:
7842:
7833:
7832:
7830:
7829:
7823:
7817:
7811:
7805:
7799:
7796:Lotfi A. Zadeh
7793:
7787:
7781:
7775:
7769:
7763:
7760:C. Kumar Patel
7757:
7751:
7748:Paul Lauterbur
7745:
7739:
7733:
7727:
7721:
7715:
7709:
7703:
7697:
7691:
7684:
7682:
7678:
7677:
7670:
7669:
7662:
7655:
7647:
7638:
7637:
7634:
7633:
7630:
7629:
7627:
7626:
7621:
7618:
7613:
7611:Burton Richter
7608:
7605:
7600:
7595:
7590:
7586:
7584:
7580:
7579:
7577:
7576:
7571:
7566:
7564:Yakir Aharonov
7561:
7558:
7553:
7548:
7545:
7540:
7535:
7532:
7527:
7524:
7519:
7514:
7511:
7506:
7503:
7498:
7493:
7490:
7485:
7480:
7478:Richard Garwin
7475:
7472:
7467:
7462:
7457:
7454:
7449:
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7201:Philip Abelson
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7193:Chen-Ning Yang
7190:
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7160:Bruno B. Rossi
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6400:Isadore Singer
6397:
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6363:Joseph L. Doob
6360:
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6342:George Dantzig
6339:
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6332:John W. Backus
6329:
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6308:Richard Brauer
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6236:Norbert Wiener
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5875:Donald L. Katz
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5680:Hugh L. Dryden
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5562:Peter J. Stang
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5538:Marye Anne Fox
5535:
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5491:Tobin J. Marks
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5352:Donald J. Cram
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5217:
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4903:Gene E. Likens
4900:
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4885:
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4768:Daniel Nathans
4765:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4749:
4744:
4742:Folke K. Skoog
4739:
4734:
4732:Salvador Luria
4729:
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4722:Elvin A. Kabat
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4568:
4566:Joan A. Steitz
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4538:Berta Scharrer
4535:
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4505:Seymour Benzer
4502:
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4497:Philip Handler
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4399:
4396:
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4386:
4384:Erwin Chargaff
4381:
4379:Britton Chance
4376:
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4368:
4363:
4360:
4355:
4350:
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4329:Robert Huebner
4326:
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4216:C. B. van Niel
4213:
4209:
4207:
4199:
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4188:
4187:
4184:
4183:
4180:
4179:
4177:
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4174:Albert Bandura
4171:
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4166:Robert Axelrod
4163:
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4142:
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4107:R. Duncan Luce
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4069:
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4056:Paul Samuelson
4053:
4050:
4045:
4042:
4037:
4034:
4029:
4026:
4021:
4018:
4016:Patrick Suppes
4013:
4011:Leonid Hurwicz
4008:
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3998:
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3093:
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3009:
2997:
2981:
2965:
2954:P. W. Anderson
2949:
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2927:
2926:
2910:
2898:
2882:
2866:
2858:
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2822:
2814:
2798:
2782:
2775:Goeppert Mayer
2766:
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2710:
2698:
2682:
2670:
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2559:
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2530:
2522:
2514:
2502:
2499:C. D. Anderson
2490:
2482:
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2128:
2122:
2121:
2106:
2100:
2095:
2072:
2071:External links
2069:
2068:
2067:
2053:
2035:
2021:
1997:
1983:
1967:Groves, Leslie
1963:
1941:
1919:
1897:
1883:
1869:Conant, Jennet
1863:
1860:
1858:
1857:
1832:
1807:
1782:
1757:
1735:
1721:New York Times
1702:
1677:
1655:
1622:
1610:
1598:
1596:, p. 248.
1586:
1574:
1572:, p. 254.
1562:
1545:
1533:
1521:
1519:, p. 204.
1509:
1497:
1445:
1426:(8): 728–743.
1410:
1388:
1355:
1322:
1297:
1285:
1273:
1271:, p. 101.
1261:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1204:
1197:
1196:, (June 1981).
