4763:
Pashtoons, who claim to have migrated to Hazara
Division from Afghanistan during the eighteenth century. Many other mother- tongue speakers of Hindko are Swati Pathans, who are said to have formerly spoken Pashto while living in the lower Swat valley. After migrating across the Indus River into Hazara Division, which Ahmed dates around A.D. 1515, the Swatis adopted the Hindko language. There are also Pashtoons belonging to three other groups, the Yusufzai, the Jadun and the Tarin, who have replaced Pashto with Hindko. Many speakers of Hindko belong to groups other than the Pashtoons: Some of these are Saiyids, said to have come to the area in the early centuries of Islamic history, many of whom live in the Peshawar area. Large numbers of Hindko speakers are Avans, particularly in Attock District and Hazara Division. Still others belong to groups of Moughals, Bulghadris, Turks and Qureshis. In Jammun significant numbers of Gujars have adopted Hindko as their first language.
301:
4567:
3996:
2245:'daughter'. This tone is realised as high falling in Kohati and the eastern subdialect of Awankari, but as high in the northwestern Awankari subdialect. Like Kohati, the variety of Peshawar has high falling tone before historic voiced aspirates. However, it has also developed a distinct tone on stressed vowels after historic voiced aspirates, like northern Hindko and Majhi, with a similar loss of aspiration and voicing. But in contrast to Majhi, this tone is also high falling, and it is distinguished by the accompanying
3583:, " Sarkhail" and "Tarey" and a number of occasional publications. Late professor Zahoor Ahmad Awan of Peshawar city, the author of 61 books and publications, was the founding-chairman of the board. Now the board is headed by Ejaz Ahmad Qureshi. The board has published first Hindko dictionary and several other books on a variety of topics. With head office in Peshawar, the organisation has regional offices in other cities of the province where Hindko is spoken and understood.
3514:
2266:
324:
71:
4690:
the
Pakistani state realized when the North-West Frontier Province (NWFP) was renamed Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in 2010. The loudest opposition to the renaming came from Hindkowans who feared being submerged in the Pashtun identity of the newly named state. It also prompted calls for a separate state for Hindko speakers.
4145:
Hindko to mean) was spoken. Hindko, Grierson stated, was the main language of the Hazara division and was also spoken in
Peshawar. ... Also, scholars post-Grierson understood Hindko to mean the "language of the people of Hind, i.e. India" and not the Hindus, which was a term used for a religious community.
2122:'hindrances'. In this variety of Hindko, as well as in the Hindko of Tanawal, there are nasal counterparts for all, or almost all, of the long vowels, but none for the short vowels. In Awankari and the Hindko of Abbottabad, on the other hand, there is contrastive nasalisation for short vowels as well:
4359:
The outer languages descend from various sources: The
Eastern group from Magadhi Prakrit, Marathi from Maharastri Prakrit (which was a sub-division of Ardha-Māgadhi Prakrit, leaning more towards Māgadhi than Sauraseni), while Sindhi and Lahnda, whose early histories are not entirely clear, seem to be
788:
the cities of Kohat and
Peshawar, on the other hand, it is Hindko that is in a weaker position. With the exodus of the Hindko-speaking Hindus and Sikhs after Partitition and the consequent influx of Pashtuns into the vacated areas of the urban economy, there have been signs of a shift towards Pashto.
787:
and number of speakers, Hindko is dominant and growing in the north-east; in Hazara for example, it is displacing Pashto as the language in use among the Swati
Pathans, and in the Neelam Valley of Azad Jammu & Kashmir it is gaining ground at the expense of the minority languages like Kashmiri. In
644:
code: hno) for the dialects of Hazara, and
Southern Hindko (ISO 639-3: hnd) for the remaining varieties. This grouping finds support in the results of the intelligibility testing done by Rensch, which also found out that the southern dialects are more widely understood throughout the Hindko area than
3574:
The
Gandhara Hindko Board is a leading organisation that has been active in the preservation and promotion of the Hindko and culture since 1993. The board was launched in Peshawar in year 1993 to preserve and promote Hindko —the second most spoken of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province of Pakistan. It
4762:
Members of a variety of ethnic groups speak the language called Hindko. A large number of Hindko speakers in Hazara
Division (Mansehra and Abbottabad Districts) are Pashtoons. Some of those speak Hindko as a second language; many others speak it as their mother tongue. These include the Tahir Kheli
2229:
The variety spoken to the north-east, in Neelam Valley, has preserved voiced aspirates at the start of the word, so presumably the low tone is not established there. However, there are observations of its appearance in the speech of the residents of the main villages along the highway, likely under
4689:
In India, Hindko is little known, and while there are Hindko speakers in parts of Jammu and
Kashmir as well as among other communities who migrated to India post Partition, by and large it has been absorbed under the broad umbrella of Punjabi...There is also a strong sense of a Hindko identity, as
4204:
The India of the ancient times extended from the Hindukush (Hindu meaning Indian, Kush meaning Koh or a mountain)... Apart from the names of places and streams there are many other words also which have 'Hind' as their adjectival parts. ... Hindko (the language of Peshawar and Abbotabad), Hindwana
3618:
Many organisations like Bazm-e-Ilm-o-Fun Abbottabad and Halqa-e-Yaraan Shinkyari promote Hindko and literature. Asif Saqib, Sufi Abdur Rasheed, Fazal-e-Akbar Kamal, Sharif Hussain Shah, Muhammad Farid, Yahya Khalid, Nazir Kasalvi, and Muhammad Hanif have contributed a lot in this regard. Sultan
2153:
when adjacent to a nasal consonant. In the varieties of Tanawal and Kashmir both long and short vowels can be nasalised in this way, but only if they precede the nasal consonant: 'washing', 'crying'. In the Hindko of Abbottabad, a vowel at the end of some words can be nasalised if it follows a
4835:
Shackle suggests Hindko simply means "Indian language" and describes it as a "collective label for the variety of Indo-Aryan dialects either alongside or in vicinity of Pushto in the northwest of the country". Hindko is the most significant linguistic minority in the NWFP, represented in nearly
4273:
Shackle suggests Hindko simply means "Indian language" and describes it as a "collective label for the variety of Indo-Aryan dialects either alongside or in vicinity of Pushto in the northwest of the country". Hindko is the most significant linguistic minority in the NWFP, represented in nearly
4144:
The south and west of Lahnda territory he identified as the Seraiki region (though he didn't use the word Seraiki, his description of the tongue matches it), and the northern half as the Hindko region. This was the area, he stated, where the "language of the Hindus" (that is what he interpreted
4836:
one-fifth (18.7%) of the province's total households. ... The Influence of Pushto on Hazara appears to have become more pronounced, due in part to an Influx of Pashtuns replacing the Hindko-speaking Sikhs and Hindus who formerly held key trading positions and who departed at independence.
4274:
one-fifth (18.7%) of the province's total households. ... The Influence of Pushto on Hazara appears to have become more pronounced, due in part to an Influx of Pashtuns replacing the Hindko-speaking Sikhs and Hindus who formerly held key trading positions and who departed at independence.
1787:'fiancée', and in the Hindko of Kashmir, and in both cases it is found only in the middle or at the end of the word. In the main subdialect of Awankari, the velar nasal is only found before velar stops, and similarly, it is not among the phonemes identified for the Hindko of Abbottabad.
329:
325:
2090:). Which of the many (typically around a dozen) overt vowel combinations should be seen as representing an underlying single segment (a diphthong) rather than simply a sequence of two separate underlying vowels, has varied with the analysis used and the dialect studied.
3619:
Sakoon has written the First Hindko dictionary that has been published by Gandhara Hindko Board. Sultan Sakoon stands out for his literary contribution as he is a prolific writer and his books including those on Hindko proverbs and Hindko riddles have been published.
703:
community who became established there during the Sikh Empire in the first half of the 19th century. Most of them have emigrated since the rise of the Taliban, and the total population of Sikhs, Hindko-speaking or not, is estimated at around 300 families (as of 2018).
327:
3586:
In 2003 the Gandhara Hindko Board published first a Hindko dictionary which was compiled by a prominent linguists from Abbottabad, Sultan Sakoon. The board published a second more comprehensive Hindko dictionary in 2007 prepared by Elahi Bakhsh Awan of the
783:. In most Hindko-speaking areas, speakers of Pashto live in the same or neighbouring communities (although this is less true in Abbottabad and Kaghan Valley). The relationship between Hindko and its neighbours is not one of stable bilingualism. In terms of
4182:
as used in Pakistan refers to speakers of Indo-Aryan languages who live among the primarily Iranian Pashtuns of the North-West Frontier Province (NWFP). The origins of the term refer merely to "Indian speaking" rather than to any particular ethnic
328:
3606:
and Aurangzeb Ghaznavi are main people of this organisation. The Idara has published the first Hindko translation of the Quran by Haider Zaman Haider and the first Ph.D. thesis on Hindko by E.B.A. Awan. A monthly magazine
6180:
Sohail, Ayesha; Rehman, Khawaja A.; Kiani, Zafeer Hussain (2016). "Language divergence caused by LoC: a case study of District Kupwara (Jammu & Kashmir) and District Neelum (Azad Jammu & Kashmir)".
5590:
5495:
presents a different, much more detailed analysis, where tone is treated as a feature of the whole phrase, not the individual word, and where the exact phonetic realisation may vary significantly.
2154:
nasal consonant. In the Awankari dialect, vowels can be allophonically nasalised both before and after a nasal consonant, but in either case the effect will depend on the position of stress (see
385:
There is a nascent language movement, and in recent decades Hindko-speaking intellectuals have started promoting the view of Hindko as a separate language. There is a literary tradition based on
2233:
The southern Hindko varieties have similarly developed tone, but only when the voiced aspirate followed the stressed vowel; voiced aspirates preceding the stress have remained unchanged: thus
3611:
is also published regularly from Peshawar under supervision of Aurangzeb Ghaznavi. In Karachi Syed Mehboob is working for the promotion of Hindko. His articles are frequently published in
427:
The name "Hindko" means "the Indian language" or "language of Hind", and refers to the Indo-Aryan speech forms spoken in the northern Indian subcontinent, in contrast to the neighbouring
326:
6211:
5509:
4668:
4123:
2071:'filth'. Length is strongly contrastive and the long vowels are generally twice as long as the corresponding short vowels. The Awankari dialect distinguishes between open and close "o" (
4391:
The Outer branch includes Lahnda spoken in West Punjab, Sindhi, Marathi, Briya Bahari (including its dialect Maithili), Bengali and Assamese. They are derived from Sauraseni Prakrit.
728:. A large number of Hindko speakers in the Hazara Division are Pashtuns. Some of those speak Hindko as their mother tongue while others as a second language. These include the
397:
in the northeast. In the 2017 census of Pakistan, 5.1 million people declared their language to be Hindko, while a 2020 estimate placed the number of speakers at 7 million.
5565:
4722:
1805:. The Awankari dialect, as spoken by Muslims (and not Hindus) and described by Bahri in the 1930s, has a distinctive retroflex lateral, which, however, appears to be in
1764:, but it is phonemic in Awankari and Tanoli; in both dialects it can occur in the middle and at the end of a word, as illustrated by the following examples from Tanoli:
1662:
are found in loans (for example from Persian), but also in native words, often as positional allophones of the corresponding stop. Some documented instances include:
3952:
6239:
1978: "Rival linguistic identities in Pakistan Punjab." Rule, protest, identity: aspects of modern South Asia (ed. P. Robb & D. Taylor), 213–34. London: Curzon
2286:
4024:
is a "collective label" which "embraces dialects of very different groups, not all of which are even geographically contiguous.". For the ethnic diversity, see
6048:. Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan. Islamabad: National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University and Summer Institute of Linguistics.
2282:
5586:
712:
There is no generic name for the speakers of Hindko because they belong to diverse ethnic groups and tend to identify themselves by the larger families or
5301:, pp. 100–11) presents an acoustic analysis of the same variety with yet different results. An exhaustive catalogue of vowel sequences is found in
5999:
Dialectics of Linguistic Elicitation: Textuality, language ideology and consultant interventions in linguistic fieldwork among urban Hindko speakers
4379:
3854:
4347:
8983:
8364:
5293:, pp. 220ff) features a phonemic analysis for the Hazara Hindko of Tanawal; a similar analysis with different conclusions is carried out by
9018:
6531:
6203:
5505:
4676:
4131:
3812:
5534:
2138:'knot'). Peshawari and Kohati presumably follow the pattern of Awankari but have historically lost nasalisation from the round vowels (like
5555:
4068:
2190:'tongue'. If it followed the stressed vowel, then it would lead to a high tone and lose its aspiration and, if word-initial, its voicing:
8947:
6304:
3808:
2182:, if a voiced aspirate preceded the stressed vowel, it would lose its aspiration and cause the appearance of a high tone on that vowel:
648:
Hindko dialects gradually transition into other varieties of Lahnda and Punjabi to the south. For example, to the southwest across the
6149:(1983). "Language, Dialect and Local Identity in Northern Pakistan". In Wolfgang-Peter Zingel; Stephanie Zingel-Avé Lallemant (eds.).
4645:
2218:'bitter'). According to preliminary observations on the Hazara Hindko variety of Abbottabad, the low tone is less prominent than in
8998:
5916:
3858:
5668:
A detailed study based on the dialect of the city of Peshawar. A version was published in 1994 by Idara Farogh-e-Hindko, Peshawar.
550:
and the one that is promoted as a standardised literary language. It has a wide dialectal base and has undergone the influence of
9008:
5559:
1619:) in the varieties of Hazara. For the stop consonants of most varieties of Hindko there is a three-way contrast between voiced (
476:
Varieties of Hindko are primarily spoken in a core area in the district of Attock in the northwestern corner of the province of
8993:
5960:
5867:
5787:
4714:
4205:(water-melon), Indi maran (a wrestling skill), Hindvi (language other than Persian and Arabic spoken or written by locals) etc.
6260:
6170:
6030:
6003:
5943:
5749:
5714:
4341:
1892:
1699:
Generally, the fricatives can be found in all positions: at the start, the middle, or at the end of the word (Tanoli Hindko:
4750:
2198:'horse'. The same pattern has been reported for Hazara Hindko, with a low rising tone after historically voiced aspirates (
6059:
3945:
8357:
1752:
is overall shorter than the other nasals, and at least for the Hindko of Abbottabad it has been described as a nasalised
1531:
1150:
1049:
1643:). The disappearance of the voiced aspirates from most Hindko varieties has been linked to the development of tone (see
480:, and in two neighbouring regions: in Peshawar to the north-west, and Hazara to the north-east, both in the province of
9003:
6524:
1903:
8057:
6053:
4241:
4171:
3561:
168:
3543:
484:(formerly known as the North-West Frontier Province). The Hindko of Hazara also extends east into nearby regions of
8411:
4067:, pp. 486, 497, 509: Peshawari is the basis of "an incipient literary standard for the different varieties of
1421:
1306:
5882:
Kiani, Zafeer Hussain; Bukhari, Nadeem; Ahmed, Jamil; Hameed, Nouman (2012). "Acoustic Analysis of Hindko Stops".
6297:
6153:. Mitteilungen des Deutschen Orient-Instituts. Vol. 23. Hamburg: Deutsches Orient-Institut. pp. 175–87.
5956:
A descriptive study of segmental and selected suprasegmental features of Hindko dialect spoken in Tanawal, Hazara
2307:
2230:
the influence of Majhi and Hazara Hindko, and it has similarly been reported in the villages on the Indian side.
