1570:
737:
2199:(Basque-medium schools) are recognized as educational establishments, with an association model, although they don't receive any state aid. Professors in the ikastolas are under the responsibility of the French Education Ministry. In 2000, the Basque-French federation of ikastolas, Seaska, decided to end negotiations with the French educational administration to integrate ikastolas into the public education system of France, since the conditions it set did not guarantee their education model. Currently, the ikastolas are financed largely by the parents in a cooperative system and by various activities organized in favor of Basque, such as
79:
1581:
3412:
713:
31:
67:
1900:
725:
486:(a BĂ©arnese community during the Ancien RĂ©gime) is usually included on the list of Souletin populations, since its population is historically Basque-speaking. However, it became part of BĂ©arn and has not requested admission into the Councils of the French Basque Country. Soule is divided between the districts of Bayonne and Oloron-Sainte-Marie, where the majority of its communes are located. These 35 Souletin communes of the
2124:), but conservative in its lexicon and morphology. Souletin relies on a written literary tradition of great importance, but something worth noting is the oral tradition, since ancient ballads and songs have been passed on from generation to generation up until current times, being rescued by musicians and singer-songwriters in the second half of the 20th century. The Soule people have a firm popular theatre tradition, and
2353:
1958:(French-Basque), 8.6% were French speakers who understand Basque, and 68.9% were not Basque speakers. But the results were very different in the three zones. In the inner land (Lower Navarre and Soule), 66.2% speak or understand Basque. In the coast (Labourd), the figure stands at 36.9%. And in the B.A.B. urban zone (Bayonne- Anglet-Biarritz), only 14.2% speak or understand Basque (20% of B.A.B. can speak or understand
90:
47:
3320:
2470:"The first words written in Basque are those found in the Basque-Aquitanian and Pyrenean funerary stelae from Roman times (1st century). They could be names of gods and goddesses: sembe > seme (son), anderex > andere (lady), cison > gizon (man), nescato > neskato (girl)...although at present they correspond to common names in our vocabulary" (translated from Basque)
623:, according to the French administrative category, in accordance with the laws called: the Pasqua Law (LOADT) from 4 February 1995, and the Voynet Law (LOADDT) from 25 June 1999. These are based on the notion of a country in the traditional sense, as a society belonging to a place, culture, etc., promoting the organization and development of the territory in a global manner.
2156:) have official recognition in France. According to the second article of the French Constitution, "the language of the Republic is French" and, despite many attempts to add "with respect to regional languages that are a part of our patrimony" to the text by 44 deputies in 2006, the proposal was denied by 57 votes against the 44 votes in favor.
2181:). Article 21 of the Toubon Law states that the establishments made with this law will not be applied with prejudice of the norm and legislation corresponding to the regional languages of France, and that such a law does not go against the use of those languages. But that article lacks usefulness, because no legislation or norm exists for the
2207:(Popular Step), which Basque speakers in Spain and France attend to do a walk for solidarity. Thanks to the participation of individuals, companies, and communities, Herri Urrats, in collaboration with Seaska, has allowed for the opening of 20 elementary schools, three highschools and an institution for secondary education since 1984.
1817:, 1887), the only institution that still spoke to the people in their language. This could not prevent the Basque language from further receding, it becoming confined to local and domestic circles. In 1914, Basque ceased to be the trading language used by the local middle- and higher-class customers at the Mauleon marketplace (Soule).
1624:
and the following national assemblies in Paris rejected the imposition of an alien political-administrative design, regarding the events with a blend of disbelief and indignation. The brothers Garat, representatives of
Labourd, defended against a hostile audience the specificity of their province and
2170:
In the French State (Labourd, Lower
Navarre, and Soule provinces). With the constitutional reform of 1992, France declared French the language of the Republic. Although Article 2.1 the Constitution proclaims the beginning of equality, it only recognizes legal protection for French, leaving the rest
2119:
dialects are the dialects that have conserved the largest number of archaisms due to their geographical location, but at the same time, they had the greatest influence from other languages (Mitxelena). This is why
Souletin is considered innovative with regards to its phonology (influenced mainly by
1375:
All vacant land, forests, and waters under this
Viscounty belonged to the King and everyone had the right to use them, whether they were nobles or not. Nobles did not have any feudal rights and justice rested solely in the hands of the King. The Biltzar, the only existing assembly, was in charge of
1965:
On the coast, where the largest cities are located, the predominant language is French, for example, in the
Bayonne-Anglet-Biarritz agglomeration, Basque is spoken by 10% of the population. However, in the rural interior of the Northern Basque Country, Basque is the predominant language, spoken by
1935:
Neither Basque nor any of the other regional languages in France, such as
Catalan, Breton or Occitan, have official recognition in France. According to the second article of the French Constitution, "the language of the Republic is French", and, despite several attempts to add "with respect to the
368:
is conventionally considered part of
Labourd, but it stopped belonging to it in the 13th century. A few municipalities are considered a part of Lapurdi and are a part of the "Council of the Elected" and the "Council of the Development of the French Basque Country" but did not belong the historic
2020:
The literary tradition in the French Basque
Country, especially in Labourd, has had great importance in the history of the Basque language. The first Basque writers on that side of the Pyrenees took the language from the Labourd coast as their base language for literature, more specifically the
686:
In 2012, the French government proposed the creation of a single commonwealth for all of the towns in French Basque
Country, under two conditions: being approved by at least half of the 158 communes in the historic territory, and that at least half of the nearly 300,000 residents be represented
2214:
and the members of the
Department of Public Works of the French Basque Country signed the protocols that allowed the collaboration between the various Basque organisms and institutions to encourage a linguistic policy on both sides of the Spanish-French border; the Public Institution of Basque
2016:
or Mixe Country region and the Soule province, where a dialect with great cohesion and defined traits can be found: Souletin. In Zuazo's opinion, this may be due to the fact that this territory has been separated administratively from the other two, and that the differences in speech have been
1174:, placing them under the direct control of the sovereign, while the rest of their territories were organized into autonomous entities led by powerful officials of the kingdom: counts, dukes, patricians, and vice chancellors, in accordance with the Merovingian tradition of decentralizing power.
1864:
Over the last 200 years, the territory has shown a slow demographic rise: 126,493 (in 1801); 162,365 (1851); 226,749 (1979) (79% in Labourd, 13% in Lower Navarre, 8% in Soule); 259,850 (1990) (81%; 13%; 6% respectively); 262,000 (1999 census). On 29 January 1997 the area was made an official
2429:, made the first classification of the dialects in the nineteenth century based solely on linguistic criteria. He made four different classifications. The definitive classification was collected in his work "Le verbe basque en tableaux", where he differentiated eight dialects:
1756:), and Royalists (traditional Catholics), with the latter eventually prevailing in the area. Shepherding and small-scale mining and agriculture were the main economic activities, and were accompanied by the increased presence of customs officials, both locals and non-Basques.
1673:
The Basques started to be forcibly recruited for the French army, with large numbers of youths in turn deciding to run away or defect among allegations of mistreatment, so starting a trend of exile and emigration to the Americas that was to last for more than a century.
1319:, a stable and long-lasting ecclesiastic organization was established in the region. The most important trails leading to Santiago pass through the region, and this greatly influenced the development of the trails and the villas in the territory up to the present day.
