Northern Mannerism

444: 660: 724: 946: 1341: 1110: 390: 2007: 837: 164: 765: 691: 1308: 1247: 406: 1833: 425: 480: 796: 375: 1645: 354: 742: 1401: 1931: 875: 1022: 1527: 1692: 535: 31: 84: 1269: 6546: 829:, to his trip to Rome in 1590, from which he "returned a changed artist. From this time on he no longer made prints after Spranger's extravaganzas. The monstrous muscle-men and over-elongated female nudes with tiny heads ... were replaced by figures with more normal proportions and movements." Spranger's work "had a wide and immediate effect in the Northern Netherlands", and the group known as the "Haarlem Mannerists", principally Goltzius, van Mander, and 1291: 1584: 2091: 265: 1164: 1006:, who was brusquely dismissive of 'lower' forms of art) to accept the value of other specialized genres of art, and to accept that many artists should specialize in these, if that is where their talent lay. Specialization of many artists in the various genres was well advanced by the end of the century, in both the Netherlands and Prague, exemplified by Bruegel's two sons, 1014:, though it was also typical of the period that they both had more than one speciality during their careers. Although landscapes, scenes of peasant life, sea-scapes and still lifes could be bought by dealers for stock, and good portraits were always in demand, demand for history painting was not equal to the potential supply, and many artists, like 856:

could switch styles depending on subject or commission, and continued to produce portraits and genre scenes in styles based on local traditions at the same time they were working on highly Mannerist paintings. After his return from Italy, Goltzius moved to a quieter proto-Baroque classicism, and his work in that style influenced many.

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Whereas the artists of both Fontainebleau and Prague were mostly provided with a home so congenial in both intellectual and physical terms that they stayed to the end of their lives, for artists of the last Netherlandish phase of the movement Mannerism was very often a phase through which they passed

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For each succeeding generations of artists, the problem became more acute, as much Northern work continued to gradually assimilate aspects of Renaissance style, while the most advanced Italian art had spiralled into an atmosphere of self-conscious sophistication and complexity that must have seemed a

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The three main centres of the style were in France, especially in the period 1530–1550, in Prague from 1576, and in the Netherlands from the 1580s—the first two phases very much led by royal patronage. In the last 15 years of the century, the style, by then becoming outdated in Italy, was widespread

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in 1572–3, which he lived through. Brughel's completely un-mannerist version of the same subject was bought by Rudolf, who had someone turn many of the massacred children into geese, calves, cheeses, and other less disturbing spoils. In general, Mannerist painting emphasizes peace and harmony, and

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The importance of prints as a medium for disseminating Mannerist style has already been mentioned; Northern Mannerism "was a style that lent itself admirably to printmaking, and inspired the production of a succession of masterpieces of the printmaker's art". Goltzius was already the most celebrated

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between 1550 and 1650, when it was finally replaced by the Baroque. The style includes various mannerist traditions, which are closely related with ethnic and religious diversity of the country, as well as with its economic and political situation at that time. The period between 1550 and 1650 was a

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Rudolf was not very interested in religion, and "in the Prague of Rudolf II, an explosion of mythological imagery was produced that had not been seen since Fontainebleau". Goddesses were usually naked, or nearly so, and a more overt atmosphere of eroticism prevails than is found in most Renaissance

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of the 1520s as a development of, a reaction against, and an attempt to excel, the serenely balanced triumphs of that style. As art historian Henri Zerner explains: "The concept of Mannerism—so important to modern criticism and notably to the renewed taste for Fontainebleau art—designates a style in

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in the 16th and early 17th centuries. Styles largely derived from Italian Mannerism were found in the Netherlands and elsewhere from around the mid-century, especially Mannerist ornament in architecture; this article concentrates on those times and places where Northern Mannerism generated its most

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and his son Hans, goldsmiths to a succession of Holy Roman Emperors, including Rudolf, were unexcelled in the north. Silversmiths made covered cups and richly wrought ewers and platters, strictly for display, perhaps incorporating the large sea-shells now being brought back from the tropics, which

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and others. Bloemaert painted many landscapes reconciling these types by combining close-up trees, with figures, and a small distant view from above to one side (example below). Paul Brill's early landscapes were distinctly Mannerist in their artificiality and crowded decorative effects, but after

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of Rudolf II, played an important role in the development of the still life as an independent genre, and in particular still lifes of flowers. An undated flower piece executed by Hoefnagel in the form of a miniature is the first known independent still life. Hoefnagel enlivened his flower pieces

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that were taken more seriously in Rudolf's Prague than any other Renaissance court. It seems, however, that the painted allegories from Prague contain neither very specific complicated meanings, nor hidden recipes for alchemy. Giambologna frequently chose, or let someone else choose, a title for

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Other parts of Northern Europe did not have the advantage of such intense contact with Italian artists, but the Mannerist style made its presence felt through prints and illustrated books, the purchases of Italian works by rulers and others, artists' travels to Italy, and the example of individual

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Partly because most of his Netherlandish followers had only seen Spranger's work through prints and his mostly very free drawings, his more painterly handling was not adopted, and they retained the tighter and more realistic technique in which they had been trained. Many Dutch mannerist painters

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The different definitions of what constituted Italian Mannerism are notorious, and have a knock-on effect in defining the northern versions. For the purposes of this article, the term is used broadly in the sense set out in Shearman (pp. 15–32 in particular), though in a rather wider sense when

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Though Mannerist sculptors produced life-size bronzes, the bulk of their output by unit was of editions of small bronzes, often reduced versions of the large compositions, which were intended to be appreciated by holding and turning in the hands, when the best "give an aesthetic stimulus of that

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Printed Mannerist ornament, in a somewhat broader sense of the word, was a good deal easier to produce than the risky application of an extreme Mannerist style to large figure compositions, and had been spreading across Europe well in advance of painting in the form of frames to portrait prints,

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The High Renaissance was a purely Italian phenomenon, and Italian Mannerism required both artists and an audience highly trained in the preceding Renaissance styles, whose conventions were often flouted in a knowing fashion. In Northern Europe, however, such artists, and such an audience, could

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In the case of Rudolf's Prague and French art after the mid-century, secular and mythological Mannerist art seems to have been partly a deliberate attempt to produce an art that appealed across religious and political divides. At the same time, Mannerism at its most extreme was usually a court

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also painted these. Such subjects appealed to both aristocratic patrons and the bourgeois market, which was far larger in the Netherlands. This was especially so in the Protestant north, after the movement of populations in the Revolt, where the demand for religious works was largely absent.

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engraver in the Netherlands when the Mannerist virus struck, and despite the disruptions of war he and other Netherlandish printmakers were connected with the well-oiled machinery of distribution across Europe that had been built up over the preceding fifty years, originally centred on

1683:, was given Mannerist treatments by several artists, as a lush landscape subject. But for Dutch Protestants the subject recalled the years before and during their Revolt, when they were forced to congregate for services in the open countryside outside towns controlled by the Spanish. 531:, safer from the regular Turkish invasions, and during his reign of 1576–1612 Rudolf was to become an obsessive collector of old and new art, his artists mixing with the astronomers, clockmakers, botanists, and "wizards, alchemists and kabbalists" whom Rudolf also gathered around him. 3017: 283:, often executed by French artists to drawings by the Italians (and then reproduced in prints), and the Fontainebleau style affected French sculpture more strongly than French painting. The huge stucco frames which dominate their inset paintings with bold high-relief 1559:. The relationship between Mannerism, religion and politics was very complex. Although religious works were produced, Northern Mannerist art de-emphasized religious subjects, and when it did treat them was usually against the spirit both of the Counter-Reformation 346:

court in Florence; all of which relied heavily on the visual arts. After an interlude when work on Fontainebleau was abandoned at the height of the French Wars of Religion, a "Second School of Fontainebleau" was formed from local artists in the 1590s.

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of Mannerist forms and decor was produced in limited quantities for a restricted fashion-conscious clientele from the 1520s to the 1540s, while the crowded, disconcertingly lifelike compositions of snakes and toads characterize the Mannerist painted

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A number of areas in the decorative arts joined in the style, especially where there were customers from the court. High-style walnut furniture made in metropolitan centers like Paris and Dijon, employed strapwork framing and sculptural supports in

519:, whose fantasy portraits made up of objects were slightly more serious in the world of late-Renaissance philosophy than they seem now. At the end of his reign he devised a project for a new palace and just before he died the young Flemish painter 764: 576:

Works from Rudolf's Prague were highly finished and refined, with most paintings being relatively small. The elongation of figures and strikingly complex poses of the first wave of Italian Mannerism were continued, and the elegant distance of

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Protestants and other patriots of France and the Netherlands with their unpopular Catholic rulers. But, at least earlier, many of the artists producing extreme Mannerist style were Protestant, and in France Calvinist, for example

825:, the greatest printmaker of the day, his most Mannerist phase under the influence of Spranger only lasted for the five years between 1585, when he engraved his first print after one of the Spranger drawings brought from Prague by 866:

after returning from Italy in 1590, drew more influence from Italian Mannerists than from Prague, and also continued to produce kitchen scenes and portraits alongside his naked deities. Unlike many, notably his fellow Utrechter

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had been generally the most advanced in northern Europe since before 1400, and the best Netherlandish artists were better able than those of other regions to keep up with Italian developments, though lagging at a distance.

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made a specialty of richly carved and veneered cabinets inlaid with tortoiseshell, ebony, and ivory, with architectural interiors, mirrored to multiply reflections in feigned spaces. In England the Mannerist excesses of

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Rudolf's artistic preferences were for mythological scenes with nudes as well as allegorical propaganda pieces which extolled the virtues of himself as ruler. A work combining the elements of eroticism and propaganda is

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who lived in Spranger's house, had been tempted to the city itself. Rudolf also commissioned work from Italy, above all from Giambologna, who the Medicis would not allow to leave Florence, and four great mythological

659: 925:, the last an important figure in the Early Baroque. Most still painted Netherlandish panoramas from a high view-point, with small figures forming a specific subject, but Gillis van Coninxloo followed the earlier 1722:

without ever having seen major use by the court. The palace was destroyed before 1700 and only small fragments of work associated with it have survived, as well as a faint ripple of influence detectable in later

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style, often used to propagandize for the monarchy, and it risked becoming discredited through association with unpopular rulers. While Rudolf's genuine tolerance seems to have avoided this in Germany and

424: 3112:""What could be better now than the struggle for freedom and faith", Confessionalization and the Estates' Quest for Liberation as Reflected in the Silesian Arts of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries" 1641:, also comments on the civil war, betraying a "typically Mannerist penchant for miniaturization". Tiny, naked human beings "swarm over the earth like worms", while God looks down in judgement from above. 214:–1571), all of whom remained in France until their deaths. This conjunction succeeded in generating a native French style with strong Mannerist elements that was then able to develop largely on its own. 389: 1198:) were technically rather rough, produced in smaller numbers, and mainly influential in France. They were made in an intense period of activity approximately from 1542 to 1548. Those made in Paris were 1246: 374: 287:, swags of fruit, and generous staffage of naked nymph-like figures, were very influential on the vocabulary of Mannerist ornament all over Europe, spread by ornament books and prints by 723: 405: 1307: 561:), which shows Minverva (the Roman goddess of war, wisdom, arts and trade) with exposed breasts and a helmet treading down Ignorance, symbolised by a man with the ears of an ass. 2549: 1617:, Caron produced "what is perhaps the purest known type of Mannerism in its elegant form, appropriate to an exquisite but neurotic aristocratic society". His cartoons for the 1205:

Many of the Fontainebleau prints were apparently made directly from drawn designs for the decorations of the palace, and consisted largely or entirely of ornamental frames or

2388: 1806:, who had spent the last years of Rudolf's reign as a young artist in Prague, continued the Rudolfine style into the 1640s, despite the horrors visited on Silesia by the 307:, of which only about sixty pieces survive, brought a similar aesthetic into pottery, and much of it carries royal cyphers. This was followed by the "rustic" pottery of 2799:

Jacobsen 47. French exports of prints were mainly restricted to Spain and Portugal, although Vasari in Florence was aware of later prints of the decor at Fontainebleau.