1941:
1919:
1389:
1025:
17:
8752:
8350:
6930:
6313:
5656:
3539:
2166:
Unlike many Indo-Aryan languages, but in common with other Punjabi varieties, Hindko dialects have a system of
1729:
1172:
173:
3760:"Indian" here refers to the historic meaning of India as the northern Indian subcontinent, which was known as
7709:
6747:
6517:
1366:
6236:
2005: Hindko Land - a thesis presented by Dr E.B.A. Awan at the World Hindko Conference at Peshawar in 2005.
3794:
Lexical similarity was calculated on the basis of a 210-item wordlist elicited in the following localities:
8937:
7680:
7500:
7346:
6666:
6151:
Pakistan in Its Fourth Decade: Current Political, Social and Economic Situation and Prospects for the 1980s
1932:
1404:
1397:
1032:
5230:
5226:
5130:
5126:
5002:
3907:
3495:
3491:
3467:
3443:
3439:
3415:
3391:
3387:
3363:
3339:
3315:
3291:
3267:
3243:
3219:
3195:
3171:
3147:
3123:
3099:
3075:
3051:
3027:
3003:
2979:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2907:
2883:
2859:
2835:
2811:
2787:
2763:
2739:
2715:
2691:
2667:
2643:
2619:
2595:
2571:
2547:
2523:
2499:
2475:
2451:
2427:
2403:
2379:
2355:
2331:
2254:
2250:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2223:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2175:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2087:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1820:
1813:
1802:
1795:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1741:
1737:
1720:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1692:
1685:
1678:
1671:
1667:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1640:
1632:
1624:
1620:
1616:
8243:
8211:
8067:
4373:
1868:
1291:
887:
543:
370:
dialects spoken by several million people of various ethnic backgrounds in several areas in northwestern
4641:
535:). Rensch's classification based on lexical similarity also assigns to this group the rural dialects of
7777:
6290:
4331:
1806:
1559:
1261:
1183:
857:
5225:, pp. 212–13) states that phonetically the most accurate IPA symbol for the central vowel is not
4618:. The speech of Muzaffarabad is locally called "Hindko", but in its vocabulary it is closer to Pahari.
300:
8988:
8887:
8769:
8216:
7917:
7891:
7330:
7214:
5858:
3862:
1986:
1602:
1428:
1412:
1056:
1040:
902:
660:– is sometimes also referred to as "Hindko". To the southeast, Hindko is in a dialect continuum with
657:
628:
4566:
3995:
3768:
2179:
9013:
8112:
6876:
3524:
1881:
1443:
1359:
1276:
1071:
971:
872:
562:
413:
683:, as well as in some neighbouring countries. Some Hindu Hindkowans and Sikh Hindowans migrated to
3535:
3528:
1345:
1321:
941:
917:
696:
499:
and a few neighbouring villages in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) and the three closely related dialects of
362:
153:
539:. Shackle, however, sees most of them as closely related to the urban variety of Peshawar City.
8845:
8669:
8320:
8189:
7465:
7259:
7086:
6614:
3596:
1607:
1472:
1436:
1228:
1099:
1064:
986:
700:
692:
687:
after the partition of India in 1947. These Hindko speakers in India identify with the broader
158:
623:
to refer to the highlanders, who spoke this language). This variety is also spoken across the
8840:
8460:
8445:
8373:
7990:
7803:
7289:
7254:
7249:
7081:
6594:
5899:
5840:
5759:
Haroon-Ur-Rashid (2015a). "Acoustics of Hindko Affricate, Nasal, Liquid and Glide Segments".
4902:, pp. 21–22, 26. In some subdialects there is a tendency for the loss of the aspiration.
3591:. He is the author of Sarzamin e Hindko, and Hindko Sautiyat. His three booklets on Hindko
1547:
1509:
1502:
1464:
1457:
1352:
1166:
1128:
1121:
1092:
1085:
956:
733:
371:
310:
90:
8922:
8882:
8764:
8278:
8253:
8122:
8092:
7949:
7729:
7719:
7529:
7108:
6540:
6233:
2004: Hindko Sautiyat, Dr E.B.A. Awan, published by Gandhara Hindko Board Peshawar in 2004.
5823:
Haroon-Ur-Rashid; Akhtar, Raja Nasim (2013). "An Acoustic Analysis of Hindko Oral Vowels".
4229:
3588:
1373:
1001:
421:
314:
163:
2155:
1760:. For the Hindko of Kashmir it has been asserted to be an allophone of the alveolar nasal
561:
A separate group is formed in the northeast by the relatively homogeneous dialects of the
8:
8835:
8689:
8594:
8325:
8132:
7853:
7838:
7770:
7744:
7734:
7659:
7376:
7166:
7093:
7076:
6821:
6651:
6158:
6146:
6106:
6074:
1628:
1585:
1383:
1329:
1314:
1299:
1284:
1269:
1223:
1019:
925:
910:
895:
880:
865:
824:
661:
597:. Hindko is also spoken further east into Kashmir. It is the predominant language of the
5912:
5125:, pp. 128–30. Word-finally, the velar nasal contrasts with nasal + stop sequences:
2174:. In Punjabi, pitch accent has historically arisen out of the loss of voiced aspirates (
8644:
8561:
8137:
8050:
8015:
7787:
7305:
7043:
6733:
6661:
6656:
6134:
6090:
5975:
Nawaz, Muhammad; Afsar, Ayaz (2016). "A Phonetic Analysis of Hindko Affricate Sounds".
5720:
3603:
3602:
The Idara-e-Faroghe Hindko based in Peshawar is another body that is promoting Hindko.
1581:
1483:
1218:
819:
721:
481:
465:
408:, and has more affinities with the latter than with the former. Differences with other
375:
245:
79:
4251:
could mean 'Indian language' as opposed to Pashto, which belongs to the Iranian group.
291:
8962:
8952:
8932:
8822:
8817:
8584:
8493:
8440:
8397:
8391:
8330:
8144:
7813:
7782:
7760:
7724:
7566:
7524:
7429:
7371:
7136:
7068:
7056:
6965:
6886:
6866:
6788:
6713:
6630:
6563:
6256:
6190:
6166:
6138:
6126:
6094:
6049:
6026:
5984:
5939:
5891:
5832:
5811:
5768:
5745:
5724:
5710:
5637:
5628:
Akhtar, Raja Nasim; Rehman, Khawaja A. (2007). "The Languages of the Neelam Valley".
4831:
The rise and development of Urdu and the importance of regional languages in Pakistan
4337:
4269:
The rise and development of Urdu and the importance of regional languages in Pakistan
4237:
4167:
3842:
3834:
3804:
3632:
1964:
1799:
1791:
1597:
1589:
1523:
1250:
1243:
1233:
1142:
846:
839:
829:
765:
536:
520:
409:
8174:
8160:
5954:
5853:
5781:
1635:). Awankari, Kohati, and the varieties of Neelum Valley of Kashmir also distinguish
8927:
8862:
8797:
8759:
8747:
8732:
8727:
8704:
8679:
8674:
8624:
8574:
8531:
8513:
8488:
8483:
8478:
8468:
8248:
8238:
8184:
8117:
8020:
7995:
7985:
7964:
7959:
7934:
7873:
7765:
7739:
7702:
7697:
7651:
7597:
7550:
7509:
7460:
7405:
7366:
7315:
7234:
7204:
7151:
7141:
7002:
6997:
6989:
6975:
6925:
6881:
6793:
6599:
6548:
6496:
6457:
6414:
6396:
6327:
6118:
6086:
5737:
5702:
4749:. National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University. pp. 10–11.
4672:
4127:
3850:
1711:'branch'), with relatively few exceptions (one being the restriction on word-final
1636:
1577:
1494:
1213:
1208:
1113:
814:
809:
653:
555:
532:
524:
477:
435:
spoken by the Pashtun people. An alternative local name for this language group is
432:
405:
401:
379:
216:
5615:
Addleton, Jonathan S. (1986). "The Importance of Regional Languages in Pakistan".
4333:
Language in Indenture: A Sociolinguistic History of Bhojpuri-Hindi in South Africa
8902:
8892:
8872:
8867:
8857:
8852:
8812:
8807:
8742:
8737:
8694:
8684:
8659:
8639:
8634:
8629:
8614:
8609:
8589:
8579:
8536:
8473:
8450:
8435:
8293:
8127:
8082:
7969:
7939:
7896:
7848:
7808:
7714:
7664:
7635:
7613:
7545:
7455:
7415:
7381:
7325:
7320:
7279:
7264:
7244:
7239:
7229:
7219:
7209:
7181:
7171:
7161:
7156:
7131:
7126:
7121:
7098:
7022:
7017:
7012:
7007:
6970:
6891:
6816:
6772:
6728:
6723:
6708:
6703:
6646:
6609:
6604:
6447:
6439:
6419:
6391:
6386:
6250:
5903:
5844:
4744:
1749:
1745:
1593:
1573:
1451:
1238:
1079:
834:
784:
717:
624:
620:
528:
500:
145:
100:
8802:
8792:
8717:
8712:
8649:
8599:
8551:
8546:
8541:
8521:
8430:
8303:
8045:
7954:
7886:
7881:
7863:
7843:
7630:
7623:
7592:
7486:
7434:
7274:
7269:
7224:
7199:
7191:
7146:
7116:
7061:
6937:
6846:
6811:
6803:
6767:
6718:
6584:
6492:
6465:
6368:
6347:
6342:
2246:
1817:
1816:(with a varying number of vibrations dependent on the phonetic context), and a
1810:
1753:
688:
512:
238:
6122:
6041:
5530:
8977:
8827:
8288:
7944:
7858:
7833:
7618:
6960:
6861:
6470:
6381:
6376:
6337:
6332:
6194:
6130:
6098:
5997:
5988:
5895:
5836:
5815:
5772:
5641:
5587:"The Gandhara Hindko Academy Launched an App of the Hindko language proverbs"
2219:
1848:
1009:
994:
979:
964:
949:
598:
574:
508:
306:
6165:. Routledge language family series. Y. London: Routledge. pp. 581–621.
4457:, pp. 486, 509); for the emerging prestige of Peshawari in Hazara, see
8787:
8422:
8283:
7051:
6488:
6018:
5931:
5694:
2222:, and a trace of the aspiration is preserved: for example 'horse' would be
2167:
2099:
1716:
757:
753:
669:
602:
6245:
Karachi main Hindko zaban o adab Dr.Syed Mehboob ka kirdar " by Kamal Shah
5741:
5706:
5506:"Hindko Qaida by Rehmat Aziz Chitrali published by Khowar Academy Chitral"
5269:, pp. 48–53) has a more elaborate classification of vowels by length.
4554:
3983:
2035:. The vowels can be illustrated with the following examples from Tanoli:
274:
267:
8877:
8619:
7361:
7176:
6682:
6500:
5672:
Bahl, Kalicharan (1957). "A Note on Tones in Western Punjabi (Lahanda)".
1862:
1841:
1773:
1724:
8342:
6044:. In O'Leary, Clare F.; Rensch, Calvin R.; Hallberg, Calinda E. (eds.).
8569:
8526:
7470:
7439:
7410:
6509:
4559:
3988:
2150:
2083:
1976:
1855:
1612:
729:
672:
in Azad Kashmir approximately falling on the boundary between the two.
649:
636:
619:'from the other side', which was the term used by the Kashmiris of the
394:
122:
33:
8260:
8169:
8149:
6841:
6836:
6568:
5001:, p. 73. There is no such restriction in the Hindko of Tanawal:
4743:
Rensch, Calvin Ross; O'Leary, Clare F.; Hallberg, Calinda E. (1992).
3762:
3592:
1913:
1809:
with the alveolar lateral. There are two rhotic sounds in Hindko: an
725:
641:
449:
417:
284:
258:
126:
37:
6282:
5802:
Haroon-Ur-Rashid; Akhtar, Raja Nasim (2012). "Hindko Vowel System".
5650:
3918:, pp. 70, 74) (for Azad Kashmir), but an example is adduced by
3513:
8298:
8040:
7391:
6856:
6851:
6831:
6589:
4917:
3846:
3828:
3798:
2278:
2269:"Vaf" is a unique letter of Hindko, and many Indo-Aryan language.
775:
The most common second language for Hindko-speakers in Pakistan is
737:
676:
547:
390:
104:
5073:
8503:
8232:
8103:
7576:
7310:
6826:
3838:
680:
582:
504:
485:
224:
112:
5440:
5012:
4631:
for a study of a community of Hazara Hindko speakers in Karachi.
8942:
8664:
8654:
8498:
7571:
7420:
7395:
6947:
6871:
6762:
6687:
6429:
6357:
6002:(Thesis). United States -- Nevada: University of Nevada, Reno.
5308:
5136:
4968:
4058:
3884:
dialect of the Tappa Khālsā group of villages east of the city.
3824:
780:
769:
761:
749:
745:
741:
665:
492:
461:
428:
367:
211:
178:
44:
6277:
5428:
5409:
For the characterisation of Punjabi tone as pitch accent, see
5351:
4746:
Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan: Hindko and Gujari
4715:"Four years on, the voice of Hazara 'martyrs' still resonates"
3946:"TABLE 11 - POPULATION BY MOTHER TONGUE, SEX AND RURAL/ URBAN"
8956:
8779:
7386:
7284:
6424:
6161:(2003). "Panjabi". In Cardona, George; Jain, Dhanesh (eds.).
5915:(Report). SIL Electronic Survey Reports. Vol. 2010–012.
4797:
4795:
4536:
4524:
3818:
713:
684:
516:
496:
352:
220:
108:
1691:
at the ends of words after vowels in the Hindko of Kashmir (
8897:
8387:
8087:
7400:
5786:(PhD). University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad.
5391:
5176:
5148:
5061:
4956:
4944:
4905:
2265:
1200:(parentheses indicate phonemes found only in some dialects)
776:
551:
393:
in the northwest, and another one based on the language of
5938:. Cambridge language surveys. Cambridge University Press.
4893:
4792:
4609:
4425:
4423:
1684:
word-medially after stressed vowels in Abbottabad Hindko (
716:. However, the Hindko-speaking community belonging to the
8179:
6077:(1979). "Problems of classification in Pakistan Panjab".
5452:
5416:
5094:
5092:
4934:
4932:
4742:
4597:
4453:
For its literature and status in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, see
4435:
4396:
4360:
derived from Apabhramsas which show Sauraseni influence .
3710:
Saaieaan, they showed their thankfulness with Bismillah"
2206:), a high falling tone before historic voiced aspirates (
70:
5104:
5024:
4408:
1744:, Hindko dialects distinguish a varying number of other
634:
The whole dialect continuum of Hindko is partitioned by
6204:"A Precarious State: the Sikh Community in Afghanistan"
5881:
5854:"A Phonemic and Acoustic Analysis of Hindko Fricatives"
5116:
4923:
4573:
4420:
4086:
4074:
4048:
4046:
471:
6111:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies
5822:
5801:
5363:
5341:
5339:
5294:
5272:
5262:
5218:
5214:
5089:
4929:
4841:
4585:
4488:
4476:
4464:
4210:
3915:
5699:
A Descriptive Grammar of Hindko, Panjabi, and Saraiki
4780:
4098:
4031:
3744:
Translation: "Good person gains respect everywhere."