1841:
or the Americas. However, war took a heavy toll; 6,000 died at the front, equivalent to 3% of the French Basque population. It also produced strengthened the notion in the Basque psyche that it is an integral part of the French nation, fostered by the above weekly
1469:, gives a rough description of the extent of Basque at the time: The language comprised all the provinces now known as Basque Country "and so many other places". After Axular's accomplished book, other Basque writing authors followed suit, especially in
2033:. The language has evolved in the literary plane from classical Labourd dialect used by writers in the Sare School, to the literary Navarro-Lapurdian dialect, a sort of Basque unified in the French Basque Country made concrete by a grammar book by
1076:, demonstrate. In the north of what is now French Basque Country, these (toponyms) become more frequent: e.g., Loupiac and Gaillan. However, in the southeast of the territory, the less Romanized area, toponyms with Basque suffixes are abundant:
2652:
2625:
2185:. In order to give the Basque language legal recognition, it would be necessary to modify the Constitution of the Republic. French speakers of Basque do not then have any recognized linguistic rights. And thus no guaranteed linguistic rights.
2171:
of the languages of the Republic in a state/environment of tolerance. Other legal texts that strengthen the status of French are Law 75-1349, from 31 December 1975, and the law that replaced it, Law 94-665, from 4 August 1994, known as the
561:), the most populated urban space in the territory. It is the political capital of its subprefecture and economic capital of the largest region, which includes the French Basque country and the south of Landes. Other important places are
455:
canton) has usually not been considered a part of Lower Navarre, even though it belonged to Navarre during the Ancien RĂ©gime. Additionally, it has not entered the Councils of the French Basque Country. Lower Navarre is located within the
2653:"Loi n° 99-533 du 25 juin 1999 d'orientation pour l'aménagement et le développement durable du territoire et portant modification de la loi n° 95-115 du 4 février 1995 d'orientation pour l'aménagement et le développement du territoire"
1625:
that of the Basques, putting forward instead the establishment of a Basque department. However, eventually the brothers Garat from Labourd voted for the new design out of hopes to get a say in future political decisions. In 1790, the
694:, was created: an intercommunal cooperation movement (EPCI), which promotes a greater level of autonomy, with the French administrative categorization as an official territorial administrative structure with greater abilities than a
1701:, General Moncey forced the removal of Pinet and Cavaignac, who had managed to have a falling out with the Gipuzkoans. Due to this, they threw themselves into a desperate guerilla war, an antecedent to that of 1808. On July 22, the
673:(Chamber of Agriculture for the Basque Country), was created as a house for the representation and promotion of the interests of livestock farmers and agriculturists of the French Basque Country, promoted by the agrarian union,
1985:) spoken in this region since before the Roman era, does not have official status but it does have some acknowledgement, so that it can be studied in school and be used as a secondary language by the institutions in the area.
1763:
in 1864 (Mauleon in 1880), increasing the flow of freight and people from outside the Basque Country, resulting in the growth of the non-Basque population especially on the coast, with Biarritz the most noteworthy case, in a
1832:
thrived on their shipbuilding and steel processing industry supplying the European war effort, continental Basques under the age of 49 were required to travel to the front in north-east France. From the beginning and as the
2332:
for most administrative entities, it does have its own Chamber of Commerce (the CCI Bayonne-Pays-Basque) and a distinct economy with a pole of competences around the boardsports industry including companies such as
1522:. He believed women had a sinful nature, and that they were so dangerous that one judge alone could not judge a woman because men are weak. He said that a tribunal made up of several men was necessary to do so.
646:
is an association that groups political posts such as regional councilors, general councilors and mayors of the French Basque Country, from both political spectrums, whose goal is to achieve the division of the
1483:
2570:
3165:
2012:), whose delimitations don't correspond to the three Basque provinces. The spoken languages of Labourd and Lower Navarre are part of a linguistic continuum without established borders. It ends in the
1666:
even declaring that "fanaticism speaks Basque", an indiscriminate mass-deportation of civilians followed resulting in the expulsion from their homes of thousands and a death toll of approx. 1,600 in
611:
A slow but continuous French institutional evolution has been produced as a response to the historical claims of the French Basque Country. By an order from 29 January 1997 from the prefect of the
2678:
1280:
detached from the Franks and became the independent commander of Vasconia, but got involved in the Carolingian dynastic wars over succession after taking over Bordeaux (844), supporting the young
1386:
that administered the collective goods of each parish existed. In 1215, Bayonne separated from Labourd, ruling from that moment on through its council. From the end of the 12th century until the
1394:
was the capital of Labourd. Bayonne continued to be the economic hub of the area until the 19th century. However, above all, it was the port of Navarre that connected it to the North of Europe.
753:
The oldest human remains that are known of in the territory of the current French Basque Country are approximately 150,000 years old. Some houses have been found on the terraces of the river
1551:
and Bayonne in 1449 and 1451 respectively, Labourd and Soule were under the domain of the French crown. When Henry III of Navarre took the French throne at the end of the 16th century (as
1503:
The 16th century was probably the most tragic for the inhabitants of the French Basque Country in its history. The recurring French-Spanish conflict between 1512 and 1659 and the
2132:
reflect this. The plays are performed by entire towns, who turn into an instrument for the reaffirmation of Souletin identity, which has suffered a worrying demographic decline.
1720:, with large numbers further departing to the Americas in search for a better life. In Soule, the emigration trend was mitigated by the establishment circa 1864 of a flourishing
3265:
632:
and more specifically of a Basque department, has been a constant element during that last decades in elected posts for the main political parties, with representation from the
1716:. As of 1814, traditional cross-Pyrenean trade fell conspicuously, starting a period of economic stagnation. Eventually, trade across the Pyrénées border was cut off after the
2041:, and it currently survives as an unrecognized version of unified Basque. In other words, it is a unified Basque with lexical and morphological elements unique to the region.
2766:
1569:
3189:
228:), with 785 km (303 sq mi). The population included in the Basque Municipal Community amounts to 309,723 inhabitants distributed in 158 municipalities.
2517:
2578:
679:. Initially, this institution wasn't recognised, and its function was illegal. Now, its function is regulated and receives subventions from the Regional Council of
447:, did not belong to Navarre although it is also a part of the Council of Elects and the Council of the Development of the French Basque Country. On the other hand,
171:
1234:
that broke up during the 8th to 9th centuries, following the Carolingian expansion, the pressure of Norman raids, and introduction of feudalism. At this time, the
1681:
against revolutionary France. At first, French Basque Country stayed at the margins of the conflict, since Spain stayed neutral, but in 1793, France declared
431:
belong to Lower Navarre and are a part of the Council of Elects and the Council of the Development of the French Basque Country. They were dependent on the
266:. It is a popular tourist destination and is somewhat distinct from neighbouring parts of the southern Basque Country, since it was not industrialized as
2682:
1312:
The evangelization of the territory that today comprises French Basque Country was slow and precarious. Beginning in the 9th century, and in part due to
815:
era, humans began to live outside of caves, despite the fact that these were still used until a much later date. Also, during this era, the artefacts of
337:
The French Basque Country included three pre-existing historic territories before the departmental division of France in 1789, with a few modifications:
1309:, interpreted as meaning "the limit of Vasconia" or "prominence of Vasconia" (on account of its location on a hill overlooking the plains of Vasconia).