2607: 1221:. From these and works in their own medium, goldsmiths, frame and furniture makers, and workers in many other crafts developed the vocabulary of Mannerist ornament. 6388: 2095: 1812: 1718:, which also relied heavily on stuccoes, and was decorated from about 1541. But Henry died before it was completed and a decade later it was sold by his daughter 1633:, were a propaganda exercise on behalf of the Valois monarchy, emphasizing its courtly splendour at the time of its threatened destruction through civil war. 2369: 2860: 617: 5013: 2237:

ornament is discussed. See Smyth, and especially its Introduction by Cropper for an account of the differing ways the term has been used by art historians.

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was more thoroughly influenced by Italian art of the High Renaissance, and aspects of Mannerism, and many of its leading exponents had travelled to Italy.

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surround Minerva. The propaganda message is that the empire is safe with Rudolf at the helm so that the arts and trade can flourish. The Flemish sculptor

3459:, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on and examples of Northern Mannerism 2633: 2622: 2756:

Iter Polono-Belgo-Ollandicum: cultural and literary relationships between the Commonwealth of Poland and the Netherlands in the 16th and 17th centuries

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painting, usually mostly of flowers and insects, also emerged as a genre during the period, re-purposing the inherited tradition of late Netherlandish

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were essential to disseminate the style to Europe, Germany and the Low Countries in particular, and some printmakers, like the greatest of the period,

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Northern Europe in the 16th century, and especially those areas where Mannerism was at its strongest, was affected by massive upheavals including the

124:, and different syntheses of this and Italian styles were made in the first decades of the 16th century by more internationally aware artists such as 71:

across northern Europe, spread in large part through prints. In painting, it tended to recede rapidly in the new century, under the new influence of

2295: 3975: 1236:, were some of the most extreme application of the style to architectural ornament. The Northern Mannerist style was especially influential in the 443: 3484: 1795:. Unusually, his subjects were mainly religious, and though the costumes are often extravagant, suggest intense religious feelings on his part. 890:

For painters in the Low Countries there was also the alternative of traditional Northern realist styles, which had continued to develop through

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of de Vos, for example, "a tempered Mannerism is combined with a preference for narrative that is more in line with Netherlandish tradition".

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was to prove an even better patron than his father would have been, and Spranger never left his service. The court soon transferred to

5883: 1787:, though he was also a painter. His style derives from Netherlandish Mannerism, though his technique from Italian etchers, especially 1082:, leading to a reaction against the more extreme virtuosities of Mannerism and to a clearer, more monumental style akin to the Italian 1356:

style, found natural vehicles in the work of goldsmiths, set off by gems and coloured enamels, in which the misshaped pearls we call "

6605: 3066: 2546: 1070:, an Antwerp club for artists who had visited Rome. They were more conscious of recent trends in Italian art, and the emergence of 1268: 909:

Landscape painting was recognised as a Netherlandish speciality in Italy, where several Northern landscapists were based, such as

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certainly cannot be called a Mannerist, but just as his paintings were keenly collected by Rudolf, Mannerist artists, including

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The same had not been true for the printmaking at Fontainebleau, and the prints made there (unusually for the period, all in

2604: 1671:), more Baroque than Mannerist, may involve his childhood memories of the killings (in fact only of the garrison) after the 1366:. Ewers and vases took fantastic shapes, as did standing cups with onyx or agate bowls, and elaborate saltcellars like the 836: 3745: 1397:", employing writhing and anti-architectural cartilaginous motifs was developed by the van Vianen family of silversmiths. 1340: 315:

adopted the style with enthusiasm around 1540, and many workshops produced highly detailed painting until about the 1580s.

4483: 4466: 3867: 3477: 1610: 1217:, so like the elaborate doorways and fireplaces of Mannerist architecture, ornament books for artists and craftsmen, and 163: 17: 5452: 3812: 1523:. Like the Jamnitzers on occasion, Palissy made moulds from real small creatures and plants to apply to his creations. 5520: 4371: 3044:

Jardine and Brotton, 128. The royal tournament grandstand for the 1565 summit between the French and Spanish courts at

1335: 1136: 1131: 1018:, were forced to specialize in portraiture; "artists travel along this road without delight", according to van Mander. 964: 670: 3840: 3083:, other versions show the original details, some of which are now also showing through thin overpaint on the original. 2457: 1139:(created in 1569) and a Golden Age of Poland. The first half of the 17th century is marked by strong activity of the 5599: 5594: 4439: 3930: 3430: 3413: 3389: 3372: 3355: 3338: 3320: 3278: 3260: 3233: 3215: 3201: 3184: 3167: 3153: 2738: 2713: 1381: 933:

in developing the pure and "close-up" forest landscape in his works from about 1600, which was taken up by his pupil

500: 226:, that, with their sinuous, elongated nudes, drew palpably upon the artistic principles of the Fontainebleau school. 1560: 990:

Karel van Mander is now remembered mainly as a writer on art rather than an artist. Though he endorsed the Italian

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Though Northern Mannerism achieved a landscape style, portrait-painting remained without Northern equivalents of

1078:, would soon sweep over Flemish art. In religious works, Flemish artists were also subject to the decrees of the 1757:, but generally England was one of the countries least affected by the movement except in the area of ornament. 257:, and keen huntress herself. Her slim, long-legged and athletic figure "became fixed in the erotic imaginary". 237:

both followed in this tradition, producing an agitated version of the Mannerist aesthetic in the context of the

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were expressed in extreme legs turned to imitate stacked covered standing cups, and a proliferation of enlaced

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world apart to Northern patrons and artists, but enjoyed a reputation and prestige that could not be ignored.

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monarchs. But the other gods were not neglected; their conjunctions and transformations had significance in

581:'s figures was mediated through the works of the absent Giambologna, who represented the ideal of the style. 524: 457: 6249: 5621: 5462: 5290: 4095: 4007: 3980: 2327: 1360:" might form human and animal torsos, both as jewellery for personal adornment and in objects made for the 141: 3111: 1753:

shows tentative Late Mannerist influence, which also appears in some immigrant portrait painters, such as

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also worked for Rudolf and designed the triumphal arch for Rudolf II's formal entry into Vienna in 1576.

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Apart from the Palace of Fontainebleau itself, other important buildings decorated in the style were the

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Mannerist. The painting style is mostly found before about 1520, the architectural one after about 1540.

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Trevor-Roper, 98–101 on Rudolf, and Strong, Pt. 2, Chapter 3 on France, especially pp. 98–101, 112–113.

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with extravagantly elongated necks and prominent breasts support a Burgundian cabinet of walnut in the

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his brother's death, he gradually evolved a more economical and realistic style, perhaps influenced by

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and the early Baroque, but in architecture and the decorative arts, its influence was more sustained.

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Certain Mannerist works seem to echo the violence of the time, but dressed in classical clothing.

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By the time this painting was done Hans von Aachen was in Prague, after long periods in Italy and

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had travelled there; Van Veen, who had actually worked in Rudolf's Prague, was the founder of the

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with insects and attention to detail typical of his nature studies. This can be seen in his 1589

795: 479: 433:, triangular salt, 1540s?, 6 7/8 in. (17.5 cm) high, with a (?) satyr, and (?) Venus at right 6331: 5668: 5508: 5263: 4872: 4818: 4422: 4265: 4180: 4107: 4046: 3189: 2868: 2658: 2358: 1969: 1917: 1644: 1634: 1552: 238: 230: 185: 181: 173: 92: 5440: 5258: 4750: 2041:(1558–1617) – the leading engraver of the period, and later a painter in a less Mannerist style. 1352:

The visual wit and sophistication of Mannerism in northern hands, which made it pre-eminently a

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and of a higher quality; produced from about 1540 to about 1580, they had a wider distribution.

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workshops of Brussels and Fontainebleau. Painterly compositions in Mannerist taste appeared in

1007: 968: 871:, once Wtewael's repertoire of styles was formed, he never changed it until his death in 1631. 6080: 6055: 6020: 5990: 5956: 5878: 5656: 5631: 5246: 5125: 5030: 3589: 3511: 2705: 2366: 2218: 1957: 1851: 1707: 1290: 1260: 1179: 538: 520: 396: 215: 193: 34: 4508: 6202: 5783: 5552: 5457: 5251: 5181: 5097: 4971: 4774: 4600: 4400: 4090: 3925: 3830: 3764: 3695: 3614: 3604: 3594: 3291: 2697: 2203: 2175: 2104: 2044: 2016: 1803: 1648: 1511: 1152: 949: 903: 830: 508: 448: 430: 304: 319: 249:, goddess of the hunting that was the original function of Fontainebleau, and namesake of 8: 6425: 6010: 5926: 5895: 5773: 5736: 5537: 5423: 5270: 4943: 4629: 4615: 4221: 4144: 4022: 3942: 3920: 3425:

translated by Deke Dusinberre, Scott Wilson, and Rachel Zerner, Paris: Flammarion, 2003,

2318: 1911: 1776: 1626: 1548: 1377: 1144: 991: 894:(d.1567) and other artists, and in the next century were to dominate the painting of the 516: 453: 288: 184:, where from 1530 several Florentine artists of quality were hired to decorate the royal 137: 6504: 5748: 4282: 380:

Shield of Henry II of France, steel damascened in silver and gold, design attributed to

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had been spurred in emulation of Fontainebleau to import his own, rather less stellar,

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had been summoned from Rome, where he had made a successful career. Maximilian's son,

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panels in bronze, often gilded, were used in various settings, as on Rudolph's crown.

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were "cherished as Art produced by Nature". In the Netherlands a uniquely anamorphic "

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The term is also sometimes used in architecture to describe a different style, which

2178:(1591–c. 1550), court portraitist, also religious scenes, in Silesia and then Poland. 2169: 2163: 2074: 2068: 2026: 1836: 1792: 1719: 1618: 1605: 1453: 1445: 1400: 1373: 1317: 1282: 1225: 1214: 939: 918: 874: 868: 799: 705: 562: 472: 250: 246: 133: 4432: 3852: 3442: 1676:

less often chooses battle subjects than either the High Renaissance or the Baroque.

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provided occasional opportunities for lavish public exhibitions of Mannerist style.

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his sculptures after their completion; for him it was only the forms that mattered.