341:
6042:"The Language Environment of Hindko-Speaking People"
5959:(PhD). International Islamic University, Islamabad.
5851:
5687:
Lahndi Phonetics: With Special Reference to Awáṇkárí
5236:
5018:
4998:
4980:
4768:
4512:
4500:
4228:
4043:
656:, and at least one of these – the one spoken in the
400:
Hindko to some extent is mutually intelligible with
6242:
Monthly Farogh Peshawar Hindko magazine March 2010.
5336:
4295:
4263:
4261:
4259:
3772:, the word from which the term "Hindko" is derived.
3615:monthly. He is organiser of Hindko Falahi Forum.
1723:for the Hindko of Kashmir, and Tanawal, but as the
3906:There is uncertainty about the phonemic status of
613:; the name likely originated in the Kashmiri word
6179:
5779:
5758:
5446:
5381:
5326:
5314:
5298:
5297:, pp. 71–73) for a variety of Azad Kashmir;
5258:
5202:
5198:
5142:
5083:
5079:
5036:
4974:
4887:
4867:
4823:
4695:
4542:
3919:
8975:
4256:
4117:
4115:
4113:
2277:Hindko is generally written in a variety of the
4642:"Peshawarites still remember the Kapoor family"
4378:. Samyukta Gowda Saraswata Sabha. p. 218.
4164:Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania
3718:Hindko has a rich heritage of proverbs (Hindko
3700:"He is the foremost from the world of existence
1719:has been explicitly described as the fricative
5910:
4615:
2106:). For example, in the Hindko of Azad Kashmir
668:region of Abbottabad district and the area of
614:
305:The proportion of people with Hindko as their
8358:
6525:
6298:
6208:Australian Institute of International Affairs
5913:Pahari and Pothwari: a sociolinguistic survey
5783:Syllabification and stress patterns in Hindko
5693:
5434:
5397:
5357:
5166:
5154:
5067:
4962:
4879:
4863:
4669:"The strange and little-known case of Hindko"
4222:
4124:"The strange and little-known case of Hindko"
4110:
3706:Pen carried out the order to write Bismillah
2082:Varieties of Hindko also possess a number of
5852:Haroon-Ur-Rashid; Khan, Abdul Qadir (2014).
5652:The phonology of the verbal phrase in Hindko
5627:
4801:
4530:
4193:
4191:
3940:
3938:
3729:
3638:
3474:
3450:
3422:
3398:
3370:
3346:
3322:
3298:
3274:
3250:
3226:
3202:
3178:
3154:
3130:
3106:
3082:
3058:
3034:
3010:
2986:
2962:
2914:
2890:
2866:
2842:
2818:
2794:
2770:
2746:
2722:
2698:
2674:
2650:
2626:
2602:
2578:
2554:
2530:
2506:
2482:
2458:
2434:
2410:
2386:
2362:
2338:
2314:
1677:in the middle or end of words in Peshawari (
439:. A speaker of Hindko may be referred to as
58:
4157:
4155:
4153:
4008:For the heterogeneity of the dialects, see
3542:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2102:(here marked with a tilde above the vowel:
1798:, unlike Punjabi, which additionally has a
8365:
8351:
6532:
6518:
6305:
6291:
5974:
4859:
4660:
3731:
3640:
3476:
3452:
3424:
3400:
3372:
3348:
3324:
3300:
3276:
3252:
3228:
3204:
3180:
3156:
3132:
3108:
3084:
3060:
3036:
3012:
2988:
2964:
2916:
2892:
2868:
2844:
2820:
2796:
2772:
2748:
2724:
2700:
2676:
2652:
2628:
2604:
2580:
2556:
2532:
2508:
2484:
2460:
2436:
2412:
2388:
2364:
2340:
2316:
343:
299:
69:
60:
8372:
5911:Lothers, Michael; Lothers, Laura (2010).
4666:
4188:
4121:
3935:
3562:Learn how and when to remove this message
724:are sometimes recognised collectively as
366:) is a cover term for a diverse group of
6539:
6109:(1980). "Hindko in Kohat and Peshawar".
6079:Transactions of the Philological Society
5731:
5614:
5422:
5410:
4329:
4150:
3979:
3977:
3975:
3973:
3702:Voice of the unseen exclaimed Bismillah
2273:is used from loanwords of Pashto origin.
2264:
748:. The other Hindko speakers include the
601:, in the north of Pakistan-administered
542:In a group of its own is Peshawari, the
322:
6157:
6145:
6105:
6073:
5488:
5458:
5369:
5170:
4950:
4938:
4911:
4817:
4591:
4494:
4482:
4470:
4454:
4441:
4402:
4317:
4285:
4216:
4104:
4092:
4064:
4037:
4017:
3894:
14:
8984:Greater Punjabi languages and dialects
8976:
6039:
6017:
5995:
5930:
5554:
5086:, p. 199) for the nasalised flap.
4833:. Christian Study Centre. p. 38.
4813:
4786:
4774:
4634:
4628:
4603:
4579:
4548:
4506:
4458:
4429:
4414:
4301:
4289:
4271:. Christian Study Centre. p. 38.
4080:
4052:
4025:
4013:
4009:
3866:
3575:brings out four regular publications—
464:varieties, Hindko is derived from the
27:Indo-Aryan language spoken in Pakistan
9019:Tonal languages in non-tonal families
8346:
6513:
6312:
6286:
6248:
6201:
5952:
5701:. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton.
5684:
5475:
5385:
5345:
5330:
5302:
5290:
5278:
5266:
5254:
5242:
5222:
5194:
5182:
5122:
5110:
5098:
5055:
5042:
5030:
5006:
4986:
4899:
4883:
4847:
4738:
4736:
4734:
4732:
4701:
4518:
4371:
4313:
4234:A History of Pakistan and Its Origins
4197:
3970:
3911:
640:into two languages: Northern Hindko (
361:
6183:Kashmir Journal of Language Research
5977:Kashmir Journal of Language Research
5884:Kashmir Journal of Language Research
5825:Kashmir Journal of Language Research
5804:Kashmir Journal of Language Research
5761:Kashmir Journal of Language Research
5671:
5648:
5630:Kashmir Journal of Language Research
5561:Hindko Matlaa'n: 151 Hindko Proverbs
5492:
5471:
5129:'annoyance', and with other nasals:
4375:History of the Dakshinatya Saraswats
4166:. Infobase Publishing. p. 285.
4161:
3958:from the original on 16 January 2024
3785:normally refers to a Hindko speaker.
3689:Is Tahrīr nū̃ paṛah ke Farištiyā̃ ne
3540:adding citations to reliable sources
3507:
1600:have been described as pure stops (/
691:. There is also a small diaspora in
546:urban variety spoken in the city of
491:The central dialect group comprises
472:Geographic distribution and dialects
6252:A practical guide to Hindko Grammar
5655:(PhD). SOAS, University of London.
5295:Haroon-Ur-Rashid & Akhtar (2012
4372:Kudva, Venkataraya Narayan (1972).
3916:Haroon-Ur-Rashid & Akhtar (2012
2928:(‘/'), (a), (e), (ē), (o), (i), (u)
2170:, which is commonly referred to as
2149:Additionally, vowels get nasalised
2093:
1666:before other consonants in Kohati (
24:
6227:
6091:10.1111/j.1467-968X.1979.tb00857.x
5649:Awan, Elahi Bakhsh Akhtar (1974).
5263:Haroon-Ur-Rashid & Akhtar 2012
5219:Haroon-Ur-Rashid & Akhtar 2013
5215:Haroon-Ur-Rashid & Akhtar 2012
4729:
4667:Venkatesh, Karthik (6 July 2019).
4122:Venkatesh, Karthik (6 July 2019).
3708:When angels read this composition
779:and the second most common one is
565:, which are collectively known as
25:
9030:
6271:
6267:(based on the Hindko of Peshawar)
6023:Language and politics in Pakistan
5169:, p. 26) for Hazara Hindko,
4648:from the original on 24 July 2012
4644:. Daily Times. 29 December 2003.
3677:Hus ke qalam sir māriyā Bismillah
3673:Fīr Qalam nū̃ hukum e Nawišt hoyā
3622:
2098:Hindko dialects possess phonemic
1985:
1963:
1940:
1931:
1918:
1902:
1891:
1880:
1867:
1728:
1606:
1601:
1558:
1530:
1508:
1501:
1482:
1471:
1463:
1456:
1442:
1435:
1427:
1420:
1411:
1403:
1396:
1388:
1372:
1365:
1358:
1351:
1344:
1328:
1320:
1313:
1305:
1298:
1290:
1283:
1275:
1268:
1260:
1182:
1171:
1149:
1127:
1120:
1098:
1091:
1084:
1070:
1063:
1055:
1048:
1039:
1031:
1024:
1008:
1000:
993:
985:
978:
970:
963:
955:
948:
940:
924:
916:
909:
901:
894:
886:
879:
871:
864:
856:
707:
8235:(unknown further classification)
5579:
5548:
5523:
5498:
5019:Haroon-Ur-Rashid & Khan 2014
4999:Haroon-Ur-Rashid & Khan 2014
4725:from the original on 2016-03-05.
4565:
3994:
3653:اس تحریر نوں پڑھ کے فرشتیاں نے
3512:
2110:'animal disease' contrasts with
695:, which includes members of the
374:, primarily in the provinces of
8999:Languages of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
6214:from the original on 2019-10-11
6062:from the original on 2017-05-11
6006:from the original on 2021-09-18
5963:from the original on 2020-02-29
5919:from the original on 2019-10-18
5870:from the original on 2020-02-29
5790:from the original on 2020-02-29
5659:from the original on 2021-04-18
5607:
5593:from the original on 2019-06-16
5568:from the original on 2019-06-16
5537:from the original on 2020-04-24
5512:from the original on 2022-07-21
5481:
5464:
5447:Sohail, Rehman & Kiani 2016
5403:
5375:
5320:
5284:
5248:
5208:
5188:
5160:
5082:, pp. 28–29, but see also
5048:
4992:
4873:
4853:
4807:
4753:from the original on 2024-08-05
4707:
4621:
4543:Sohail, Rehman & Kiani 2016
4447:
4382:from the original on 2023-08-31
4365:
4350:from the original on 2023-08-31
4330:Mesthrie, Rajend (2018-09-14).
4323:
4307:
4279:
4198:Sumra, Mahar Abdul Haq (1992).
3900:
3887:
3880:The exception is the divergent
3874:
3788:
3775:
3754:
3693:Sāiyā̃ Šukar guzāriyā Bismillah
3681:Naqšā Loh e Mahfūz dai wic sine
2126:'make one play' contrasts with
1790:Hindko varieties have a single
1715:in the Hindko of Kashmir). The
605:, where it is locally known as
9009:Languages of Jammu and Kashmir
5487:This is the interpretation in
4002:
3893:The local pronunciation is ) (
3665:Alif-Awal hai Alam e hast sī o
2156:Awankari dialect § Vowels
1999:Hindko has three short vowels
13:
1:
8994:Languages of Punjab, Pakistan
5996:Pierce, Johnathan F. (2011).
5732:Bhardwaj, Mangat Rai (2016).
5697:; Conners, Thomas J. (2019).
3929:
3833:Hazara: three settlements of
3704:The pen was ordered to write
3647:ہس کے قلم سر ماریا بسمہ اللہ
3503:
2293:Hindko Perso-Arabic alphabet
2214:), and level tone elsewhere (
796:
573:, with the variety spoken in
4202:. Beacon Books. p. 36.
3910:: it is absent according to
3726:). An example of a proverb:
1974:
1955:
1938:
1911:
1887:
1860:
1596:places of articulation. The
791:
679:in major urban centres like
378:and northwestern regions of
353:
278: – Northern Hindko
271: – Southern Hindko
138:5–7 million (2017–2020)
7:
6025:. Oxford University Press.
5689:. Allahabad: Bharati Press.
5531:"الف اول ہے عالم ہست سی او"
3713:
3685:Qalam sāf utāriyā Bismillah
3655:سائیاں شکر گزاریا بسمہ اللہ
2260:
615:
412:are more pronounced in the
10:
9035:
6040:Rensch, Calvin R. (1992).
5780:Haroon-Ur-Rashid (2015b).
5173:, p. 487) for Kohati.
5167:Bashir & Conners (2019
4616:Lothers & Lothers 2010
3730:
3649:نقشہ لوح محفوظ دے وچ سینے
3645:فیر قلم نوں حکم نوشت ہویا
3641:الف اول ہے عالم ہست سی او
3639:
3475:
3451:
3423:
3399:
3371:
3347:
3323:
3299:
3275:
3251:
3227:
3203:
3179:
3155:
3131:
3107:
3083:
3059:
3035:
3011:
2987:
2963:
2915:
2891:
2867:
2843:
2819:
2795:
2771:
2747:
2723:
2699:
2675:
2651:
2627:
2603:
2579:
2555:
2531:
2507:
2483:
2459:
2435:
2411:
2387:
2363:
2339:
2315:
2146:) at the end of the word.
1807:complementary distribution
342:
59:
42:
31:
9004:Languages of Azad Kashmir
8915:
8778:
8703:
8560:
8512:
8459:
8421:
8406:
8380:
8312:
8269:
8225:
8202:
8158:
8101:
8075:
8066:
8033:
8008:
7978:
7927:
7916:
7909:
7872:
7826:
7796:
7753:
7690:
7679:
7644:
7606:
7585:
7559:
7538:
7517:
7508:
7499:
7479:
7448:
7354:
7345:
7298:
7190:
7107:
7042:
7035:
6988:
6946:
6918:
6911:
6904:
6802:
6781:
6755:
6746:
6696:
6675:
6639:
6623:
6577:
6556:
6547:
6483:
6456:
6438:
6405:
6367:
6356:
6320:
6123:10.1017/S0041977X00137401
5859:Acta Linguistica Asiatica
5564:. Gandhara Hindko Board.
5435:Bashir & Conners 2019
5398:Bashir & Conners 2019
5358:Bashir & Conners 2019
5155:Bashir & Conners 2019
5068:Bashir & Conners 2019
4963:Bashir & Conners 2019
4880:Bashir & Conners 2019
4864:Bashir & Conners 2019
4336:. Routledge. p. 15.
4162:West, Barbara A. (2010).
4020:, p. 482): the term
3669:Hātif āp pukārā Bismillah
3651:قلم صاف اتاریا بسمہ اللہ
3643:ہاتف آپ پکاریا بسمہ اللہ
2130:'scatter' (in Awankari),
1912:
1826:
1644:
1546:
1522:
1493:
1450:
1382:
1249:
1205:
1165:
1141:
1112:
1078:
1018:
845:
806:
658:Dera Ismail Khan District
627:into Indian-administered
298:
282:
256:
251:
235:
202:
142:
132:
118:
96:
86:
68:
57:
52:
8113:Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit
6163:The Indo-Aryan languages
5953:Nawaz, Muhammad (2014).
5936:The Indo-Aryan languages
4802:Akhtar & Rehman 2007
4531:Akhtar & Rehman 2007
3920:Haroon-Ur-Rashid (2015b)
3747:
2134:'mixing' contrasts with
519:(spoken to the south in
43:Not to be confused with
8938:Pakistani Sign Language
6255:. Trafford Publishing.
5299:Haroon-Ur-Rashid (2015b
5084:Haroon-Ur-Rashid (2015a
3740:Jidur sir udur sarhanra
2161:
2011:, and six long vowels:
1779:is phonemic in Tanoli:
1611:/) in Awankari, but as
645:are the northern ones.
