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34:
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672:. However, opposite poles attract, which means that as a physical magnet, the magnetic north pole of the Earth is actually on the southern hemisphere. In other words, if we establish that true geographic north is north, then what we call the Earth's north magnetic pole is actually its south magnetic pole since it attracts the north magnetic pole of other magnets, such as compass needles.
5464:
684:
855:. Klein called the two foci local poles, for their importance to navigation in emergencies when using a "homing" procedure. About three months after Klein's findings were officially reported, a Canadian ground expedition was sent into the Archipelago to locate the position of the magnetic pole. R. Glenn Madill, Chief of Terrestrial Magnetism,
863:… we agree on one point and that is the presence of what we can call the main magnetic pole on northwestern Prince of Wales Island. I have accepted as a purely preliminary value the position latitude 73°N and longitude 100°W. Your value of 73°15'N and 99°45’W is in excellent agreement, and I suggest that you use your value by all means.
1181:, and their support and camera team claimed to be the first people in history to reach the 1996 location of the north magnetic pole in northern Canada by car. Note that they did not reach the actual north magnetic pole, which at the time (2007) had moved several hundred kilometers further north from the 1996 position.
1242:(see figure). Along this line, true north is the same as magnetic north. West of the agonic line a compass will give a reading that is east of true north and by convention the magnetic declination is positive. Conversely, east of the agonic line a compass will point west of true north and the declination is negative.
1011:). Members of the 2007 expedition to locate the magnetic north pole wrote that such expeditions have become logistically difficult, as the pole moves farther away from inhabited locations. They expect that in the future, the magnetic pole position will be obtained from satellite data instead of ground surveys.
1218:
The direction in which a compass needle points is known as magnetic north. In general, this is not exactly the direction of the north magnetic pole (or of any other consistent location). Instead, the compass aligns itself to the local geomagnetic field, which varies in a complex manner over Earth's
841:
did not behave as erratically as expected—it oscillated no more than 1 to 2 degrees over much of the region—and began to study northern terrestrial magnetism. With the cooperation of many of his squadron teammates in obtaining many hundreds of statistical readings, startling results were revealed:
222:, it was moving toward Russia at between 55 and 60 km (34 and 37 mi) per year. In 2013, the distance between the north magnetic pole and the geographic north pole was approximately 800 kilometres (500 mi). As of 2021, the pole is projected to have moved beyond the Canadian Arctic to
731:. He was also the first to define the north magnetic pole as the point where Earth's magnetic field points vertically downwards. This is the current definition, though it would be a few hundred years before the nature of Earth's magnetic field was understood with modern accuracy and precision.
667:
enter one pole and emerge from the other pole. By analogy with Earth's magnetic field, these are called the magnet's "north" and "south" poles. Before magnetism was well understood, the north-seeking pole of a magnet was defined to have the north designation, according to their use in early
37:
Location of the north magnetic pole and the north geomagnetic pole in 2017. The magnetic-north of the earth as a magnet is actually on the southern hemisphere: The north side of magnets are by definition attracted to the geographic north, and opposite poles
58:
points vertically downward (in other words, if a magnetic compass needle is allowed to rotate in three dimensions, it will point straight down). There is only one location where this occurs, near (but distinct from) the
1018:
variation in which the north magnetic pole describes a rough ellipse, with a maximum deviation of 80 km (50 mi) from its mean position. This effect is due to disturbances of the geomagnetic field by
846:
some 400 km (250 mi) NNW of the positions determined by
Amundsen and Ross, and the dip pole was not a point but occupied an elliptical region with foci about 400 km (250 mi) apart on
1227:. Most map coordinate systems are based on true north, and magnetic declination is often shown on map legends so that the direction of true north can be determined from north as indicated by a compass.
1276:
would be vertical at the geomagnetic poles, and they would coincide with the magnetic poles. However, the approximation is imperfect, and so the magnetic and geomagnetic poles lie some distance apart.
1007:. During the 20th century it moved 1,100 km (680 mi), and since 1970 its rate of motion has accelerated from 9 to 52 km (5.6 to 32.3 mi) per year (2001–2007 average; see also
970:
1298:
1123:
1060:
141:
924:
The
Canadian government has made several measurements since, which show that the north magnetic pole is moving continually northwestward. In 2001, an expedition located the pole at
927:
185:
101:
4832:
1584:
1353:
Over the life of Earth, the orientation of Earth's magnetic field has reversed many times, with magnetic north becoming magnetic south and vice versa – an event known as a
1029:
The NOAA gives the 2024 location of the magnetic north pole as 86 degrees North, 142 degrees East. By 2025, it will have drifted to 138 degrees East (same latitude).
715:
Early
European navigators, cartographers and scientists believed that compass needles were attracted to a hypothetical "magnetic island" somewhere in the far north (see
1529:
774:
found the north magnetic pole in a slightly different location in 1903. The third observation was by
Canadian government scientists Paul Serson and Jack Clark, of the
826:. This project in turn was divided into many separate, but identically classified, projects, one of which was Project Polaris, which was a radar, photographic (
225:
612:
571:
530:
489:
441:
400:
359:
318:
1936:
1268:
axis (which defines the geographic north and geographic south poles) and centered at Earth's center. The north and south geomagnetic poles are the
675:
The direction of magnetic field lines is defined such that the lines emerge from the magnet's north pole and enter into the magnet's south pole.
5528:
1957:
1026:
As of early 2019, the magnetic north pole is moving from Canada towards
Siberia at a rate of approximately 55 km (34 mi) per year.
727:. The idea that Earth itself acts as essentially a giant magnet was first proposed in 1600, by the English physician and natural philosopher
72:
3994:
2317:
1693:
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and first
Swedish woman to reach the Pole. The team also successfully tracked the location of the Magnetic North Pole on behalf of the
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where the axis of this theoretical dipole intersects Earth's surface. If Earth's magnetic field were a perfect dipole then the
5339:
1512:
1539:
3285:
1883:
4150:
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4914:
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1975:
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1937:"I have to do this not just for me … but for Scotland; Pole star: Sue's going where no Scotswoman has gone before"
5533:
5016:
5002:
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2310:
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17:
3707:
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273:, meaning that a straight line drawn from one to the other does not pass through the geometric center of Earth.
