498:). Native names listed in the mission records were, in some cases, clearly principal village names, in others the name assigned to the region of a "multifamily landholding group" (per Milliken). Although many native names have been written in historical records, the exact spelling and pronunciations were not entirely standardized in modern English. Ethnohistorians have resorted to approximating their indigenous regional boundaries as well. (The word that Kroeber coined to designate California tribes, bands and villages,
482:(1997, 2001), a linguist who steeped herself in the primary documents, offered evidence that the Costanoan languages were distinct, with only Ramaytush, Tamyen, and Chochenyo possibly being dialects of a single language. Milliken (2008), himself an ethnohistorian and not a linguist, shifted his position in 2008 to follow Callaghan, referring to separate Costanoan languages rather than dialects. Golla 2011 states that all Costanoan languages in the vicinity of San Francisco Bay, with the exception of Karkin, were
422:
2535:
140:
817:, p. 485 (a linguist) asserted they were distinct languages, but he contradicted himself on same page. Callaghan (1997, 2001), a linguist who steeped herself in the primary documents, offered evidence that the languages were separate, with only Ramaytush, Tamyen, and Chochenyo possibly being dialects of a single language.
558:
Many of the original sounds were first heard and copied down by
Spanish missionaries using Spanish as a reference language, subject to human error, later translated into English and Anglicized over time. Spelling errors crept in as different missionaries kept separate records over a long period of
303:
The number and geographic distribution of Ohlone language divisions partially mirrors the distribution of
Franciscan missions in their original lands. While the known languages are, in most cases, quite distinct, intermediate dialects may have been lost as local groups gathered at the missions. A
473:
who spoke a common language... distinguished from one another by slight differences in dialect"; however after saying that, he concluded: "The eight branches of the
Costanoan family were separate languages (not dialects) as different from one another as Spanish is from French". Randall Milliken
559:
time, under various administrators. Ethnohistorians
Kroeber, Merriam, and others interviewed Ohlone speakers and were able to define some pronunciations on word lists. Ethnolinguists have used this to some advantage to create phonetic tables giving some semblance of languages, notably the
389:(also known as Santa Cruz Costanoan) – There may have been more than one Costanoan language spoken within the proposed Awaswas area, as the small amount of linguistic material attributed to Mission Santa Cruz Costanoans is highly variable.
875:, an ethnohistorian, introduced the term Muwekma for a hypothetical northern division of the Costanoan language family, with an Ohlone subdivision (San Francisco, Santa Cruz, Santa Clara, San Jose dialects) and a Huchiun–Karkin division.
241:
240:
346:
242:
348:
1062:, attributes a good village name list to Merriam's assistant. "Informant" interviews were made as early as 1890, and as late as the 1940s. Mainly from Bancroft (earliest), Kroeber and
347:
478:
to the effect that the idioms seemed distinct as one traveled from mission to mission, but actually formed a dialect chain from one neighboring local tribe to another.
330:(2001). Other classifications list Northern Costanoan, Southern Costanoan, and Karkin as single languages, with the following subgroups of each considered as dialects:
575:
by
Clinton Merriam. This published list covers 400 Ohlone words from interviews of native speakers. The Ohlone words listed are by "phonetic English" pronunciations.
515:, and death. Some names have come from Spanish and Mexican settlers, some from early Anglo-European travelers, and some from the memories of Native American
1662:
494:
The Ohlone native people belonged to one or more tribes, bands or villages, and to one or more of the eight linguistic group regions (as assigned by
1222:
1441:
1432:
1423:
1414:
243:
2573:
2947:
17:
901:, all linguists, consider the Santa Cruz and Karkin dialects completely distinct from any of the other dialects grouped by Forbes.
813:, p. 24–26 (an ethnohistorian, not a linguist), who cited missionary-linguist Felipe Arroyo de la Cuesta to that effect.
1655:
1576:
1342:
1161:
1129:
1094:
1057:
1037:
916:
896:
881:
870:
851:
784:
772:
761:
750:
739:
319:
The last native speakers of Ohlone languages died by the 1950s. However, Chochenyo, Mutsun, and Rumsen are now in a state of
467:. Richard Levy, himself a linguist, contradicted himself on this point: First he said "Costanoans themselves were a set of
1386:
300:
sub-family of Indo-European languages. Neighboring groups seem to have been able to understand and speak to each other.