2897:
2044:
The Navarro-Lapurdian dialect and Souletin have common characteristics that distinguish them from other Basque dialects, such as the pronunciation of
658:
The Council of the Development of the French Basque Country was created in 1994, and in 1995 the Council of the Elected of the French Basque Country (
3351:
2376:
691:
2753:
3411:
2777:
1495:
by Pierre Etxeberri. However, during the 17 and 18th century, that activity saw a gradual decline as the English took over from the Basques.
2298:
The Northern Basque Country has 29,759 companies, 107 companies for 1,000 inhabitants and an annual growth of 4.5% (between 2004 and 2006).
3247:
3146:
1936:
regional languages that are part of our heritage" by 44 deputies in 2006, the proposal was rejected by 57 votes against and 44 in favor.
3277:
2541:
2491:
2013:
1434:
After the conquest of Upper Navarre by Castile in 1512â21, the still independent north Pyrenean part of Navarre took the lead of the
1351:
in 1023 with its capital in Bayonne, which gave vassals to the King and Queen of Navarre until 1193. The area became disputed by the
1518:. He burned around 200 women, children and priests by forcing them to confess through torture. Pierre de Lancre was responsible for
1211:, Galactorio, up until 580, while Gregory of Tours wrote about the incursions Duke Austrobald faced in 587 after the defeat of Duke
3324:
652:
260:
2792:
2318:
17:
1654:
The three Basque provinces were then shaken by traumatic events after the intervention of the French Convention Army during the
1525:
However, after overcoming the disasters suffered, a sort of renaissance was lived during the 17th century. Among other things,
1327:
The lands to the south of the Adour became Labourd, encompassing initially a bigger region than the later territory around the
3379:
3344:
3197:
3098:
2992:
2938:
487:
299:
189:
1454:
became King of France but kept Navarre as a formally independent state until 1620â24, when this separation was suppressed.
1250:
exercised better military control over the area, including better tax collection and judicial administration, placing Duke
2702:
1193:, armed incursions and confrontations with Merovingian potentates were frequent during the last third of the 6th century.
2599:
1111:
After the Germanic invasions that caused the fall of the Roman Empire, the ancient province began to be referred to as
704:, and that is made up of a union of ten commonwealths and 157 of the 159 Basque communes, plus one BĂ©arnese community.
3081:
736:
1677:
The mutual hostility and lack of trust between the new regime and the European monarchies led to the creation of the
1564:
1372:
agreed to divide the country, Labourd remaining under Angevin sovereignty and Lower Navarre under Navarrese control.
870:, but by the end of the 3rd century, when use of the name Aquitania was extended to cover the region up to the river
382:
378:
3461:
3337:
2714:
2239:
political movement going back to 1963 with the Embata movement (outlawed in 1974), followed up during the 2000s by
1811:
of the Pyrenees had an impact in the French Basque Country, especially in church-related circles (periodicals like
1265:
was created. By the end of the 9th century, Guillermo Sanchez was named the duke of all Vascons. Some years later,
633:
428:
3290:
3190:
Fourth Sociolinguistic Survey. 2006: Basque Autonomous Community, Northern Basque Country, Navarre, Basque Country
1616:
to discuss problems of state. This assembly united the three estates: nobles, clerics, and the common people (the
626:
The creation of an institution of greater substance than what was represented by the geographical organization of
3361:
2108:
took into account the four centuries of literary tradition of this region when it began the unification project.
2026:
1266:
424:
331:
35:
687:
within this historic territory. After a process of municipal meetings, on 2 May 2016, both conditions were met.
2967:
1129:
from the 6th century, and was differentiated from the trans-Pyrenean territories that later chroniclers in the
1770:
type of settlement (Manex Goihenetxe, Eneko Bidegain). Upper-class tourism gained momentum from 1854 onwards (
1807:(Anton Abbadia), followed by several more editions up to 1897. Other political and cultural events in fellow
1555:), Lower Navarre was incorporated into the French Royal patrimony (becoming the King of France and Navarre).
1166:. After Clovis I's death in 511, the heirs to his throne consolidated their northern possessions centered on
2904:
2045:
1911:
3221:
2182:
2141:
1804:
1686:
786:
651:
department into Basque and BĂ©arnese departments respectively (24 of the existing mainland departments have
1697:
went to Spain to manage conquered territory, courting the possibility of annexing it to France. After the
3166:"Celebration of Herri Urrats, traditional festival to help Basque language schools in the Basque Country"
2230:
2125:
966:
389:(which was united administratively to Lapurdi in 1763 but seceded judicially from the Seneschal of Came (
2746:
1277:
159:
1299:
and written Latin and was increasingly confined to the lands around the Pyrénées. Since 963, the town
176:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2329:
2244:
2034:
2003:
1626:
1474:
781:
inhabited this area. At the beginning they lived in the open air and later in caves, like the one in
648:
612:
457:
394:
307:
295:
287:
283:
155:
71:
2626:"Loi n° 95-115 du 4 février 1995 d'orientation pour l'aménagement et le développement du territoire"
1613:
1531:
1273:
1226:
in the late 4th and 5th centuries, the area was eventually incorporated as part of the independent
637:
1940:
1154:
made with Rome, but they were forced to leave in 507 as a consequence of their defeat against the
83:
3421:
3370:
2861:
2442:
2438:
1838:
1808:
1694:
1621:
1504:
1439:
1258:
set out on a campaign to repress the Vascon inhabitants that eventually led to their submission.
1061:
762:
580:
444:
240:
39:
232:
78:
2422:
2272:
2057:
1850:
1729:
1713:
1316:
3329:
1890:
1352:
2778:
Orden nÂș 64-2016-07-13-015, publicado el 13 de julio de 2016 (en francĂ©s, pĂĄginas de 41 a 54)
2549:
2166:
Below is an extract from the report of the Observatory of Linguistic Rights of Euskal Herria:
1982:
1705:
was signed and the conflict ended, giving rise to a period of relative peace and prosperity.
1682:
1597:
1416:
1340:
1281:
1126:
701:
303:
1783:
549:
originate, is a part of the Biarritz-Anglet-Bayonne agglomeration community (BAB) alongside
2240:
1601:
1580:
1366:
1359:
1194:
854:, he found all the region south and west of the Garonne inhabited by a people known as the
1526:
1163:
8:
1978:
1698:
1689:
led the French to a counterattack in June 1794, expelling the Spanish, and even entering
1655:
1642:
1609:
1519:
1420:
1155:
1131:
1100:
1001:
859:
803:
The most well-known object found is a bird bone with three holes in it in the shape of a
432:
374:
2056:
influence and became extinct on the Labourd coast around the 19th century, according to
1962:). The proportion of French-Basque bilinguals fell from 26.4% in 1996 to 22.5% in 2006.
1875:, i.e., a representative body promoting several activities, but without its own budget.
1725:
590:
3209:
2828:
2816:
2403:
2398:
2236:
2053:
1749:
1709:
1552:
1478:
1451:
1415:, though at times also it admitted a certain Angevin overlordship. With the end of the
1408:
1313:
1235:
770:
205:
2789:
1663:
452:
3193:
3094:
2988:
2963:
2934:
2434:
2381:
2276:
2268:
2248:
2211:
2160:
2030:
1775:
1745:
1717:
1593:
1387:
1355:
1227:
790:
712:
562:
3055:
3030:
1426:
640:, and nationalist parties. 64% of Basque-French mayors support such a creation. The
2458:
2386:
2306:
2290:('the Northerners') used violence to seek independence. It disbanded in the 1990s.