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87:
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1788:
World in Peril: The Origin, Mission & Scientific
Findings of the 46th / 72nd Reconnaissance Squadron
5418:
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1212:
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55:
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1829:
269:. Since Earth's magnetic field is not exactly symmetric, the north and south magnetic poles are not
5302:
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4887:
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4679:
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4190:
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856:
24:
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1104:
was a biannual competition that ran from 2003 until 2011. It took place between the community of
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2805:
1257:
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to undertake the task. An assignment was made in 1946 for the Army Air Forces' recently formed
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3195:
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2026:
1038:
807:
83:
60:
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5166:
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4689:
4553:
4479:
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4271:
4211:
4170:
3783:
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3640:
3544:
3408:
3165:
3127:
2734:
2504:
2472:
2416:
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1458:
1354:
1348:
1224:
1190:
1046:
4534:
2939:
2922:
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1668:
1279:
Like the north magnetic pole, the north geomagnetic pole attracts the north pole of a bar
8:
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5209:
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4597:
4513:
4294:
4286:
4235:
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2617:
2190:
1534:
1386:
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482:
266:
51:
2927:
2251:
2231:
1462:
1437:"Recent north magnetic pole acceleration towards Siberia caused by flux lobe elongation"
1377:
with a record of the direction of the magnetic field at the time that the magma cooled.
5008:
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surface, as well as over time. The local angular difference between magnetic north and
831:
803:
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2326:
1791:
1699:
1604:
1508:
1499:
Merrill, Ronald T.; McElhinny, Michael W.; McFadden, Phillip L. (1996). "Chapter 8".
1478:
1105:
886:
848:
763:
1623:
1565:
1411:
283:, with reference to the vertical "dip" of the magnetic field lines at those points.
78:
The north magnetic pole moves over time according to magnetic changes and flux lobe
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1466:
1370:
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1020:
838:
759:
91:
64:
5439:
2079:
1037:
The first team of novices to reach the magnetic north pole did so in 1996, led by
695:, depicting the location of magnetic north vaguely conceived as "Insula Magnetū" (
5387:
5334:
5319:
5225:
5220:
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5109:
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4859:
4826:
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3717:
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3529:
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3202:
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2566:
2531:
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1117:
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95:
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5215:
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4906:
4771:
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4279:
4132:
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3948:
3905:
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2702:
2662:
2657:
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1504:
1239:
823:
771:
744:
704:
1501:
The magnetic field of the earth: paleomagnetism, the core, and the deep mantle
1470:
1215:, many airplanes and ships still carry them, as do casual boaters and hikers.
5502:
5324:
5266:
5261:
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5172:
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3336:
3219:
3014:
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1314:
1300:
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1235:
1139:
1125:
1076:
1062:
1042:
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972:
943:
929:
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766:
on June 1, 1831, while serving on the second arctic expedition of his uncle,
664:
628:
614:
587:
573:
546:
532:
505:
491:
457:
443:
416:
402:
375:
361:
334:
320:
241:
227:
201:
187:
157:
143:
117:
103:
2000:
1482:
1339:, Canada but it is now drifting away from North America and toward Siberia.
911:
75:, which is the most closely fitting model of Earth's actual magnetic field.
5468:
5355:
5349:
4961:
4925:
4791:
4618:
4568:
4507:
4361:
4049:
4000:
3850:
3672:
3635:
3615:
3556:
3090:
3078:
3021:
2949:
2850:
2747:
2741:
2638:
2626:
2499:
2477:
2401:
2354:
2272:
1109:
1050:
897:
811:
692:
688:
278:
2210:
5392:
5292:
5240:
5058:
4845:
4633:
4008:
3940:
3702:
3561:
3524:
3424:
3416:
3224:
2560:
1643:
1487:
1008:
827:
716:
1855:"Polar express: magnetic north pole moving 'pretty fast' towards Russia"
5191:
5094:
5078:
4920:
4853:
4754:
4163:
4112:
4072:
3394:
3120:
3048:
2990:
2383:
2351:
1961:
1909:
1435:
Livermore, Philip W.; Finlay, Christopher C.; Bayliff, Matthew (2020).
1273:
1220:
1208:
1101:
1054:
33:
23:"Project Polaris" redirects here. For other programs and projects, see
5487:
834:. A Canadian officer observer was assigned to accompany each flight.
4713:
3550:
3102:
2885:
1563:
1178:
917:
Speed of the north magnetic pole drift according to the IGRF-12 model
724:
270:
68:
2295:
2153:
1976:"Magnetic North Pole Location, 1996 in Ellef Ringnes Island, Canada"
1813:
The Secret
Explorers: Saga of the 46th/72nd Reconnaissance Squadrons
4645:
1453:
798:
recognized a need for a comprehensive survey of the North
American
791:
700:
5272:
4652:
2917:
2893:
2881:
2126:"Earth's Inconstant Magnetic Field – Science Mission Directorate"
1204:
1170:
1113:
901:
816:
720:
708:
669:
3439:
1857:. Associated Press. 5 February 2019 – via theguardian.com.
3518:
2843:
1280:
1261:
799:
660:
179:
873:(The positions were less than 30 km (20 mi) apart.)
837:
Frank O. Klein, the director of the project, noticed that the
2904:
1366:
696:
758:
The first group to reach the north magnetic pole was led by
2282:
896:
in recent centuries, continuing in recent years across the
178:
in 2005. In 2009, while still situated within the Canadian
5463:
1184:
830:, or three-angle, cameras) and visual study of the entire
683:
276:
Earth's north and south magnetic poles are also known as
1842:
Geomagnetism – Daily Movement of the North Magnetic Pole
1498:
1295:
can be seen. As of 2015 it was located at approximately
4109:
892:
The movement of Earth's north magnetic pole across the
1790:(2nd revised ed.). K. W. White & Associates.
1642:. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Archived from
1434:
1264:(like a bar magnet), tilted about 10° with respect to
5416:
1530:"Magnetic north just changed. Here's what that means"
16:"Magnetic North" redirects here. For other uses, see
2271:
Nemiroff, R.; Bonnell, J., eds. (25 November 2002).
1260:, Earth's magnetic field can be modeled as a simple
1120:
and the 1996 location of the north magnetic pole at
1357:. Evidence of geomagnetic reversals can be seen at
1230:In North America the line of zero declination (the
1014:This general movement is in addition to a daily or
2080:"How To Use a Compass with a USGS Topographic Map"
1958:1996 Certified Position of the Magnetic North Pole
1691:
1283:and so is in a physical sense actually a magnetic
287:Recent locations of Earth's magnetic (dip) poles,
1884:"Scot of the Arctic; Sue conquers the North Pole"
1830:Location of the north magnetic pole in April 2007
1771:History of Expeditions to the North Magnetic Pole
1373:, cools, and solidifies into igneous rock, it is
1234:) runs from the north magnetic pole down through
842:The center of the north magnetic dip pole was on
5500:
1596:
1585:North Magnetic Pole Moving East Due to Core Flux
1566:"Magnetic North, Geomagnetic and Magnetic Poles"
1412:"Magnetic North, Geomagnetic and Magnetic Poles"
30:Earth's magnetic pole in the Northern Hemisphere
2270:
1810:
1761:, Natural Resources Canada, retrieved June 2007
734:
1828:L. R. Newitt, A. Chulliat, and J.-J. Orgeval,
859:, Canada, wrote to Lt. Klein on 21 July 1948:
2311:
2232:"North Magnetic Pole could be leaving Canada"
1824:
1822:
1738:. National Earth Science Teachers Association
1199:Magnetic declination from true north in 2000.