1689:
1391:
1361:
1323:
1283:
1007:
309:
296:. Overall, divergence among these languages seems to have been roughly equivalent to that among the languages of the
2566:
2539:
1648:
1468:
2722:
1481:
1030:
Milliken 1995:13n and
Appendix I; Term "tribelet" not accepted by many Native American scholars and others, per
395:(also known as Cholon, Soledad) – Chalon may be a transitional language between Northern and Southern Costanoan.
2447:
1566:
1535:
524:
353:
1396:
2559:
2508:
2403:
1381:
2908:
2704:
2624:
2247:
1943:
1930:
504:, has been published in many records but is advisably offensive and incorrect, per the Ohlone people.)
475:
2942:
2697:
2183:
1446:
1316:
A Time of Little Choice: The
Disintegration of Tribal Culture in the San Francisco Bay Area 1769–1910
542:. In this regard, large amounts of untranslated material is available for research in the records of
2793:
2321:
2252:
539:
1428:
519:. Speakers were natives still alive who could remember their group's native language and details.
2893:
1671:
1545:
516:
320:
2283:
2613:
2516:
2059:
2019:
1963:
1949:
1437:
1419:
1410:
483:
209:
58:
1794:
550:, and more material continues to be published by local historical societies and associations.
507:
Many of the known tribal and village names were recorded in the
California mission records of
2885:
2208:
2122:
2116:
2104:
1956:
1937:
1204:
Merriam listed Valley Live Oak. Since that is not a listed species, he probably meant either
1815:
1808:
573:
Indian Names for Plants and
Animals Among California and other Western North American Tribes
2903:
2110:
2090:
1725:
1461:
1225:. Since that species is NOT in California, he must mean one of the Bay Area tules possibly
1063:
633:
543:
1780:
8:
2848:
2688:
2646:
2590:
2498:
2097:
1770:
1354:
The
Costanoan/Ohlone Indians of the San Francisco and Monterey Bay Area, A Research Guide
1297:
1250:
479:
426:
327:
305:
205:
198:
80:
2241:
1801:
1787:
1274:
Levy, Richard (1978). "Costanoan". In Heizer, Robert F.; Sturtevant, William C. (eds.).
2651:
2599:
2582:
2435:
2382:
2234:
2190:
2083:
2045:
2031:
2010:
1906:
1844:
1604:
530:
378:
372:
313:
285:
273:
2222:
1142:
Phonetic tables, Merriam, 1979. See also "C. Hart Merriam" biography and endorsement,
528:") submitted by grantees in applying for Spanish and Mexican land grants or designs ("
130:
2811:
2772:
2711:
2656:
2452:
2299:
2270:
2257:
2228:
2216:
2176:
2166:
2129:
1984:
1923:
1917:
1851:
1619:
1357:
1338:
1319:
1279:
1205:
1013:
1003:
821:, p. 6 followed Callaghan, referring to separate languages rather than dialects.
655:
297:
965:
500:
469:
2898:
2837:
2781:
2761:
2738:
2677:
2668:
2633:
2493:
2483:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2430:
2398:
2392:
2376:
2340:
2309:
2263:
2152:
2052:
1969:
1865:
1758:
1744:
1594:
1561:
1510:
1262:
547:
459:
Regarding the eight Ohlone branches, sources differ on if they were eight language
440:
386:
265:
229:
65:
1076:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2826:
2787:
2640:
2488:
2440:
2315:
2277:
2197:
2146:
2077:
2025:
1979:
1897:
1886:
1879:
1872:
1858:
1837:
1733:
1698:
1629:
1624:
1614:
1609:
1599:
1571:
1454:
925:); For revitalization claims see external links section, revitalization articles.