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In Flanders, though not in the United Provinces, the mostly temporary displays for

1079: 1021: 995: 895: 826: 822: 751: 709: 592: 588: 323: 311:, with vessels covered in elaborately modelled relief animals and plants. Painted 189: 109: 104: 6259: 3172: 1691: 6452: 6309: 6284: 6234: 6158: 5983: 5973: 5868: 5853: 5833: 5716: 5626: 5589: 5574: 5322: 5229: 5171: 4993: 4988: 4745: 4714: 4666: 4356: 4287: 4272: 4100: 4078: 3999: 3947: 3937: 3909: 3862: 3845: 3769: 3710: 3700: 3639: 3448: 3246: 3118: 3021: 2879: 2875: 2864: 2637: 2626: 2615: 2611: 2553: 2392: 2373: 2151: 2056: 1993: 1975: 1963: 1577: 1531: 1520: 1457: 1405: 1394: 1313: 1148: 1015: 975: 934: 879: 859: 840: 729: 700: 682: 636: 534: 494: 381: 308: 30: 4336: 6514: 6482: 6430: 6378: 6361: 6351: 6279: 5941: 5818: 5788: 5685: 5673: 5547: 5481: 5413: 5280: 5176: 4879: 4575: 4515: 4456: 4320: 4250: 3957: 3879: 3796: 3649: 3394: 3252: 3221: 2416:

in New York. Another Veronese series, the four "Allegories of Love" now in the

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The Mannerist painters in the now permanently separated southern provinces of

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and Bruegel's son Jan, followed him in developing the landscape as a subject.

548:, 1591, "an astonishing makeover ... never looks as glamorous anywhere else". 108:

opposition to the classicism of the Italian Renaissance embodied above all by

6564: 6415: 6383: 6244: 6239: 6222: 6050: 6045: 6030: 6005: 5995: 5946: 5606: 5584: 5515: 5381: 5210: 5113: 5089: 5072: 5040: 5025: 4806: 4796: 4791: 4695: 4444: 4405: 4344: 4170: 4127: 3896: 3825: 3757: 3599: 3493: 3382:

Princes and Artists, Patronage and Ideology at Four Habsburg Courts 1517–1633

3343: 3308: 3242: 3141: 3049: 2926: 2921: 2904: 2140: 2131: 2125: 2062: 1935: 1930: 1905: 1894: 1735: 1728: 1630: 1614: 1599: 1591: 1485: 1357: 1274: 1237: 1094: 1063: 1059: 1032: 979: 926: 910: 416: 366: 234: 188:, with some French assistants being taken on. The most notable imports were 180:

France received a direct injection of Italian style in the form of the first

83: 5900: 5045: 4707: 2429:

Bull, 84. See also 385–386 for mythological subjects in Mannerism generally.

1101:

recorded the entries into Antwerp of French princes and Habsburg archdukes.

6494: 6447: 6403: 6393: 6356: 6326: 6289: 6264: 6254: 6217: 6060: 5843: 5711: 5435: 5364: 5161: 5084: 4835: 4786: 4690: 4671: 4639: 4536: 4476: 4471: 4216: 4036: 3874: 3732: 3715: 3675: 3670: 3624: 3562: 3238: 3160:

The Mirror of the Gods, How Renaissance Artists Rediscovered the Pagan Gods

2160:(1507/8–1585), and his son Hans II and grandson Christof, German goldsmiths 1990:(1507/8–1585), and his son Hans II and grandson Christof, German goldsmiths 1765: 1750: 1556: 1362: 1003: 6489: 4350: 2363:

The Mercurial Emperor: The Magic Circle of Rudolf II in Renaissance Prague

2340:

Trevor-Roper, 87–104, quote attributed to "his indignant family" on p. 122

781:, a typical subject, 1622. Rudolf also had large menageries, including a 6410: 6373: 6314: 6190: 6185: 6180: 6128: 6123: 6065: 5968: 5905: 5858: 5798: 5768: 5690: 5532: 5370: 5359: 5332: 5302: 5166: 5140: 5057: 4978: 4966: 4921: 4911: 4906: 4884: 4845: 4681: 4656: 4541: 4503: 4410: 4378: 4330: 4058: 3986: 3779: 3720: 3634: 3572: 3532: 2083:(1527–c. 1607), architect, ornament designer, who wrote on garden design. 1945: 1864: 1724: 1668: 1516: 1353: 1218: 644: 584: 512: 511:

and artistic tastes, and patronised a number of artists, mostly famously

339: 242: 96: 2728: 604:. The Emperor's influence affected art in other German courts, notably 6457: 6269: 6229: 6175: 6143: 6035: 5873: 5828: 5721: 5527: 5337: 5205: 4926: 4728: 4520: 4361: 4149: 3915: 3820: 3784: 3774: 3752: 3567: 3557: 3545: 3497: 3360: 2901:

The History of Decorative Arts: The Renaissance and Mannerism in Europe

2189:(c. 1575–1616), court painter of Lorraine, whose work only survives in 2154:(1552–1615) – German, mythological subjects and portraits for Rudolf II 1344:

Impractical cup in form of a seahorse (presumably the head comes off),

1233: 960: 953: 848: 815: 624:

mythological works, evidently reflecting Rudolf's "special interests".

597: 335: 245:

of figurative works was mostly mythological, with a strong emphasis on

121: 72: 3408:, New Haven (CT): Yale University Press/Pelican History of Art, 1998, 3126: 3048:

had been hung with this gold-and-silk tapestry, which illustrated the

2349:

Bull, 355, who says she usually wore "a long robe and unwieldy armour"

1495:. This ornamental vocabulary was expressed in the North less in such 1472:

too, adapting their compositions and ornamented borders from prints.

6519: 6509: 6472: 6304: 6294: 6274: 6100: 6070: 5803: 5726: 5145: 4931: 4768: 4525: 4226: 4175: 4073: 3884: 3690: 3661: 3451:, An article by Peter Kren, with information on mannerist decoration. 2940: 2121: 1954:(1556–1626), Dutch sculptor, pupil of Giambologna, who went to Prague 1742:

made use of ornament derived from the books of Wendel Dietterlin and

1572: 1481: 1441: 1414: 1199: 1167: 914: 613: 461: 284: 59: 3492: 1966:(1552–1615) – German, mythological subjects and portraits for Rudolf 1934:

Landscape (oil on canvas, 63.5 x 87 cm, Musée Fesch), attributed to

1583: 1580:

and a high proportion of the masters of Limoges enamel workshops.

1117: 276:

Much of the most important work at Fontainebleau was in the form of

6499: 6420: 6368: 6299: 6212: 6133: 6085: 5951: 5936: 5793: 5731: 5663: 5557: 5542: 5216: 5130: 5120: 5108: 4852: 4315: 4012: 3952: 3125:, 2002, Westfälisches Landesmuseum für Kunst und Kulturgeschichte, 2322: 2143:(1556–1629), painter and draughtsman active in Antwerp and Brussels 2090: 1761: 1613:

of 1572, six years after the painting. According to art historian

1571:, by the end of the century Mannerism had become associated by the 1500: 1473: 1465: 1043: 1040: 632: 631:, identified with the emperor, as he had earlier been with earlier 628: 578: 88: 43: 39: 2681: 5838: 5641: 5579: 5396: 5295: 5035: 4762: 4595: 4201: 3801: 3685: 3045: 2190: 2166:(1564–1625) landscapist from Munich, spent several years in Italy 1799: 1788: 1784: 1568: 1477: 1461: 1432: 1368: 1345: 1195: 1188: 1087: 1074:

style, which in the hands of Van Veen's pupil from 1594 to 1598,

1071: 1055: 770: 747: 609: 543: 291:

and others—Rosso seems to have been the originator of the style.

113: 4757: 1914:, family of architects; Jacques I introducing Mannerist ornament 1847:

French artists influenced by the first School of Fontainebleau:

1413:

involuntary kind that sometimes comes from listening to music".

6462: 6321: 5813: 5743: 5312: 5224: 5079: 4310: 2945:

Furniture History: the Journal of the Furniture History Society

2478: 1821: 1496: 1424: 1418: 1297: 1075: 999: 605: 528: 504: 343: 280: 277: 269: 2987:

The theme of Strong's book, see especially pp. 77, 85–7, 171–3

1746:

within a distinctive overall style derived from many sources.

4546: 2100: 1817: 804: 566: 330:

promoted the Mannerist style, except in portraiture, and her

103:

The sophisticated art of Italian Mannerism begins during the

3148:, 1957, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1999 edition, 2777: 2775: 2118:– worked mostly in Italy, in a largely Italian style, as did 1538: 1376:, the apex of Mannerist goldsmithing, completed in 1543 for 591:, worked from drawings sent from Prague, while others, like 264: 132:

and others in Germany, and the misleadingly named school of

6398: 5200: 3330: 2939:

An extravagant example: Anthony Wells-Cole, "An oak bed at

2828:

Virtuoso Goldsmiths and the Triumph of Mannerism, 1540–1620

2029:, (1510–1555/60), landscape artist, earlier than the others 1727:, for example in the grand but unsophisticated stuccoes at 1178:(1603), based on a drawing (frame) and painted portrait by 1163: 782: 136:, in fact unrelated to, and preceding, Italian Mannerism. 63: 3079:

Shawe-Taylor, 88–91. Rudolf's prime version is now in the

2640:

shows the limitations of such propaganda to affect events.

2574:

Shawe-Taylor, 22–23, 32–33 on portraits, quotation from 33

1058:, though selling much of his work back to Flanders. Both 6389:

Art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation

3456:

Prints & People: A Social History of Printed Pictures

2772: 2035:– now best known as a biographer of Netherlandish artists 1775:

One of the last flowerings of Northern Mannerism came in

1046:

in fact were less influenced by Prague than those in the

3179:

translated by Deke Dusinberre, Paris: Flammarion, 1995,

2096:

Feast of Herod with the Beheading of St John the Baptist

1813:

Feast of Herod with the Beheading of St John the Baptist

3423:

Renaissance Art in France. The Invention of Classicism,

3248:

Global Interests: Renaissance Art Between East And West

1783:(c.1575–1616) is now known only from his extraordinary 878:

A less typical, but forward-looking, pure landscape by

3208:

Jacques Bellange, C. 1575–1616, Printmaker of Lorraine

2686:(in Polish). Wydawnictwo Literackie. pp. 44, 346. 2547:

Joris Hoefnagel, Amoris Monumentum Matri Chariss(imae)

1151:) in 1658. See below for the German-Silesian painter 2839:

See MMA external link for an example of Wenzel's work

2729:

François Penz; Gregory Radick; Robert Howell (2004).