967:In 2007, the latest survey found the pole at
1754:
1752:
1662:
1660:
1559:
1557:
1365:move apart and the seabed is filled in with
1287:pole. It is the center of the region of the
1669:"Wandering of the Geomagnetic Poles | NCEI"
1564:World Data Center for Geomagnetism, Kyoto.
814:area. The exploration was conducted by the
265:Its southern hemisphere counterpart is the
2318:
2304:
2077:
1910:"North Pole party for 'Grand Slam' Briton"
1819:
1597:Petrovich Dubrov, Aleksandr (2013-11-11).
73:dipole model of the Earth's magnetic field
2213:. Natural Resources Canada. April 1, 2012
2105:"Geomagnetism Frequently Asked Questions"
2007:. 25 July 2007. 0:22 minutes in. BBC Two
1749:
1692:Serway, Raymond A.; Chris Vuille (2006).
1657:
1554:
1452:
1245:
699:for "Island of Magnets"), off modern-day
5376:Pole of Inaccessibility research station
1832:, Earth Planets Space, 61, 703–710, 2009
1781:
1779:
1759:Early Concept of the North Magnetic Pole
1587:, National Geographic, December 24, 2009
1527:
1521:
1194:
682:
32:
4951:Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition
2099:
2097:
1973:
1342:
1211:. While it has been widely replaced by
1185:Magnetic north and magnetic declination
762:, who found it at Cape Adelaide on the
50:, is a point on the surface of Earth's
5529:Geography of the Northwest Territories
5501:
1041:. It included the first British woman
778:, who found the pole at Allen Lake on
4095:
2337:
2325:
2299:
1785:
1776:
1698:. US: Cengage Learning. p. 493.
876:
753:
2191:"Wandering of the geomagnetic poles"
2094:
1869:"Wandering of the Geomagnetic Poles"
1804:
86:. In 2001, it was determined by the
4737:Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition
2934:Norse colonization of North America
1729:
1640:Ocean bottom magnetology laboratory
13:
4266:United States Exploring Expedition
2197:. National Geophysical Data Center
2107:. National Geophysical Data Center
1528:Wei-Haas, Maya (4 February 2019).
785:
776:Dominion Astrophysical Observatory
14:
5545:
5340:Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station
4708:Australasian Antarctic Expedition
2140:
2082:. United States Geological Survey
1934:
1881:
998:Magnetic North Pole 2007 location
857:Department of Mines and Resources
5486:
5474:
5462:
5450:
5438:
5426:
5234:Amundsen's South Pole expedition
4627:Amundsen's South Pole expedition
1666:
1369:. As the magma seeps out of the
1173:in the United Kingdom, in which
1049:, and certified its location by
910:
885:
818:and reported on as a classified
2118:
2071:
2045:
2019:
1993:
1967:
1951:
1928:
1902:
1875:
1861:
1847:
1835:
1764:
1723:
1685:
1326:Geomagnetic North Pole 2005 est
796:United States Department of War
663:have two poles, where lines of
18:Magnetic North (disambiguation)
1974:Wishart, Jock (13 July 2006).
1886:. Daily Record. Archived from
1628:
1617:
1600:The Geomagnetic Field and Life
1590:
1578:
1492:
1428:
1404:
1032:
1:
4613:Japanese Antarctic Expedition
4548:Scottish Antarctic Expedition
4096:
2252:"Magnetic pole drifting fast"
1695:Essentials of college physics
1397:
4970:Soviet Antarctic Expeditions
4786:Shackleton–Rowett Expedition
4592:French Antarctic Expeditions
4522:Swedish Antarctic Expedition
4408:Belgian Antarctic Expedition
2526:Lady Franklin Bay Expedition
2278:Astronomy Picture of the Day
2273:"The Earth's magnetic field"
1532:. Science & Innovation.
735:Expeditions and measurements
253:Magnetic North Pole 2021 est
169:Magnetic North Pole 2005 est
7:
4055:Nuclear-powered icebreakers
3734:Austro-Hungarian Expedition
2599:Andrée's balloon expedition
2178:GPX (secondary coordinates)
2031:National Geographic Society
1603:. Springer US. p. 12.
1380:
1203:Historically, the magnetic
1160:, also in northern Canada.
654:
88:Geological Survey of Canada
10:
5550:
5509:Polar regions of the Earth
3256:Franklin's lost expedition
2956:Christian IV's expeditions
2338:
1844:, Natural Resources Canada
1773:, Natural Resources Canada
1346:
1249:
1213:Global Positioning Systems
1207:was an important tool for
1188:
749:List of Arctic expeditions
738:
678:
22:
15:
5073:
4804:
4391:
4131:
4108:
4104:
4091:
3610:Great Northern Expedition
3504:
3286:Rae–Richardson expedition
3035:
2880:
2486:British Arctic Expedition
2378:
2350:
2346:
2333:
2173:GPX (primary coordinates)
2148:Map all coordinates using
1636:"The Magnetic North Pole"
1471:10.1038/s41561-020-0570-9
1258:first-order approximation
481:
312:
295:
4894:British Antarctic Survey
4888:Captain Arturo Prat Base
4133:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
2156:Download coordinates as:
2057:Natural Resources Canada
1811:Wack, Fred John (1992).
1732:"Earth's Magnetic Poles"
1151:Magnetic North Pole 1996
1088:Magnetic North Pole 1996
955:Magnetic North Pole 2001
213:Magnetic North Pole 2009
129:Magnetic North Pole 2001
25:Polaris (disambiguation)
5514:Geography of the Arctic
5370:Pole of inaccessibility
5033:Antarctic Treaty System
3374:2nd Grinnell expedition
2226:Map of pole's wandering
1736:Windows to the Universe
1238:and southward into the
1166:Top Gear: Polar Special
56:planet's magnetic field
5534:Orientation (geometry)
2059:. Government of Canada
2053:"Magnetic declination"
1416:wdc.kugi.kyoto-u.ac.jp
1246:North geomagnetic pole
1200:
1140:78.59500°N 104.19833°W
1077:78.59500°N 104.19833°W
987:83.95000°N 120.72000°W
871:
844:Prince of Wales Island
810:to explore the entire
780:Prince of Wales Island
712:
703:. The man holding the
65:geomagnetic north pole
39:
5524:Geology of the Arctic
5040:Transglobe Expedition
4939:Operation Deep Freeze
4348:Challenger expedition
3214:Coppermine expedition
2735:Drifting ice stations
2168:GPX (all coordinates)
1315:80.37000°N 72.62000°W
1198:
1163:On 25 July 2007, the
1039:David Hempleman-Adams
861:
808:Strategic Air Command
686:
138:. It was situated at
61:geographic north pole
36:
1980:Virtualglobetrotting
1355:geomagnetic reversal
1349:Geomagnetic reversal
1343:Geomagnetic reversal
1225:magnetic declination
1191:Magnetic declination
1145:78.59500; -104.19833
1082:78.59500; -104.19833
1047:University of Ottawa
992:83.95000; -120.72000
832:Canadian Archipelago
790:At the start of the
313:North magnetic pole
46:, also known as the
5210:South magnetic pole
3876:Brusilov expedition
2985:Danish colonization
2423:North magnetic pole
2132:. 29 December 2003.