495:(spoken in the city of
389:, the urban variety of
8321:Indo-Iranian languages
5685:Bahri, Hardev (1963).
5382:Haroon-Ur-Rashid 2015b
5327:Haroon-Ur-Rashid 2015b
5315:Haroon-Ur-Rashid 2015b
5259:Haroon-Ur-Rashid 2015b
5203:Haroon-Ur-Rashid 2015b
5199:Haroon-Ur-Rashid 2015a
5185:, pp. 116–7, 143.
5143:Haroon-Ur-Rashid 2015b
5080:Haroon-Ur-Rashid 2015b
4975:Haroon-Ur-Rashid 2015b
4888:Haroon-Ur-Rashid 2015b
4868:Haroon-Ur-Rashid 2015a
4860:Nawaz & Afsar 2016
3597:University of Peshawar
3595:were published by the
2287:Khowar Academy Chitral
2274:
652:are found dialects of
334:
8374:Languages of Pakistan
7991:Maharashtrian Konkani
6278:Gandhara Hindko Board
6249:Toker, Halil (2014).
6202:Wyeth, Grant (2018).
5742:10.4324/9781315760803
5707:10.1515/9781614512257
2281:. It was created by
2268:
581:, and the variety of
332:
8923:Indo-Aryan languages
8279:Andaman Creole Hindi
7710:Bishnupriya Manipuri
7530:Caribbean Hindustani
6541:Indo-Aryan languages
6159:Shackle, Christopher
6147:Shackle, Christopher
6107:Shackle, Christopher
6075:Shackle, Christopher
5491:, pp. 498–99).
5201:, pp. 198–200;
4953:, pp. 487, 499.
4914:, pp. 487, 498.
4230:Christophe Jaffrelot
3817:Kohati: the city of
3732:جدھر سر ادھر سرہانڑا
3627:An excerpt from the
3589:University of London
3536:improve this section
2283:Rehmat Aziz Chitrali
2118:'meat cutters' with
802:Awankari and Kohati
315:2017 Pakistan Census
32:For the people, see
8412:administrative unit
8326:Nuristani languages
8058:Mitanni superstrate
6667:Wotapuri-Katarqalai
5478:, pp. 189–91).
5470:In the analysis by
5257:, pp. 207–10;
5197:, pp. 180–84;
5113:, pp. 128–129.
5033:, pp. 150–153.
4719:The Express Tribune
4606:, pp. 7–8, 57.
4016:, pp. 18–19);
3599:in the late 1970s.
3332:waw-e-humza-e-dumma
2294:
2257:'congratulations'.
2158:for more details).
1835:
1202:
803:
585:known variously as
8562:Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
8381:Official languages
8212:Proto-Indo-Iranian
8093:Early Ardhamagadhi
5674:Indian Linguistics
5461:, pp. 593–94.
5413:, pp. 67–70).
5384:, pp. 92–93;
5333:, pp. 227–32.
5329:, pp. 92–95;
5261:, pp. 76–79;
5221:, pp. 73–78.
4461:, pp. 76–77).
4444:, pp. 497–98.
4417:, pp. 57, 85.
4405:, pp. 484–86.
4083:, pp. 211–14.
3914:(for Tanawal) and
3604:Riffat Akbar Swati
3581:The Gandhara Voice
2292:
2275:
1831:
1681:'swallow (verb)'),
1196:
801:
722:Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
482:Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
466:Shauraseni Prakrit
376:Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
363:[ˈɦɪndkoː]
335:
309:in each Pakistani
8971:
8970:
8911:
8910:
8340:
8339:
8331:Iranian languages
8198:
8197:
8118:Dramatic Prakrits
8029:
8028:
8004:
8003:
7905:
7904:
7822:
7821:
7778:Rajbanshi (Nepal)
7675:
7674:
7495:
7494:
7341:
7340:
7331:list of languages
7031:
7030:
6984:
6983:
6900:
6899:
6742:
6741:
6507:
6506:
6479:
6478:
6314:Punjabi varieties
6262:978-1-4907-2379-2
6172:978-0-7007-1130-7
6046:Hindko and Gujari
6032:978-0-19-577692-8
5945:978-0-521-23420-7
5751:978-1-315-76080-3
5716:978-1-61451-296-7
5437:, pp. 47–48.
5425:, pp. 71–72.
5388:, pp. 227–32
5360:, pp. 44–45.
5281:, pp. 40–46.
5101:, pp. 113–5.
4924:Kiani et al. 2012
4850:, pp. 108–9.
4582:, pp. 58–62.
4563:(26th ed., 2023)
4533:, pp. 68–69.
4432:, pp. 55–56.
4343:978-0-429-78579-5
4095:, pp. 200–1.
4028:, pp. 10–11)
3992:(26th ed., 2023)
3869:, pp. 53–58)
3835:Mansehra District
3805:Peshawar District
3738:Transliteration:
3633:Ahmad Ali Saayein
3572:
3571:
3564:
3501:
3500:
2059:'piece of meat',
1997:
1996:
1800:retroflex lateral
1792:lateral consonant
1572:Hindko contrasts
1570:
1569:
1341:
1257:
1194:
1193:
937:
853:
689:Punjabi community
675:There are Hindko
629:Jammu and Kashmir
537:Peshawar District
521:Pindi Gheb Tehsil
410:Punjabi varieties
351:
333:A Hindko speaker.
330:
321:
320:
16:(Redirected from
9026:
8989:Punjabi dialects
8933:Iranic languages
8928:Dardic languages
8743:Pothwari Punjabi
8514:Gilgit-Baltistan
8419:
8418:
8415:
8367:
8360:
8353:
8344:
8343:
8217:Proto-Indo-Aryan
8073:
8072:
7996:Canarese Konkani
7925:
7924:
7914:
7913:
7688:
7687:
7515:
7514:
7506:
7505:
7352:
7351:
7040:
7039:
6916:
6915:
6909:
6908:
6753:
6752:
6554:
6553:
6534:
6527:
6520:
6511:
6510:
6365:
6364:
6328:Standard Punjabi
6307:
6300:
6293:
6284:
6283:
6266:
6222:
6220:
6219:
6198:
6176:
6154:
6142:
6102:
6070:
6068:
6067:
6036:
6014:
6012:
6011:
5992:
5971:
5969:
5968:
5949:
5932:Masica, Colin P.
5927:
5925:
5924:
5907:
5878:
5876:
5875:
5848:
5819:
5798:
5796:
5795:
5776:
5755:
5728:
5690:
5681:
5667:
5665:
5664:
5645:
5624:
5602:
5601:
5599:
5598:
5583:
5577:
5576:
5574:
5573:
5552:
5546:
5545:
5543:
5542:
5527:
5521:
5520:
5518:
5517:
5502:
5496:
5485:
5479:
5468:
5462:
5456:
5450:
5444:
5438:
5432:
5426:
5420:
5414:
5407:
5401:
5395:
5389:
5379:
5373:
5367:
5361:
5355:
5349:
5343:
5334:
5324:
5318:
5312:
5306:
5288:
5282:
5276:
5270:
5252:
5246:
5240:
5234:
5232:
5228:
5212:
5206:
5192:
5186:
5180:
5174:
5164:
5158:
5152:
5146:
5140:
5134:
5132:
5128:
5120:
5114:
5108:
5102:
5096:
5087:
5077:
5071:
5065:
5059:
5054:See for example
5052:
5046:
5040:
5034:
5028:
5022:
5016:
5010:
5004:
4996:
4990:
4984:
4978:
4972:
4966:
4960:
4954:
4948:
4942:
4936:
4927:
4921:
4915:
4909:
4903:
4897:
4891:
4877:
4871:
4857:
4851:
4845:
4839:
4838:
4827:
4821:
4816:, pp. 4–5;
4811:
4805:
4799:
4790:
4784:
4778:
4772:
4766:
4765:
4759:
4758:
4740:
4727:
4726:
4711:
4705:
4699:
4693:
4692:
4686:
4684:
4675:. Archived from
4664:
4658:
4657:
4655:
4653:
4638:
4632:
4625:
4619:
4613:
4607:
4601:
4595:
4589:
4583:
4577:
4571:
4570:
4569:
4555:Hindko, Southern
4552:
4546:
4540:
4534:
4528:
4522:
4516:
4510:
4504:
4498:
4492:
4486:
4480:
4474:
4468:
4462:
4451:
4445:
4439:
4433:
4427:
4418:
4412:
4406:
4400:
4394:
4393:
4388:
4387:
4369:
4363:
4362:
4356:
4355:
4327:
4321:
4311:
4305:
4299:
4293:
4283:
4277:
4276:
4265:
4254:
4253:
4236:. Anthem Press.
4226:
4220:
4214:
4208:
4207:
4195:
4186:
4185:
4159:
4148:
4147:
4141:
4139:
4130:. Archived from
4119:
4108:
4102:
4096:
4090:
4084:
4078:
4072:
4062:
4056:
4050:
4041:
4035:
4029:
4006:
4000:
3999:
3998:
3984:Hindko, Northern
3981:
3968:
3967:
3965:
3963:
3957:
3950:
3942:
3923:
3909:
3904:
3898:
3891:
3885:
3878:
3872:
3851:Haripur District
3792:
3786:
3779:
3773:
3758:
3735:
3734:
3733:
3662:Transliteration:
3658:
3657:
3656:
3567:
3560:
3556:
3553:
3547:
3516:
3508:
3497:
3493:
3480:
3479:
3478:
3469:
3456:
3455:
3454:
3445:
3441:
3428:
3427:
3426:
3417:
3404:
3403:
3402:
3393:
3389:
3376:
3375:
3374:
3365:
3352:
3351:
3350:
3341:
3328:
3327:
3326:
3317:
3304:
3303:
3302:
3293:
3280:
3279:
3278:
3269:
3256:
3255:
3254:
3245:
3232:
3231:
3230:
3221:
3208:
3207:
3206:
3197:
3184:
3183:
3182:
3173:
3160:
3159:
3158:
3149:
3136:
3135:
3134:
3125:
3112:
3111:
3110:
3101:
3088:
3087:
3086:
3077:
3064:
3063:
3062:
3053:
3040:
3039:
3038:
3029:
3016:
3015:
3014:
3005:
2992:
2991:
2990:
2981:
2968:
2967:
2966:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2920:
2919:
2918:
2909:
2896:
2895:
2894:
2885:
2872:
2871:
2870:
2861:
2848:
2847:
2846:
2837:
2824:
2823:
2822:
2813:
2800:
2799:
2798:
2789:
2776:
2775:
2774:
2765:
2752:
2751:
2750:
2741:
2728:
2727:
2726:
2717:
2704:
2703:
2702:
2693:
2680:
2679:
2678:
2669:
2656:
2655:
2654:
2645:
2632:
2631:
2630:
2621:
2608:
2607:
2606:
2597:
2584:
2583:
2582:
2573:
2560:
2559:
2558:
2549:
2536:
2535:
2534:
2525:
2512:
2511:
2510:
2501:
2488:
2487:
2486:
2477:
2464:
2463:
2462:
2453:
2440:
2439:
2438:
2429:
2416:
2415:
2414:
2405:
2392:
2391:
2390:
2381:
2368:
2367:
2366:
2357:
2344:
2343:
2342:
2333:
2320:
2319:
2318:
2295:
2291:
2279:Punjabi alphabet
2256:
2252:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2225:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2180:Standard Punjabi
2177:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2094:Nasalised vowels
2089:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1989:
1967:
1944:
1935:
1922:
1906:
1895:
1884:
1871:
1836:
1830:
1822:
1815:
1804:
1797:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1746:nasal consonants
1743:
1739:
1732:
1722:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1694:
1687:
1680:
1673:
1670:'saying' versus
1669:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1650:Fricatives like
1642:
1637:voiced aspirated
1634:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1610:
1605:
1562:
1534:
1512:
1505:
1486:
1475:
1467:
1460:
1446:
1439:
1434:
1431:
1424:
1415:
1410:
1407:
1400:
1395:
1392:
1376:
1369:
1362:
1355:
1348:
1339:
1332:
1327:
1324:
1317:
1312:
1309:
1302:
1297:
1294:
1287:
1282:
1279:
1272:
1267:
1264:
1255:
1203:
1201:
1195:
1186:
1175:
1153:
1131:
1124:
1102:
1095:
1088:
1074:
1067:
1062:
1059:
1052:
1043:
1038:
1035:
1028:
1012:
1007:
1004:
997:
992:
989:
982:
977:
974:
967:
962:
959:
952:
947:
944:
935:
928:
923:
920:
913:
908:
905:
898:
893:
890:
883:
878:
875:
868:
863:
860:
851:
804:
800:
618:
556:Standard Punjabi
533:Chakwal District
365:
360:
356:
349:
347:
346:
345:
331:
303:
294:
277:
270:
261:
241:
148:
73:
64:
63:
62:
50:
49:
21:
9034:
9033:
9029:
9028:
9027:
9025:
9024:
9023:
9014:Hindko language
8974:
8973:
8972:
8967:
8953:Pakistani Hindi
8907:
8774:
8699:
8640:Kohistani Shina
8610:Indus Kohistani
8556:
8508:
8455:
8451:Pahari-Pothwari
8409:
8408:
8407:Other languages
8402:
8376:
8371:
8341:
8336:
8335:
8308:
8271:
8265:
8221:
8204:
8194:
8154:
8097:
8083:Ashokan Prakrit
8062:
8025:
8000:
7974:
7919:
7901:
7868:
7818:
7792:
7749:
7682:
7671:
7640:
7602:
7581:
7555:
7534:
7491:
7475:
7444:
7416:Hyderabadi Urdu
7337:
7294:
7186:
7103:
7027:
6980:
6971:Pahari-Pothwari
6942:
6896:
6877:Pahari Kinnauri
6798:
6777:
6738:
6704:Indus Kohistani
6697:Hazara Division
6692:
6671:
6635:
6619:
6573:
6543:
6538:
6508:
6503:
6475:
6452:
6448:Pahari-Pothwari
6440:Pahari-Pothwari
6434:
6401:
6360:
6352:
6316:
6311:
6274:
6263:
6230:
6228:Further reading
6225:
6217:
6215:
6173:
6065:
6063:
6056:
6033:
6009:
6007:
5966:
5964:
5946:
5922:
5920:
5873:
5871:
5793:
5791:
5752:
5717:
5662:
5660:
5610:
5605:
5596:
5594:
5585:
5584:
5580:
5571:
5569:
5556:Hindko, Matlaan
5553:
5549:
5540:
5538:
5529:
5528:
5524:
5515:
5513:
5504:
5503:
5499:
5486:
5482:
5474:. But see also
5469:
5465:
5457:
5453:
5445:
5441:
5433:
5429:
5421:
5417:
5408:
5404:
5396:
5392:
5380:
5376:
5368:
5364:
5356:
5352:
5344:
5337:
5325:
5321:
5313:
5309:
5289:
5285:
5277:
5273:
5253:
5249:
5241:
5237:
5213:
5209:
5193:
5189:
5181:
5177:
5165:
5161:
5153:
5149:
5141:
5137:
5121:
5117:
5109:
5105:
5097:
5090:
5078:
5074:
5066:
5062:
5058:, p. 130).
5053:
5049:
5041:
5037:
5029:
5025:
5017:
5013:
5009:, p. 149).