1170:
1151:
1130:
1127:
1053:(JILA) at the
1042:
1039:
878:
875:
809:Avro Lancaster
761:
758:
740:aircraft, the
699:magnetic field
683:Tizard Mission
658:
655:
653:
650:
627:atomic nucleus
611:Sidney Millman
607:Polykarp Kusch
603:Jerome Kellogg
544:John Cockcroft
540:James Chadwick
536:Edward Bullard
496:academic major
459:and Assistant
414:
411:
358:
357:
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343:
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157:
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144:
140:
139:
134:
133:Known for
130:
129:
127:
126:
116:
101:
99:
95:
94:
88:
85:(aged 96)
78:
74:
73:
70:
59:
55:
54:
46:
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42:
26:
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6:
4:
3:
2:
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9359:
9357:
9356:United States
9347:
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9232:
9230:
9227:
9225:
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9218:
9215:
9213:
9210:
9208:
9207:Franck Report
9205:
9203:
9200:
9198:
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9193:
9190:
9188:
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9069:Alsos Mission
9067:
9066:
9064:
9060:
9054:
9051:
9049:
9046:
9044:
9043:Robert Wilson
9041:
9039:
9038:Eugene Wigner
9036:
9034:
9031:
9029:
9026:
9024:
9021:
9019:
9018:Edward Teller
9016:
9014:
9011:
9009:
9006:
9004:
9001:
8999:
8996:
8994:
8993:Glenn Seaborg
8991:
8989:
8986:
8984:
8981:
8979:
8976:
8974:
8971:
8969:
8966:
8964:
8963:Mark Oliphant
8961:
8959:
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8954:
8953:Willard Libby
8951:
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8916:
8914:
8911:
8909:
8906:
8904:
8901:
8899:
8896:
8894:
8891:
8889:
8886:
8884:
8881:
8879:
8876:
8874:
8871:
8869:
8866:
8864:
8863:Robert Bacher
8861:
8859:
8856:
8855:
8853:
8849:
8843:
8842:Roscoe Wilson
8840:
8838:
8835:
8833:
8830:
8828:
8825:
8823:
8820:
8818:
8815:
8813:
8810:
8808:
8805:
8803:
8800:
8798:
8795:
8793:
8790:
8788:
8785:
8783:
8780:
8778:
8775:
8773:
8770:
8768:
8765:
8763:
8760:
8758:
8757:John Lansdale
8755:
8753:
8752:Leslie Groves
8750:
8748:
8745:
8743:
8740:
8738:
8735:
8733:
8730:
8728:
8727:Vannevar Bush
8725:
8724:
8722:
8718:
8712:
8709:
8707:
8704:
8702:
8699:
8697:
8694:
8692:
8689:
8687:
8684:
8682:
8679:
8677:
8674:
8672:
8669:
8667:
8664:
8662:
8659:
8656:
8652:
8649:
8647:
8644:
8642:
8639:
8638:
8636:
8632:
8628:
8623:
8619:
8612:
8607:
8605:
8600:
8598:
8593:
8592:
8589:
8576:
8575:Robert Rosner
8573:
8570:
8567:
8564:
8561:
8558:
8555:
8552:
8549:
8546:
8545:Roger Falcone
8543:
8540:
8537:
8534:
8531:
8528:
8525:
8522:
8519:
8516:
8513:
8510:
8507:
8504:
8501:
8498:
8497:Curtis Callan
8495:
8492:
8489:
8486:
8483:
8480:
8477:
8474:
8473:John Hopfield
8471:
8468:
8465:
8462:
8459:
8456:
8453:
8450:
8447:
8444:
8441:
8440:
8438:
8434:
8427:
8424:
8421:
8418:
8415:
8412:
8409:
8406:
8403:
8400:
8397:
8394:
8391:
8388:
8385:
8382:
8379:
8376:
8373:
8370:
8367:
8364:
8361:
8358:
8355:
8352:
8349:
8346:
8343:
8340:
8337:
8334:
8331:
8328:
8325:
8322:
8319:
8316:
8313:
8310:
8307:
8304:
8301:
8298:
8295:
8292:
8289:
8286:
8285:
8283:
8279:
8272:
8269:
8266:
8265:Pief Panofsky
8263:
8260:
8257:
8254:
8251:
8248:
8247:Robert Serber
8245:
8242:
8239:
8236:
8233:
8230:
8227:
8224:
8221:
8218:
8215:
8212:
8209:
8206:
8205:Robert Bacher
8203:
8200:
8197:
8194:
8191:
8188:
8185:
8182:
8179:
8176:
8173:
8170:
8167:
8164:
8161:
8158:
8155:
8152:
8149:
8146:
8143:
8140:
8137:
8134:
8131:
8128:
8125:
8124:
8122:
8118:
8111:
8108:
8105:
8102:
8099:
8096:
8093:
8090:
8087:
8086:Edward Condon
8084:
8081:
8078:
8075:
8072:
8069:
8066:
8063:
8060:
8057:
8054:
8051:
8048:
8045:
8042:
8039:
8036:
8033:
8030:
8027:
8024:
8021:
8018:
8015:
8012:
8009:
8006:
8003:
8002:Paul D. Foote
8000:
7997:
7994:
7991:
7988:
7985:
7982:
7981:
7979:
7975:
7968:
7967:Dayton Miller
7965:
7962:
7959:
7956:
7953:
7950:
7947:
7944:
7941:
7938:
7935:
7932:
7929:
7926:
7923:
7920:
7917:
7914:
7911:
7908:
7905:
7902:
7899:
7896:
7893:
7890:
7887:
7884:
7881:
7880:
7878:
7874:
7870:
7863:
7858:
7856:
7851:
7849:
7844:
7843:
7840:
7827:
7824:
7821:
7818:
7815:
7812:
7809:
7806:
7803:
7800:
7797:
7794:
7791:
7790:Alfred Y. Cho
7788:
7785:
7782:
7779:
7776:
7773:
7770:
7767:
7764:
7761:
7758:
7755:
7752:
7749:
7746:
7743:
7740:
7737:
7734:
7731:
7730:Norman Ramsey
7728:
7725:
7722:
7719:
7716:
7713:
7710:
7707:
7704:
7701:
7698:
7695:
7692:
7689:
7686:
7685:
7683:
7679:
7675:
7668:
7663:
7661:
7656:
7654:
7649:
7648:
7645:
7625:
7622:
7619:
7617:
7614:
7612:
7609:
7606:
7604:
7601:
7599:
7596:
7594:
7591:
7588:
7587:
7585:
7581:
7575:
7572:
7570:
7567:
7565:
7562:
7559:
7557:
7556:James E. Gunn
7554:
7552:
7549:
7546:
7544:
7541:
7539:
7536:
7533:
7531:
7528:
7525:
7523:
7520:
7518:
7515:
7512:
7510:
7507:
7504:
7502:
7499:
7497:
7494:
7491:
7489:
7488:Edward Witten
7486:
7484:
7481:
7479:
7476:
7473:
7471:
7468:
7466:
7463:
7461:
7458:
7455:
7453:
7450:
7448:
7445:
7443:
7440:
7437:
7436:
7434:
7430:
7424:
7421:
7419:
7416:
7413:
7411:
7408:
7406:
7403:
7400:
7398:
7395:
7393:
7390:
7388:
7385:
7382:
7380:
7377:
7374:
7372:
7369:
7367:
7364:
7361:
7359:
7356:
7354:
7351:
7348:
7346:
7343:
7341:
7338:
7335:
7333:
7330:
7327:
7325:
7322:
7320:
7317:
7315:
7312:
7309:
7307:
7306:Roger Revelle
7304:
7302:
7299:
7297:
7294:
7292:
7289:
7286:
7285:
7283:
7279:
7273:
7272:Henry Stommel
7270:
7268:
7265:
7263:
7262:Eugene Parker
7260:
7258:
7255:
7252:
7250:
7247:
7245:
7242:
7240:
7237:
7235:
7232:
7230:
7227:
7224:
7222:
7219:
7217:
7214:
7212:
7209:
7207:
7204:
7202:
7199:
7196:
7194:
7191:
7189:
7186:
7184:
7181:
7179:
7176:
7174:
7171:
7168:
7166:
7163:
7161:
7158:
7156:
7153:
7151:
7148:
7146:
7143:
7141:
7138:
7136:
7133:
7130:
7128:
7125:
7123:
7122:Edward Teller
7120:
7118:
7115:
7113:
7110:
7107:
7106:
7104:
7100:
7094:
7091:
7089:
7088:Lyman Spitzer
7086:
7084:
7081:
7079:
7076:
7074:
7071:
7069:
7066:
7063:
7061:
7058:
7056:
7053:
7051:
7048:
7046:
7043:
7041:
7038:
7036:
7033:
7030:
7028:
7025:
7023:
7020:
7018:
7015:
7013:
7010:
7008:
7007:Hans A. Bethe
7005:
7002:
7000:
6997:
6995:
6992:
6990:
6987:
6985:
6982:
6980:
6977:
6974:
6972:
6969:
6967:
6964:
6962:
6959:
6957:
6954:
6952:
6951:Maurice Ewing
6949:
6947:
6946:Carl Djerassi
6944:
6941:
6939:
6938:Saul Winstein
6936:
6934:
6931:
6929:
6926:
6924:
6921:
6919:
6916:
6913:
6912:
6910:
6906:
6900:
6897:
6895:
6892:
6889:
6887:
6886:Eugene Wigner
6884:
6882:
6879:
6877:
6874:
6872:
6871:Paul Bartlett
6869:
6866:
6864:
6861:
6859:
6858:Louis Hammett
6856:
6854:
6853:Gregory Breit
6851:
6849:
6848:Francis Birch
6846:
6844:
6841:
6838:
6836:
6833:
6831:
6828:
6826:
6823:
6821:
6818:
6816:
6813:
6810:
6808:
6807:William Rubey
6805:
6803:
6800:
6798:
6795:
6793:
6790:
6787:
6785:
6782:
6780:
6777:
6775:
6772:
6769:
6767:
6764:
6761:
6760:
6758:
6754:
6750:
6743:
6739:
6725:
6724:Michael Artin
6722:
6719:
6717:
6714:
6712:
6709:
6706:
6704:
6701:
6699:
6696:
6693:
6691:
6688:
6686:
6683:
6680:
6679:
6677:
6673:
6667:
6664:
6661:
6659:
6656:
6654:
6651:
6648:
6646:
6643:
6640:
6638:
6637:Bradley Efron
6635:
6632:
6630:
6627:
6624:
6622:
6619:
6616:
6614:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6603:
6601:
6598:
6595:
6593:
6590:
6588:
6585:
6582:
6581:
6579:
6575:
6569:
6566:
6564:
6563:Felix Browder
6561:
6558:
6556:
6553:
6550:
6548:
6545:
6542:
6540:
6539:Stephen Smale
6537:
6535:
6532:
6529:
6527:
6524:
6521:
6519:
6516:
6513:
6511:
6508:
6505:
6503:
6500:
6497:
6495:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6486:John McCarthy
6484:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6474:
6471:
6470:
6468:
6464:
6458:
6455:
6453:
6450:
6448:
6447:Samuel Karlin
6445:
6442:
6440:
6437:
6435:
6432:
6429:
6427:
6424:
6422:
6419:
6416:
6414:
6411:
6409:
6406:
6403:
6401:
6398:
6396:
6393:
6390:
6388:
6385:
6382:
6381:
6379:
6375:
6369:
6366:
6364:
6361:
6358:
6356:
6353:
6351:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6330:
6327:
6325:
6322:
6319:
6317:
6314:
6311:
6309:
6306:
6303:
6302:
6300:
6296:
6290:
6287:
6284:
6282:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6268:
6266:
6263:
6260:
6258:
6257:Oscar Zariski
6255:
6252:
6250:
6247:
6245:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6231:
6230:
6228:
6224:
6220:
6213:
6209:
6195:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6176:
6173:
6172:
6170:
6166:
6160:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6146:
6144:
6141:
6138:
6136:
6133:
6130:
6128:
6125:
6122:
6120:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6106:
6104:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6082:
6081:
6079:
6075:
6069:
6066:
6063:
6061:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6037:
6034:
6032:
6031:Ray W. Clough
6029:
6026:
6024:
6023:Alfred Y. Cho
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5980:
5977:
5974:
5973:
5971:
5967:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5945:
5943:
5940:
5938:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5922:
5920:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5904:
5902:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5893:John G. Trump
5891:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5865:
5864:
5862:
5858:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5844:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5746:
5745:
5743:
5739:
5733:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5720:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5706:Edwin H. Land
5704:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5654:Vannevar Bush
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5641:
5640:
5638:
5634:
5630:
5623:
5619:
5605:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5570:Allen J. Bard
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5552:
5551:
5549:
5545:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5525:JoAnne Stubbe
5523:
5521:
5520:Joanna Fowler
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5444:
5443:
5441:
5437:
5431:
5430:Susan Solomon
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5298:
5297:
5295:
5291:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5274:Melvin Calvin
5272:
5270:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5215:Yuan Tseh Lee
5213:
5211:
5210:Harry B. Gray
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5184:Gilbert Stork
5182:
5180:
5177:
5174:
5173:
5171:
5167:
5161:
5158:
5155:
5154:
5152:
5148:
5144:
5137:
5133:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5092:Bruce Alberts
5090:
5088:
5087:May Berenbaum
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5051:
5050:
5048:
5044:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4993:Lubert Stryer
4991:
4989:
4988:Nina Fedoroff
4986:
4984:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4970:Anthony Fauci
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4913:Harold Varmus
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4860:
4859:
4857:
4853:
4847:
4846:Lynn Margulis
4844:
4842:
4841:Jared Diamond
4839:
4837:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4781:Thomas Eisner
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4755:Maxine Singer
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4737:Paul A. Marks
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4674:
4673:
4671:
4667:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
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2263:Van der Waals
2259:
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2239:
2236:
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2228:
2227:J. J. Thomson
2223:
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2088:Marlan Scully
2085:
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2056:
2054:0-465-06792-1
2050:
2046:
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2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2022:0-521-44132-3
2018:
2013:
2012:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
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1984:0-306-70738-1
1980:
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1884:0-684-87287-0
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1543:, p. 59.
1542:
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1479:
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1468:(7376): 182.