1786:White, Ken (1994).
1542:on February 4, 2019
1535:National Geographic
1463:2020NatGe..13..387L
1387:South magnetic pole
1320:80.37000; -72.62000
1310: /
1135: /
1108:, on the shores of
1072: /
982: /
939: /
624: /
583: /
542: /
501: /
483:South magnetic pole
453: /
412: /
371: /
330: /
292:
267:south magnetic pole
237: /
197: /
153: /
113: /
52:Northern Hemisphere
48:magnetic north pole
44:north magnetic pole
4901:Operation Windmill
4882:Operation Highjump
3857:Rusanov expedition
3762:A. E. Nordenskiöld
3506:North East Passage
3310:McClure expedition
2258:. 12 December 2005
1201:
944:81.300°N 110.800°W
877:Modern (post-1996)
804:United States Army
754:First observations
741:Arctic exploration
713:
707:is the Norse hero
629:64.081°S 135.866°E
588:64.432°S 137.325°E
547:64.661°S 138.303°E
506:64.910°S 138.902°E
458:86.494°N 162.867°E
417:85.020°N 132.834°W
376:80.972°N 109.640°W
335:78.095°N 103.689°W
305:2010 (definitive)
302:2000 (definitive)
299:1990 (definitive)
286:
242:86.400°N 156.786°E
202:84.900°N 131.000°W
158:83.100°N 117.800°W
118:81.300°N 110.800°W
84:Earth's outer core
40:
5414:
5413:
5410:
5409:
5406:
5405:
4868:Operation Tabarin
4730:Far Eastern Party
4576:Nimrod Expedition
4087:
4086:
4083:
4082:
3646:M. Pronchishcheva
3568:Siberian Cossacks
3037:Northwest Passage
2370:Research stations
2327:Polar exploration
2033:. 3 December 2013
2001:"Polar Challenge"
1815:. Seeger's Print.
1514:978-0-12-491246-5
1441:Nature Geoscience
1169:was broadcast on
1021:charged particles
849:Boothia Peninsula
764:Boothia Peninsula
652:
651:
71:pole of an ideal
5541:
5491:
5490:
5479:
5478:
5477:
5467:
5466:
5455:
5454:
5453:
5443:
5442:
5431:
5430:
5429:
5422:
4915:Ronne Expedition
4400:
4394:
4258:Dumont d'Urville
4106:
4105:
4093:
4092:
3641:V. Pronchishchev
2348:
2347:
2335:
2334:
2320:
2313:
2306:
2297:
2296:
2292:
2290:
2289:
2267:
2265:
2263:
2247:
2245:
2243:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2134:
2133:
2130:science.nasa.gov
2122:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2112:
2101:
2092:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2078:USGS Education.
2075:
2069:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2023:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2012:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1971:
1965:
1960:, Jock Wishart,
1955:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1932:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1906:
1900:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1879:
1873:
1872:
1865:
1859:
1858:
1851:
1845:
1839:
1833:
1826:
1817:
1816:
1808:
1802:
1801:
1783:
1774:
1768:
1762:
1756:
1747:
1746:
1744:
1743:
1730:Russell, Randy.
1727:
1721:
1720:
1718:
1717:
1708:. Archived from
1689:
1683:
1682:
1680:
1679:
1664:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1651:
1632:
1626:
1621:
1615:
1614:
1594:
1588:
1582:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1572:
1561:
1552:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1538:. Archived from
1525:
1519:
1518:
1496:
1490:
1486:
1485:on 14 June 2020.
1481:. Archived from
1456:
1432:
1426:
1425:
1423:
1422:
1408:
1359:mid-ocean ridges
1337:Ellesmere Island
1334:
1333:
1331:
1330:
1329:
1327:
1322:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1306:
1303:
1270:antipodal points
1266:Earth's rotation
1252:Geomagnetic pole
1159:
1158:
1156:
1155:
1154:
1152:
1147:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1131:
1128:
1096:
1095:
1093:
1092:
1091:
1089:
1084:
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1078:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1068:
1065:
1006:
1005:
1003:
1002:
1001:
999:
994:
993:
988:
983:
980:
979:
978:
975:
963:
962:
960:
959:
958:
956:
951:
950:
949:81.300; -110.800
945:
940:
937:
936:
935:
932:
914:
889:
869:
839:fluxgate compass
760:James Clark Ross
711:("Starcaterus").