535:
444:
409:
403:
392:
366:
340:
293:
289:
281:
277:
269:
248:
225:
221:
201:
107:
85:
75:
2923:
2831:
2820:
2800:
2752:
2745:
2731:
2387:
2356:
2328:
2141:
2135:
2072:
2038:
1974:
1912:
1751:
1714:
1707:
1495:
1293:
1175:
809:, p. 24–26. For the assertion they are dialects of one language, refer to
252:
2936:
2606:
2350:
2065:
1997:
1990:
1738:
1530:
1520:
1515:
1505:
1500:
1017:
522:
Some of the former tribe and village names were gleaned from the land maps ("
495:
316:
were closely related dialects of a single San Francisco Bay Ohlone language.
2288:
598:
213:
1640:
1278:. Vol. 8. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. pp. 485–495.
1266:
474:
stated in 1995 that there were eight dialects, citing missionary-linguist
421:
1401:
1179:
1209:
659:
1476:
1082:
2551:
1525:
997:
233:
124:
1253:(2014). "Proto-Utian Grammar and Dictionary: with notes on Yokuts".
176:
168:
160:
512:
464:
139:
1119:
Discussion of spelling, translation and mission record variances,
701:– record number of one more interviews, with one or more persons.
678:
614:
508:
460:
1387:
Chochenyo revitalization – language at UCB "Faith in Words" 2004
352:
Vincent Medina presents in the Chochenyo Ohlone language at the
1540:
1477:
217:
46:
1182:(Oncorhynchus gorbuscha); although both ply in both bay areas.
1227:
1174:
While Merriam does not list the species, it is most likely
1066:(published 1970s posthumously via R. F. Heizer and others).
829:
827:
824:
228:. The most recent work suggests that Ohlone, Miwok, and
839:
1382:
Chochenyo revitalization – language at UCB "News" 2004
928:
375:(also known as Chocheño, Chocheno, East Bay Costanoan)
977:
430:
1101:
1149:
1002:. University of California Press. pp. 90–91.
2934:
144:Pre-contact distribution of the Ohlone languages
27:Revitalizing Utian language family of California
1442:Survey of California and Other Indian Languages
1433:Survey of California and Other Indian Languages
1424:Survey of California and Other Indian Languages
1415:Survey of California and Other Indian Languages
895:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFCallaghan1997 (
850:sfn error: no target: CITEREFBlevinsGolla2005 (
771:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFCallaghan2001 (
760:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFCallaghan1997 (
738:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFCallaghan1997 (
707:– Merriam numbers his words for easy reference.
326:The classification below is based primarily on
2567:
1656:
1462:
1356:. Menlo Park, CA: Ballena Press Publication.
1318:. Menlo Park, CA: Ballena Press Publication.
1178:(Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), and less likely
1128:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFMerriam1979 (
553:
454:
451:subgroup with the Southern Costanoan branch.
369:(also known as Tamien, Santa Clara Costanoan)
915:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFGordon2005 (
880:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBeeler1961 (
869:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFForbes1968 (
845:
1670:
1056:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFCook1976b (
783:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFGolla2007 (
749:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFGolla2007 (
412:(also known as Rumsien, San Carlos, Carmel)
406:(also known as San Juan Bautista Costanoan)
264:Ohlone comprises eight attested varieties:
2574:
2560:
1663:
1649:
1469:
1455:
1160:sfn error: no target: CITEREFMerriam1979 (
1093:sfn error: no target: CITEREFMerriam1979 (
1036:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBean1994 (
958:, p. 24–26. The latter two both cite
1249:
934:
891:
767:
756:
734:
1351:
1332:
1313:
1143:
1120:
1107:
1075:For example of a Diseño de terreno, see
983:
974:, p. 485, "Language and Territory".
955:
951:
833:
818:
810:
806:
802:
420:
344:
308:provides evidence that Chochenyo of the
238:
1292:
1155:
1124:
1088:
439:More recently, Callaghan (2014) groups
381:(also known as San Francisco Costanoan)
14:
2935:
2581:
1077:Diseño de terreno de la Misión Dolores
911:
876:
864:
435:means "house of the people" in Ohlone
2555:
1644:
1450:
1052:
995:
778:
755:. Yok-Utian as a taxonomic category:
745:
1337:. Banning, CA: Malki-Ballena Press.