2153:
2145:
2116:
2112:
1834:
1542:
1536:
1515:
1289:
1262:
1122:
867:
497:
113:
2322:
830:(4000â3000 B.C.E.), new techniques for the use of metals and agriculture arrived.
436:
2959:
2796:
2518:"Jean-René Etchegaray élu président de la communauté d'agglomération Pays basque"
2430:
2302:
2149:
2121:
2067:
2049:
2038:
1974:
1959:
1854:
1678:
1659:
1447:
1285:
797:
524:
355:
185:
125:
105:
2788:
Adolf Schulten, 1927, Revista Internacional de los Estudios Vascos. RIEV, 18, 2.
1786:) chose to take healing baths at spa resorts and sought to be closer to nature.
1685:. The political situation after the mass-deportation of civilians improved when
1272:
During this period, northern Basques very likely participated in the successive
50:
Northern Basque Country in green. From left to right, the historic provinces of
2310:
2163:
exists at the municipal level for traffic (trilingual in places like Bayonne).
2105:
1884:
1702:
875:
858:, who were not Celtic and are nowadays assumed to have been early Basques (see
774:
310:
in Oloron-Sainte-Marie. Additionally, it includes the following territories in
1837:
wore on, thousands of Basques objected to military service, defected and fled
66:
30:
3455:
3435:
3222:"Euskararen Jatorriari Buruzko Teoriak (Theories about the origin of Basque)"
2358:
2077:
1858:
1336:
1247:
847:
827:
618:
401:
236:
193:
93:
55:
1242:. According to Iñaki Bazån, after the Duchy was created, the Frankish kings
2314:
2285:
2202:
1946:
1800:
1617:
1488:
1458:
1296:
1243:
1043:
977:
863:
3266:"Cinco estatus diferentes para la lengua vasca y los derechos lingĂŒĂsticos
2754:"Iparralde cumple las dos condiciones para la creaciĂłn de la Mancomunidad"
2271:
with a reduced, almost symbolic presence, especially when compared to the
1939:
Basques continue to practice many Basque cultural traditions. The town of
1588:
announcing the outbreak of war and its allegiance to the French war effort
3083:
Lehen mundu gerra "Eskualduna" astekarian [World War I on the Weekly
2858:
De l'année 587 à l'année 589. Gontran, Childebert II et Clotaire II, Rois
2371:
2275:
across the border. Since 2007, they gather around the electoral platform
2052:, it was lost around the 13th century in the Pyrenees territories due to
1989:
1821:
1753:
1647:
1592:
The three Basque provinces still enjoyed considerable autonomy until the
1464:
1300:
1269:
united the duchies of Vasconia and Aquitania (with the Poitiers county).
1198:
935:
907:
820:
778:
724:
717:
2279:, typically earning roughly 15% of the votes in the district elections.
2037:
in the 1940s. In many ways, it is considered one of the predecessors of
1899:
1099:, such as Biscarrosse and Almandoz, for example; some inscriptions have
2832:
2334:
2172:
1744:
The mid-1800s were years of decay and yearning for the time before the
1721:
1255:
812:
263:
2600:"Carte interactive des communes du pays Basque - Pyrénées-Atlantiques"
1629:
department project arrived, uniting the ancient Basque countries with
1620:). Third estate representatives of the Basque provinces attending the
1548:
1491:
and other Basque traditional fisheries. In 1677, it was translated to
1407:) was constituted as an independent viscounty, generally supported by
323:
46:
3252:
3151:
2718:
1955:
1492:
1376:
distributing taxes and charges, and its delegates were chosen by the
1348:
1331:(Errobi) and the coast. In 1020, Gascony ceded its jurisdiction over
1223:
1171:
1145:
973:
956:
843:
766:
680:
2767:
Banatic, pågina oficial de las Mancomunidades francesas (en francés)
1796:
3384:
3294:
2790:
Las referencias sobre los Vascones hasta el año 810 después de J.C.
2679:"Electos de Iparralde votan a favor de la Colectividad Territorial"
2492:"Abian da Euskal Elkargoa [The Basque Community kicks off]"
2426:
2366:
2196:
1993:
1825:
1779:
1690:
1596:
suppressed it radically, as it did elsewhere in France, eventually
1573:
1511:
1435:
1391:
1208:
1167:
1159:
1053:
997:
990:
893:
855:
839:
816:
782:
550:
483:
315:
271:
256:
248:
3389:
3248:"ParĂs dice que hacer oficial el euskera ataca la unidad francesa"
3147:"ParĂs dice que hacer oficial el euskera ataca la unidad francesa"
2259:
2135:
1630:
1605:
1412:
311:
251:, Basque is spoken), which is the eastern part of the department.
244:
3430:
3401:
2264:
2022:
1760:
1667:
1634:
1477:. In 1579, an important handbook for navigation was published by
1470:
1383:
1332:
1231:
1212:
1064:, as many of the toponyms with Latin or Celtic suffixes, such as
1018:
939:
897:
741:
729:
570:
516:
440:
420:
390:
365:
342:
319:
252:
209:
154:), is a region lying on the west of the French department of the
89:
51:
1543:
Territories of the French Basque Country and the French monarchy
1419:, Labourd and Soule passed to the Crown of France as autonomous
3394:
3359:
3319:
2338:
2129:
1829:
1733:
1638:
1251:
1118:
949:
806:
758:
554:
370:
327:
267:
1992:, there are two dialects spoken in the French Basque Country:
3440:
2987:(2nd ed.). Pamplona-Iruñea, Spain: Pamiela. p. 23.
2392:
1824:
when they were drafted to the front. While across the border
1771:
1510:
On the other hand, the accusations made in the Parliament of
1443:
1398:
1239:
1216:
1203:
1032:
1022:
1011:
914:
871:
754:
600:
464:
448:
219:
59:
2739:
1230:
in 602, a mixed ethnic polity stretching south of the river
1148:
moved to the region in accordance with a federation pact or
1736:
too. Others took to smuggling, a rising source of revenue.
1328:
1039:
928:
918:
851:
720:, "This house was made by Betiri Echarte and Aimia Iriarte"
2933:. Donostia-San SebastiĂĄn: Txertoa. pp. 50â53, 70â71.
2856:, ediciĂłn J.-L.-L. BriĂšre, Paris 1823. Tomo II, Libro IX,
1803:
tradition) organized by a scholar of Basque-Irish origin,
2956:
The Revolution in Provincial France: Aquitaine, 1789-1799
2060:), the differences in speech in the grammatical cases of
1637:
bishopric that included the entire department (up to the
477:
414:
386:
359:
3268:- Observatorio de Derechos LingĂŒĂsticos de Euskal Herria
2615:
French page where the country is listed.(Page in French)
2461:. In them he recognized 25 sub-dialects and 50 variants.
2221:) was born due to this accord in French Basque Country.