648:
647:
645:
644:
643:
641:
636:
635:
634:-64.081; 135.866
630:
625:
622:
621:
620:
617:
607:
606:
604:
603:
602:
600:
595:
594:
593:-64.432; 137.325
589:
584:
581:
580:
579:
576:
566:
565:
563:
562:
561:
559:
554:
553:
552:-64.661; 138.303
548:
543:
540:
539:
538:
535:
525:
524:
522:
521:
520:
518:
513:
512:
511:-64.910; 138.902
507:
502:
499:
498:
497:
494:
477:
476:
474:
473:
472:
470:
465:
464:
459:
454:
451:
450:
449:
446:
436:
435:
433:
432:
431:
429:
424:
423:
422:85.020; -132.834
418:
413:
410:
409:
408:
405:
395:
394:
392:
391:
390:
388:
383:
382:
381:80.972; -109.640
377:
372:
369:
368:
367:
364:
354:
353:
351:
350:
349:
347:
342:
341:
340:78.095; -103.689
336:
331:
328:
327:
326:
323:
293:
285:
261:
260:
258:
257:
256:
254:
249:
248:
243:
238:
235:
234:
233:
230:
221:
220:
218:
217:
216:
214:
209:
208:
207:84.900; -131.000
203:
198:
195:
194:
193:
190:
177:
176:
174:
173:
172:
170:
165:
164:
163:83.100; -117.800
159:
154:
151:
150:
149:
146:
137:
136:
134:
133:
132:
130:
125:
124:
123:81.300; -110.800
119:
114:
111:
110:
109:
106:
92:Ellesmere Island
67:is the northern
5549:
5548:
5544:
5543:
5542:
5540:
5539:
5538:
5499:
5498:
5497:
5485:
5475:
5473:
5461:
5451:
5449:
5437:
5427:
5425:
5417:
5415:
5402:
5077:
5069:
4945:McMurdo Station
4814:Modern research
4812:
4800:
4535:O. Nordenskjöld
4398:
4392:
4387:
4303:Ross expedition
4127:
4100:
4079:
3508:
3500:
3041:Northern Canada
3039:
3031:
2884:
2876:
2382:
2374:
2342:
2329:
2324:
2287:
2285:
2261:
2259:
2250:
2241:
2239:
2238:. 20 March 2002
2230:
2216:
2214:
2209:
2200:
2198:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2184:
2183:
2182:
2143:
2138:
2137:
2124:
2123:
2119:
2110:
2108:
2103:
2102:
2095:
2085:
2083:
2076:
2072:
2062:
2060:
2051:
2050:
2046:
2036:
2034:
2025:
2024:
2020:
2010:
2008:
1999:
1998:
1994:
1984:
1982:
1972:
1968:
1956:
1952:
1942:
1940:
1933:
1929:
1919:
1917:
1916:. 30 April 1998
1908:
1907:
1903:
1893:
1891:
1890:on 11 June 2014
1880:
1876:
1867:
1866:
1862:
1853:
1852:
1848:
1840:
1836:
1827:
1820:
1809:
1805:
1798:
1784:
1777:
1769:
1765:
1757:
1750:
1741:
1739:
1728:
1724:
1715:
1713:
1706:
1690:
1686:
1677:
1675:
1667:Nair, Manoj C.
1665:
1658:
1649:
1647:
1634:
1633:
1629:
1622:
1618:
1611:
1595:
1591:
1583:
1579:
1570:
1568:
1562:
1555:
1545:
1543:
1526:
1522:
1515:
1497:
1493:
1433:
1429:
1420:
1418:
1410:
1409:
1405:
1400:
1392:Polar alignment
1383:
1363:tectonic plates
1351:
1345:
1325:
1323:
1319:
1317:
1313:
1312:
1309:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1296:
1293:Aurora Borealis
1254:
1248:
1193:
1187:
1175:Jeremy Clarkson
1150:
1148:
1144:
1142:
1138:
1137:
1134:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1121:
1118:northern Canada
1087:
1085:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1074:
1071:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1058:
1035:
997:
995:
991:
989:
985:
984:
981:
976:
973:
971:
969:
968:
954:
952:
948:
946:
942:
941:
938:
933:
930:
928:
926:
925:
922:
921:
920:
919:
918:
915:
906:
905:
904:
894:Canadian Arctic
890:
879:
870:
868:R. Glenn Madill
867:
853:Bathurst Island
788:
786:Project Polaris
756:
751:
737:
729:William Gilbert
681:
657:
639:
637:
633:
631:
627:
626:
623:
618:
615:
613:
611:
610:
598:
596:
592:
590:
586:
585:
582:
577:
574:
572:
570:
569:
557:
555:
551:
549:
545:
544:
541:
536:
533:
531:
529:
528:
516:
514:
510:
508:
504:
503:
500:
495:
492:
490:
488:
487:
468:
466:
463:86.494; 162.867
462:
460:
456:
455:
452:
447:
444:
442:
440:
439:
427:
425:
421:
419:
415:
414:
411:
406:
403:
401:
399:
398:
386:
384:
380:
378:
374:
373:
370:
365:
362:
360:
358:
357:
345:
343:
339:
337:
333:
332:
329:
324:
321:
319:
317:
316:
252:
250:
247:86.400; 156.786
246:
244:
240:
239:
236:
231:
228:
226:
224:
223:
212:
210:
206:
204:
200:
199:
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168:
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156:
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142:
140:
139:
128:
126:
122:
120:
116:
115:
112:
107:
104:
102:
100:
99:
96:northern Canada
90:to lie west of
31:
28:
21:
12:
11:
5:
5547:
5537:
5536:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5496:
5495:
5483:
5471:
5459:
5447:
5435:
5433:Earth sciences
5412:
5411:
5408:
5407:
5404:
5403:
5401:
5400:
5395:
5390:
5385:
5384:
5383:
5378:
5366:
5365:
5364:
5362:Vostok Station
5352:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5332:
5327:
5322:
5317:
5316:
5315:
5313:Cherry-Garrard
5310:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5278:
5277:
5276:
5269:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5230:
5229:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5206:
5205:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5177:
5176:
5175:
5163:
5162:
5161:
5153:Southern Cross
5149:
5148:
5147:
5134:
5133:
5132:
5119:
5114:
5113:
5112:
5099:
5098:
5097:
5083:
5081:
5075:Farthest South
5071:
5070:
5068:
5067:
5062:
5055:
5054:
5053:
5048:
5036:
5029:
5028:
5027:
5026:
5025:
5013:
5012:
5011:
4999:
4998:
4997:
4990:
4985:
4966:
4965:
4964:
4959:
4947:
4942:
4935:
4934:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4911:
4910:
4909:
4897:
4890:
4885:
4878:
4877:
4876:
4864:
4863:
4862:
4850:
4849:
4848:
4836:
4829:
4824:
4818:
4816:
4802:
4801:
4799:
4798:
4797:
4796:
4782:
4781:
4780:
4772:Ross Sea party
4768:
4759:
4758:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4733:
4726:
4725:
4724:
4719:
4704:
4699:
4698:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4658:
4657:
4656:
4649:
4642:
4637:
4623:
4622:
4621:
4609:
4608:
4607:
4602:
4588:
4587:
4586:
4572:
4565:
4564:
4563:
4556:
4544:
4543:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4518:
4517:
4516:
4511:
4497:
4496:
4495:
4490:
4476:
4475:
4474:
4469:
4466:Southern Cross
4459:Southern Cross
4455:
4454:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4403:
4401:
4389:
4388:
4386:
4385:
4384:
4383:
4371:
4370:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4344:
4339:
4338:
4337:
4324:
4318:
4299:
4298:
4297:
4284:
4283:
4282:
4277:
4262:
4261:
4260:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4222:
4221:
4209:
4208:
4207:
4205:Bellingshausen
4195:
4188:
4183:
4182:
4181:
4168:
4167:
4166:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4137:
4135:
4129:
4128:
4126:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4102:
4101:
4089:
4088:
4085:
4084:
4081:
4080:
4078:
4077:
4076:
4075:
4064:
4052:
4047:
4040:
4033:
4032:
4031:
4019:
4018:
4017:
4005:
4004:
4003:
3991:
3990:
3989:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3966:
3965:
3953:
3952:
3951:
3937:
3936:
3935:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3902:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3872:
3871:
3870:
3865:
3853:
3848:
3847:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3817:
3816:
3815:
3801:
3800:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3771:
3770:
3769:
3764:
3749:
3748:
3747:
3742:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3664:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3514:
3512:
3510:Russian Arctic
3502:
3501:
3499:
3498:
3493:
3492:
3491:
3477:
3476:
3475:
3470:
3456:
3451:
3450:
3449:
3435:
3434:
3433:
3421:
3420:
3419:
3406:
3405:
3404:
3392:
3391:
3390:
3385:
3370:
3369:
3368:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3340:
3339:
3334:
3326:
3321:
3306:
3301:
3300:
3299:
3294:
3282:
3277:
3276:
3275:
3267:
3252:
3251:
3250:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3210:
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2945:Snæbjörn galti
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2380:Farthest North
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2211:"Geomagnetism"
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2141:External links
2139:
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2018:
1992:
1966:
1950:
1939:. Daily Record
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1505:Academic Press
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1447:(5): 387–391.