4997:
4993:
4985:
4981:
4973:
4969:
4961:
4957:
4949:
4945:
4937:
4930:
4922:
4918:
4910:
4906:
4898:
4894:
4878:
4874:
4858:
4854:
4846:
4842:
4829:
4828:
4824:
4812:
4808:
4800:
4793:
4789:, pp. 4–5.
4785:
4781:
4773:
4769:
4756:
4754:
4741:
4730:
4713:
4712:
4708:
4700:
4696:
4682:
4680:
4679:on 30 June 2022
4665:
4661:
4651:
4649:
4640:
4639:
4635:
4626:
4622:
4614:
4610:
4602:
4598:
4590:
4586:
4578:
4574:
4564:
4553:
4549:
4541:
4537:
4529:
4525:
4521:, pp. 1–4.
4517:
4513:
4505:
4501:
4493:
4489:
4481:
4477:
4469:
4465:
4452:
4448:
4440:
4436:
4428:
4421:
4413:
4409:
4401:
4397:
4385:
4383:
4370:
4366:
4353:
4351:
4344:
4328:
4324:
4312:
4308:
4300:
4296:
4288:, p. 482;
4284:
4280:
4267:
4266:
4257:
4244:
4227:
4223:
4215:
4211:
4196:
4189:
4174:
4160:
4151:
4137:
4135:
4134:on 30 June 2022
4120:
4111:
4103:
4099:
4091:
4087:
4079:
4075:
4063:
4059:
4051:
4044:
4036:
4032:
4012:, p. 53);
4007:
4003:
3993:
3982:
3971:
3961:
3959:
3955:
3948:
3944:
3943:
3936:
3932:
3927:
3926:
3905:
3901:
3897:, p. 497).
3892:
3888:
3879:
3875:
3793:
3789:
3780:
3776:
3759:
3755:
3750:
3716:
3709:
3707:
3705:
3703:
3701:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3654:
3652:
3650:
3648:
3646:
3644:
3642:
3625:
3568:
3557:
3551:
3548:
3533:
3517:
3506:
2263:
2164:
2096:
1829:
1794:: the alveolar
1783:'prayer call',
1750:retroflex nasal
1733:/ in Awankari.
1707:'small stick',
1574:stop consonants
1432:
1408:
1393:
1325:
1310:
1295:
1280:
1265:
1232:
1217:
1199:
1198:
1060:
1036:
1005:
990:
975:
960:
945:
921:
906:
891:
876:
861:
818:
799:
794:
718:Hazara Division
710:
662:Pahari–Pothwari
625:Line of Control
621:Vale of Kashmir
571:Northern Hindko
529:Talagang Tehsil
513:Haripur Tehsils
501:Attock District
474:
433:Iranic language
358:
323:
317:
290:
273:
272:
266:
265:
257:
242:
237:
198:
149:
146:Language family
144:
135:
134:Native speakers
101:Hazara Division
82:
48:
41:
28:
23:
22:
18:Northern Hindko
15:
12:
11:
5:
9032:
9022:
9021:
9016:
9011:
9006:
9001:
8996:
8991:
8986:
8969:
8968:
8966:
8965:
8960:
8950:
8945:
8940:
8935:
8930:
8925:
8919:
8917:
8916:Related topics
8913:
8912:
8909:
8908:
8906:
8905:
8900:
8895:
8890:
8885:
8880:
8875:
8870:
8865:
8860:
8855:
8850:
8849:
8848:
8843:
8838:
8830:
8825:
8820:
8815:
8810:
8805:
8800:
8795:
8790:
8784:
8782:
8776:
8775:
8773:
8772:
8767:
8762:
8757:
8756:
8755:
8745:
8740:
8735:
8730:
8725:
8720:
8715:
8709:
8707:
8701:
8700:
8698:
8697:
8692:
8687:
8682:
8677:
8672:
8667:
8662:
8657:
8652:
8647:
8642:
8637:
8632:
8627:
8622:
8617:
8612:
8607:
8602:
8597:
8592:
8587:
8582:
8577:
8572:
8566:
8564:
8558:
8557:
8555:
8554:
8549:
8544:
8539:
8534:
8529:
8524:
8518:
8516:
8510:
8509:
8507:
8506:
8501:
8496:
8491:
8486:
8481:
8476:
8471:
8465:
8463:
8457:
8456:
8454:
8453:
8448:
8443:
8438:
8433:
8427:
8425:
8416:
8404:
8403:
8401:
8400:
8395:
8384:
8382:
8378:
8377:
8370:
8369:
8362:
8355:
8347:
8338:
8337:
8334:
8333:
8328:
8323:
8318:
8314:
8313:
8310:
8309:
8307:
8306:
8301:
8296:
8291:
8286:
8281:
8275:
8273:
8267:
8266:
8264:
8263:
8258:
8257:
8256:
8251:
8241:
8236:
8229:
8227:
8223:
8222:
8220:
8219:
8214:
8208:
8206:
8200:
8199:
8196:
8195:
8193:
8192:
8187:
8182:
8177:
8172:
8166:
8164:
8156:
8155:
8153:
8152:
8147:
8142:
8141:
8140:
8135:
8130:
8125:
8115:
8109:
8107:
8099:
8098:
8096:
8095:
8090:
8085:
8079:
8077:
8070:
8064:
8063:
8061:
8060:
8055:
8054:
8053:
8048:
8037:
8035:
8031:
8030:
8027:
8026:
8024:
8023:
8018:
8012:
8010:
8006:
8005:
8002:
8001:
7999:
7998:
7993:
7988:
7982:
7980:
7976:
7975:
7973:
7972:
7967:
7962:
7957:
7952:
7947:
7942:
7937:
7931:
7929:
7922:
7911:
7907:
7906:
7903:
7902:
7900:
7899:
7894:
7889:
7884:
7878:
7876:
7870:
7869:
7867:
7866:
7861:
7856:
7851:
7846:
7841:
7836:
7830:
7828:
7824:
7823:
7820:
7819:
7817:
7816:
7811:
7806:
7800:
7798:
7794:
7793:
7791:
7790:
7785:
7780:
7775:
7774:
7773:
7768:
7757:
7755:
7751:
7750:
7748:
7747:
7742:
7737:
7732:
7727:
7722:
7717:
7712:
7707:
7706:
7705:
7694:
7692:
7685:
7677:
7676:
7673:
7672:
7670:
7669:
7668:
7667:
7662:
7654:
7648:
7646:
7642:
7641:
7639:
7638:
7633:
7628:
7627:
7626:
7621:
7610:
7608:
7604:
7603:
7601:
7600:
7595:
7589:
7587:
7583:
7582:
7580:
7579:
7574:
7569:
7563:
7561:
7557:
7556:
7554:
7553:
7548:
7542:
7540:
7536:
7535:
7533:
7532:
7527:
7521:
7519:
7512:
7503:
7497:
7496:
7493:
7492:
7490:
7489:
7483:
7481:
7477:
7476:
7474:
7473:
7468:
7463:
7458:
7452:
7450:
7446:
7445:
7443:
7442:
7437:
7432:
7427:
7426:
7425:
7424:
7423:
7418:
7413:
7408:
7398:
7389:
7384:
7374:
7369:
7364:
7358:
7356:
7349:
7343:
7342:
7339:
7338:
7336:
7335:
7334:
7333:
7323:
7318:
7313:
7308:
7302:
7300:
7296:
7295:
7293:
7292:
7287:
7282:
7277:
7272:
7267:
7262:
7257:
7252:
7247:
7242:
7237:
7232:
7227:
7222:
7217:
7212:
7207:
7202:
7196:
7194:
7188:
7187:
7185:
7184:
7179:
7174:
7169:
7164:
7159:
7154:
7149:
7144:
7139:
7134:
7129:
7124:
7119:
7113:
7111:
7105:
7104:
7102:
7101:
7096:
7091:
7090:
7089:
7084:
7079:
7071:
7066:
7065:
7064:
7062:Lisan ud-Dawat
7054:
7048:
7046:
7037:
7033:
7032:
7029:
7028:
7026:
7025:
7020:
7015:
7010:
7005:
7000:
6994:
6992:
6986:
6985:
6982:
6981:
6979:
6978:
6973:
6968:
6963:
6958:
6952:
6950:
6944:
6943:
6941:
6940:
6935:
6934:
6933:
6922:
6920:
6913:
6906:
6902:
6901:
6898:
6897:
6895:
6894:
6889:
6884:
6879:
6874:
6869:
6864:
6859:
6854:
6849:
6844:
6839:
6834:
6829:
6824:
6819:
6814:
6808:
6806:
6800:
6799:
6797:
6796:
6791:
6785:
6783:
6779:
6778:
6776:
6775:
6770:
6765:
6759:
6757:
6750:
6744:
6743:
6740:
6739:
6737:
6736:
6731:
6726:
6721:
6716:
6711:
6706:
6700:
6698:
6694:
6693:
6691:
6690:
6685:
6679:
6677:
6673:
6672:
6670:
6669:
6664:
6659:
6654:
6649:
6643:
6641:
6637:
6636:
6634:
6633:
6627:
6625:
6621:
6620:
6618:
6617:
6612:
6607:
6602:
6597:
6592:
6587:
6581:
6579:
6575:
6574:
6572:
6571:
6566:
6560:
6558:
6551:
6545:
6544:
6537:
6536:
6529:
6522:
6514:
6505:
6504:
6493:Baahar di boli
6484:
6481:
6480:
6477:
6476:
6474:
6473:
6468:
6462:
6460:
6454:
6453:
6451:
6450:
6444:
6442:
6436:
6435:
6433:
6432:
6427:
6422:
6417:
6411:
6409:
6403:
6402:
6400:
6399:
6394:
6389:
6384:
6379:
6373:
6371:
6369:Jatki language
6362:
6354:
6353:
6351:
6350:
6345:
6340:
6335:
6330:
6324:
6322:
6318:
6317:
6310:
6309:
6302:
6295:
6287:
6281:
6280:
6273:
6272:External links
6270:
6269:
6268:
6261:
6246:
6243:
6240:
6237:
6234:
6229:
6226:
6224:
6223:
6199:
6189:(2): 103–120.
6177:
6171:
6155:
6143:
6117:(3): 482–510.
6103:
6085:(1): 191–210.
6071:
6054:
6037:
6031:
6015:
5993:
5972:
5950:
5944:
5928:
5908:
5890:(2): 135–150.
5879:
5849:
5820:
5799:
5777:
5767:(3): 191–202.
5756:
5750:
5729:
5715:
5691:
5682:
5669:
5646:
5625:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5603:
5578:
5547:
5522:
5497:
5480:
5463:
5451:
5449:, p. 109.
5439:
5427:
5415:
5411:Bhardwaj (2016
5402:
5390:
5374:
5372:, p. 500.
5362:
5350:
5335:
5319:
5307:
5283:
5271:
5247:
5245:, p. 199.
5235:
5207:
5187:
5175:
5159:
5147:
5135:
5115:
5103:
5088:
5072:
5060:
5047:
5035:
5023:
5011:
4991:
4989:, p. 149.
4979:
4967:
4955:
4943:
4941:, p. 487.
4928:
4916:
4904:
4892:
4882:, p. 22;
4872:
4866:, p. 22;
4852:
4840:
4822:
4806:
4791:
4779:
4767:
4728:
4721:. 2014-04-12.
4706:
4694:
4659:
4633:
4620:
4608:
4596:
4594:, p. 484.
4584:
4572:
4547:
4535:
4523:
4511:
4499:
4497:, p. 485.
4487:
4485:, p. 509.
4475:
4473:, p. 497.
4463:
4446:
4434:
4419:
4407:
4395:
4364:
4342:
4322:
4320:, p. 482.
4306:
4294:
4292:, pp. 3–4
4278:
4255:
4242:
4221:
4219:, p. 482.
4209:
4187:
4172:
4149:
4109:
4107:, p. 486.
4097:
4085:
4073:
4057:
4055:, p. 211.
4042:
4040:, p. 198.