1295:
At this point, the Basque language was losing ground to
1820:
Basque young men could not avoid becoming entangled in
888:, as a reference to the nine tribes that inhabited it:
732:(including Bayonne), showing a fiscal system of its own
2190:
Observatory of the Linguistic Rights of Euskal Herria
1197:' chronicles cite the clashes with the Frankish king
800:(9,000â14,000 years BP) have been found in Isturits.
2348:
2328:
Although the Northern Basque Country is part of the
1304:
1178:
1136:
1112:
1017:
The Vocates (Vassei or Vocates) in the southeast of
306:. French Basque Country includes all of Bayonne and
3170:
Euskalkultura.com: Basque Heritage Worldwide (BETA)
2871:
2869:
2111:According to the theory of waves or gradients, the
1498:
1254:at the forefront. Later, between 635 and 638, King
274:and remained agricultural and a beach destination.
2715:"Association des Elus pour une Departement Basque"
2542:"Aujourd'hui, 10 intercommunalités en Pays Basque"
1739:
1487:, offering guidance and useful landmarks found in
231:It is delimited in the north by the department of
2982:
2092:used in speech on the other side of the Bidasoa (
606:
445:a sovereign principality during the Ancien RĂ©gime
192:totalling 2,967 km (1,146 sq mi):
3453:
3056:"La economĂa vasca durante el perĂodo 1914-1918"
2953:
2866:
2821:The Dukes in the Regnum Francorum, A.D. 550â751.
3093:. Universities UB/BU and UPV/EHU. p. 652.
2703:El PaĂs Vasco francĂ©s o la pugna de identidades
2136:Recognition of the Basque and Occitan languages
1276:against the Franks, in 778, 812 and 824. Count
838:The present-day territory was inhabited by the
74:, with the French Basque Country in dark green.
2887:(La Historia y los Vascos â Vascon.Galeon.com)
2548:. Communauté Pays Basque. 2015. Archived from
2282:In the 1980s and 1990s, an armed group called
1782:, Hendaye, etc.), as the high nobility (e.g.,
1507:that lasted 30 years sowed terror and misery.
3345:
3158:
1988:According to the current division created by
1748:. The Basques were divided into Republicans,
3192:, Basque Government, Vitoria-Gasteiz, 2008,
3031:"Republicanismo en Euskal Herria: Iparralde"
3020:; Editorial Actas, 2010 Madrid. Pag. 30 a 37
2827:, Vol. 51, No. 3 (Jul., 1976), pp. 381â410.
2283:
2252:
2216:
2200:
2176:
2099:
2093:
2087:
2081:
2071:
2061:
2007:
1997:
1944:
1870:
1846:on the grounds that "God champions France."
1812:
1790:
1765:
1462:
1424:
1402:
1377:
1322:
1094:
1088:
1083:
1077:
804:
695:
674:
668:
659:
641:
627:
616:
594:
584:
574:
544:
538:
515:The most important city in the territory is
501:
491:
490:are a part of a Municipal Commonwealth, the
223:
213:
208:, with 1,284 km (496 sq mi);
133:
2575:MOT, Mission Opérationelle TransfrontaliÚre
1857:and the coast was fortified as part of the
1708:It became a matter of concern discussed by
1514:motivated Labourd in sending the councilor
1188:
1149:
1071:
1065:
1047:
1026:
1005:
984:
960:
943:
922:
901:
879:
532:
259:(BAB) are its chief towns, included in the
218:), with 800 km (310 sq mi);
158:. Since 1 January 2017, it constitutes the
139:
3352:
3338:
2317:, fishing and forestry). This includes an
2178:relative à l'emploi de la langue française
1658:(1793â95). Besides prohibiting the native
1222:After the Basque rebellions against Roman
2377:Communauté d'agglomération du Pays Basque
1645:coasts that disappeared, and part of the
1411:against the pretensions of the Counts of
866:times, the region was initially known as
846:, tribal divisions of the Aquitani. When
823:, and raising livestock were discovered.
615:, a "Basque Country" was recognized as a
168:Communauté d'Agglomeration du Pays Basque
3079:
2928:
2515:
2017:intensified by the lack of interaction.
1853:, the French Basque Country was part of
1579:
1568:
1539:wrote the first printed text in Basque.
1261:In the 8th century, a second autonomous
1238:was created, extending around the river
735:
723:
711:
88:
77:
65:
45:
29:
3137:Bidegain, Eneko. 2012, pp. 606, 658-659
2983:Etxegoien (Xamar), Juan Carlos (2009).
1954:According to a 2006 survey, 22.5% were
692:Agglomerate Community of Basque Country
493:Communauté de Communes de Soule-Xiberoa
14:
3454:
1284:to the throne of Aquitaine. He became
373:, which belonged to the department of
3333:
2263:. Some other nationalist parties are
2243:and others. They seek a split of the
589:), the capital of Lower Navarre, and
300:Arrondissement of Oloron-Sainte-Marie
261:Basque Eurocity Bayonne-San SebastiĂĄn
247:(although in the BĂ©arnese village of
188:in the north-east of the traditional
2860:pag. 8. Disponible el 16/11/2006 en
2140:Neither Basque nor any of the other
2106:Royal Academy of the Basque Language
1894:
1752:(but for a nuanced position held by
1547:With the conquest of the castles of
728:French customs system in 1732, with
488:Arondissement of Oloron-Sainte-Marie
2740:"Euskal Herriko Laborantza Ganbara"
1060:The region reached a high level of
661:Association des Ălus du Pays Basque
24:
3119:Bidegain, Eneko. 2012, pp. 562-571
1891:Music in the French Basque Country
748:
369:region of Lapurdi. Among them are
184:It includes three former historic
25:
3473:
3313:
2309:(manufacturing) and 19.3% in the
1633:. The reorganization favored the
1608:, a former sovereign territory).
1565:End of Basque home rule in France
670:Euskal Herriko Laborantza Ganbara
655:than the French Basque Country).
393:). Lapurdi is located within the
3410:
3318:
2351:
1966:the majority of the population.
1898:
1558:
1499:The Renaissance and witch trials
1101:words similar to those in Basque
3283:
3278:Seaska: Les racines de l'avenir
3271:
3259:
3241:
3214:
3203:
3183:
3140:
3131:
3122:
3113:
3073:
3048:
3023:
3016:Sånchez Arreseigor, Juan José:
3010:
3001:
2976:
2947:
2922:
2898:"Joanes Leizarraga Vida Y Obra"
2890:
2878:
2846:
2837:
2810:
2801:
2782:
2771:
2760:
2732:
2707:
2516:Sabathlé, Pierre (2017-01-23).
2464:
2416:
1740:The 19th century to the present
1604:, half-Basque and half-Gascon (
1576:converted into a seaside resort
884:). Its name in Latin means the
796:Many artistic objects from the
332:Canton of Oloron-Sainte-Marie-1
3238:Website in Basque and Spanish.
2696:
2671:
2645:
2618:
2592:
2563:
2534:
2509:
2484:
2301:66.2% of companies are in the
1446:was first translated into the
1382:of the parishes. Furthermore,
1106:
607:Proposed institutional reforms
82:Bilingual French-Basque sign,
13:
1:
3360:Traditional provinces of the
3293:. CCI Bayonne. Archived from
3128:Bidegain, Eneko. 2012, p. 174
2577:. French Govt. Archived from
2477:
1809:Basque districts to the south
478:
415:
360:
27:Region in southwestern France
3007:Bolinaga, Iñigo. 2012, p. 87
2903:. Euskomedia. Archived from
2218:Euskararen Erakunde Publikoa
2183:regional languages of France
2142:regional languages of France
2080:), and the use of the root *
1930:
1728:that attracted workers from
972:The Consorani, who occupied
833:
492:
439:, not dependent on Navarre.