192:(Giovanni Battista di Jacopo di Gaspare, 1494–1540), 3267:

Artists, Alchemists and Mannerists in Courtly Prague

2696: 1960:(1546–1611) – Flemish painter, Rudolf's main painter 1158: 1841:Landscape with St John Preaching in the Wilderness 1530:"Rustic" glazed earthenware platter attributed to 1232:of 1593–94, produced in the relative backwater of 322:(1547–52) for Diane de Poitiers, and parts of the 2510:Slive 179–180, and Shawe-Taylor and Scott, 29–32. 1444:covered plane surfaces. Following the success of 334:were the only regular northern ones to rival the 6562: 3445:Prague during the Rule of Rudolph II (1583–1612) 3401:, "Prologue" pp. 27–43, 1945, Faber, London 2753: 2684:Historia sztuki polskiej (History of Polish art) 1480:of fruit inspired by rediscovered Ancient Roman 1147:, which led to banishing of progressive Arians ( 651: 120:hardly be found. The prevailing style remained 3298:, Royal Collection Publications, London, 2008, 3068:The Last Judgement, by Jean Cousin the Younger. 1948:(1529–1608), Flemish sculptor based in Florence 1926:(c. 1561–1602), second School of Fontainebleau: 3365:Art and Power; Renaissance Festivals 1450–1650 3296:Bruegel to Rubens, Masters of Flemish Painting 2677: 2675: 1996:, especially for miniatures of natural history 1126:Mannerist architecture and sculpture in Poland 3478: 2682:Tadeusz Dobrowolski; Helena Blumówna (1965). 2488: 2486: 1050:. They had more easy access to Italy, where 565:, another Roman goddess of war, and the nine 395:"Design for a Vessel Presented to Henry II", 233:, most of whose works have not survived, and 3443:Metropolitan Museum, Timeline of Art History 3228:, 1994, p. 470; Grunwald Center, UCLA, 3220:Jacobsen, Karen, ed. (often wrongly cat. as 2077:(1566–1651), in the early part of his career 1972:(1564–1609) – Swiss pupil of Hans von Aachen 328:Catherine de' Medici's patronage of the arts 2995: 2993: 2733:. Cambridge University Press. p. 137. 2672: 2456:Trevor-Roper, 116–121, and Metzler, 130 ff 2420:, was probably also commissioned by Rudolf. 1820:. From 1634 he retreated to the safety of 1768:, unless the remarkable but somewhat naive 1563:and Protestant views on religious imagery. 1240:built in England by Elizabethan courtiers. 843:'s elaborate allegory presents itself as a 218:, for example, produced paintings, such as 3485: 3471: 2483: 833:was matched by artists in other cities. 814:before moving on to a style influenced by 503:(reigned 1564–1576), who made his base in 3146:Art and Architecture in France: 1500–1700 2002:, landscapes with animals and still-lifes 1539:Northern Mannerism, politics and religion 1404:Detail of Rudolf's Imperial crown, gold, 1329: 438: 2990: 2702:Mitteleuropa: between Europe and Germany 2089: 2005: 1929: 1831: 1690: 1679:Another subject popularized by Brughel, 1643: 1582: 1525: 1399: 1339: 1162: 1108: 1020: 944: 873: 835: 794: 790: 533: 478: 442: 263: 261:Italian artists working in the North. 162: 82: 29: 3406:Flemish Art and Architecture, 1585–1700 3206:Anthony Griffiths & Craig Hartley, 3177:French Art: The Renaissance, 1430–1620, 3031: 3029: 2209:Renaissance humanism in Northern Europe 2107:'s masterpiece, and an allegory of the 1002:and other Italian theorists (above all 14: 6563: 6166:Contemporary Indigenous Australian art 2591: 2589: 1681:Saint John Preaching in the Wilderness 1621:, which hark back to the triumphalist 62:found in the visual arts north of the 4186:Art of the late 16th century in Milan 3466: 3384:, Thames & Hudson, London, 1976, 3129:. See article for further references. 2643: 2248:Printed Furniture Designs Before 1650 985:Amoris Monumentum Matri Chariss(imae) 3026: 2943:: a study in mannerist decoration," 2758:. Księgarnia Akademicka. p. 8. 2586: 2352: 1874:–after 1572) sculptor and architect 1224:The pattern illustrations shown in 1104: 303:. The mysterious and sophisticated 24: 5521:Vienna School of Fantastic Realism 4372:Neoclassical architecture in Milan 2731:Space: in science, art and society 2614:from a fully online book of 1594. 2365:, Random House, 28 November 2013, 1712:team of Italian and French artists 1336:Elizabethan and Jacobean furniture 717:, 1601, 21 x 16 cm on copper. 671:Sine Cerere et Baccho friget Venus 415:, mid-16th century, attributed to 25: 6622: 5595:American Figurative Expressionism 3931:International Gothic art in Italy 3436: 3273:, Museum Tusculanum Press, 2006, 2920:Ebony-work was so prominent that 2890:Shearman, 88–89, quote from p. 89 1901:The continuing French tradition: 1686: 1484:ornament, first displayed in the 1159:Dissemination in prints and books 1155:, Polish court artist from 1639. 501:Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor 360:Monument containing the heart of 6606:Renaissance in the Low Countries 6545: 6544: 5104:Neue Künstlervereinigung München 3226:The French Renaissance in Prints 3121:, from the exhibition catalogue 2438:Trevor-Roper, 116–121, quote 120 2395:at The J. Paul Getty Museum site 2246:See, for example, Simon Jervis, 2214:Renaissance in the Low Countries 2128:Bril, mostly painting landscapes 1810:, in works such as his enormous 1611:Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre 1588:Augustus and the Tiburtine Sibyl 1306: 1289: 1267: 1245: 1116:tomb, by Willem van den Blocke, 1054:lived from the age of twenty in 998:at the top, he was readier than 763: 740: 733:, Allegory of Peace and the Arts 722: 689: 658: 464:, the Roman God of the seasons, 423: 404: 388: 373: 352: 6026:Tunisian collaborative painting 5499:International Typographic Style 3104: 3095: 3086: 3073: 3059: 3038: 3010:Massacres Under the Triumvirate 3002: 2981: 2972: 2963: 2954: 2933: 2914: 2893: 2884: 2851: 2842: 2833: 2820: 2811: 2802: 2793: 2784: 2747: 2722: 2690: 2598: 2577: 2568: 2559: 2540: 2531: 2522: 2513: 2504: 2495: 2471: 2462: 2450: 2441: 2432: 2423: 2398: 2379: 2343: 1602:painted the unusual subject of 1561:attempt to control Catholic art 898:. Despite his visit to Italy, 555:Minerva triumphs over Ignorance 67:original and distinctive work. 5779:The Caribbean Artists Movement 3210:, British Museum Press, 1997, 3123:1648 – War and Peace in Europe 2565:Shawe-Taylor, 24–25, and 29–30 2334: 2311: 2302: 2288: 2279: 2266: 2257: 2240: 2230: 1978:, Dutch silversmith and artist 1137:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 987:(ex-Nicolaas Teeuwisse 2008). 272:, 2nd half of the 16th century 268:French or Burgundian table in 13: 1: 4135:Dutch and Flemish Renaissance 3135: 1881: 1868: 1855: 675: 652:Influence of Prague elsewhere 525:Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor 487: 484:Portrait of Emperor Rudolf II 465: 458:Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor 208: 197: 78: 6250:Modern European ink painting 5622:Bay Area Figurative Movement 3194:Painting in Italy, 1500–1600 2924:in Paris began to be called 2328:Venus, Cupid, Folly and Time 1637:'s only surviving painting, 1491:, were disseminated through 1380:and later given to Rudolf's 99:, who painted the oval inset 7: 5911:Artificial intelligence art 3449:Arms, Armour, and Fine Arts 3367:, 1984, The Boydell Press; 2960:Trevor-Roper, picture p. 88 2657:(in Polish). Archived from 2197: 1701:The Three Marys at the Tomb 1464:in Mannerist style for the 1460:were called upon to design 10: 6627: 5824:Post-painterly abstraction 5647:Situationist International 5021:Pennsylvania Impressionism 3110:Harosimowicz, Jan (2002), 2704:. Berghahn Books. p. 2414:Metropolitan Museum of Art 2053:Dutch, (c. 1540/1550-1620) 1827: 1770:Portraiture of Elizabeth I 1734:Some (but not all) of the 1452:, Mannerist painters like 1333: 1259:. Sadeler engraving after 1130:Mannerism was dominant in 1123: 847:with virtuoso passages of 627:The dominating figure was 156: 6540: 6344: 6109: 5919: 5699: 5491: 5475: 5407:California Scene Painting 5286:California Scene Painting 5242:Figurative Constructivism 5154: 4959: 4738: 4727: 4557: 4494: 4387: 4303: 4293:Poussinists and Rubenists 4194: 3998: 3731: 3531: 3522: 3509: 3350:, 1967, Pelican, London, 3313:Dutch Painting, 1600–1800 2781:Griffiths and Hartley, 38 2754:Andrzej Borowski (2007). 2620:Another example from 1582 2252:Furniture History Society 2103:; almost 10 metres wide, 1749:The portrait miniaturist 1664:Massacre of the Innocents 1654:Massacre of the Innocents 785:, seen in many paintings. 