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1449:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1414:
1399:. Nobel Media
1398:
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1132:
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1122:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1091:Oersted Medal
1088:
1085:in 1985, the
1084:
1081:in 1984, the
1080:
1077:in 1974, the
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
995:
993:
992:Wolfgang Paul
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
968:
964:
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956:
952:
948:
943:
936:
935:Lee Davenport
931:
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921:
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826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
798:
793:
789:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
770:Robert Bacher
767:
757:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
738:night fighter
735:
731:
727:
722:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
668:
667:night fighter
663:
649:
647:
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632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
575:
573:
569:
565:
561:
560:Mark Oliphant
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
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529:
525:
521:
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505:
501:
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448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
410:
408:
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400:
396:
392:
388:
385:professor at
384:
380:
379:atomic clocks
376:
372:
368:
364:
355:
351:
347:
344:
340:
333:
332:Blayne Heckel
330:
327:
324:
321:
318:
315:
312:
309:
306:
303:
300:
297:
296:Noel Corngold
294:
291:
288:
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279:
275:
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242:
239:
236:
232:
229:
225:
218:
215:
212:
209:
206:
203:
200:
197:
194:
193:Oersted Medal
191:
188:
187:Rumford Prize
185:
182:
179:
176:
173:
170:
167:
163:
159:
158:
156:
152:
148:
145:
141:
138:
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131:
124:
120:
117:
114:
110:
106:
103:
102:
100:
96:
91:
79:
75:
60:
56:
52:
47:
40:
37:
33:
19:
9423:
9413:
9401:from Commons
9396:
9375:
9279:Y-12 Project
9264:Smyth Report
9259:S-50 Project
9221:
9217:K-25 Project
9146:Pumpkin bomb
9117:
9110:
9103:
9033:John Wheeler
9003:Louis Slotin
8998:Emilio Segrè
8972:
8948:George Koval
8928:James Franck
8913:Enrico Fermi
8858:Luis Alvarez
8817:Paul Tibbets
8792:Deak Parsons
8539:Laura Greene
8503:Barry Barish
8479:Leo Kadanoff
8348:Sidney Drell
8229:John Bardeen
8139:Enrico Fermi
7826:Andrew Grove
7754:Calvin Quate
7694:Robert Noyce
7598:Sandra Faber
7593:Sidney Drell
7423:Leo Kadanoff
7418:James Cronin
7366:Hans Dehmelt
7301:Robert Pound
7267:Robert Sharp
7083:John Sinfelt
7050:Verner Suomi
7017:Lewis Sarett
6881:Lars Onsager
6825:Henry Eyring
6792:John Bardeen
6534:Richard Karp
6502:Allen Newell
6281:Jerzy Neyman
5906:Tung-Yen Lin
5883:Bill Hewlett
5813:Morris Cohen
5407:John W. Cahn
5308:Karl Folkers
5069:Lucy Shapiro
5019:Elaine Fuchs
4898:Ann Graybiel
4828:Janet Rowley
4810:James Watson
4802:Ruth Patrick
4645:Philip Leder
4515:Mildred Cohn
4463:Severo Ochoa
4440:E. O. Wilson
3849:
3062:von Klitzing
3054:Van der Meer
2118:
2092:F. J. Duarte
2081:
2043:
2010:
1972:
1955:. Retrieved
1949:
1933:. Retrieved
1927:
1911:. Retrieved
1905:
1873:
1848:. Retrieved
1835:
1825:December 16,
1823:. Retrieved
1819:
1810:
1800:December 16,
1798:. Retrieved
1794:
1785:
1775:December 16,
1773:. Retrieved
1769:
1760:
1747:
1738:
1726:. Retrieved
1719:
1693:. Retrieved
1668:. Retrieved
1658:
1646:. Retrieved
1642:the original
1613:
1601:
1589:
1577:
1565:
1536:
1524:
1512:
1500:
1465:
1461:
1454:Wineland, D.