277:
7:
3380:Basque Autonomous Community
2445:(now practically extinct),
2344:
2341:based on the Basque Coast.
2231:Basque Country independence
2224:
983:The Lactorates in Lomagne,
967:Saint-Bertrand-de-Comminges
789:people appeared during the
96:courts are in most villages
10:
3478:
2431:Biscayan (Basque language)
2293:
2228:
2035:Pierres Lafitte Ithurralde
1888:
1882:
1878:
1562:
707:
537:, from which the toponyms
160:Basque Municipal Community
3419:
3408:
3368:
3256:, 22 de diciembre de 2006
3155:, 22 de diciembre de 2006
2954:Forrest, Alan I. (1996).
2305:(services), 14.5% in the
2100:
2094:
2088:
2082:
2004:Navarro-Lapurdian dialect
1969:
1945:
1871:
1835:slaughter of the trenches
1813:
1766:
1520:the witch hunt in Labourd
1473:, a district thriving on
1347:. This monarch made it a
1323:Politics and institutions
1048:
1027:
1006:
985:
961:
944:
923:
902:
896:lived along the coast of
793:(9,000â50,000 years BP).
696:
675:
669:
628:
617:
510:
502:
458:Arrondissement of Bayonne
395:Arrondissement of Bayonne
308:Canton of Montagne Basque
296:Arrondissement of Bayonne
70:The modern department of
3080:Bidegain, Eneko (2012).
2929:Bolinaga, Iñigo (2012).
2409:
1532:Gargantua and Pantagruel
1303:has been referred to as
667:On 15 January 2005, the
204:), until 1789 nominally
164:Euskal Hirigune Elkargoa
3462:Northern Basque Country
3422:Northern Basque Country
3371:Southern Basque Country
3325:Northern Basque Country
3226:Department of Education
3060:Auñamendi Entziklopedia
3035:Auñamendi Entziklopedia
2451:Eastern Lower Navarrese
2447:Western Lower Navarrese
2443:Southern High Navarrese
2439:Northern High Navarrese
1759:The railway arrived at
1695:Jean-Baptiste Cavaignac
1622:Estates-General of 1789
1598:creating the department
1505:French Wars of Religion
1461:, in his literary work
1440:French Wars of Religion
1046:, lived in the city of
690:On 1 January 2017, the
581:Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port
503:Xiberoko Herri Alkargoa
443:, a territory that was
241:Southern Basque Country
122:Northern Basque Country
40:Southern Basque Country
18:Northern Basque Country
3018:Vascos contra NapoleĂłn
2885:Baja Navarra y Zuberoa
2659:. République Française
2632:. République Française
2546:Communauté Pays Basque
2423:Louis Lucien Bonaparte
2284:
2273:Spanish Basque Country
2253:
2217:
2201:
2193:
2177:
2072:
2062:
2058:Louis Lucien Bonaparte
2008:
1998:
1943:is well known for its
1791:
1589:
1577:
1463:
1425:
1403:
1378:
1335:, then also including
1317:Santiago de Compostela
1305:
1189:
1179:
1150:
1137:
1117:according to texts by
1113:
1095:
1089:
1084:
1078:
1072:
1066:
1025:, with its capital in
880:
805:
745:
733:
721:
660:
642:
634:French Socialist Party
595:
585:
575:
566:
558:
545:
539:
533:
528:
520:
473:
469:
410:
406:
351:
347:
286:is divided into three
282:The department of the
239:, in the south by the
224:
214:
201:
197:
167:
163:
134:
129:
117:
109:
97:
86:
75:
63:
43:
3327:at Wikimedia Commons
3306:Invest-PaysBasque.com
2985:The Country of Basque
2313:(mainly agriculture,
2168:
1941:Saint-PĂ©e-sur-Nivelle
1767:colonie de peuplement
1662:for public use, with
1583:
1572:
1563:Further information:
1144:In the year 418, the
1127:Chronicle of Fredegar
773:era (700,000â100,000
739:
727:
715:
531:). The ancient Roman
304:Arrondissement of Pau
235:, in the west by the
102:French Basque Country
92:
84:Saint-PĂ©e-sur-Nivelle
81:
69:
49:
33:
3291:"Invest Pays Basque"
2931:La alternativa Garat
2330:Pyrénées-Atlantiques
2245:Pyrénées-Atlantiques
2241:Abertzaleen Batasuna
1693:. Jacques Pinet and
1452:Henry III of Navarre
1442:. In this time, the
1314:the peregrination to
1288:after submitting to
1274:battles of Roncevaux
1195:Venantius Fortunatus
1121:chroniclers, mainly
955:The Convenae in the
763:Saint-Pierre-d'Irube
716:Stone decoration in
649:Pyrénées-Atlantiques
643:Association des Ălus
613:Pyrénées-Atlantiques
284:Pyrénées-Atlantiques
172:Jean-René Etchegaray
156:Pyrénées-Atlantiques
110:Pays basque français
72:Pyrénées-Atlantiques
3228:. Basque Government
2854:Histoire des Francs
2852:Grégoire de Tours,
2843:(Schulten 1927:234)
2021:triangle formed by
1789:In 1851, the first
1699:fall of Robespierre
1656:War of the Pyrenees
1610:Louis XVI of France
1132:Ravenna Cosmography
900:and Chalosse, near
860:Aquitanian language
700:, but fewer than a
676:Laborarien Batasuna
653:smaller populations
243:and in the east by
170:) presided over by
149:the Northern Region
2919:Article in Spanish
2817:Archibald R. Lewis
2795:2007-09-29 at the
2427:Napoleon Bonaparte
2404:Northern Catalonia
2399:Kingdom of Navarre
2249:French departments
2237:Basque nationalist
1910:. You can help by
1784:Eugénie de Montijo
1710:Napoleon Bonaparte
1590:
1578:
1484:Navigational Pilot
1479:Martin Oihartzabal
1417:Hundred Years' War
1356:Dukes of Aquitaine
1236:County of Vasconia
811:. Moving into the
771:Middle Paleolithic
746:
734:
722:
599:), the capital of
206:Kingdom of Navarre
130:Ipar Euskal Herria
118:PaĂs Vasco francĂ©s
98:
87:
76:
64:
44:
3449:
3448:
3323:Media related to
3198:978-84-457-2777-5
3100:978-84-8438-511-0
2994:978-84-7681-478-9
2940:978-84-7148-530-4
2571:"Basque Eurocity"
2382:Duchy of Vasconia
2277:Euskal Herria Bai
2212:Basque government
2161:bilingual signage
2031:Saint-Jean-de-Luz
1977:, a continuum of
1928:
1927:
1805:Antoine d'Abbadie
1776:Saint-Jean-de-Luz
1746:French Revolution
1718:First Carlist War
1594:French Revolution
1388:French Revolution
1384:parish assemblies
1228:Duchy of Vasconia
1164:battle of Vouillé
1004:with the city of
903:Aquae Tarbellicae
791:Upper Paleolithic
702:French department
567:Donibane Lohizune
563:Saint-Jean-de-Luz
476:, and in Gascon:
16:(Redirected from
3469:
3414:
3354:
3347:
3340:
3331:
3330:
3322:
3307:
3305:
3303:
3302:
3287:
3281:
3275:
3269:
3263:
3257:
3245:
3239:
3237:
3235:
3233:
3218:
3212:
3207:
3201:
3187:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3176:
3162:
3156:
3144:
3138:
3135:
3129:
3126:
3120:
3117:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3107:
3092:
3077:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3067:
3052:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3042:
3027:
3021:
3014:
3008:
3005:
2999:
2998:
2980:
2974:
2973:
2951:
2945:
2944:
2926:
2920:
2918:
2916:
2915:
2909:
2902:
2894:
2888:
2882:
2876:
2875:(BazĂĄn 2006:246)
2873:
2864:
2850:
2844:
2841:
2835:
2814:
2808:
2807:(BazĂĄn 2006:245)
2805:
2799:
2786:
2780:
2775:
2769:
2764:
2758:
2757:
2750:
2744:
2743:
2736:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2726:
2717:. Archived from
2711:
2705:
2700:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2690:
2681:. Archived from
2675:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2649:
2643:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2622:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2596:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2586:
2567:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2557:
2538:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2528:
2513:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2503:
2488:
2471:
2468:
2462:
2420:
2395:, local currency
2389:, a local liquor
2361:
2356:
2355:
2354:
2307:secondary sector
2289:
2256:
2220:
2206:
2195:Since 1994, the
2191:
2180:
2103:
2097:
2091:
2085:
2075:
2065:
2047:
2011:
2001:
1950:
1923:
1920:
1902:
1895:
1874:
1873:
1869:of France named
1816:
1794:
1769:
1750:laicist Jacobins
1516:Pierre de Lancre
1468:
1430:
1406:
1381:
1358:until 1191 when
1308:
1290:Charles the Bald
1286:Duke of Vasconia
1263:Duchy of Gascony
1192:
1182:
1153:
1140:
1123:Gregory of Tours
1116:
1098:
1092:
1087:
1081:
1075:
1069:
1051:
1050:
1030:
1029:
1009:
1008:
988:
987:
964:
963:
947:
946:
926:
925:
921:and the city of
905:
904:
883:
881:Aquitania Tertia
810:
757:, in Ilbarritz (
699:
678:
672:
663:
645:
631:
622:
598:
588:
578:
548:
542:
536:
505:
495:
494:
481:
433:Seneschal of Dax
418:
363:
227:
217:
202:Nafarroa Beherea
186:French provinces
180:
153:
150:
147:
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137:
38:, including the
21:
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2962:. p. 234.
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2797:Wayback Machine
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2303:tertiary sector
2296:
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2192:
2189:
2138:
2050:Koldo Mitxelena
2039:Standard Basque
2009:nafar-lapurtera
1972:
1933:
1924:
1918:
1915:
1908:needs expansion
1893:
1887:
1881:
1855:Occupied France
1742:
1714:Dominique Garat
1703:Treaty of Basel
1679:First Coalition
1664:Bertrand BarĂšre
1660:Basque language
1614:Estates General
1602:Basses-Pyrénées
1584:The periodical
1567:
1561:
1545:
1501:
1448:Basque language
1325:
1306:caput vasconiae
1190:Vasconum saltus
1109:
836:
798:Magdalenian era
751:
749:Prehistoric era
710:
664:) was created.
638:The Republicans
609:
586:Donibane Garazi
513:
453:Salies-de-BĂ©arn
451:(a town in the
292:arrondissements
280:
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2187:
2159:Despite this,
2137:
2134:
2048:(according to
1971:
1968:
1932:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1905:
1903:
1885:Basque culture
1883:Main article:
1880:
1877:
1795:took place in
1741:
1738:
1687:General Moncey
1627:Lower Pyrenees
1560:
1557:
1544:
1541:
1529:published his
1500:
1497:
1450:. Eventually,
1324:
1321:
1138:Spanoguasconia
1108:
1105:
1058:
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876:Novempopulania
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605:
512:
509:
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416:Baisha Navarra
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190:Basque Country
36:Basque Country
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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3436:Lower Navarre
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3297:on 2013-07-23
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3280:(en francés).
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2910:on 2008-12-19
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2755:
2749:
2741:
2735:
2721:on 2007-08-07
2720:
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2710:
2704:
2699:
2685:on 2013-11-07
2684:
2680:
2674:
2658:
2654:
2648:
2631:
2627:
2621:
2605:
2601:
2595:
2581:on 2017-12-10
2580:
2576:
2572:
2566:
2552:on 2017-06-29
2551:
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2359:France portal
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2323:Irouléguy AOC
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2210:In 2003, the
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2086:in front of *
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2018:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
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1986:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1967:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1952:
1951:celebration.
1949:
1948:
1942:
1937:
1922:
1913:
1909:
1906:This section
1904:
1901:
1897:
1896:
1892:
1886:
1876:
1868:
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1860:
1859:Atlantic Wall
1856:
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1615:
1612:summoned the
1611:
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1559:Modern period
1556:
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1475:whale hunting
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1438:party in the
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1337:Lower Navarre
1334:
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1248:Theudebert II
1245:
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1196:
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1187:periphery in
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895:
891:
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882:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
831:
829:
828:Neolithic era
824:
822:
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814:
809:
808:
801:
799:
794:
792:
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784:
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489:
485:
480:
475:
471:
467:
466:
462:
459:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
437:Ancien RĂ©gime
434:
430:
426:
422:
417:
412:
411:Behe Nafarroa
408:
407:Basse-Navarre
404:
403:
402:Lower Navarre
399:
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392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
367:
362:
357:
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349:
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297:
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258:
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250:
246:
242:
238:
237:Bay of Biscay
234:
229:
226:
221:
216:
211:
207:
203:
199:
198:Basse-Navarre
195:
194:Lower Navarre
191:
187:
182:
178:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
136:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
95:
94:Basque pelota
91:
85:
80:
73:
68:
61:
57:
56:Lower Navarre
53:
48:
41:
37:
32:
19:
3420:
3369:
3317:
3299:. Retrieved
3295:the original
3285:
3273:
3261:
3251:
3243:
3230:. Retrieved
3225:
3216:
3205:
3185:
3173:. Retrieved
3169:
3160:
3150:
3142:
3133:
3124:
3115:
3104:. Retrieved
3086:
3082:
3075:
3064:. Retrieved
3062:. EuskoMedia
3059:
3050:
3039:. Retrieved
3037:. EuskoMedia
3034:
3025:
3017:
3012:
3003:
2984:
2978:
2955:
2949:
2930:
2924:
2912:. Retrieved
2905:the original
2892:
2884:
2880:
2857:
2853:
2848:
2839:
2824:
2820:
2812:
2803:
2784:
2773:
2762:
2748:
2734:
2723:. Retrieved
2719:the original
2709:
2698:
2687:. Retrieved
2683:the original
2673:
2661:. Retrieved
2656:
2647:
2634:. Retrieved
2629:
2620:
2607:. Retrieved
2603:
2594:
2583:. Retrieved
2579:the original
2574:
2565:
2554:. Retrieved
2550:the original
2545:
2536:
2525:. Retrieved
2521:
2511:
2500:. Retrieved
2498:. 2017-01-02
2495:
2486:
2466:
2425:, nephew of
2418:
2327:
2315:agribusiness
2300:
2297:
2286:Iparretarrak
2281:
2258:
2234:
2209:
2203:Herri Urrats
2194:
2169:
2165:
2158:
2139:
2110:
2043:
2019:
1987:
1983:Proto-Basque
1973:
1964:
1953:
1947:Herri Urrats
1938:
1934:
1916:
1912:adding to it
1907:
1866:
1863:
1851:World War II
1848:
1843:
1839:to the south
1819:
1801:floral games
1788:
1758:
1743:
1724:industry in
1707:
1683:war on Spain
1676:
1672:
1653:
1646:
1618:third estate
1591:
1585:
1546:
1530:
1524:
1509:
1502:
1489:Newfoundland
1482:
1456:
1433:
1396:
1374:
1368:
1361:
1342:
1326:
1311:
1297:Vulgar Latin
1294:
1278:Sans Sancion
1271:
1267:Guy Geoffroy
1260:
1244:Theuderic II
1221:
1202:
1184:
1176:
1158:led by King
1156:Merovingians
1143:
1130:
1110:
1062:Romanization
1059:
1044:Pays de Buch
978:Saint-Lizier
886:nine peoples
885:
862:). In early
837:
825:
802:
795:
779:Neanderthals
752:
689:
685:
666:
657:
625:
610:
527:and Basque:
514:
463:
400:
377:until 1857,
341:
336:
291:
281:
230:
183:
121:
101:
99:
3175:29 February
2372:Bayonne ham
2254:Pays Basque
2235:There is a
1990:Koldo Zuazo
1872:Pays Basque
1822:World War I
1792:Lore Jokoak
1427:pays d'Ă©tat
1397:Meanwhile,
1379:etxeko-jaun
1345:of Pamplona
1301:Saint-Sever
1199:Chilperic I
1107:Middle Ages
1000:, in lower
936:Bigerriones
826:During the
821:agriculture
718:Armendarits
435:during the
175: [
3301:2008-06-05
3106:2015-05-16
3085:Eskualduna
3066:2015-05-16
3041:2015-05-16
2969:019820616X
2914:2008-01-28
2725:2019-06-10
2689:2019-06-10
2657:LĂ©gifrance
2630:LĂ©gifrance
2604:Geo-market
2585:2017-02-02
2556:2017-02-03
2527:2017-02-02
2502:2017-02-02
2478:References
2335:Quiksilver
2229:See also:
2173:Toubon Law
2068:absolutive
2002:) and the
1979:Aquitanian
1956:bilinguals
1919:March 2012
1889:See also:
1844:Eskualduna
1814:Eskualduna
1799:(restored
1722:espadrille
1586:Eskualduna
1256:Dagobert I
1215:in 574 at
924:Elimberrum
850:conquered
813:Mesolithic
787:Cro-magnon
472:, Basque:
413:, Gascon:
409:, Basque:
350:, Basque:
302:, and the
264:Euroregion
200:; Basque:
166:; French:
3253:El Correo
3152:El Correo
2642:in French
2455:Labourdin
2435:Gipuzkoan
2247:into two
2197:ikastolas
2126:pastorals
2054:Aragonese
1931:Languages
1457:In 1634,
1421:provinces
1369:Lionheart
1349:Viscounty
1343:the Great
1224:feudalism
1213:Bladastes
1172:Austrasia
1146:Visigoths
1103:on them.
974:Couserans
957:Comminges
868:Aquitania
844:Sibulates
834:Antiquity
769:. In the
767:Mouguerre
681:Aquitaine
565:(Basque:
557:(Basque:
519:(French:
468:(French:
405:(French:
346:(French:
288:districts
278:Territory
196:(French:
162:(Basque:
135:Iparralde
3456:Category
3385:Gipuzkoa
3232:5 August
2825:Speculum
2793:Archived
2663:5 August
2636:5 August
2609:5 August
2522:SudOuest
2459:Souletin
2367:Aquitani
2345:See also
2225:Politics
2188:â
2146:Alsatian
2117:Biscayan
2113:Souletin
2078:ergative
1999:zuberera
1994:Souletin
1826:Gipuzkoa
1780:Biarritz
1691:Gipuzkoa
1574:Biarritz
1553:Henry IV
1537:Etxepare
1527:Rabelais
1512:Bordeaux
1436:Huguenot
1392:Ustaritz
1367:Richard
1362:the Wise
1282:Pepin II
1209:Bordeaux
1201:and the
1185:Pyrenean
1183:and the
1180:Wasconia
1168:Neustria
1160:Clovis I
1125:and the
1119:Frankish
1114:Wasconia
1054:Le Teich
1023:Bazadais
1002:Armagnac
998:Elusates
991:Lectoure
962:Lugdunum
894:Tarbelli
856:Aquitani
842:and the
840:Tarbelli
817:ceramics
783:Isturits
775:years BP
551:Biarritz
534:Lapurdum
498:Souletin
484:Esquiule
330:(in the
316:Esquiule
272:Gipuzkoa
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249:Esquiule
42:in Spain
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3402:Navarre
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2756:. Eitb.
2294:Economy
2154:Occitan
2130:masques
2104:). The
2023:Ciboure
2014:Amikuze
1879:Culture
1849:During
1761:Hendaye
1726:Mauleon
1668:Labourd
1635:Bayonne
1549:Mauléon
1471:Labourd
1409:Navarre
1404:Zuberoa
1360:Sancho
1353:Angevin
1341:Sancho
1333:Labourd
1292:(851).
1232:Garonne
1162:at the
1135:called
1049:Lamothe
1028:Cossium
1019:Gironde
986:Lactura
940:Bigorre
917:in the
898:Labourd
742:lauburu
740:Basque
730:Labourd
708:History
591:MauleĂłn
576:Hendaia
571:Hendaye
546:Lapurdi
540:Labourd
521:Bayonne
517:Bayonne
474:Zuberoa
441:Bidache
421:Arancou
391:Bidache
366:Bayonne
354:and in
352:Lapurdi
348:Labourd
343:Labourd
324:GĂ©ronce
320:Aramits
253:Bayonne
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210:Labourd
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114:Spanish
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3395:Biscay
3196:
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2862:bnf.fr
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2144:(like
2122:Gascon
2095:deraut
2083:eradun
2070:) and
2029:, and
1975:Basque
1970:Basque
1960:Gascon
1830:Biscay
1797:Urruña
1734:Aragon
1730:Roncal
1643:Oloron
1639:Lescar
1535:, and
1493:Basque
1481:, the
1459:Axular
1252:Genial
1151:foedus
1093:, and
1079:-ousse
950:Tarbes
848:Caesar
807:txistu
759:Bidart
559:Angelu
555:Anglet
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1606:BĂ©arn
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938:from
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872:Loire
864:Roman
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312:BĂ©arn
245:BĂ©arn
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132:, or
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3234:2021
3194:ISBN
3177:2012
3095:ISBN
2989:ISBN
2964:ISBN
2935:ISBN
2665:2021
2638:2021
2611:2021
2496:EITB
2457:and
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2128:and
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1246:and
1170:and
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