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1347:Main article:
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1240:Gulf of Mexico
1223:is called the
1189:Main article:
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824:Project Nanook
822:mission named
802:and asked the
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772:Roald Amundsen
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3297:J. Richardson
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3059:M. Corte-Real
3057:
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3054:G. Corte-Real
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2977:C. Richardson
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2786:Georgiy Sedov
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2673:Riiser-Larsen
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2171:
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2164:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2157:
2152:
2151:OpenStreetMap
2149:
2131:
2127:
2121:
2106:
2100:
2098:
2081:
2074:
2058:
2054:
2048:
2032:
2028:
2022:
2006:
2002:
1996:
1981:
1977:
1970:
1963:
1959:
1954:
1938:
1935:Smith, Anna.
1931:
1915:
1911:
1905:
1889:
1885:
1882:Smith, Anna.
1878:
1870:
1864:
1856:
1850:
1843:
1838:
1831:
1825:
1823:
1814:
1807:
1799:
1793:
1789:
1782:
1780:
1772:
1767:
1760:
1755:
1753:
1737:
1733:
1726:
1712:on 2019-05-15
1711:
1707:
1705:0-495-10619-4
1701:
1697:
1696:
1688:
1674:
1673:ngdc.noaa.gov
1670:
1663:
1661:
1646:on 2013-08-19
1645:
1641:
1637:
1631:
1625:
1620:
1612:
1610:9781475716108
1606:
1602:
1601:
1593:
1586:
1581:
1567:
1560:
1558:
1541:
1537:
1536:
1531:
1524:
1516:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1495:
1489:
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1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
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1460:
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1438:
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1407:
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1388:
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1378:
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1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1350:
1340:
1338:
1332:
1294:
1291:in which the
1290:
1289:magnetosphere
1286:
1282:
1277:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1253:
1243:
1241:
1237:
1236:Lake Superior
1233:
1228:
1226:
1222:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1197:
1192:
1182:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1167:
1161:
1157:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1098:
1094:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1043:Sue Stockdale
1040:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1010:
1004:
965:
961:
913:
903:
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874:
864:
860:
858:
854:
850:
845:
840:
835:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
783:
781:
777:
773:
769:
768:Sir John Ross
765:
761:
750:
746:
742:
732:
730:
726:
722:
718:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
685:
676:
673:
671:
666:
665:magnetic flux
662:
646:
609:
605:
568:
564:
527:
523:
486:
484:
480:
475:
438:
434:
397:
393:
356:
352:
315:
311:
307:
304:
301:
298:
294:
291:-13 estimate
290:
284:
282:
280:
274:
272:
268:
263:
259:
219:
181:
175:
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93:
89:
85:
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76:
74:
70:
66:
62:
57:
54:at which the
53:
49:
45:
35:
26:
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5519:Geomagnetism
5481:Solar System
5368:
5356:Pole of Cold
5354:
5280:
5271:
5239:
5232:
5208:
5179:
5165:
5159:Borchgrevink
5151:
5138:
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4599:Pourquoi-Pas
4598:
4590:
4582:
4574:
4569:Orcadas Base
4567:
4559:
4546:
4540:C. A. Larsen
4528:
4520:
4506:
4499:
4486:
4478:
4472:Borchgrevink
4465:
4457:
4414:
4406:
4381:C. A. Larsen
4374:
4355:
4346:
4328:
4310:
4301:
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4273:
4264:
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4212:
4198:
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4067:
4060:
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3993:
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3939:
3925:
3923:
3917:
3915:
3881:
3874:
3855:
3821:
3819:
3805:
3803:
3785:
3775:
3773:
3753:
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3732:
3608:
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3517:
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3479:
3459:
3458:
3438:
3437:
3423:
3410:
3395:
3381:
3372:
3359:
3330:
3318:Investigator
3317:
3308:
3284:
3271:
3263:
3254:
3241:
3212:
3189:
3174:
3159:
3129:
3114:
3084:
3003:
2983:
2954:
2950:Erik the Red
2932:
2910:
2903:
2860:submersibles
2857:
2851:Arktika 2007
2849:
2842:
2835:
2832:
2816:
2807:
2804:
2785:
2783:
2776:
2769:
2740:
2733:
2709:
2695:
2694:
2686:
2684:
2650:
2648:
2619:
2616:
2605:S. A. Andrée
2597:
2584:
2559:
2551:
2548:
2524:
2506:
2493:
2484:
2466:
2457:
2455:
2422:
2421:
2286:. Retrieved
2276:
2260:. Retrieved
2255:
2240:. Retrieved
2235:
2215:. Retrieved
2199:. Retrieved
2195:Geomagnetism
2194:
2155:
2154:
2147:
2129:
2120:
2109:. Retrieved
2084:. Retrieved
2073:
2061:. Retrieved
2056:
2047:
2035:. Retrieved
2030:
2021:
2009:. Retrieved
2004:
1995:
1983:. Retrieved
1979:
1969:
1953:
1941:. Retrieved
1930:
1918:. Retrieved
1913:
1904:
1892:. Retrieved
1888:the original
1877:
1863:
1849:
1837:
1812:
1806:
1787:
1766:
1740:. Retrieved
1735:
1725:
1714:. Retrieved
1710:the original
1694:
1687:
1676:. Retrieved
1672:
1648:. Retrieved
1644:the original
1639:
1630:
1619:
1599:
1592:
1580:
1569:. Retrieved
1544:. Retrieved
1540:the original
1533:
1523:
1500:
1494:
1483:the original
1444:
1440:
1430:
1419:. Retrieved
1415:
1406:
1352:
1284:
1278:
1255:
1231:
1229:
1217:
1202:
1164:
1162:
1110:Resolute Bay
1099:
1051:magnetometer
1036:
1028:
1025:
1015:
1013:
966:
923:
898:Arctic Ocean
872:
862:
836:
819:
812:Arctic Ocean
789:
757:
714:
693:Olaus Magnus
689:Carta marina
687:Part of the
674:
658:
279:magnetic dip
277:
275:
264:
77:
47:
43:
41:
5059:Lake Vostok
5009:Tryoshnikov
4931:Schlossbach
4822:Christensen
4764:James Caird
4685:E. R. Evans
4451:Dobrowolski
4421:de Gerlache
4123:Expeditions
4009:Aviaarktika
3963:Samoylovich
3834:Kolomeitsev
3728:Middendorff
3688:Gedenshtrom
3108:I. Fyodorov
2870:Chilingarov
2758:E. Fyodorov
2365:Expeditions
1318: /
1274:field lines
1232:agonic line
1143: /
1130:104°11′54″W
1080: /
1067:104°11′54″W
1033:Exploration
1009:polar drift
990: /
977:120°43′12″W
947: /
828:trimetrogon
717:Rupes Nigra
705:rune staffs
691:of 1539 by
632: /
619:135°51′58″E
591: /
578:137°19′30″E
550: /
537:138°18′11″E
509: /
496:138°54′07″E
461: /
448:162°52′01″E
420: /
407:132°50′02″W
379: /
366:109°38′24″W
338: /
325:103°41′20″W
245: /
232:156°47′10″E
205: /
161: /
121: /
5503:Categories
5282:Terra Nova
5187:Shackleton
5130:J. C. Ross
5089:Resolution
5079:South Pole
4854:New Swabia
4778:Mackintosh
4750:Shackleton
4669:Terra Nova
4662:Terra Nova
4396:Heroic Age
4356:Challenger
4316:J. C. Ross
4226:Bransfield
4158:Resolution
4073:icebreaker
4037:Chelyuskin
3778:expedition
3756:Expedition
3698:Matyushkin
3656:Kh. Laptev
3651:Chelyuskin
3545:Heemskerck
3535:Chancellor
3530:Willoughby
3525:Koch boats
3468:Stefansson
3402:McClintock
3366:Inglefield
3208:J. C. Ross
3115:Resolution
2967:Cunningham
2865:Sagalevich
2554:expedition
2513:Stephenson
2473:C. F. Hall
2460:expedition
2434:J. C. Ross
2397:Heemskerck
2384:North Pole
2288:2012-04-19
2111:2018-04-28
1962:Polar Race
1943:29 January
1894:29 January
1742:2012-04-19
1716:2012-04-19
1678:2019-12-19
1650:2017-02-06
1571:2012-07-03
1546:5 February
1454:2010.11033
1421:2019-12-18
1398:References
1324: (
1305:72°37′12″W
1302:80°22′12″N
1221:true north
1209:navigation
1149: (
1127:78°35′42″N
1102:Polar Race
1086: (
1064:78°35′42″N
1055:theodolite
996: (
974:83°57′00″N
953: (
820:Top Secret
739:See also:
638: (
616:64°04′52″S
597: (
575:64°25′55″S
556: (
534:64°39′40″S
515: (
493:64°54′36″S
467: (
445:86°29′38″N
426: (
404:85°01′12″N
385: (
363:80°58′19″N
344: (
322:78°05′42″N
251: (
229:86°24′00″N
211: (
167: (
127: (
80:elongation
5457:Astronomy
5381:Tolstikov
5167:Discovery
5137:HMS
5122:HMS
5104:Adventure
5102:HMS
5087:HMS
5023:Tolstikov
4744:Endurance
4529:Antarctic
4514:Drygalski
4487:Discovery
4480:Discovery
4441:Arctowski
4354:HMS
4327:HMS
4321:Abernethy
4309:HMS
4287:USS
4274:Vincennes
4272:USS
4252:Astrolabe
4192:San Telmo
4173:Adventure
4171:HMS
4156:HMS
4151:Kerguelen
4113:Continent
4098:Antarctic
3975:Urvantsev
3933:Vilkitsky
3786:Jeannette
3784:USS
3776:Jeannette
3740:Weyprecht
3718:Pakhtusov
3668:Chichagov
3661:D. Laptev
3604:Permyakov
3579:Stadukhin
3574:Perfilyev
3551:Mangazeya
3489:H. Larsen
3454:Rasmussen
3409:HMS
3380:USS
3329:HMS
3316:HMS
3280:Collinson
3270:HMS
3262:HMS
3240:HMS
3188:HMS
3173:HMS
3158:HMS
3143:Mackenzie
3130:Discovery
3128:HMS
3113:HMS
3085:Discovery
3064:Frobisher
3027:Rasmussen
2940:Gunnbjörn
2886:Greenland
2815:USS
2806:USS
2678:Ellsworth
2620:Roosevelt
2550:Nansen's
2507:Discovery
2505:HMS
2492:HMS
2439:Abernethy
2407:Marmaduke
2086:25 August
2063:25 August
2037:25 August
2027:"Compass"
1964:organiser
1479:218513160
1375:imprinted
1179:James May
782:in 1947.
725:pole star
719:), or to
670:compasses
271:antipodal
69:antipodal
5393:A. Fuchs
5350:V. Fuchs
5330:McKinley
5293:E. Evans
5252:Bjaaland
5247:Amundsen
5197:Marshall
5110:Furneaux
4962:V. Fuchs
4926:E. Ronne
4921:F. Ronne
4860:Ritscher
4714:SY
4702:Filchner
4646:Framheim
4640:Amundsen
4446:Racoviță
4431:Amundsen
4426:Lecointe
4295:Ringgold
4289:Porpoise
4179:Furneaux
4015:Shevelev
3970:Begichev
3949:Amundsen
3911:Nagórski
3889:Brusilov
3883:Sv. Anna
3797:Melville
3767:Palander
3723:Tsivolko
3683:Sannikov
3678:Billings
3621:Chirikov
3540:Barentsz
3482:St. Roch
3473:Bartlett
3447:Amundsen
3431:Sverdrup
3331:Resolute
3220:Franklin
3148:Kotzebue
3015:Sverdrup
2998:Scoresby
2972:Lindenov
2823:Plaisted
2808:Nautilus
2753:Shirshov
2727:Belyakov
2722:Baydukov
2696:Nautilus
2658:Amundsen
2618:SS
2577:Sverdrup
2572:Johansen
2542:Brainard
2537:Lockwood
2392:Barentsz
2262:19 April
2256:BBC News
2242:19 April
2217:19 April
2201:19 April
2011:19 April
2005:Top Gear
1914:BBC News
1381:See also
1106:Resolute
934:110°48′W
900:towards
866:—
792:Cold War
701:Murmansk
655:Polarity
640:SMP 2020
599:SMP 2010
558:SMP 2000
517:SMP 1990
469:NMP 2020
428:NMP 2010
387:NMP 2000
346:NMP 1990
192:131°00′W
148:117°48′W
108:110°48′W
38:attract.
