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55:, typically involving a community of inquiry and its accumulated body of provisional knowledge, that seeks to discover good ways of achieving recognized aims, ends, goals, objectives, or purposes. Many political debates revolve around arguments over which of the many "good ways" shall be selected. For example, when presented as scientific information, words such as
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is a type of information that is developed, presented, or interpreted based on an assumed, usually unstated, preference for a particular outcome, policy or class of policies or outcomes. Regular or traditional
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Brueckner, Martin and Pierre
Horwitz. (2005). "The use of science in environmental policy: a case study of the Regional Forest Agreement process in Western Australia".
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Ooms, Gorik. (2014). "From international health to global health: how to foster better dialogue between empirical and normative disciplines".
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are typically examples of normative science because they each presuppose a policy preference and are therefore a type of
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are preferable to human altered ones, that native species are preferable to nonnative species, and that higher
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science, by definition, does. Common examples of such policy preferences are arguments that pristine
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Lackey, Robert T. (2007). "Science, scientists, and policy advocacy".
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In more general philosophical terms, normative science is a form of
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Sabine, George H. (1912). "Descriptive and normative sciences".
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oil spill revisited and the dangers of normative science".
196:Wilhere, George F. (2012). "Inadvertent advocacy".
285:Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management
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238:Sustainability: Science, Practice, & Policy
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261:Transactions of the Charles S. Peirce Society
144:. American Fisheries Society. 29(7): 38–39.
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48:is preferable to lower biodiversity.
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910:History and philosophy of science
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206:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2011.01805.x
183:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00639.x
351:Analytic–synthetic distinction
279:Landis, Wayne G. (2007). "The
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1199:. You can help Knowledge by
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1251:Philosophy of science stubs
684:Hypothetico-deductive model
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136:Lackey, Robert T. (2004).
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745:Semantic view of theories
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65:environmental degradation
487:Intertheoretic reduction
476:Ignoramus et ignorabimus
453:Functional contextualism
218:The Philosophical Review
972:Philosophers of science
750:Scientific essentialism
699:Model-dependent realism
634:Constructive empiricism
527:Evidence-based practice
293:10.1002/ieam.5630030312
1195:-related article is a
1055:Alfred North Whitehead
1045:Charles Sanders Peirce
92:Fact–value distinction
32:does not presuppose a
1246:Philosophy of science
1193:philosophy of science
1154:Philosophy portal
905:Hard and soft science
900:Faith and rationality
769:Scientific skepticism
549:Scientific Revolution
332:Philosophy of science
256:Short, T. L. (2012).
880:Criticism of science
755:Scientific formalism
639:Constructive realism
544:Scientific pluralism
517:Problem of induction
258:"Normative science?"
198:Conservation Biology
175:Conservation Biology
87:Environmental policy
61:biological integrity
947:Rhetoric of science
885:Descriptive science
629:Confirmation holism
522:Scientific evidence
482:Inductive reasoning
411:Demarcation problem
138:"Normative science"
102:Normative economics
82:Descriptive science
1166:Science portal
1095:Carl Gustav Hempel
1050:Wilhelm Windelband
937:Questionable cause
760:Scientific realism
581:Underdetermination
416:Empirical evidence
406:Creative synthesis
263:. 48(3): 310–334.
220:. 21(4): 433-450.
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107:Normative ethics
97:Is–ought problem
57:ecosystem health
36:preference, but
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1065:Otto Neurath
1040:Karl Pearson
1030:Pierre Duhem
1002:Isaac Newton
932:Protoscience
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890:Epistemology
764:Anti-realism
762: /
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718:Reductionism
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1090:Karl Popper
1070:C. D. Broad
987:Roger Bacon
915:Non-science
857:Linguistics
837:Archaeology
732:Rationalism
722:Determinism
709:Physicalism
674:Fallibilism
624:Coherentism
554:Testability
507:Observation
502:Objectivity
463:alternative
394:Correlation
384:Consilience
1240:Categories
1007:David Hume
980:Precursors
862:Psychology
842:Economics‎
736:Empiricism
727:Pragmatism
714:Positivism
704:Naturalism
574:scientific
458:Hypothesis
421:Experiment
157:. 14: 36.
124:References
42:ecosystems
847:Geography
815:Chemistry
774:Scientism
569:ladenness
389:Construct
367:Causality
142:Fisheries
38:normative
1142:Category
794:Vitalism
617:Theories
591:Variable
512:Paradigm
399:function
357:A priori
346:Analysis
339:Concepts
75:See also
852:History
820:Physics
810:Biology
608:more...
596:control
492:Inquiry
226:2177252
53:inquiry
30:science
19:In the
564:choice
559:Theory
497:Nature
426:design
267:
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63:, and
34:policy
1191:This
265:JSTOR
222:JSTOR
117:Truth
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438:Fact
359:and
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