641:Renaissance Neo-Platonism 152: 6505:Prehistoric European art 6154:Contemporary African art 5637:Gendai Bijutsu Kondankai 5565:Generación de la Ruptura 5192:Universal Constructivism 4984:California Impressionism 4939:American Barbizon school 2418:National Gallery, London 2404:Now divided between the 2224: 1920:(ca. 1522–1595), painter 1908:(c. 1537–1590), sculptor 1740:Elizabethan architecture 1625:tapestries designed for 1408:and jewels. Prague, 1602 892:Pieter Bruegel the Elder 559:Kunsthistorisches Museum 6581:Art movements in Europe 6332:Walking Artists Network 5669:Letterist International 5509:Washington Color School 4423:Arts in the Philippines 3196:, 3rd edn. 1993, Yale, 2867:, "Paulus van Vianen", 2605:Sample illustrated page 2552:5 December 2014 at the 1970:Joseph Heintz the Elder 1918:Jean Cousin the Younger 1891:) – sculptor and etcher 1798:Even later, the German- 1779:, whose court painter 1772:is considered as such. 1661:Cornelis van Haarlem's 1635:Jean Cousin the Younger 1553:French Wars of Religion 1486:Raphael school Vatican 666:Bacchus, Ceres and Amor 546:triumphs over Ignorance 456:, a portrait depicting 253:, mistress and muse of 239:French Wars of Religion 186:Palace of Fontainebleau 182:School of Fontainebleau 174:School of Fontainebleau 95:, probably designed by 6443:Illuminated manuscript 6091:The Designers Republic 6041:Neue Slowenische Kunst 5964:Pattern and Decoration 5864:Institutional critique 5504:Abstract expressionism 4484:Latin American Baroque 4440:Colonial Asian Baroque 3269:, Wamberg, Jacob, ed: 2655:matrix.jasna.tarnow.pl 2111: 2081:Hans Vredeman de Vries 2019: 2012:The Fall of the Titans 1938: 1844: 1744:Hans Vredeman de Vries 1704: 1658: 1595: 1545:Protestant Reformation 1535: 1505:illuminated manuscript 1409: 1349: 1330:In the decorative arts 1183: 1121: 1036: 969:Jan Brueghel the Elder 957: 887: 852: 810: 549: 497: 476: 439:Prague under Rudolf II 273: 177: 142:Netherlandish painting 100: 52: 6081:Artist-run initiative 6056:Young British Artists 6021:New European Painting 5957:Moscow Conceptualists 5879:Feminist art movement 5657:Ukrainian underground 5632:Gutai Art Association 5031:Ten American Painters 4535:Western influence in 3512:List of art movements 3327:Mannerism and Maniera 3294:and Scott, Jennifer, 3292:Shawe-Taylor, Desmond 2556:at Nicolaas Teeuwisse 2219:Renaissance in Poland 2093: 2071:– mainly a printmaker 2065:– mainly a printmaker 2009: 1984:– mainly a printmaker 1958:Bartholomeus Spranger 1933: 1852:Jean Cousin the Elder 1835: 1708:Henry VIII of England 1694: 1647: 1586: 1529: 1403: 1343: 1261:Bartholomeus Spranger 1180:Bartholomeus Spranger 1166: 1112: 1024: 948: 877: 839: 807:mourning her children 798: 791:Netherlands Mannerism 539:Bartholomeus Spranger 537: 521:Bartholomeus Spranger 482: 446: 397:Jean Cousin the Elder 267: 216:Jean Cousin the Elder 194:Francesco Primaticcio 166: 86: 35:Bartholomeus Spranger 33: 6596:German art movements 6586:French art movements 6576:Northern Renaissance 5891:Saqqakhaneh movement 5784:Chicano art movement 5652:Soviet Nonconformist 5458:Boston Expressionism 5441:Abstraction-Création 5259:Arbeitsrat für Kunst 5252:Cologne Progressives 4972:Art Nouveau in Milan 4775:Anglo-Japanese style 4751:National romanticism 4181:Fontainebleau School 4091:Northern Renaissance 3926:International Gothic 3190:Freedberg, Sydney J. 2930:in the 17th century. 2698:Peter J. Katzenstein 2651:"Pomnik Ostrogskich" 2447:Bull, 117 and 133-34 2204:Northern Renaissance 2176:Bartholomeus Strobel 2105:Bartholomeus Strobel 2045:Cornelis van Haarlem 2022:In the Netherlands: 2017:Cornelis van Haarlem 1941:Working for Rudolf: 1804:Bartholomeus Strobel 1649:Cornelis van Haarlem 1604:Massacres under the 1512:Saint-Porchaire ware 1153:Bartholomeus Strobel 950:Ambrosius Bosschaert 904:Gillis van Coninxloo 831:Cornelis van Haarlem 431:Saint-Porchaire ware 305:Saint-Porchaire ware 6426:Hierarchy of genres 5991:Saint Soleil School 5927:Post-conceptual art 5896:The Stars Art Group 5774:Black Arts Movement 5737:Neo-Dada Organizers 5538:Lyrical abstraction 5271:Australian tonalism 4944:California Tonalism 4616:Hudson River School 4419:Colonial Asian art 4159:English Renaissance 4108:Ghent–Bruges school 4096:Early Netherlandish 4008:Italian Renaissance 3921:Gothic art in Milan 3325:Smyth, Craig Hugh, 3162:, Oxford UP, 2005, 2583:Shawe-Taylor, 37–40 2537:Shawe-Taylor, 21–23 2412:(with two) and the 2321:was presented with 2319:Francis I of France 1912:Androuet du Cerceau 1714:to work on his new 1549:Counter-Reformation 1446:Brussels tapestries 1145:Counter-Reformation 992:hierarchy of genres 618:Johann Kellerthaler 517:Giuseppe Arcimboldo 454:Giuseppe Arcimboldo 289:Androuet du Cerceau 205:Niccolò dell'Abbate 18:Northern Mannerists 6611:Polish Renaissance 6601:German Renaissance 6591:French Renaissance 6468:Landscape painting 6076:New Leipzig School 6016:Neo-conceptual art 5764:Art & Language 5759:Capitalist realism 5681:Florida Highwaymen 5617:Hard-edge painting 5431:Streamline Moderne 5392:Harlem Renaissance 5235:Novecento Italiano 5063:Deutscher Werkbund 4890:Post-Impressionism 4452:Latin American art 4256:Guild of Romanists 4118:German Renaissance 4113:Northern Mannerism 3378:Trevor-Roper, Hugh 3117:2021-04-24 at the 3020:2021-04-15 at the 2874:2007-11-21 at the 2863:2016-04-25 at the 2636:2011-09-29 at the 2625:2008-05-07 at the 2610:2007-06-11 at the 2408:in Cambridge, the 2406:Fitzwilliam Museum 2391:2019-07-30 at the 2372:2023-01-01 at the 2297:Eva Prima Pandora. 2136:Guild of Romanists 2112: 2020: 1939: 1924:Toussaint Dubreuil 1845: 1705: 1659: 1639:The Last Judgement 1596: 1536: 1438:Jacobean furniture 1410: 1350: 1215:book frontispieces 1184: 1135:Golden Age of the 1122: 1068:Guild of Romanists 1037: 1028:Seven Liberal Arts 958: 931:Albrecht Altdorfer 917:, and the Germans 888: 853: 811: 550: 498: 477: 411:Detail of dish in 362:Henry II of France 274: 178: 169:Diana the Huntress 101: 56:Northern Mannerism 53: 6558: 6557: 6340: 6339: 6196:Corporate Memphis 6149:Classical Realism 6119:Amazonian pop art 6011:Appropriation art 5979:Neo-expressionism 5849:Environmental art 5754:Nouvelle tendance 5471: 5470: 5419:Socialist realism 5276:Dresden Secession 4895:Neo-Impressionism 4858:Decadent movement 4829:Heidelberg School 4723: 4722: 4621:American luminism 4606:Düsseldorf School 4601:Shoreham Ancients 4591:Nazarene movement 4581:Danish Golden Age 4462:Indochristian art 4140:Antwerp Mannerism 4029:Pittura infamante 4023:Florentine School 4018:Proto-Renaissance 3304:978-1-905686-00-1 3287:978-87-635-0267-2 3271:Art & alchemy 2969:Shearman, 168–170 2899:Gruber, A., ed., 2817:Shearman, 121–122 2765:978-83-7188-951-6 2468:Shearman, 162–163 2294:Chastel, 219–20. 2170:Wendel Dietterlin 2164:Hans Rottenhammer 2134:, founder of the 2075:Abraham Bloemaert 2069:Jacob de Gheyn II 2027:Herri met de Bles 1837:Abraham Bloemaert 1824:as court artist. 1793:Ventura Salimbeni 1623:History of Scipio 1619:Valois Tapestries 1454:Bernard van Orley 1431:, New York; soon 1374:Benvenuto Cellini 1318:Wendel Dietterlin 1283:Hendrick Goltzius 1226:Wendel Dietterlin 940:Annibale Carracci 919:Hans Rottenhammer 869:Abraham Bloemaert 862:, who settled in 800:Abraham Bloemaert 473:Skokloster Castle 332:court festivities 251:Diane de Poitiers 220:Eva Prima Pandora 134:Antwerp Mannerism 16:(Redirected from 6618: 6548: 6547: 6532:Western painting 6478:Modern sculpture 6436:History painting 6139:Art intervention 5932:Installation art 5749:Nouveau réalisme 5489: 5488: 5463:Leningrad School 5355:Mexican muralism 5328:Grosvenor School 5068:American Realism 5051:Der Blaue Reiter 5009:Berlin Secession 5004:Vienna Secession 4999:Munich Secession 4917:Pont-Aven School 4736: 4735: 4586:Troubadour style 4564:(c. 1770 – 1862) 4531:Qing handicrafts 4497:Western elements 4428:Letras y figuras 4401:African-American 4396:African diaspora 4367:Directoire style 4278:Heptanese school 4261:Dutch Golden Age 4246:Stroganov School 4239:Lutheran Baroque 4234:Louis XIII style 4207:Baroque in Milan 4069:Bolognese School 4064:High Renaissance 4047:Forlivese School 4042:Ferrarese School 3765:Migration Period 3529: 3528: 3487: 3480: 3473: 3464: 3463: 3315:, Yale UP, 1995, 3265:Metzler, Sally, 3130: 3108: 3102: 3101:Griffiths, 36–39 3099: 3093: 3090: 3084: 3081:Royal Collection 3077: 3071: 3063: 3057: 3042: 3036: 3033: 3024: 3006: 3000: 2997: 2988: 2985: 2979: 2976: 2970: 2967: 2961: 2958: 2952: 2937: 2931: 2918: 2912: 2897: 2891: 2888: 2882: 2855: 2849: 2846: 2840: 2837: 2831: 2824: 2818: 2815: 2809: 2806: 2800: 2797: 2791: 2788: 2782: 2779: 2770: 2769: 2751: 2745: 2744: 2726: 2720: 2719: 2694: 2688: 2687: 2679: 2670: 2669: 2667: 2666: 2647: 2641: 2602: 2596: 2593: 2584: 2581: 2575: 2572: 2566: 2563: 2557: 2544: 2538: 2535: 2529: 2526: 2520: 2517: 2511: 2508: 2502: 2499: 2493: 2490: 2481: 2475: 2469: 2466: 2460: 2454: 2448: 2445: 2439: 2436: 2430: 2427: 2421: 2410:Frick Collection 2402: 2396: 2383: 2377: 2356: 2350: 2347: 2341: 2338: 2332: 2315: 2309: 2306: 2300: 2292: 2286: 2283: 2277: 2270: 2264: 2261: 2255: 2244: 2238: 2234: 2187:Jacques Bellange 2158:Wenzel Jamnitzer 2109:Thirty Years War 2039:Hendrik Goltzius 2033:Karel van Mander 1988:Wenzel Jamnitzer 1982:Aegidius Sadeler 1952:Adriaen de Vries 1890: 1886: 1883: 1873: 1870: 1860: 1857: 1808:Thirty Years War 1781:Jacques Bellange 1697:Jacques Bellange 1673:Siege of Haarlem 1450:Raphael Cartoons 1448:woven after the 1429:Frick Collection 1390:Wenzel Jamnitzer 1310: 1293: 1271: 1249: 1176:Aegidius Sadeler 1132:Poland–Lithuania 1105:Poland–Lithuania 1080:Council of Trent 1048:United Provinces 996:history painting 896:Dutch Golden Age 884:Forest with deer 827:Karel van Mander 823:Hendrik Goltzius 767: 752:Karel van Mander 744: 726: 693: 680: 677: 662: 593:Aegidius Sadeler 589:Hendrik Goltzius 492: 489: 470: 467: 427: 408: 392: 377: 356: 324:Palais du Louvre 231:Jean the Younger 213: 210: 202: 199: 190:Rosso Fiorentino 112:in Florence and 110:Andrea del Sarto 105:High Renaissance 21: 6626: 6625: 6621: 6620: 6619: 6617: 6616: 6615: 6561: 6560: 6559: 6554: 6536: 6453:Interactive art 6336: 6310:SoFlo Superflat 6235:Kitsch movement 6159:Africanfuturism 6111: 6105: 5984:Transavantgarde 5915: 5869:Light and Space 5854:Performance art 5834:Psychedelic art 5717:Nueva Presencia 5707:Otra Figuración 5695: 5627:Les Plasticiens 5612:New York School 5590:Action painting 5575:Metcalf Chateau 5484: 5479: 5467: 5387:Cercle et Carré 5323:New Objectivity 5230:Return to order 5172:School of Paris 5150: 4994:School of Paris 4955: 4841:Arts and Crafts 4746:Neo-romanticism 4731: 4719: 4715:Etching revival 4667:Barbizon school 4611:Pre-Raphaelites 4563: 4560: 4553: 4496: 4490: 4383: 4357:Louis XVI style 4299: 4288:Louis XIV style 4251:Animal painting 4212:Flemish Baroque 4190: 4101:World landscape 4052:Venetian School 3994: 3981:Majorcan school 3948:Novgorod School 3938:Lucchese School 3910:Opus Anglicanum 3902:Norman-Sicilian 3846:Italo-Byzantine 3746:Early Christian 3727: 3711:Pompeian Styles 3524: 3518: 3505: 3491: 3439: 3395:Wilenski, R. 