5493:Science
5445:Weather
5419:Portals
5398:Messner
5345:Hillary
5325:Balchen
5273:Polheim
5267:Wisting
5145:Crozier
5117:Weddell
5095:J. Cook
5065:Kapitsa
5046:Fiennes
4988:Klenova
4957:Hillary
4907:Ketchum
4833:BANZARE
4808:·
4653:Polheim
4619:Shirase
4605:Charcot
4415:Belgica
4334:Crozier
4246:Morrell
4241:Weddell
4219:Lazarev
4164:J. Cook
4118:History
4068:Arktika
4044:Krassin
4029:Voronin
4001:Schmidt
3987:Ushakov
3926:Vaygach
3894:Albanov
3863:Rusanov
3844:Kolchak
3839:Matisen
3813:Makarov
3792:De Long
3693:Wrangel
3673:Lyakhov
3626:Malygin
3584:Dezhnev
3411:Pandora
3382:Advance
3349:Kennedy
3344:Belcher
3337:Kellett
3324:McClure
3248:Beechey
3242:Blossom
3235:Simpson
3203:Crozier
3196:Hoppner
3153:J. Ross
3121:J. Cook
3069:Gilbert
2962:J. Hall
2928:Ingólfr
2918:Naddodd
2912:Vikings
2899:Brendan
2894:Pytheas
2882:Iceland
2836:Arktika
2828:Herbert
2793:Badygin
2763:Krenkel
2748:Papanin
2717:Chkalov
2703:Wilkins
2668:Wisting
2612:F. Cook
2518:Markham
2478:Bessels
2467:Polaris
2458:Polaris
2429:J. Ross
2412:Carolus
2360:History
2236:CNN.com
1985:21 July
1920:12 June
1871:. NOAA.
1488:Alt URL
1459:Bibcode
1335:, over
1205:compass
1171:BBC Two
1114:Nunavut
1016:diurnal
931:81°18′N
902:Siberia
721:Polaris
709:Starkad
679:History
661:magnets
189:84°54′N
145:83°06′N
105:81°18′N
82:in the
63:. The
5308:Bowers
5303:Wilson
5262:Hassel
5257:Helmer
5226:Mackay
5216:Mawson
5181:Nimrod
5139:Terror
5124:Erebus
5051:Burton
4846:Rymill
4722:Mawson
4716:Aurora
4695:Lashly
4680:Wilson
4583:Nimrod
4560:Scotia
4367:Murray
4342:Cooper
4329:Terror
4311:Erebus
4280:Wilkes
4231:Palmer
4199:Vostok
4146:Bouvet
4070:-class
4050:Gakkel
3918:Taymyr
3899:Konrad
3868:Kuchin
3806:Yermak
3713:Lavrov
3631:Ovtsyn
3616:Bering
3594:Ivanov
3557:Hudson
3519:Pomors
3496:Cowper
3461:Karluk
3360:Isabel
3354:Bellot
3304:Austin
3272:Terror
3264:Erebus
3160:Griper
3136:Clerke
3096:Baffin
3079:Hudson
3010:Nansen
2923:Garðar
2844:Barneo
2711:ANT-25
2687:Italia
2663:Nobile
2632:Henson
2591:Amedeo
2567:Nansen
2532:Greely
2402:Hudson
2340:Arctic
1794:
1702:
1607:
1511:
1477:
1371:mantle
1361:where
1281:magnet
1262:dipole
800:Arctic
794:, the
747:, and
723:, the
180:Arctic
5469:Stars
5388:Crary
5335:Dufek
5298:Oates
5288:Scott
5221:David
5202:Adams
5173:Barne
4994:Mirny
4983:Somov
4793:Quest
4690:Crean
4675:Scott
4554:Bruce
4508:Gauss
4501:Gauss
4375:Jason
4362:Nares
4236:Davis
4213:Mirny
4186:Smith
4141:Roché
4061:Lenin
3981:Sadko
3906:Wiese
3851:Sedov
3822:Zarya
3745:Payer
3708:Litke
3703:Anjou
3636:Minin
3599:Vagin
3589:Popov
3562:Poole
3417:Young
3230:Dease
3175:Hecla
3166:Parry
3091:Bylot
3074:Davis
3049:Cabot
3022:Peary
3004:Jason
2991:Egede
2905:Papar
2817:Skate
2798:Wiese
2778:NP-37
2771:NP-36
2651:Norge
2639:Sedov
2627:Peary
2585:Jason
2500:Nares
2494:Alert
2449:Hayes
2417:Parry
2355:Ocean
1624:NP.xy
1475:S2CID
1449:arXiv
1367:magma
1285:south
1256:As a
1116:, in
697:Latin
308:2020
296:Year
281:poles
5320:Byrd
5241:Fram
5192:Wild
4874:Marr
4840:BGLE
4827:Byrd
4755:Wild
4634:Fram
4436:Cook
3957:AARI
3942:Maud
3829:Toll
3754:Vega
3440:Gjøa
3425:Fram
3388:Kane
3225:Back
3190:Fury
3181:Lyon
3103:Munk
2742:NP-1
2644:Byrd
2561:Fram
2552:Fram
2444:Kane
2283:NASA
2264:2012
2244:2012
2219:2012
2203:2012
2088:2018
2065:2018
2039:2018
2013:2012
1987:2019
1945:2014
1922:2008
1896:2014
1792:ISBN
1700:ISBN
1605:ISBN
1548:2019
1509:ISBN
1100:The
1053:and
851:and
659:All
289:IGRF
42:The
5017:3rd
5003:2nd
4977:1st
4810:IGY
4806:IPY
3396:Fox
3292:Rae
2858:Mir
2834:NS
2163:KML
1467:doi
1057:at
182:at
98:at
94:in
5505::
3922:/
2281:.
2275:.
2254:.
2234:.
2193:.
2128:.
2096:^
2055:.
2029:.
2003:.
1978:.
1912:.
1821:^
1778:^
1751:^
1734:.
1671:.
1659:^
1638:.
1556:^
1507:.
1503:.
1473:.
1465:.
1457:.
1445:13
1443:.
1439:.
1414:.
1177:,
1112:,
1097:.
964:.
770:.
743:,
262:.
5421::
4399:"
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