4030:
4001:
3969:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3925:
3924:
3899:
3886:
3873:
3871:
3870:
3855:Singo Di Garhi
3831:
3821:
3815:
3801:
3787:
3774:
3752:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3715:
3712:
3624:
3623:Poetry example
3621:
3570:
3569:
3520:
3518:
3511:
3505:
3502:
3499:
3498:
3489:
3486:
3481:
3471:
3470:
3465:
3462:
3457:
3447:
3446:
3437:
3434:
3429:
3419:
3418:
3413:
3410:
3405:
3395:
3394:
3385:
3382:
3377:
3367:
3366:
3361:
3358:
3353:
3343:
3342:
3337:
3334:
3329:
3319:
3318:
3313:
3310:
3305:
3295:
3294:
3289:
3286:
3281:
3271:
3270:
3265:
3262:
3257:
3247:
3246:
3241:
3238:
3233:
3223:
3222:
3217:
3214:
3209:
3199:
3198:
3193:
3190:
3185:
3175:
3174:
3169:
3166:
3161:
3151:
3150:
3145:
3142:
3137:
3127:
3126:
3121:
3118:
3113:
3103:
3102:
3097:
3094:
3089:
3079:
3078:
3073:
3070:
3065:
3055:
3054:
3049:
3046:
3041:
3031:
3030:
3025:
3022:
3017:
3007:
3006:
3001:
2998:
2993:
2983:
2982:
2977:
2974:
2969:
2959:
2958:
2929:
2926:
2921:
2911:
2910:
2905:
2902:
2897:
2887:
2886:
2881:
2878:
2873:
2863:
2862:
2857:
2854:
2849:
2839:
2838:
2833:
2830:
2825:
2815:
2814:
2809:
2806:
2801:
2791:
2790:
2785:
2782:
2777:
2767:
2766:
2761:
2758:
2753:
2743:
2742:
2737:
2734:
2729:
2719:
2718:
2713:
2710:
2705:
2695:
2694:
2689:
2686:
2681:
2671:
2670:
2665:
2662:
2657:
2647:
2646:
2641:
2638:
2633:
2623:
2622:
2617:
2614:
2609:
2599:
2598:
2593:
2590:
2585:
2575:
2574:
2569:
2566:
2561:
2551:
2550:
2545:
2542:
2537:
2527:
2526:
2521:
2518:
2513:
2503:
2502:
2497:
2494:
2489:
2479:
2478:
2473:
2470:
2465:
2455:
2454:
2449:
2446:
2441:
2431:
2430:
2425:
2422:
2417:
2407:
2406:
2401:
2398:
2393:
2383:
2382:
2377:
2374:
2369:
2359:
2358:
2353:
2350:
2345:
2335:
2334:
2329:
2326:
2321:
2311:
2310:
2305:
2302:
2301:Name of Letter
2299:
2262:
2259:
2247:glottalisation
2210:'leper' <
2176:/bʱdʱɖʱdʒʱɡʱɦ/
2163:
2160:
2151:allophonically
2095:
2092:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1937:
1936:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1916:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1865:
1859:
1858:
1853:
1851:
1846:
1844:
1839:
1828:
1825:
1818:retroflex flap
1811:alveolar trill
1697:
1696:
1689:
1682:
1675:
1623:), voiceless (
1568:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1544:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1528:
1526:
1520:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1506:
1499:
1497:
1491:
1490:
1488:
1479:
1477:
1468:
1461:
1454:
1448:
1447:
1440:
1425:
1418:
1416:
1401:
1386:
1380:
1379:
1377:
1370:
1363:
1356:
1349:
1342:
1336:
1335:
1333:
1318:
1303:
1288:
1273:
1258:
1253:
1247:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1226:
1221:
1211:
1206:
1197:Hazara Hindko
1192:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1169:
1163:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1147:
1145:
1139:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1125:
1118:
1116:
1110:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1096:
1089:
1082:
1076:
1075:
1068:
1053:
1046:
1044:
1029:
1022:
1016:
1015:
1013:
998:
983:
968:
953:
938:
932:
931:
929:
914:
899:
884:
869:
854:
849:
843:
842:
837:
832:
827:
822:
812:
807:
798:
795:
793:
790:
785:domains of use
709:
708:Social setting
706:
531:, now part of
473:
470:
319:
318:
304:
296:
295:
288:
280:
279:
262:
254:
253:
252:Language codes
249:
248:
243:
239:Writing system
236:
233:
232:
231:
230:
227:
214:
209:
204:
200:
199:
197:
196:
195:
194:
193:
192:
191:
190:
189:
188:
187:
186:
152:
150:
143:
140:
139:
136:
133:
130:
129:
120:
116:
115:
98:
94:
93:
88:
87:Native to
84:
83:
74:
66:
65:
55:
54:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9031:
9020:
9017:
9015:
9012:
9010:
9007:
9005:
9002:
9000:
8997:
8995:
8992:
8990:
8987:
8985:
8982:
8981:
8979:
8964:
8961:
8958:
8954:
8951:
8949:
8946:
8944:
8941:
8939:
8936:
8934:
8931:
8929:
8926:
8924:
8921:
8920:
8918:
8914:
8904:
8901:
8899:
8896:
8894:
8891:
8889:
8886:
8884:
8881:
8879:
8876:
8874:
8871:
8869:
8866:
8864:
8861:
8859:
8856:
8854:
8851:
8847:
8844:
8842:
8839:
8837:
8834:
8833:
8831:
8829:
8826:
8824:
8821:
8819:
8816:
8814:
8811:
8809:
8806:
8804:
8801:
8799:
8796:
8794:
8791:
8789:
8786:
8785:
8783:
8781:
8777:
8771:
8768:
8766:
8763:
8761:
8758:
8754:
8751:
8750:
8749:
8746:
8744:
8741:
8739:
8736:
8734:
8731:
8729:
8726:
8724:
8721:
8719:
8716:
8714:
8711:
8710:
8708:
8706:
8702:
8696:
8693:
8691:
8688:
8686:
8683:
8681:
8678:
8676:
8673:
8671:
8668:
8666:
8663:
8661:
8658:
8656:
8653:
8651:
8648:
8646:
8643:
8641:
8638:
8636:
8633:
8631:
8628:
8626:
8623:
8621:
8618:
8616:
8613:
8611:
8608:
8606:
8603:
8601:
8598:
8596:
8593:
8591:
8588:
8586:
8583:
8581:
8578:
8576:
8573:
8571:
8568:
8567:
8565:
8563:
8559:
8553:
8550:
8548:
8545:
8543:
8540:
8538:
8535:
8533:
8530:
8528:
8525:
8523:
8520:
8519:
8517:
8515:
8511:
8505:
8502:
8500:
8497:
8495:
8492:
8490:
8487:
8485:
8482:
8480:
8477:
8475:
8472:
8470:
8467:
8466:
8464:
8462:
8458:
8452:
8449:
8447:
8444:
8442:
8439:
8437:
8434:
8432:
8429:
8428:
8426:
8424:
8420:
8417:
8413:
8405:
8399:
8396:
8393:
8389:
8386:
8385:
8383:
8379:
8375:
8368:
8363:
8361:
8356:
8354:
8349:
8348:
8345:
8332:
8329:
8327:
8324:
8322:
8319:
8316:
8315:
8311:
8305:
8302:
8300:
8297:
8295:
8292:
8290:
8289:Haflong Hindi
8287:
8285:
8282:
8280:
8277:
8276:
8274:
8268:
8262:
8259:
8255:
8252:
8250:
8247:
8246:
8245:
8244:Chinali–Lahul
8242:
8240:
8237:
8234:
8231:
8230:
8228:
8224:
8218:
8215:
8213:
8210:
8209:
8207:
8201:
8191:
8190:Khasa Prakrit
8188:
8186:
8183:
8181:
8178:
8176:
8173:
8171:
8168:
8167:
8165:
8162:
8157:
8151:
8148:
8146:
8143:
8139:
8136:
8134:
8131:
8129:
8126:
8124:
8121:
8120:
8119:
8116:
8114:
8111:
8110:
8108:
8105:
8100:
8094:
8091:
8089:
8086:
8084:
8081:
8080:
8078:
8074:
8071:
8069:
8065:
8059:
8056:
8052:
8049:
8047:
8044:
8043:
8042:
8039:
8038:
8036:
8032:
8022:
8019:
8017:
8014:
8013:
8011:
8007:
7997:
7994:
7992:
7989:
7987:
7984:
7983:
7981:
7977:
7971:
7968:
7966:
7963:
7961:
7958:
7956:
7953:
7951:
7948:
7946:
7943:
7941:
7938:
7936:
7933:
7932:
7930:
7926:
7923:
7921:
7915:
7912:
7908:
7898:
7895:
7893:
7890:
7888:
7885:
7883:
7880:
7879:
7877:
7875:
7871:
7865:
7862:
7860:
7857:
7855:
7852:
7850:
7847:
7845:
7842:
7840:
7837:
7835:
7832:
7831:
7829:
7825:
7815:
7812:
7810:
7807:
7805:
7802:
7801:
7799:
7795:
7789:
7786:
7784:
7781:
7779:
7776:
7772:
7769:
7767:
7764:
7763:
7762:
7759:
7758:
7756:
7752:
7746:
7743:
7741:
7738:
7736:
7733:
7731:
7728:
7726:
7723:
7721:
7718:
7716:
7713:
7711:
7708:
7704:
7701:
7700:
7699:
7696:
7695:
7693:
7689:
7686:
7684:
7678:
7666:
7663:
7661:
7658:
7657:
7655:
7653:
7650:
7649:
7647:
7643:
7637:
7634:
7632:
7629:
7625:
7622:
7620:
7617:
7616:
7615:
7612:
7611:
7609:
7605:
7599:
7596:
7594:
7591:
7590:
7588:
7584:
7578:
7575:
7573:
7570:
7568:
7565:
7564:
7562:
7558:
7552:
7549:
7547:
7544:
7543:
7541:
7537:
7531:
7528:
7526:
7523:
7522:
7520:
7516:
7513:
7511:
7507:
7504:
7502:
7498:
7488:
7485:
7484:
7482:
7478:
7472:
7469:
7467:
7466:Chhattisgarhi
7464:
7462:
7459:
7457:
7454:
7453:
7451:
7447:
7441:
7438:
7436:
7433:
7431:
7428:
7422:
7419:
7417:
7414:
7412:
7409:
7407:
7404:
7403:
7402:
7399:
7397:
7393:
7390:
7388:
7385:
7383:
7380:
7379:
7378:
7375:
7373:
7370:
7368:
7365:
7363:
7360:
7359:
7357:
7353:
7350:
7348:
7344:
7332:
7329:
7328:
7327:
7324:
7322:
7319:
7317:
7314:
7312:
7309:
7307:
7304:
7303:
7301:
7297:
7291:
7288:
7286:
7283:
7281:
7278:
7276:
7273:
7271:
7268:
7266:
7263:
7261:
7260:Rathwi Bareli
7258:
7256:
7253:
7251:
7248:
7246:
7243:
7241:
7238:
7236:
7233:
7231:
7228:
7226:
7223:
7221:
7218:
7216:
7213:
7211:
7208:
7206:
7203:
7201:
7198:
7197:
7195:
7193:
7189:
7183:
7180:
7178:
7175:
7173:
7170:
7168:
7165:
7163:
7160:
7158:
7155:
7153:
7150:
7148:
7145:
7143:
7140:
7138:
7135:
7133:
7130:
7128:
7125:
7123:
7120:
7118:
7115:
7114:
7112:
7110:
7106:
7100:
7097:
7095:
7092:
7088:
7085:
7083:
7080:
7078:
7075:
7074:
7072:
7070:
7067:
7063:
7060:
7059:
7058:
7055:
7053:
7050:
7049:
7047:
7045:
7041:
7038:
7034:
7024:
7021:
7019:
7016:
7014:
7011:
7009:
7006:
7004:
7001:
6999:
6996:
6995:
6993:
6991:
6987:
6977:
6974:
6972:
6969:
6967:
6964:
6962:
6959:
6957:
6954:
6953:
6951:
6949:
6945:
6939:
6936:
6932:
6929:
6928:
6927:
6924:
6923:
6921:
6917:
6914:
6910:
6907:
6903:
6893:
6890:
6888:
6885:
6883:
6880:
6878:
6875:
6873:
6870:
6868:
6865:
6863:
6862:Mahasu Pahari
6860:
6858:
6855:
6853:
6850:
6848:
6845:
6843:
6840:
6838:
6835:
6833:
6830:
6828:
6825:
6823:
6820:
6818:
6815:
6813:
6810:
6809:
6807:
6805:
6801:
6795:
6792:
6790:
6787:
6786:
6784:
6780:
6774:
6771:
6769:
6766:
6764:
6761:
6760:
6758:
6754:
6751:
6749:
6745:
6735:
6732:
6730:
6727:
6725:
6722:
6720:
6717:
6715:
6712:
6710:
6707:
6705:
6702:
6701:
6699:
6695:
6689:
6686:
6684:
6681:
6680:
6678:
6674:
6668:
6665:
6663:
6660:
6658:
6655:
6653:
6650:
6648:
6645:
6644:
6642:
6638:
6632:
6629:
6628:
6626:
6622:
6616:
6613:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6603:
6601:
6598:
6596:
6593:
6591:
6588:
6586:
6583:
6582:
6580:
6576:
6570:
6567:
6565:
6562:
6561:
6559:
6555:
6552:
6550:
6546:
6542:
6535:
6530:
6528:
6523:
6521:
6516:
6515:
6512:
6502:
6498:
6494:
6490:
6487:
6482:
6472:
6469:
6467:
6464:
6463:
6461:
6459:
6455:
6449:
6446:
6445:
6443:
6441:
6437:
6431:
6428:
6426:
6423:
6421:
6418:
6416:
6413:
6412:
6410:
6408:
6404:
6398:
6395:
6393:
6390:
6388:
6385:
6383:
6380:
6378:
6375:
6374:
6372:
6370:
6366:
6363:
6359:
6355:
6349:
6346:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6325:
6323:
6319:
6315:
6308:
6303:
6301:
6296:
6294:
6289:
6288:
6285:
6279:
6276:
6275:
6264:
6258:
6254:
6253:
6247:
6244:
6241:
6238:
6235:
6232:
6231:
6213:
6209:
6205:
6200:
6196:
6192:
6188:
6184:
6178:
6174:
6168:
6164:
6160:
6156:
6152:
6148:
6144:
6140:
6136:
6132:
6128:
6124:
6120:
6116:
6112:
6108:
6104:
6100:
6096:
6092:
6088:
6084:
6080:
6076:
6072:
6061:
6057:
6055:969-8023-13-5
6051:
6047:
6043:
6038:
6034:
6028:
6024:
6020:
6019:Rahman, Tariq
6016:
6005:
6001:
6000:
5994:
5990:
5986:
5982:
5978:
5973:
5962:
5958:
5957:
5951:
5947:
5941:
5937:
5933:
5929:
5918:
5914:
5909:
5905:
5901:
5897:
5893:
5889:
5885:
5880:
5869:
5865:
5861:
5860:
5855:
5850:
5846:
5842:
5838:
5834:
5830:
5826:
5821:
5817:
5813:
5809:
5805:
5800:
5789:
5785:
5784:
5778:
5774:
5770:
5766:
5762:
5757:
5753:
5747:
5743:
5739:
5736:. Routledge.
5735:
5730:
5726:
5722:
5718:
5712:
5708:
5704:
5700:
5696:
5695:Bashir, Elena
5692:
5688:
5683:
5679:
5675:
5670:
5658:
5654:
5653:
5647:
5643:
5639:
5635:
5631:
5626:
5622:
5618:
5613:
5612:
5592:
5588:
5582:
5567:
5563:
5562:
5557:
5551:
5536:
5532:
5526:
5511:
5507:
5501:
5494:
5490:
5489:Shackle (1980
5484:
5477:
5473:
5467:
5460:
5455:
5448:
5443:
5436:
5431:
5424:
5423:Bhardwaj 2016
5419:
5412:
5406:
5400:, p. 44.
5399:
5394:
5387:
5383:
5378:
5371:
5366:
5359:
5354:
5348:, p. 61.
5347:
5342:
5340:
5332:
5328:
5323:
5317:, p. 94.
5316:
5311:
5304:
5300:
5296:
5292:
5287:
5280:
5275:
5268:
5264:
5260:
5256:
5251:
5244:
5239:
5224:
5220:
5216:
5211:
5205:, p. 29.
5204:
5200:
5196:
5191:
5184:
5179:
5172:
5171:Shackle (1980
5168:
5163:
5157:, p. 22.
5156:
5151:
5145:, p. 28.
5144:
5139:
5124:
5119:
5112:
5107:
5100:
5095:
5093:
5085:
5081:
5076:
5070:, p. 26.
5069:
5064:
5057:
5051:
5044:
5039:
5032:
5027:
5020:
5015:
5008:
5000:
4995:
4988:
4983:
4977:, p. 25.
4976:
4971:
4965:, p. 27.
4964:
4959:
4952:
4947:
4940:
4935:
4933:
4925:
4920:
4913:
4908:
4901:
4896:
4889:
4885:
4881:
4876:
4869:
4865:
4861:
4856:
4849:
4844:
4837:
4832:
4826:
4819:
4815:
4810:
4804:, p. 69.
4803:
4798:
4796:
4788:
4783:
4777:, p. 80.
4776:
4771:
4764:
4752:
4748:
4747:
4739:
4737:
4735:
4733:
4724:
4720:
4716:
4710:
4703:
4698:
4691:
4678:
4674:
4670:
4663:
4647:
4643:
4637:
4630:
4629:Pierce (2011)
4624:
4617:
4612:
4605:
4600:
4593:
4588:
4581:
4576:
4568:
4562:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4544:
4539:
4532:
4527:
4520:
4515:
4509:, p. 56.