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200: 161: 155: 81: 58:is the form of 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6624: 6614: 6613: 6608: 6603: 6598: 6593: 6588: 6583: 6578: 6573: 6556: 6555: 6553: 6552: 6541: 6538: 6537: 6535: 6534: 6529: 6522: 6517: 6512: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6487: 6486: 6485: 6483:Late modernism 6480: 6470: 6465: 6460: 6455: 6450: 6445: 6440: 6439: 6438: 6433: 6431:Genre painting 6423: 6418: 6413: 6408: 6407: 6406: 6401: 6396: 6391: 6381: 6379:Ballets Russes 6376: 6371: 6366: 6365: 6364: 6362:Asemic writing 6354: 6352:History of art 6348: 6346: 6345:Related topics 6342: 6341: 6338: 6337: 6335: 6334: 6329: 6324: 6319: 6318: 6317: 6312: 6302: 6297: 6292: 6287: 6282: 6280:Relational art 6277: 6272: 6267: 6262: 6257: 6252: 6247: 6242: 6237: 6232: 6227: 6226: 6225: 6215: 6210: 6205: 6203:Hypermodernism 6200: 6199: 6198: 6188: 6183: 6178: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6162: 6161: 6151: 6146: 6141: 6136: 6131: 6126: 6121: 6115: 6113: 6107: 6106: 6104: 6103: 6098: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6068: 6063: 6058: 6053: 6048: 6043: 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3595:Protogeometric 3592: 3582: 3581: 3580: 3575: 3570: 3565: 3555: 3550: 3549: 3548: 3537: 3535: 3526: 3520: 3519: 3510: 3507: 3506: 3490: 3489: 3482: 3475: 3467: 3461: 3460: 3452: 3446: 3438: 3437:External links 3435: 3434: 3433: 3416: 3404:Hans Vlieghe, 3402: 3399:Dutch Painting 3392: 3375: 3358: 3344:Shearman, John 3341: 3323: 3309:Slive, Seymour 3306: 3289: 3263: 3253:Reaktion Books 3236: 3222:Georg Baselitz 3218: 3204: 3187: 3170: 3158:Malcolm Bull, 3156: 3142:Blunt, Anthony 3137: 3134: 3132: 3131: 3103: 3094: 3085: 3072: 3065:Chastel, 252. 3058: 3037: 3025: 3001: 2989: 2980: 2971: 2962: 2953: 2932: 2922:cabinet-makers 2913: 2892: 2883: 2869:Van Vianem cup 2850: 2841: 2832: 2826:John Hayward, 2819: 2810: 2801: 2792: 2783: 2771: 2764: 2746: 2739: 2721: 2714: 2689: 2671: 2642: 2631:strange record 2597: 2585: 2576: 2567: 2558: 2539: 2530: 2521: 2512: 2503: 2494: 2482: 2470: 2461: 2449: 2440: 2431: 2422: 2397: 2378: 2351: 2342: 2333: 2317:In particular 2310: 2301: 2287: 2278: 2265: 2256: 2239: 2228: 2226: 2223: 2222: 2221: 2216: 2211: 2206: 2199: 2196: 2195: 2194: 2180: 2179: 2173: 2167: 2161: 2155: 2145: 2144: 2138: 2129: 2119: 2116:Denis Calvaert 2085: 2084: 2078: 2072: 2066: 2060: 2054: 2051:Hubert Gerhard 2048: 2042: 2036: 2030: 2004: 2003: 2000:Roelant Savery 1997: 1991: 1985: 1979: 1973: 1967: 1961: 1955: 1949: 1928: 1927: 1921: 1915: 1909: 1899: 1898: 1892: 1878:Juste de Juste 1875: 1862: 1829: 1826: 1755:William Scrots 1736:prodigy houses 1716:Nonsuch Palace 1688: 1687:Other outcrops 1685: 1540: 1537: 1331: 1328: 1327: 1326: 1312: 1305: 1303: 1295: 1288: 1286: 1273: 1266: 1264: 1255:Mary Magdalene 1251: 1244: 1238:prodigy houses 1160: 1157: 1124:Main article: 1106: 1103: 1099:Festival books 1084:maniera grande 1052:Denis Calvaert 923:Adam Elsheimer 792: 789: 788: 787: 779:Garden of Eden 775:Roelant Savery 769: 762: 760: 756:Garden of Love 746: 739: 737: 728: 721: 719: 695: 688: 686: 664: 657: 653: 650: 602:Paolo Veronese 440: 437: 436: 435: 429: 422: 420: 413:Limoges enamel 410: 403: 401: 394: 387: 385: 379: 372: 370: 358: 351: 320:Château d'Anet 313:Limoges enamel 159:Henry II style 154: 151: 130:Hans Burgkmair 126:Albrecht Dürer 80: 77: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6623: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6579: 6577: 6574: 6572: 6569: 6568: 6566: 6551: 6543: 6542: 6539: 6533: 6530: 6528: 6527: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6475: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6429: 6428: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6416:Fantastic art 6414: 6412: 6409: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6397: 6395: 6392: 6390: 6387: 6386: 6385: 6384:Christian art 6382: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6372: 6370: 6367: 6363: 6360: 6359: 6358: 6355: 6353: 6350: 6349: 6347: 6343: 6333: 6330: 6328: 6325: 6323: 6320: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6307: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6285:Skeuomorphism 6283: 6281: 6278: 6276: 6273: 6271: 6268: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6258: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6248: 6246: 6245:Massurrealism 6243: 6241: 6240:Lightpainting 6238: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6224: 6223:Post-Internet 6221: 6220: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6204: 6201: 6197: 6194: 6193: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6160: 6157: 6156: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6116: 6114: 6108: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6096:Grunge design 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6051:Retrofuturism 6049: 6047: 6046:Scratch video 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6031:Memphis Group 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6006:Telematic art 6004: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5996:Guerrilla art 5994: 5992: 5989: 5985: 5982: 5981: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5958: 5955: 5954: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5947:Endurance art 5945: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5924: 5922: 5918: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5885: 5882: 5881: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5738: 5735: 5734: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5704: 5702: 5698: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5666: 5665: 5662: 5658: 5655: 5654: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5607:New media art 5605: 5601: 5598: 5597: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5585:Nanyang Style 5583: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5540: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5522: 5519: 5518: 5517: 5516:Visionary art 5514: 5510: 5507: 5506: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5496: 5494: 5490: 5487: 5483: 5478: 5474: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5442: 5439: 5438: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5416: 5415: 5412: 5408: 5405: 5404: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5382:Scuola Romana 5380: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5372: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5340: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5308:Anthropophagy 5306: 5304: 5301: 5297: 5294: 5293: 5292: 5291:Functionalism 5289: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5265: 5262: 5261: 5260: 5257: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5244: 5243: 5240: 5236: 5233: 5232: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5219: 5218: 5214: 5213: 5212: 5211:Neoplasticism 5209: 5207: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5193: 5190: 5189: 5188: 5185: 5184: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5159: 5157: 5153: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5115: 5114:Cubo-Futurism 5112: 5111: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5099: 5095: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5083: 5082: 5081: 5078: 5074: 5073:Ashcan School 5071: 5070: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5043: 5042: 5041:Expressionism 5039: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5026:Mir iskusstva 5024: 5022: 5019: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4996: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4973: 4970: 4969: 4968: 4965: 4964: 4962: 4958: 4952: 4949: 4945: 4942: 4941: 4940: 4937: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4901: 4898: 4897: 4896: 4893: 4892: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4865: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4847: 4844: 4843: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4834: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4817: 4813: 4812:Boston School 4810: 4808: 4807:Hoosier Group 4805: 4804: 4803: 4800: 4799: 4798: 4797:Impressionism 4795: 4793: 4792:Peredvizhniki 4790: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4782:Beuron School 4780: 4776: 4773: 4772: 4771: 4770: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4752: 4749: 4748: 4747: 4744: 4743: 4741: 4737: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4716: 4713: 4709: 4706: 4702: 4699: 4698: 4697: 4696:Munich School 4694: 4693: 4692: 4689: 4683: 4680: 4679: 4678: 4675: 4673: 4670: 4668: 4665: 4664: 4663: 4660: 4658: 4655: 4651: 4648: 4647: 4646: 4643: 4641: 4638: 4636: 4633: 4631: 4628: 4622: 4619: 4618: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4609: 4607: 4604: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4594: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4584: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4573: 4572: 4569: 4568: 4566: 4562: 4556: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4540: 4539: 4538: 4534: 4532: 4529: 4527: 4524: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4514: 4510: 4507: 4506: 4505: 4502: 4501: 4499: 4495:Art borrowing 4493: 4485: 4482: 4478: 4475: 4473: 4470: 4468: 4465: 4464: 4463: 4460: 4458: 4455: 4454: 4453: 4450: 4446: 4445:Company style 4443: 4441: 4438: 4434: 4431: 