1448:
1423:
1419:
1413:
1401:. Retrieved
1391:
1381:February 13,
1379:. Retrieved
1375:The Guardian
1373:
1346:. Retrieved
1313:. Retrieved
1288:
1276:
1264:
1252:. Retrieved
1129:Bibliography
1123:
1044:
996:
980:atomic clock
944:
940:
880:
845:
802:
763:
723:
672:
652:World War II
576:
556:Ralph Fowler
473:
443:World War II
416:
362:
361:
244:Institutions
227:
83:(2011-11-04)
36:
9441:2011 deaths
9436:1915 births
9094:Silverplate
9048:Leona Woods
9013:Leo Szilard
8988:Bruno Rossi
8933:Klaus Fuchs
8837:Ed Westcott
8827:Harold Urey
8551:David Gross
8527:Sam Aronson
8461:Helen Quinn
8294:George Pake
8211:Felix Bloch
8169:Jesse Beams
8044:John Zeleny
7551:Berni Alder
7358:Frank Press
7239:Walter Kohn
7216:George Pake
7150:Walter Munk
7073:Herman Mark
7055:Henry Taube
6843:Jesse Beams
6797:Peter Debye
6779:Harold Urey
6703:Barry Mazur
6265:John Milnor
6159:Amnon Yariv
6103:Leo Beranek
5929:Ernst Weber
5782:Abel Wolman
5373:Thomas Cech
5303:Elkan Blout
5243:Max Tishler
5160:Roger Adams
5118:Simon Levin
4584:Harry Eagle
4407:Paul Gyorgy
4099:Gary Becker
3690:Thomas Cech
3667:Nobel Prize
3106:Steinberger
3022:K. Siegbahn
3014:Bloembergen
2735:Chamberlain
2468:Schrödinger
2378:M. Siegbahn
2307:W. H. Bragg
2303:W. L. Bragg
1728:November 7,
1570:Groves 1962
1529:Rigden 1987
1517:Conant 2002
1505:Conant 2002
1293:Cullum 1940
1281:Cullum 1930
1269:Cullum 1950
900:Long Island
811:and the US
730:X band
641:and proton–
492:mathematics
488:engineering
346:Sunney Chan
308:Howard Berg
147:Anne Ramsey
9430:Categories
9415:Quotations
9197:Demon core
9141:Little Boy
9062:Operations
8878:Niels Bohr
8868:Hans Bethe
8851:Scientists
8797:Boris Pash
8676:Los Alamos
8533:Homer Neal
7990:Henry Gale
7913:Henry Crew
7901:Carl Barus
7742:Jack Kilby
7718:John Tukey
7345:Vera Rubin
6984:Paul Flory
6645:Hyman Bass
6518:John Cocke
6421:Raoul Bott
6324:Kurt Gödel
6316:John Tukey
6273:Paul Cohen
5888:George Low
5851:Simon Ramo
5074:Leroy Hood
4875:Carl Woese
4823:Bruce Ames
4334:Ernst Mayr
3701:Literature
3623:L'Huillier
3587:Hasselmann
3543:Strickland
3511:Kosterlitz
3435:Perlmutter
3174:Brockhouse
2879:Schrieffer
2751:Hofstadter
2703:C. N. Yang
2460:Heisenberg
2437:De Broglie
1957:October 6,
1935:October 6,
1913:October 6,
1862:References
1403:August 17,
1119:John Kerry
1117:endorsing
1109:, and the
1083:Rabi Prize
1041:Later life
978:atom; the
976:cesium-133
726:wavelength
691:microwaves
646:scattering
623:quadrupole
548:Paul Dirac
431:West Point
413:Early life
181:Rabi Prize
64:1915-08-27
9368:Biography
9239:Plutonium
9105:Enola Gay
8923:Val Fitch
8873:Aage Bohr
8822:Bud Uanna
8691:Oak Ridge
8281:1976–2000
8157:E. Wigner
8120:1951–1975
7977:1926–1950
7876:1899–1925
7772:Leo Esaki
7681:1976–2000
7340:Val Fitch
6408:Peter Lax
6178:Shu Chien
5425:John Ross
5140:Chemistry
4528:Paul Berg
3920:laureates
3762:(Germany)
3756:(Germany)
3676:Chemistry
3669:laureates
3607:Zeilinger
3427:Novoselov
3395:Kobayashi
3319:Abrikosov
3166:J. Taylor
3146:de Gennes
3138:R. Taylor
3030:K. Wilson
2978:R. Wilson
2962:Van Vleck
2933:1976–2000
2923:Rainwater
2919:Mottelson
2895:Josephson
2843:Gell-Mann
2807:Schwinger
2795:Prokhorov
2755:Mössbauer
2715:Cherenkov
2707:T. D. Lee
2631:Cockcroft
2622:1951–1975
2421:C. Wilson
2400:1926–1950
2346:Guillaume
2235:Michelson
2195:Becquerel
2166:1901–1925
2155:Laureates
2079:taken at
1073:in 1960,
963:deuterium
955:hyperfine
695:electrons
451:Army brat
367:physicist
143:Relatives
98:Education
9295:Category
9151:Thin Man
9112:Bockscar
8706:Wendover
8686:New York
8681:Montreal
8671:Inyokern
8646:Berkeley
8627:Timeline
8145:H. Bethe
7319:Ed Stone
4316:Jay Lush
3806:(Norway)
3615:Agostini
3503:Thouless
3495:McDonald
3483:Nakamura
3451:Wineland
3383:GrĂĽnberg
3339:Politzer
3323:Ginzburg
3311:Giacconi
3291:Ketterle
3246:'t Hooft
3230:Laughlin
3222:Phillips
3202:Osheroff
3130:Friedman
3102:Schwartz
3098:Lederman
3018:Schawlow
2994:Weinberg
2803:Tomonaga
2695:Brattain
2687:Shockley
2596:Blackett
2588:Appleton
2580:Bridgman
2527:Lawrence
2507:Davisson
2487:Chadwick
2370:Millikan
2354:Einstein
2243:Lippmann
2211:Rayleigh
2203:M. Curie
2199:P. Curie
2063:14931559
2041:(1987).