4508:
4503:
4496:
4491:
4484:
4479:
4472:
4467:
4460:
4456:
4455:Shackle (1980
4450:
4443:
4438:
4431:
4426:
4424:
4416:
4411:
4404:
4399:
4392:
4381:
4377:
4376:
4368:
4361:
4349:
4345:
4339:
4335:
4334:
4326:
4319:
4316:, p. 5;
4315:
4310:
4303:
4298:
4291:
4287:
4282:
4275:
4270:
4264:
4262:
4260:
4252:
4250:
4245:
4243:9781843311492
4239:
4235:
4231:
4225:
4218:
4213:
4206:
4201:
4194:
4192:
4184:
4181:
4175:
4173:9781438119137
4169:
4165:
4158:
4156:
4154:
4146:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4118:
4116:
4114:
4106:
4101:
4094:
4089:
4082:
4077:
4070:
4066:
4061:
4054:
4049:
4047:
4039:
4034:
4027:
4023:
4019:
4018:Shackle (1980
4015:
4011:
4005:
3997:
3991:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3978:
3976:
3974:
3954:
3947:
3941:
3939:
3934:
3921:
3917:
3913:
3903:
3896:
3890:
3883:
3877:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3849:City; two in
3848:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3820:
3816:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3800:
3796:
3795:
3791:
3784:
3778:
3771:
3770:
3765:
3764:
3757:
3753:
3745:
3742:
3741:
3736:
3727:
3725:
3721:
3711:
3699:
3695:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3663:
3659:
3636:
3634:
3630:
3620:
3616:
3614:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3584:
3582:
3578:
3566:
3563:
3555:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3531:
3530:
3526:
3521:This section
3519:
3515:
3510:
3509:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3473:
3472:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3449:
3448:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3421:
3420:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3397:
3396:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3369:
3368:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3345:
3344:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3321:
3320:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3297:
3296:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3273:
3272:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3249:
3248:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3225:
3224:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3201:
3200:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3177:
3176:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3153:
3152:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3129:
3128:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3105:
3104:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3081:
3080:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3057:
3056:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3033:
3032:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3009:
3008:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2985:
2984:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2961:
2960:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2913:
2912:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2889:
2888:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2865:
2864:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2841:
2840:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2817:
2816:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2793:
2792:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2769:
2768:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2745:
2744:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2721:
2720:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2697:
2696:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2673:
2672:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2649:
2648:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2625:
2624:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2601:
2600:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2577:
2576:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2553:
2552:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2529:
2528:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2505:
2504:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2481:
2480:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2457:
2456:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2433:
2432:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2409:
2408:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2385:
2384:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2361:
2360:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2337:
2336:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2313:
2312:
2309:
2306:
2304:Transcription
2303:
2300:
2297:
2296:
2290:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2272:
2267:
2258:
2248:
2237:'more' (<
2231:
2227:
2221:
2220:Majhi Punjabi
2202:'horse' <
2181:
2173:
2169:
2159:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2101:
2091:
2085:
2080:
2047:'yesterday',
2039:'big stone',
1993:
1991:
1988:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1939:
1934:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1917:
1915:
1908:
1905:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1890:
1888:
1883:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1837:
1834:
1824:
1819:
1812:
1808:
1801:
1793:
1788:
1775:
1772:'pride'. The
1755:
1751:
1747:
1734:
1731:
1726:
1718:
1690:
1683:
1676:
1665:
1664:
1663:
1648:
1646:
1638:
1630:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1507:
1504:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1492:
1489:
1485:
1480:
1478:
1474:
1469:
1466:
1462:
1459:
1455:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1438:
1430:
1426:
1423:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1406:
1402:
1399:
1391:
1387:
1385:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1371:
1368:
1364:
1361:
1357:
1354:
1350:
1347:
1343:
1338:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1323:
1319:
1316:
1308:
1304:
1301:
1293:
1289:
1286:
1278:
1274:
1271:
1263:
1259:
1254:
1252:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1170:
1168:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1126:
1123:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1097:
1094:
1090:
1087:
1083:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1066:
1058:
1054:
1051:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1034:
1030:
1027:
1023:
1021:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1003:
999:
996:
988:
984:
981:
973:
969:
966:
958:
954:
951:
943:
939:
934:
933:
930:
927:
919:
915:
912:
904:
900:
897:
889:
885:
882:
874:
870:
867:
859:
855:
850:
848:
844:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
816:
813:
811:
808:
805:
789:
786:
782:
778:
773:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
705:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
673:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
646:
643:
639:
638:
632:
630:
626:
622:
617:
612:
608:
604:
600:
599:Neelum Valley
596:
592:
588:
587:Tanoli Hindko
584:
580:
576:
575:Kaghan Valley
572:
568:
567:Hazara Hindko
564:
563:Hazara region
559:
557:
553:
549:
545:
540:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
489:
487:
483:
479:
469:
467:
463:
458:
456:
452:
451:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
425:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
398:
396:
392:
388:
383:
381:
377:
373:
369:
364:
355:
339:
316:
312:
308:
307:mother tongue
302:
297:
293:
289:
287:
286:
281:
276:
269:
263:
260:
255:
250:
247:
244:
240:
234:
229:Hazara Hindko
228:
226:
222:
218:
215:
213:
210:
207:
206:
205:
201:
185:
182:
181:
180:
177:
176:
175:
172:
171:
170:
167:
166:
165:
162:
161:
160:
157:
156:
155:
154:Indo-European
151:
147:
141:
137:
131:
128:
124:
121:
117:
114:
110:
106:
102:
99:
95:
92:
89:
85:
81:
77:
72:
67:
56:
51:
46:
39:
35:
30:
19:
8722:
8604:
8446:Kundal Shahi
8423:Azad Kashmir
8284:Bombay Hindi
8226:Unclassified
8123:Ardhamagadhi
7950:Berar Deccan
7804:Chittagonian
7797:Chittagonian
7290:Vaagri Booli
7255:Pauri Bareli
7250:Palya Bareli
7215:Dhodia–Kukna
6955:
6905:Northwestern
6595:Kundal Shahi
6489:Baar di Boli
6485:
6406:
6251:
6216:. Retrieved
6207:
6186:
6182:
6162:
6150:
6114:
6110:
6082:
6078:
6064:. Retrieved
6045:
6022:
6008:. Retrieved
5998:
5983:(1): 65–73.
5980:
5976:
5965:. Retrieved
5955:
5935:
5921:. Retrieved
5887:
5883:
5872:. Retrieved
5863:
5857:
5831:(2): 59–79.
5828:
5824:
5807:
5803:
5792:. Retrieved
5782:
5764:
5760:
5733:
5698:
5686:
5677:
5673:
5661:. Retrieved
5651:
5636:(1): 65–84.
5633:
5629:
5620:
5616:
5608:Bibliography
5595:. Retrieved
5581:
5570:. Retrieved
5560:
5550:
5539:. Retrieved
5525:
5514:. Retrieved
5500:
5483:
5466:
5459:Shackle 2003
5454:
5442:
5430:
5418:
5405:
5393:
5377:
5370:Shackle 1980
5365:
5353:
5322:
5310:
5303:Bahri (1963)
5286:
5274:
5250:
5238:
5210:
5190:
5178:
5162:
5150:
5138:
5118:
5106:
5075:
5063:
5050:
5038:
5026:
5014:
4994:
4982:
4970:
4958:
4951:Shackle 1980
4946:
4939:Shackle 1980
4919:
4912:Shackle 1980
4907:
4895:
4875:
4855:
4843:
4834:
4830:
4825:
4818:Shackle 1983
4809:
4782:
4770:
4761:
4755:. Retrieved
4745:
4718:
4709:
4697:
4688:
4683:24 September
4681:. Retrieved
4677:the original
4662:
4650:. Retrieved
4636:
4623:
4611:
4599:
4592:Shackle 1980
4587:
4575:
4558:
4550:
4538:
4526:
4514:
4502:
4495:Shackle 1980
4490:
4483:Shackle 1980
4478:
4471:Shackle 1980
4466:
4459:Rensch (1992
4449:
4442:Shackle 1980
4437:
4410:
4403:Shackle 1980
4398:
4390:
4384:. Retrieved
4374:
4367:
4358:
4352:. Retrieved
4332:
4325:
4318:Shackle 1980
4309:
4304:, p. 4.
4297:
4286:Shackle 1980
4281:
4272:
4268:
4248:
4247:
4233:
4224:
4217:Shackle 1980
4212:
4203:
4199:
4179:
4177:
4163:
4143:
4136:. Retrieved
4132:the original
4105:Shackle 1980
4100:
4093:Shackle 1979
4088:
4076:
4065:Shackle 1980
4060:
4038:Shackle 1979
4033:
4026:Rensch (1992
4021:
4014:Masica (1991
4010:Rensch (1992
4004:
3987:
3960:. Retrieved
3912:Nawaz (2014)
3902:
3895:Shackle 1980
3889:
3881:
3876:
3813:Pakha Gholam
3797:the city of
3790:
3782:
3777:
3767:
3761:
3756:
3743:
3739:
3737:
3728:
3723:
3719:
3717:
3698:Translation:
3697:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3661:
3660:
3637:
3628:
3626:
3617:
3612:
3608:
3601:
3585:
3580:
3576:
3573:
3558:
3549:
3534:Please help
3522:
3483:
3459:
3431:
3407:
3379:
3355:
3331:
3307:
3283:
3259:
3235:
3211:
3187:
3163:
3139:
3115:
3091:
3067:
3043:
3019:
2995:
2971:
2923:
2899:
2875:
2851:
2827:
2803:
2779:
2755:
2731:
2707:
2683:
2659:
2635:
2611:
2587:
2563:
2539:
2515:
2491:
2467:
2443:
2419:
2395:
2371:
2347:
2323:
2276:
2270:
2255:/vəˈtˀɑ̂ːiː/
2253:'daughter',
2232:
2228:
2171:
2168:pitch accent
2165:
2148:
2100:nasal vowels
2097:
2081:
1998:
1832:
1789:
1768:'straight',
1735:
1717:labio-dental
1698:
1649:
1571:
774:
711:
674:
670:Muzaffarabad
647:
635:
633:
610:
606:
603:Azad Kashmir
594:
590:
586:
578:
570:
566:
560:
541:
490:
475:
459:
454:
448:
444:
440:
436:
426:
420:than in the
399:
386:
384:
337:
336:
283:
183:
169:Northwestern
159:Indo-Iranian
75:
29:
8620:Kalasha-mun
8461:Balochistan
8272:and creoles
8254:Lahul Lohar
8133:Maharashtri
7730:Mal Paharia
7720:Kharia Thar
7362:Braj Bhasha
6501:Khalsa bole
5623:(2): 58–80.
5493:Awan (1974)
5476:Bahri (1963
5472:Bahl (1957)
5291:Nawaz (2014
5267:Bahri (1963
5223:Nawaz (2014
5056:Nawaz (2014
4814:Rensch 1992
4787:Rensch 1992
4775:Rensch 1992
4604:Rensch 1992
4580:Rensch 1992
4507:Rensch 1992
4430:Rensch 1992
4415:Rensch 1992
4302:Rensch 1992
4290:Rensch 1992
4200:The Soomras
4081:Rahman 1996
4053:Rahman 1996
3962:26 December
3867:Rensch 1992
3460:hamza-e-yeh
3380:do cašmī he
3308:waw-e-hamza
2114:'arm', and
2075:'soft' vs.
1774:velar nasal
1736:Apart from
1725:approximant
1688:'to look'),
1641:bʱdʱɖʱdʒʱɡʱ
1633:pʰtʰʈʰtʃʰkʰ
1548:Approximant
1167:Approximant
730:Tahirkhelis
693:Afghanistan
664:, with the
544:prestigious
527:(spoken in
507:(spoken in
460:Like other
8978:Categories
8883:Rajasthani
8765:Rajasthani
8595:Gawar-Bati
8570:Burushaski
8527:Burushaski
8175:Apabhraṃśa
8161:Apabhraṃśa
8138:Shauraseni
7854:Bodo Parja
7839:Sambalpuri
7771:Goalpariya
7745:Tanchangya
7735:Noakhailla
7660:Bote-Darai
7471:Fiji Hindi
7440:Sadhukkadi
7411:Judeo-Urdu
7377:Hindustani
7167:Shekhawati
7109:Rajasthani
7094:Saurashtra
6822:Bhadarwahi
6652:Gawar-Bati
6218:2019-10-16
6066:2016-11-05
6010:2020-09-20
5967:2020-02-29
5923:2019-10-18
5904:1370361471
5874:2020-02-29
5845:1628966213
5794:2020-02-29
5663:2020-12-31
5597:2019-06-16
5572:2019-06-16
5541:2019-06-16
5516:2022-07-21
5386:Nawaz 2014
5346:Bahri 1963
5331:Nawaz 2014
5279:Bahri 1963
5255:Nawaz 2014
5243:Nawaz 2014
5195:Nawaz 2014
5183:Bahri 1963
5123:Nawaz 2014
5111:Nawaz 2014
5099:Bahri 1963
5043:Bahri 1963
5031:Nawaz 2014
5007:Nawaz 2014
5005:'plough' (
4987:Nawaz 2014
4900:Bahri 1963
4884:Nawaz 2014
4848:Bahri 1963
4757:2022-07-28
4702:Wyeth 2018
4652:10 October
4560:Ethnologue
4519:Nawaz 2014
4386:2022-08-05
4354:2022-08-13
4314:Nawaz 2014
4138:10 October
4071:'Hindko'".
3989:Ethnologue
3930:References
3552:March 2013
3504:Literature
2324:waḍḍi alif
2178:. Thus in
2084:diphthongs
2063:'Sunday',
2051:'button',
1703:'spoilt',
1686:/deːxɽ̃ɑː/
1613:affricates
797:Consonants
650:Salt Range
637:Ethnologue
503:, Punjab:
414:morphology
395:Abbottabad
350:romanized:
313:as of the
164:Indo-Aryan
123:Hindkowans
34:Hindkowans
8645:Mankiyali
8261:Sheikhgal
8205:languages
8170:Abahattha
8150:Paishachi
8051:Classical
8016:Maldivian
7788:Surjapuri
7754:Kamarupic
7656:Kuswaric
7518:Bhojpuric
7306:Khandeshi
6842:Chambeali
6837:Bilaspuri
6734:Mankiyali
6662:Shumashti
6657:Nangalami
6569:Kishtwari
6486:See also:
6361:(Western)
6195:1028-6640
6139:129436200
6131:0041-977X
6099:0079-1636
5989:1028-6640
5896:1028-6640
5837:1028-6640
5816:1028-6640
5773:1028-6640
5725:203090889
5642:1028-6640
5617:Al-Mushir
4178:The term
3827:City and
3809:Wad Pagga
3781:The term
3763:Hindustan
3593:phonology
3577:Hindkowan
3523:does not
2212:/kóːɽʱaː/
2204:/ɡʱoːɽaː/
2192:/ɡʱoːɽaː/
2079:'shoe').
2067:'thief',
1766:/tɑːɳɑ̃ː/
1695:'write').
1629:aspirated
1586:retroflex
1384:Fricative
1256:voiceless
1229:Post-alv.
1224:Retroflex
1020:Fricative
852:voiceless
825:Retroflex
792:Phonology
764:, Turks,
738:Yusufzais
726:Hazarewal
677:diasporas
642:ISO 639-3
577:known as
455:Hindkuwan
450:Hindkowan
418:phonology
387:Peshawari
285:Glottolog
259:ISO 639-3
246:Shahmukhi
208:Peshawari
127:Hazarewal
119:Ethnicity
80:Shahmukhi
38:Hazarewal
8963:Chagatai
8846:Wadiyara
8823:Jandavra
8818:Gujarati
8753:dialects
8675:Shekhani
8585:Chilisso
8494:Khetrani
8484:Hazaragi
8441:Kashmiri
8392:national
8317:See also
8299:Nefamese
8294:Nagamese
8185:Kamarupi
8145:Gāndhārī
8102:Middle (
8041:Sanskrit
7979:Konkanic
7928:Marathic
7918:Marathi–
7910:Southern
7814:Rohingya
7783:Rangpuri
7761:Assamese
7725:Kurmukar
7703:dialects
7683:Kamarupa
7567:Maithili
7560:Maithili
7525:Bhojpuri
7430:Kannauji
7392:Hinglish
7372:Haryanvi
7137:Dhundari
7087:Wadiyara
7069:Jandavra
7057:Gujarati
7044:Gujarati
6966:Khetrani
6931:dialects
6887:Sirmauri
6867:Jaunsari
6857:Mandeali
6852:Pangwali
6832:Bhateali
6789:Garhwali
6748:Northern
6714:Chilisso
6590:Brokskat
6564:Kashmiri
6557:Kashmiri
6497:Derawali
6415:Awankari
6397:Shahpuri
6212:Archived
6060:Archived
6021:(1996).