4429: 4426: 4425: 4424: 4421: 4420: 4418: 4412: 4409: 4408: 4407: 4404: 4402: 4399: 4398: 4397: 4393: 4392: 4390: 4386: 4380: 4377: 4373: 4370: 4368: 4365: 4363: 4360: 4358: 4355: 4353: 4352: 4348: 4347: 4346: 4345:Neoclassicism 4343: 4339: 4338: 4334: 4332: 4329: 4327: 4324: 4322: 4319: 4317: 4314: 4313: 4312: 4309: 4308: 4306: 4302: 4294: 4291: 4289: 4286: 4285: 4284: 4281: 4279: 4276: 4274: 4271: 4267: 4264: 4263: 4262: 4259: 4257: 4254: 4252: 4249: 4247: 4244: 4240: 4237: 4235: 4232: 4228: 4225: 4223: 4220: 4219: 4218: 4215: 4213: 4210: 4208: 4205: 4204: 4203: 4200: 4199: 4197: 4193: 4187: 4184: 4182: 4179: 4177: 4174: 4172: 4171:Cretan School 4169: 4165: 4162: 4161: 4160: 4157: 4151: 4148: 4146: 4143: 4141: 4138: 4137: 4136: 4133: 4129: 4128:Danube school 4126: 4124: 4121: 4120: 4119: 4116: 4114: 4111: 4109: 4106: 4102: 4099: 4098: 4097: 4094: 4093: 4092: 4089: 4083: 4082: 4077: 4075: 4072: 4070: 4067: 4065: 4062: 4061: 4060: 4057: 4053: 4050: 4048: 4045: 4043: 4040: 4039: 4038: 4035: 4031: 4030: 4026: 4024: 4021: 4019: 4016: 4015: 4014: 4011: 4010: 4009: 4006: 4005: 4003: 4001: 3997: 3989: 3988: 3984: 3982: 3979: 3977: 3974: 3973: 3972: 3968: 3966: 3963: 3959: 3956: 3955: 3954: 3951: 3949: 3946: 3944: 3941: 3939: 3936: 3932: 3929: 3927: 3924: 3922: 3919: 3918: 3917: 3914: 3912: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3900: 3899: 3898: 3895: 3891: 3888: 3886: 3883: 3882: 3881: 3878: 3876: 3873: 3869: 3866: 3864: 3861: 3859: 3856: 3855: 3854: 3851: 3847: 3844: 3842: 3839: 3837: 3834: 3832: 3829: 3828: 3827: 3824: 3822: 3819: 3815: 3814: 3810: 3809: 3808: 3805: 3803: 3800: 3798: 3795: 3791: 3788: 3786: 3783: 3781: 3778: 3776: 3773: 3771: 3768: 3767: 3766: 3763: 3759: 3756: 3755: 3754: 3751: 3747: 3744: 3743: 3742: 3739: 3738: 3736: 3734: 3730: 3722: 3719: 3717: 3714: 3712: 3709: 3707: 3704: 3702: 3699: 3697: 3694: 3693: 3692: 3689: 3687: 3684: 3682: 3679: 3677: 3674: 3672: 3669: 3663: 3660: 3656: 3653: 3652: 3651: 3648: 3646: 3643: 3642: 3641: 3638: 3636: 3633: 3631: 3628: 3626: 3623: 3621: 3618: 3616: 3613: 3611: 3608: 3606: 3605:Orientalizing 3603: 3601: 3598: 3596: 3593: 3591: 3590:Sub-Mycenaean 3588: 3587: 3586: 3583: 3579: 3576: 3574: 3571: 3569: 3566: 3564: 3561: 3560: 3559: 3556: 3554: 3551: 3547: 3544: 3543: 3542: 3539: 3538: 3536: 3534: 3530: 3527: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3508: 3504:art movements 3503: 3499: 3495: 3488: 3483: 3481: 3476: 3474: 3469: 3468: 3465: 3458: 3457: 3453: 3450: 3447: 3444: 3441: 3440: 3432: 3431:2-08-011144-2 3428: 3424: 3420: 3419:Zerner, Henri 3417: 3415: 3414:0-300-10469-3 3411: 3407: 3403: 3400: 3396: 3393: 3391: 3390:0-500-23232-6 3387: 3383: 3379: 3376: 3374: 3373:0-85115-200-7 3370: 3366: 3362: 3359: 3357: 3356:0-14-020808-9 3353: 3349: 3345: 3342: 3340: 3339:3-900731-33-0 3336: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3322: 3321:0-300-07451-4 3318: 3314: 3310: 3307: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3290: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3279:87-635-0267-4 3276: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3262: 3261:1-86189-166-0 3258: 3254: 3250: 3249: 3244: 3243:Jerry Brotton 3240: 3237: 3235: 3234:0-9628162-2-1 3231: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3217: 3216:0-7141-2611-X 3213: 3209: 3205: 3203: 3202:0-300-05587-0 3199: 3195: 3191: 3188: 3186: 3185:2-08-013583-X 3182: 3178: 3174: 3173:André Chastel 3171: 3169: 3168:0-19-521923-6 3165: 3161: 3157: 3155: 3154:0-300-07748-3 3151: 3147: 3143: 3140: 3139: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3113: 3107: 3098: 3089: 3082: 3076: 3070: 3069: 3062: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3041: 3032: 3030: 3023: 3019: 3016: 3012: 3011: 3005: 2996: 2994: 2984: 2975: 2966: 2957: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2936: 2929: 2928: 2923: 2917: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2896: 2887: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2859: 2854: 2845: 2836: 2829: 2823: 2814: 2808:Shearman, 170 2805: 2796: 2787: 2778: 2776: 2767: 2761: 2757: 2750: 2742: 2740:0-521-82376-5 2736: 2732: 2725: 2717: 2715:1-57181-124-9 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2693: 2685: 2678: 2676: 2661:on 2011-08-20 2660: 2656: 2652: 2646: 2639: 2635: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2606: 2601: 2592: 2590: 2580: 2571: 2562: 2555: 2551: 2548: 2543: 2534: 2528:Vlieghe, 177. 2525: 2516: 2507: 2498: 2489: 2487: 2480: 2474: 2465: 2459: 2453: 2444: 2435: 2426: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2401: 2394: 2390: 2387: 2382: 2375: 2371: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2355: 2346: 2337: 2330: 2329: 2324: 2320: 2314: 2305: 2299: 2298: 2291: 2282: 2275: 2269: 2260: 2253: 2249: 2243: 2233: 2229: 2220: 2217: 2215: 2212: 2210: 2207: 2205: 2202: 2201: 2192: 2188: 2185: 2184: 2183: 2177: 2174: 2171: 2168: 2165: 2162: 2159: 2156: 2153: 2150: 2149: 2148: 2142: 2141:Otto van Veen 2139: 2137: 2133: 2132:Marten de Vos 2130: 2127: 2123: 2120: 2117: 2114: 2113: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2097: 2092: 2088: 2082: 2079: 2076: 2073: 2070: 2067: 2064: 2063:Jan Saenredam 2061: 2058: 2055: 2052: 2049: 2046: 2043: 2040: 2037: 2034: 2031: 2028: 2025: 2024: 2023: 2018: 2014: 2013: 2008: 2001: 1998: 1995: 1992: 1989: 1986: 1983: 1980: 1977: 1974: 1971: 1968: 1965: 1962: 1959: 1956: 1953: 1950: 1947: 1944: 1943: 1942: 1937: 1936:Matthijs Bril 1932: 1925: 1922: 1919: 1916: 1913: 1910: 1907: 1906:Germain Pilon 1904: 1903: 1902: 1896: 1895:Antoine Caron 1893: 1879: 1876: 1866: 1863: 1853: 1850: 1849: 1848: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1825: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1814: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1796: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1773: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1758: 1756: 1752: 1747: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1732: 1730: 1729:Hardwick Hall 1726: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1702: 1698: 1693: 1684: 1682: 1677: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1665: 1656: 1655: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1631:Giulio Romano 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1615:Anthony Blunt 1612: 1608: 1607: 1601: 1600:Antoine Caron 1593: 1592:Antoine Caron 1589: 1585: 1581: 1579: 1574: 1570: 1564: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1533: 1528: 1524: 1522: 1518: 1513: 1508: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1489: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1420: 1416: 1407: 1402: 1398: 1396: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1370: 1365: 1364: 1359: 1355: 1347: 1342: 1337: 1323: 1319: 1316:columns from 1315: 1309: 1304: 1300: 1299: 1292: 1287: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1275:Jan Saenredam 1270: 1265: 1262: 1258: 1257:in the garden 1256: 1248: 1243: 1242: 1241: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1222: 1220: 1216: 1210: 1208: 1203: 1201: 1197: 1192: 1190: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1156: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1133: 1127: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1102: 1100: 1096: 1095:royal entries 1091: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1064:Otto van Veen 1061: 1060:Marten de Vos 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1042: 1034: 1033:Marten de Vos 1030: 1029: 1023: 1019: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 988: 986: 981: 980:court painter 977: 973: 970: 966: 962: 955: 951: 947: 943: 941: 936: 932: 928: 927:Danube School 924: 920: 916: 912: 907: 905: 901: 897: 893: 885: 881: 876: 872: 870: 865: 861: 857: 850: 846: 845:Kitchen Scene 842: 838: 834: 832: 828: 824: 819: 817: 808: 806: 801: 797: 784: 780: 776: 772: 766: 761: 757: 753: 749: 743: 738: 734: 731: 725: 720: 716: 715: 712:surprised by 711: 707: 702: 698: 692: 687: 684: 673: 672: 667: 661: 656: 655: 649: 646: 642: 638: 634: 630: 625: 621: 619: 615: 611: 607: 603: 600:were sent by 599: 594: 590: 586: 582: 580: 574: 572: 568: 564: 560: 556: 547: 545: 540: 536: 532: 530: 526: 522: 518: 514: 510: 506: 502: 496: 485: 481: 474: 463: 459: 455: 451: 450: 445: 432: 426: 421: 418: 417:Jean de Court 414: 407: 402: 398: 391: 386: 383: 376: 371: 368: 367:Germain Pilon 364: 363: 355: 350: 349: 348: 345: 341: 337: 333: 329: 325: 321: 316: 314: 310: 306: 302: 298: 292: 290: 286: 282: 279: 271: 266: 262: 258: 256: 252: 248: 244: 240: 236: 235:Antoine Caron 232: 229:Cousin's son 227: 225: 221: 217: 206: 195: 191: 187: 183: 175: 171: 170: 165: 160: 150: 146: 143: 139: 135: 131: 127: 123: 117: 115: 111: 106: 98: 94: 93:Fontainebleau 90: 85: 76: 74: 68: 65: 61: 57: 50: 49: 45: 41: 36: 32: 19: 6526:Trompe-l'œil 6524: 6495:Outsider art 6448:Illustration 6404:Lutheran art 6394:Catholic art 6357:Abstract art 6327:Unilalianism 6290:Software art 6265:Neosymbolism 6255:Neo-futurism 6218:Internet art 6208:Hyperrealism 6061:Superfiction 5844:Photorealism 5712:Afrofuturism 5477:Contemporary 5453:Dimensionism 5436:Concrete art 5369: 5365:Precisionism 5215: 5162:Sosaku-hanga 5136:Productivism 5126:Metaphysical 5096: 5085:Proto-Cubism 4989:Secessionism 4951:Costumbrismo 4836:Aestheticism 4787:Hague School 4767: 4691:Academic art 4672:Costumbrismo 4640:Empire style 4477:Quito School 4472:Cusco School 4388:Colonial art 4349: 4337:Fête galante 4335: 4304:18th century 4266:Delft School 4217:Caravaggisti 4195:17th century 4112: 4080: 4037:Quattrocento 4027: 3985: 3908: 3811: 3741:Late antique 3625:Severe style 3615:Black-figure 3502:Contemporary 3455: 3422: 3405: 3398: 3381: 3364: 3347: 3326: 3312: 3295: 3270: 3266: 3247: 3239:Lisa Jardine 3225: 3207: 3193: 3176: 3159: 3145: 3122: 3106: 3097: 3092:Shearman, 28 3088: 3075: 3067: 3061: 3040: 3009: 3004: 2983: 2974: 2965: 2956: 2948: 2944: 2935: 2925: 2916: 2900: 2895: 2886: 2853: 2844: 2835: 2827: 2822: 2813: 2804: 2795: 2790:Zerner, 125. 