2031:26764320
2007:(1993).
1969:(1962).
1947:(1950).
1925:(1940).
1903:(1930).
1893:48966735
1871:(2002).
1695:June 13,
1670:June 13,
1648:June 11,
1492:22158235
1456:(2011).
1348:June 11,
1315:June 11,
1254:June 13,
1093:and the
1065:and the
1015:Fermilab
959:hydrogen
937:(right).
918:and the
877:Research
825:Thin Man
734:Raytheon
619:deuteron
532:Max Born
407:Fermilab
393:and the
350:post doc
149:(cousin)
9332:Physics
9306:Portals
9269:Uranium
9136:Fat Man
9129:Weapons
8701:Trinity
8666:Hanford
8651:Chicago
3740:Physics
3731:(Tibet)
3714:(Spain)
3603:Clauser
3567:Penrose
3551:Peebles
3507:Haldane
3475:Akasaki
3463:Englert
3455:Haroche
3439:Schmidt
3399:Maskawa
3351:Glauber
3343:Wilczek
3327:Leggett
3307:Koshiba
3287:Cornell
3278:present
3262:Kroemer
3258:Alferov
3250:Veltman
3234:Störmer
3154:Charpak
3134:Kendall
3118:Dehmelt
3086:Bednorz
2986:Glashow
2974:Penzias
2970:Kapitsa
2942:Richter
2915:A. Bohr
2891:Giaever
2871:Bardeen
2835:Alvarez
2819:Kastler
2811:Feynman
2691:Bardeen
2655:Zernike
2647:Purcell
2417:Compton
2362:N. Bohr
2251:Marconi
2183:Lorentz
2175:Röntgen
2157:of the
1850:July 6,
1470:Bibcode
1428:Bibcode
1033:in the
967:tritium
848:Captain
833:SCR-584
829:Fat Man
797:Fat Man
717:at the
709:of the
697:with a
635:neutron
504:physics
441:during
383:physics
238:Physics
8661:Dayton
8655:Site A
8577:(2023)
8571:(2022)
8565:(2021)
8559:(2020)
8553:(2019)
8547:(2018)
8541:(2017)
8535:(2016)
8529:(2015)
8523:(2014)
8517:(2013)
8511:(2012)
8505:(2011)
8499:(2010)
8493:(2009)
8487:(2008)
8481:(2007)
8475:(2006)
8469:(2005)
8463:(2004)
8457:(2003)
8451:(2002)
8445:(2001)
8428:(2000)
8422:(1999)
8416:(1998)
8410:(1997)
8404:(1996)
8398:(1995)
8392:(1994)
8386:(1993)
8380:(1992)
8374:(1991)
8368:(1990)
8362:(1989)
8356:(1987)
8350:(1986)
8344:(1985)
8338:(1984)
8332:(1983)
8326:(1982)
8320:(1981)
8314:(1980)
8308:(1979)
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8296:(1977)
8290:(1976)
8273:(1975)
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7951:(1919)
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7933:(1914)
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7921:(1911)
7915:(1909)
7909:(1907)
7903:(1905)
7897:(1903)
7891:(1901)
7885:(1899)
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7804:(1996)
7798:(1995)
7792:(1994)
7786:(1993)
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7774:(1991)
7768:(1990)
7762:(1989)
7756:(1988)
7750:(1987)
7744:(1986)
7738:(1985)
7732:(1984)
7726:(1983)
7720:(1982)
7714:(1981)
7708:(1980)
7702:(1979)
7696:(1978)
7690:(1977)
3619:Krausz
3613:2023:
3599:Aspect
3597:2022:
3591:Manabe
3583:Parisi
3581:2021:
3571:Genzel
3565:2020:
3559:Queloz
3549:2019:
3539:Mourou
3535:Ashkin
3533:2018:
3527:Thorne
3523:Barish
3517:2017:
3501:2016:
3491:Kajita
3489:2015:
3473:2014:
3461:2013:
3449:2012:
3433:2011:
3421:2010:
3405:2009:
3389:2008:
3377:2007:
3367:Mather
3365:2006:
3359:Hänsch
3349:2005:
3333:2004:
3317:2003:
3301:2002:
3295:Wieman
3285:2001:
3256:2000:
3244:1999:
3228:1998:
3212:1997:
3198:D. Lee
3196:1996:
3190:Reines
3184:1995:
3172:1994:
3160:1993:
3152:1992:
3144:1991:
3128:1990:
3114:Ramsey
3112:1989:
3096:1988:
3090:MĂĽller
3084:1987:
3078:Rohrer
3074:Binnig
3068:1986:
3060:1985:
3050:Rubbia
3048:1984:
3042:Fowler
3036:1983:
3028:1982:
3012:1981:
3002:Cronin
3000:1980:
2984:1979:
2968:1978:
2952:1977:
2940:1976:
2913:1975:
2907:Hewish
2901:1974:
2885:1973:
2875:Cooper
2869:1972:
2861:1971:
2851:Alfvén
2849:1970:
2841:1969:
2833:1968:
2825:1967:
2817:1966:
2801:1965:
2787:Townes
2785:1964:
2779:Jensen
2771:Wigner
2769:1963:
2763:Landau
2761:1962:
2749:1961:
2743:Glaser
2741:1960:
2729:1959:
2713:1958:
2701:1957:
2685:1956:
2673:1955:
2661:1954:
2653:1953:
2641:1952:
2635:Walton
2629:1951:
2612:Powell
2610:1950:
2604:Yukawa
2602:1949:
2594:1948:
2586:1947:
2578:1946:
2570:1945:
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2409:Perrin
2407:1926:
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2344:1920:
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2330:Planck
2328:1918:
2322:Barkla
2320:1917:
2301:1915:
2293:1914:
2285:1913:
2277:1912:
2269:1911:
2261:1910:
2249:1909:
2241:1908:
2233:1907:
2225:1906:
2219:Lenard
2217:1905:
2209:1904:
2193:1903:
2187:Zeeman
2181:1902:
2173:1901:
2090:, and
2082:Lasers
2061:
2051:
2029:
2019:
1993:537684
1991:
1981:
1891:
1881:
1490:
1462:Nature
863:Tinian
805:Allied
643:helium
639:proton
568:tripos
518:under
334:(1981)
328:(1977)
322:(1973)
316:(1971)
310:(1964)
304:(1959)
298:(1954)
292:(1954)
286:(1947)
234:Fields
219:(1995)
213:(1990)
207:(1989)
201:(1988)
195:(1988)
189:(1985)
183:(1985)
177:(1984)
171:(1974)
164:(1960)
154:Awards
92:, U.S.
9398:Media
8634:Sites
8436:2001–
7583:2010s
7432:2000s
7281:1990s
7102:1980s
6908:1970s
6756:1960s
6675:2010s
6577:2000s
6466:1990s
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5969:1990s
5860:1980s
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4148:2010s
4089:2000s
4001:1990s
3961:1980s
3942:1960s
3850:1989
3721:Peace
3665:1989
3555:Mayor
3519:Weiss
3479:Amano
3467:Higgs
3443:Riess
3415:Smith
3411:Boyle
3391:Nambu
3371:Smoot
3335:Gross
3303:Davis
3276:2001–
3266:Kilby
3178:Shull
3162:Hulse
3070:Ruska
3006:Fitch
2990:Salam
2887:Esaki
2863:Gabor
2827:Bethe
2791:Basov
2731:Segrè
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2667:Bothe
2643:Bloch
2572:Pauli
2556:Stern
2519:Fermi
2472:Dirac
2445:Raman
2390:Hertz
2338:Stark
2279:Dalén
2255:Braun
1208:Notes
951:maser
703:radar
8641:Ames
7620:2014
7607:2012
7589:2011
7560:2009
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7534:2007
7526:2006
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5600:2014
5592:2013
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4170:2015
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3122:Paul
2958:Mott
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2903:Ryle
2855:NĂ©el
2723:Tamm
2675:Lamb
2663:Born
2564:Rabi
2548:1942
2541:1941
2534:1940
2495:Hess
2479:1934
2452:1931
2314:1916
2295:Laue
2271:Wien
2059:OCLC
2049:ISBN
2027:OCLC
2017:ISBN
1989:OCLC
1979:ISBN
1959:2015
1937:2015
1915:2015
1889:OCLC
1879:ISBN
1852:2013
1827:2022
1802:2022
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1730:2011
1697:2013
1672:2013
1650:2013
1488:PMID
1405:2012
1383:2010
1350:2013
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1256:2013
990:and
965:and
924:NATO
890:and
827:and
768:and
613:and
562:and
522:and
405:and
391:NATO
381:. A
77:Died
58:Born
3407:Kao
3214:Chu
2084:'93
1478:doi
1466:480
1436:doi
1017:in
898:on
861:to
591:PhD
510:to
467:in
429:at
401:'s
113:PhD
9432::
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2025:.
1987:.
1887:.
1843:.
1818:.
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1746:.
1718:.
1705:^
1680:^
1636:.
1625:^
1548:^
1486:.
1476:.
1464:.
1460:.
1434:.
1424:56
1422:.
1372:.
1358:^
1325:^
1300:^
1215:^
1192:,
1184:,
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1037:.
1029:,
994:.
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648:.
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500:BA
409:.
123:BA
111:,
109:BA
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8653:(
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1961:.
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1895:.
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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