6004:Archived
5961:Archived
5934:(1991).
5917:Archived
5900:ProQuest
5868:Archived
5841:ProQuest
5788:Archived
5680:: 30–34.
5657:Archived
5591:Archived
5589:. 2018.
5566:Archived
5558:(2015).
5535:Archived
5510:Archived
4751:Archived
4723:Archived
4646:Archived
4380:Archived
4348:Archived
4232:(2004).
3953:Archived
3882:Khālsavī
3847:Mansehra
3829:Talagang
3823:Attock:
3799:Peshawar
3714:Proverbs
3484:waḍḍi ye
2261:Alphabet
2224:/kòːɽaː/
2216:/koːɽaː/
2208:/kóːɽaː/
2200:/kòːɽaː/
2196:/kòːɽaː/
2184:/dʒiːbʱ/
2128:/kʰɪ̃ɖɑ/
2124:/kʰɪɖɑː/
2120:/toːkẽː/
2116:/toːkeː/
2077:/pɔːlɑː/
2073:/poːlɑː/
2069:/kuːɽɑː/
2057:/bæːrɑː/
2055:'what',
2049:/biːɽɑː/
2043:'pain',
1705:/ləxxət/
1674:'said'),
1672:/ɑːkhɑː/
1668:/ɑːxdɑː/
1598:palatals
1582:alveolar
1219:Alveolar
820:Alveolar
766:Qureshis
548:Peshawar
525:Awankari
391:Peshawar
372:Pakistan
311:District
292:hind1271
217:Awankari
203:Dialects
105:Peshawar
91:Pakistan
8948:Persian
8863:Marwari
8841:Parkari
8798:Bengali
8760:Saraiki
8748:Punjabi
8733:Marwari
8728:Kabutra
8680:Torwali
8630:Kamviri
8625:Kalkoti
8575:Badeshi
8532:Dawoodi
8504:Wanetsi
8489:Jadgali
8479:Dehwari
8469:Balochi
8398:English
8270:Pidgins
8249:Chinali
8239:Bazigar
8233:Badeshi
8128:Magadhi
8104:Prakrit
8021:Sinhala
8009:Insular
7986:Konkani
7965:Katkari
7960:Phudagi
7940:Varhadi
7935:Marathi
7920:Konkani
7892:Bhunjia
7766:Kamrupi
7740:Sylheti
7698:Bengali
7691:Bengali
7652:Kumhali
7619:Kochila
7607:Tharuic
7598:Kurmali
7586:Sadanic
7577:Bajjika
7551:Khortha
7501:Eastern
7461:Bagheli
7449:Eastern
7406:Deccani
7382:Kauravi
7367:Bundeli
7355:Western
7347:Central
7316:Dawoodi
7311:Lambadi
7235:Bhilori
7205:Bhilali
7152:Marwari
7142:Harauti
7082:Parkari
7036:Western
7003:Kholosi
6998:Jadgali
6976:Saraiki
6926:Punjabi
6919:Eastern
6912:Punjabi
6882:Hinduri
6827:Churahi
6804:Western
6794:Kumaoni
6782:Central
6756:Eastern
6683:Kalasha
6676:Chitral
6631:Pashayi
6624:Pashayi
6600:Kalkoti
6458:Saraiki
6420:Chhachi
6392:Lubanki
6387:Jhangvi
6321:Eastern
5734:Panjabi
5133:'moon'.
5131:/tʃənn/
5127:/kə̃ŋɡ/
3843:Sherpur
3839:Balakot
3720:matlaan
3609:Faroogh
3544:removed
3529:sources
3432:coṭī ye
3356:coṭī he
2241:), but
2188:/dʒíːb/
2136:/ɡə̃́ɖ/
2065:/tʃoːr/
2037:/tʃɪpp/
1849:Central
1701:/xrɑːb/
1679:/nɪɣʊl/
1639:stops (
1590:palatal
1576:at the
1524:Lateral
1251:Plosive
1244:Glottal
1234:Palatal
1143:Lateral
847:Plosive
840:Glottal
830:Palatal
770:Gujjars
762:Tanolis
758:Mughals
750:Sayyids
746:Tareens
742:Jadoons
681:Karachi
654:Saraiki
595:Tinauli
583:Tanawal
579:Kaghani
505:Chacchi
486:Kashmir
445:Hindkun
406:Saraiki
402:Punjabi
264:Either:
225:Chacchi
174:Punjabi
113:Potohar
8943:Arabic
8903:Vaghri
8893:Sindhi
8888:Rangri
8873:Mewari
8868:Memoni
8858:Loarki
8853:Kutchi
8813:Goaria
8808:Dhatki
8770:Rangri
8738:Mewari
8723:Hindko
8705:Punjab
8695:Yidgha
8685:Ushoji
8665:Pashto
8660:Palula
8655:Ormuri
8635:Khowar
8615:Kalami
8605:Hindko
8590:Dameli
8580:Bateri
8537:Khowar
8499:Pashto
8474:Brahui
8436:Gujari
8203:Proto-
8159:Late (
8068:Middle
7970:Kadodi
7897:Nahari
7874:Halbic
7849:Bhatri
7809:Chakma
7715:Hajong
7681:Gauda–
7665:Danwar
7645:Others
7636:Musasa
7572:Angika
7546:Magahi
7539:Magahi
7510:Bihari
7480:Others
7456:Awadhi
7421:Rekhta
7396:Urdish
7326:Romani
7321:Domari
7299:Others
7280:Vasavi
7265:Pardhi
7245:Magari
7240:Mawchi
7230:Bauria
7220:Dhanki
7210:Chodri
7182:Nimadi
7172:Dhatki
7162:Mewari
7157:Mewati
7132:Gujari
7127:Loarki
7122:Goaria
7099:Vaghri
7023:Sindhi
7018:Memoni
7013:Luwati
7008:Kutchi
6990:Sindhi
6956:Hindko
6948:Lahnda
6892:Sarazi
6872:Kullui
6817:Kangri
6773:Nepali
6763:Doteli
6729:Tirahi
6724:Kalami
6709:Bateri
6688:Khowar
6647:Dameli
6610:Palula
6605:Ushoji
6549:Dardic
6466:Riasti
6430:Kohati
6407:Hindko
6358:Lahnda
6348:Puadhi
6343:Malwai
6259:
6193:
6169:
6137:
6129:
6097:
6052:
6029:
5987:
5942:
5902:
5894:
5843:
5835:
5814:
5771:
5748:
5723:
5713:
5640:
5003:/rɑ:ɦ/
4340:
4249:Hindko
4240:
4183:group.
4180:Hindko
4170:
4022:Hindko
3861:(near
3859:Jammun
3825:Attock
3803:rural
3783:Hindki
3722:, sg.
3613:Farogh
2298:Letter
2251:/tˀîː/
2243:/dʱiː/
2235:/ʋə́d/
2112:/bɑ̃ː/
2086:(like
2061:/tɑːr/
2045:/kəll/
2041:/dʊxx/
1833:Vowels
1827:Vowels
1785:/mɑːŋ/
1781:/bɑːŋ/
1770:/mɑːɳ/
1748:. The
1709:/ʃɑːx/
1627:) and
1625:ptʈtʃk
1621:bdɖdʒɡ
1617:/tʃdʒ/
1578:labial
1495:Rhotic
1433:
1409:
1394:
1340:voiced
1326:
1311:
1296:
1281:
1266:
1214:Dental
1209:Labial
1114:Rhotic
1061:
1037:
1006:
991:
976:
961:
946:
936:voiced
922:
907:
892:
877:
862:
815:Dental
810:Labial
781:Pashto
734:Swatis
714:castes
666:Galyat
616:apārim
591:Tanoli
523:) and
509:Attock
493:Kohati
478:Punjab
462:Lahnda
441:Hindki
437:Hindki
429:Pashto
422:syntax
380:Punjab
368:Lahnda
354:Hindko
338:Hindko
212:Kohati
184:Hindko
179:Lahnda
97:Region
76:Hindko
53:Hindko
45:Hindki
8957:Hindi
8836:Kachi
8832:Koli
8803:Bhaya
8793:Bagri
8780:Sindh
8718:Dogri
8713:Bagri
8690:Wazir
8650:Munji
8600:Gowro
8552:Wakhi
8547:Shina
8542:Purgi
8522:Balti
8431:Dogri
8304:Vedda
8076:Early
8046:Vedic
7955:Varli
7887:Kamar
7882:Halbi
7864:Kupia
7844:Desia
7631:Majhi
7624:Buksa
7614:Tharu
7593:Sadri
7487:Parya
7435:Sansi
7387:Hindi
7285:Wagdi
7275:Kalto
7270:Gamit
7225:Dubli
7200:Bhili
7147:Malvi
7117:Bagri
7077:Kachi
7073:Koli
6938:Sansi
6847:Gaddi
6812:Dogri
6768:Jumli
6719:Gowro
6640:Kunar
6585:Shina
6578:Shina
6471:Thali
6425:Ghebi
6377:Dhani
6338:Majhi
6333:Doabi
6135:S2CID
5866:(3).
5810:(2).
5721:S2CID
3956:(PDF)
3949:(PDF)
3908:/æ͂ː/
3863:Ghazi
3819:Kohat
3748:Notes
3724:matal
3629:Kalām
3408:hamza
2524:/t͡ʃ/
2500:/d͡ʒ/
2194:>
2186:>
2132:/ɡəɖ/
2108:/bɑː/
2053:/keː/
1863:Close
1842:Front
1693:/lɪx/
1645:below
1594:velar
1452:Nasal
1239:Velar
1080:Nasal
835:Velar
754:Awans
697:Hindu
685:India
611:Pārim
607:Parmi
517:Ghebi
497:Kohat
447:, or
431:, an
344:ہندکو
221:Ghebi
109:Kohat
61:ہندکو
8898:Urdu
8828:Jogi
8670:Sawi
8410:(by
8388:Urdu
8088:Pāli
7945:Andh
7859:Reli
7834:Odia
7827:Odia
7401:Urdu
7192:Bhil
6961:Inku
6615:Sawi
6382:Inku
6257:ISBN
6191:ISSN
6167:ISBN
6127:ISSN
6095:ISSN
6050:ISBN
6027:ISBN
5985:ISSN
5940:ISBN
5892:ISSN
5833:ISSN
5812:ISSN
5769:ISSN
5746:ISBN
5711:ISBN
5638:ISSN
5229:but
4685:2019
4673:Mint
4654:2019
4627:See
4338:ISBN
4238:ISBN
4168:ISBN
4140:2019
4128:Mint
4069:NWFP
3964:2022
3857:and
3845:and
3811:and
3769:Hind
3527:any
3525:cite
3488:e, ē
3468:/æː/
3436:y, ī
3392:/◌ʱ/
3388:/◌ʰ/
3316:/ʔu/
3236:ngun
2972:ǧain
2924:‘ain
2900:zo'e
2876:to'e
2852:zvād
2828:svād
2348:alif
2239:vədʱ
2172:tone
2162:Tone
2088:/ai/
2033:/uː/
2031:and
2029:/oː/
2025:/ɑː/
2021:/æː/
2017:/eː/
2013:/iː/
2007:and
1977:Open
1856:Back
1758:/ɽ̃/
1754:flap
1740:and
1658:and
1592:and
777:Urdu
768:and
744:and
701:Sikh
699:and
609:(or
554:and
552:Urdu
511:and
416:and
404:and
359:IPA:
125:and
36:and
8788:Aer
8180:Elu
8034:Old
7052:Aer
6119:doi
6087:doi
5738:doi
5703:doi
5231:/ɐ/
5227:/ə/
4557:at
3986:at
3865:) (
3766:or
3631:of
3538:by
3496:/ɛ/
3492:/e/
3444:/i/
3440:/j/
3416:/ʔ/
3364:/ɦ/
3340:/ʊ/
3292:/ʋ/
3284:wāw
3268:/ɳ/
3260:ṇūn
3244:/ŋ/
3220:/ɲ/
3212:ñun
3196:/ɲ/
3188:ñun
3172:/n/
3164:nūn
3148:/m/
3140:mīm
3124:/l/
3116:lām
3100:/g/
3092:gāf
3076:/k/
3068:kāf
3052:/v/
3044:vāf
3028:/q/
3020:qāf
3004:/f/
2980:/ɣ/
2956:/ʊ/
2952:/ɪ/
2948:/o/
2944:/ɛ/
2940:/e/
2936:/ə/
2932:/∅/
2908:/z/
2904:(z)
2884:/t/
2880:(t)
2860:/z/
2856:(z)
2836:/s/
2832:(s)
2812:/ʃ/
2804:šīn
2788:/s/
2780:sīn
2764:/ɕ/
2740:/z/
2716:/ɽ/
2692:/r/
2668:/z/
2664:(z)
2660:zāl
2644:/ɖ/
2636:ḍāl
2620:/d/
2612:dāl
2596:/ʄ/
2572:/x/
2548:/h/
2492:jīm
2476:/s/
2452:/ʈ/
2428:/t/
2404:/p/
2380:/b/
2356:/a/
2332:/ə/
2308:IPA
2285:at
2271:Vaf
2144:/o/
2142:or
2140:/u/
2009:/ə/
2005:/ʊ/
2001:/ɪ/
1914:Mid
1821:/ɽ/
1814:/r/
1803:/ɭ/
1796:/l/
1777:/ŋ/
1762:/n/
1742:/n/
1738:/m/
1721:/v/
1660:/ɣ/
1656:/x/
1652:/f/
1647:).
1315:tʃʰ
720:of
593:or
569:or
515:),
457:).
275:hno
268:hnd
78:in
8980::
8878:Od
7177:Od
6499:,
6495:,
6491:,
6210:.
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6115:43
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6083:77
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5634:10
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5265:;
5217:;
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4886:;
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3841:,
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3635::
3579:,
3494:,
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3384:_h
3312:'w
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2996:fe
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2249::
2226:.
2104:ɑ̃
2027:,
2023:,
2019:,
2015:,
2003:,
1987:ɑː
1942:æː
1933:oː
1920:eː
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1756::
1713:/ɦ
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1588:,
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1367:dʒ
1330:kʰ
1307:tʃ
1300:ʈʰ
1285:tʰ
1270:pʰ
1010:ɡʱ
995:ɟʱ
980:ɖʱ
965:dʱ
950:bʱ
926:kʰ
911:cʰ
896:ʈʰ
881:tʰ
866:pʰ
772:.
760:,
756:,
752:,
740:,
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3000:f
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2605:د
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1374:ɡ
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1292:ʈ
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1231:/
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1184:j
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1151:l
1129:ɽ
1122:r
1100:ɳ
1093:n
1086:m
1072:ɦ
1065:ɣ
1057:x
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1041:z
1033:s
1026:f
1002:ɡ
987:ɟ
972:ɖ
957:d
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903:c
888:ʈ
873:t
858:p
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