2786: 2755: 2749: 2730: 2724: 2701: 2692: 2683: 2663:. Retrieved 2659:the original 2654: 2645: 2600: 2595:Vlieghe, 13. 2579: 2570: 2561: 2542: 2533: 2524: 2515: 2506: 2501:Slive, 13–14 2497: 2473: 2464: 2458:Google books 2452: 2443: 2434: 2425: 2400: 2381: 2362: 2359:Marshall, P. 2354: 2345: 2336: 2326: 2313: 2304: 2296: 2290: 2281: 2273: 2268: 2263:Zerner, 124. 2259: 2247: 2242: 2232: 2181: 2146: 2099:, c. 1630s, 2094: 2086: 2021: 2010: 1940: 1900: 1846: 1840: 1811: 1797: 1774: 1766:Parmigianino 1759: 1751:Isaac Oliver 1748: 1733: 1706: 1700: 1680: 1678: 1662: 1660: 1652: 1638: 1622: 1603: 1597: 1587: 1565: 1557:Dutch Revolt 1542: 1519:platters of 1509: 1499:and more in 1487: 1476:, swags and 1423: 1417:, small low 1411: 1367: 1363:Wunderkammer 1361: 1351: 1322:Architectura 1321: 1296: 1278: 1252: 1230:Architectura 1229: 1223: 1219:emblem books 1211: 1204: 1193: 1185: 1129: 1092: 1083: 1038: 1025: 1004:Michelangelo 989: 984: 974: 959: 908: 889: 886:, 1608–1610. 883: 858: 854: 844: 820: 812: 803: 778: 755: 732: 704: 669: 665: 626: 622: 612:, where the 583: 575: 554: 551: 542: 499: 483: 447: 359: 317: 300: 296: 293: 275: 259: 228: 223: 219: 179: 167: 147: 118: 102: 69: 55: 54: 38: 27:Art movement 6411:Digital art 6374:Avant-garde 6315:Superstroke 6191:Flat design 6186:Fictive art 6181:Excessivism 6129:Art for art 6124:Altermodern 6066:Taring Padi 6001:Lowbrow art 5969:Pliontanism 5906:Yoru no Kai 5859:Process art 5799:Systems art 5769:Arte Povera 5691:Antipodeans 5600:in New York 5570:Jikken Kōbō 5533:Color field 5402:Regionalism 5371:Aeropittura 5360:Neo-Fauvism 5333:Neues Sehen 5303:Kinetic art 5167:Suprematism 5141:Synchromism 5058:Noucentisme 4979:Primitivism 4967:Art Nouveau 4922:Cloisonnism 4912:Pointillism 4907:Divisionism 4885:Incoherents 4846:Art pottery 4732:(1863–1944) 4682:Macchiaioli 4657:Biedermeier 4645:Historicism 4630:Orientalism 4571:Romanticism 4542:Akita ranga 4394:Art of the 4379:Picturesque 4331:Chinoiserie 4326:Frederician 4164:Tudor court 4059:Cinquecento 4000:Renaissance 3987:Mappa mundi 3971:cartography 3863:Carolingian 3858:Merovingian 3841:Palaeologan 3813:Repoblación 3770:Anglo-Saxon 3701:Gallo-Roman 3640:Hellenistic 3635:Kerch style 3573:Minyan ware 3035:Blunt, 100. 2951:(1981:1ff). 2858:Rijksmuseum 2182:Elsewhere: 2059:(1566–1638) 2047:(1562–1651) 1946:Giambologna 1897:(1521–1599) 1889: 1559 1885: 1505 1872: 1510 1865:Jean Goujon 1859: 1590 1725:English art 1695:Etching by 1669:Rijksmuseum 1606:Triumvirate 1517:earthenware 1510:In France, 1301:by Goltzius 1253:Christ and 679: 1600 645:Hermeticism 620:was based. 616:and artist 513:Giambologna 491: 1607 469: 1590 460:painted as 336:intermedios 243:iconography 212: 1509 201: 1505 97:Primaticcio 6565:Categories 6458:Jewish art 6270:Passionism 6230:iPhone art 6176:Cyborg art 6171:Crypto art 6144:Brandalism 6036:Cyberdelic 5901:Tropicália 5874:Street art 5829:Intermedia 5809:Minimalism 5528:Spatialism 5482:Postmodern 5338:Surrealism 5206:Shin-hanga 5046:Die Brücke 5014:Sonderbund 4927:Synthetism 4650:Revivalism 4559:Transition 4516:Manichaean 4362:Adam style 4283:Classicism 4222:in Utrecht 4150:Still life 3880:Romanesque 3836:Macedonian 3831:Iconoclast 3790:Visigothic 3696:Republican 3650:Indo-Greek 3620:Red-figure 3361:Roy Strong 3333:, Vienna, 3251:, London: 3136:References 2665:2009-12-28 2519:Slive, 180 2492:Slive, 8–9 1887: – c. 1415:Plaquettes 1384:, another 1334:See also: 1324:(1593–94). 1234:Strasbourg 1207:cartouches 1200:engravings 961:Still-life 954:still-life 849:still life 816:Caravaggio 598:allegories 157:See also: 116:in Rome". 79:Background 73:Caravaggio 6571:Mannerism 6520:Shock art 6510:Queer art 6490:Naïve art 6473:Modernism 6305:Superflat 6295:Sound art 6275:Post-YBAs 6260:Neomodern 6101:Verdadism 6071:Superflat 5920:1970–1999 5884:in the US 5804:Video art 5727:Happening 5700:1960–1969 5492:1945–1959 5155:1915–1944 5146:Vorticism 5098:A Nyolcak 4960:1900–1914 4932:Les Nabis 4863:Symbolism 4819:Amsterdam 4769:Japonisme 4739:1863–1899 4701:in Greece 4561:to modern 4406:Caribbean 4351:Goût grec 4273:Capriccio 4227:Tenebrism 4176:Turquerie 4074:Mannerism 3969:Medieval 3826:Byzantine 3807:Mozarabic 3758:Ethiopian 3662:Neo-Attic 3645:"Baroque" 3630:Classical 3600:Geometric 3578:Mycenaean 3525:(Western) 3523:Premodern 3494:Premodern 3348:Mannerism 2941:Montacute 2927:ébénistes 2848:Fuchs, 34 2386:Hans Mont 2367:pp. 68-69 2308:Bull, 278 2087:Flemish: 1843:, c. 1600 1627:Francis I 1594:, c. 1580 1573:Calvinist 1507:borders. 1482:grotesque 1474:Moresques 1442:strapwork 1378:Francis I 1172:Rudolf II 1168:Engraving 1114:Ostrogski 1086:. In the 967:borders; 965:miniature 915:Paul Bril 614:goldsmith 571:Hans Mont 462:Vertumnus 449:Vertumnus 297:dressoirs 285:strapwork 60:Mannerism 51:, 1580–85 6550:Category 6500:Portrait 6421:Folk art 6369:Anti-art 6300:Stuckism 6213:Idea art 6134:Art game 6086:Artivism 5974:Punk art 5952:Sots Art 5937:Artscene 5794:Land art 5732:Neo-Dada 5664:Lettrism 5558:Nuagisme 5543:Tachisme 5424:Nazi art 5217:De Stijl 5131:Rayonism 5121:Art Deco 5109:Futurism 4900:Luminism 4868:Romanian 4853:Tonalism 4824:Canadian 4802:American 4708:Neo-Grec 4316:Rocaille 4145:Romanism 4079:Counter- 4013:Trecento 3953:Duecento 3943:Crusades 3875:Ottonian 3853:Frankish 3733:Medieval 3716:Trajanic 3676:Scythian 3671:Etruscan 3563:Cycladic 3541:Thracian 3329:, 1992, 3255:, 2005, 3115:Archived 3018:Archived 2999:Wilenski 2911:, 1994). 2905:New York 2872:Archived 2861:Archived 2700:(1997). 2634:Archived 2623:Archived 2608:Archived 2550:Archived 2389:Archived 2370:Archived 2323:Bronzino 2254:), 1974. 2198:See also 2147:German: 2126:Matthijs 1802:painter 1800:Silesian 1785:etchings 1777:Lorraine 1762:Bronzino 1501:tapestry 1497:frescoes 1478:festoons 1466:tapestry 1462:cartoons 1281:, after 1228:'s book 1088:retables 1044:Flanders 1041:Habsburg 911:Matthijs 633:Habsburg 629:Hercules 579:Bronzino 509:humanist 475:, Sweden 255:Henry II 203:–1570), 138:Romanism 89:overdoor 44:Deianira 40:Hercules 6515:Realism 6112:present 5839:Nut Art 5642:Pop art 5580:Mono-ha 5448:The Ten 5397:Kapists 5343:Iranian 5296:Bauhaus 5090:Orphism 5036:Fauvism 4873:Russian 4763:Nihonga 4677:Verismo 4662:Realism 4596:Purismo 4509:Moorish 4504:Islamic 4411:Haitian 4202:Baroque 4081:Maniera 3965:Mudéjar 3890:Spanish 3802:Pictish 3785:Lombard 3780:Insular 3721:Severan 3686:Gaulish 3681:Iberian 3610:Archaic 3553:Nuragic 3533:Ancient 3516:periods 3127:Münster 3050:triumph 3046:Bayonne 2830:, 1976. 2629:. This 2191:etching 1828:Artists 1816:in the 1789:Barocci 1667:(1590, 1569:Bohemia 1534:, Paris 1433:Antwerp 1369:Saliera 1358:baroque 1346:Leipzig 1196:etching 1189:Antwerp 1141:Jesuits 1072:Baroque 1056:Bologna 994:, with 900:Brughel 864:Utrecht 771:Haarlem 748:Haarlem 735:, 1602. 697:Utrecht 610:Dresden 563:Bellona 544:Minerva 342:of the 340:entries 301:buffets 281:reliefs 241:. The 224:Charity 176:, 1550s 114:Raphael 87:Stucco 6463:Kitsch 6322:Toyism 5814:Fluxus 5744:Op art 5313:Mingei 5247:Stupid 5225:Purism 5080:Cubism 4729:Modern 4521:Mughal 4311:Rococo 3916:Gothic 3897:Norman 3821:Viking 3775:Hunnic 3753:Coptic 3568:Minoan 3558:Aegean 3546:Dacian 3498:Modern 3429: 3412: 3388: 3371: 3354: 3337: 3319: 3302: 3285: 3277: 3259: 3232: 3214: 3200: 3183: 3166: 3152: 3054:Scipio 3015:Louvre 2762: 2737: 2712: 2479:Munich 1854:(1500– 1822:Poland 1657:, 1590 1488:Stanze 1419:relief 1406:enamel 1298:Icarus 1118:Tarnów 1076:Rubens 1035:, 1590 1012:Pieter 1000:Vasari 956:, 1614 851:, 1604 809:, 1591 758:, 1602 714:Vulcan 637:Valois 606:Munich 585:Prints 529:Prague 507:, had 505:Vienna 399:, 1549 344:Medici 278:stucco 270:walnut 153:France 122:Gothic 48:Nessus 6110:2000– 5553:COBRA 4547:Uki-e 4537:Japan 4526:Qajar 3885:Mosan 3691:Roman 3585:Greek 2225:Notes 2101:Prado 1818:Prado 1703:1610s 1382:uncle 1354:court 805:Niobe 706:Venus 681:, by 567:Muses 493:, by 471:–91. 247:Diana 6399:Icon 5722:ZERO 5480:and 5377:Asso 5201:Dada 4758:Yōga 3500:and 3427:ISBN 3410:ISBN 3386:ISBN 3369:ISBN 3352:ISBN 3335:ISBN 3331:IRSA 3317:ISBN 3300:ISBN 3283:ISBN 3275:ISBN 3257:ISBN 3241:and 3230:ISBN 3212:ISBN 3198:ISBN 3181:ISBN 3164:ISBN 3150:ISBN 2760:ISBN 2735:ISBN 2710:ISBN 2124:and 2122:Paul 1791:and 1720:Mary 1555:and 1503:and 1456:and 1348:1590 1143:and 1062:and 1026:The 1010:and 978:, a 929:and 921:and 913:and 821:For 783:dodo 710:Mars 708:and 643:and 635:and 608:and 515:and 338:and 299:and 222:and 64:Alps 46:and 3224:), 3052:of 2325:'s 1764:or 1738:of 1629:by 1388:. 1372:of 1320:'s 1174:by 1170:of 1031:by 1008:Jan 942:. 674:), 452:by 326:. 91:at 6567:: 3496:, 3421:, 3397:; 3380:; 3363:; 3346:. 3311:, 3281:, 3245:, 3192:, 3175:, 3144:, 3028:^ 2992:^ 2949:17 2947:, 2907:: 2878:. 2774:^ 2708:. 2706:83 2674:^ 2653:. 2618:. 2588:^ 2485:^ 2361:, 2274:is 1882:c. 1869:c. 1856:c. 1839:, 1731:. 1699:, 1651:, 1590:, 1551:, 1547:, 1277:, 1191:. 952:, 882:, 818:. 802:, 777:, 773:– 754:, 750:– 703:, 699:– 676:c. 541:, 488:c. 486:, 466:c. 365:, 209:c. 198:c. 172:, 128:, 42:, 37:, 3514:/ 3486:e 3479:t 3472:v 3056:. 3013:. 2903:( 2768:. 2743:. 2718:. 2668:. 2376:. 2331:. 2250:( 2193:. 1880:( 1867:( 1861:) 1182:. 668:( 557:( 207:( 196:( 20:)

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