1335:Native Americans at Mission San Jose
1273:
1031:
971:
959:
947:
946:For the names of the languages, see
887:
814:
798:
733:, p. 485–486 (citing Kroeber),
730:
579:Selected Costanoan Words by Merriam
571:A partial table of words comes from
489:
1299:The Chumash and Costanoan languages
1255:Trends in Linguistics Documentation
729:Utian and Penutian classification:
561:Selected Costanoan Words by Merriam
425:The Muwekma-Tah-Ruk theme house at
24:
2948:Extinct languages of North America
1276:Handbook of North American Indians
1235:by Richard W. Cunningham. 1989:36)
1079:, 1854, from the Bancroft Library.
25:
2959:
1372:
2534:
2533:
1392:Mutsun revitalization – language
1302:. Berkeley, The University Press
797:Names of dialects or languages:
323:(relearned from saved records).
138:
1482:Indigenous people of California
1242:
1215:
1198:
1185:
1168:
1136:
1113:
1069:
1045:
1024:
989:
910:for extinction classification,
566:
1405:by Arroyo de la Cuesta, Felipe
962:, p. 485 as their source.
940:
904:
858:
791:
723:
13:
1:
1536:Verona Band of Alameda County
1261:. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.
1042:, article by Leventhal et al.
716:
1233:California Indian Watercraft
1191:The double equals require a
363:San Francisco Bay Costanoan
354:San Francisco Public Library
259:
7:
1546:List of tribes and villages
999:California Indian languages
304:newly discovered text from
10:
2964:
1683:indicate extinct languages
1333:Milliken, Randall (2008).
1314:Milliken, Randall (1995).
554:Spelling and pronunciation
476:Felipe Arroyo de la Cuesta
455:Dialect or language debate
276:(also spelt as Chocheño),
247:Myth of the Coyote in the
224:, they are members of the
2917:
2884:
2847:
2810:
2771:
2721:
2687:
2667:
2623:
2589:
2529:
2507:
2476:
2423:
2416:
2366:
2338:
2297:
2207:
2164:
2009:
1896:
1825:
1768:
1724:
1697:
1688:
1678:
1585:
1554:
1488:
1352:Teixeira, Lauren (1997).
693:
534:") that were drawn up in
193:languages, also known as
149:
137:
123:
100:
76:Linguistic classification
74:
64:
52:
42:
37:
32:
846:Blevins & Golla 2005
18:Northern Ohlone language
1672:Languages of California
449:South Central Costanoan
431:
343:(also known as Carquin)
312:area and Tamyen of the
220:people. Along with the
208:, both in the southern
204:historically spoken in
2517:American Sign Language
1567:Traditional narratives
996:Golla, Victor (2011).
529:
523:
499:
468:
436:
356:
256:
210:San Francisco Bay Area
59:San Francisco Bay Area
2123:Southern Sierra Miwok
2117:Northern Sierra Miwok
1572:Hunting and gathering
1294:Kroeber, Alfred Louis
1267:10.1515/9783110276770
1195:over them, as listed.
954:, p. 33–34; and
484:mutually intelligible
424:
351:
246:
226:Utian language family
2111:Central Sierra Miwok
1251:Callaghan, Catherine
634:Sequoia sempervirens
540:Mexican–American War
463:, or eight separate
2448:Californian Spanish
1407:(1842) (in Spanish)
1123:. Phonetic tables:
580:
480:Catherine Callaghan
427:Stanford University
400:Southern Costanoan
360:Northern Costanoan
306:Mission Santa Clara
206:Northern California
38:Costanoan, Ohlonean
2909:Southern Tsimshian
2583:Penutian languages
2436:California English
2367:Language isolates
2060:Tule–Kaweah Yokuts
2046:Kings River Yokuts
2032:Buena Vista Yokuts
1429:Ramaytush language
578:
544:Clinton H. Merriam
525:diseños de terreno
437:
357:
314:Santa Clara Valley
257:
232:are branches of a
2930:
2929:
2924:extinct languages
2705:Northern Kalapuya
2549:
2548:
2525:
2524:
2412:
2411:
1944:Southeastern Pomo
1931:Northeastern Pomo
1638:
1637:
1403:Grammar of Mutsun
1397:Ohlone dictionary
1344:978-0-87919-147-4
1228:Scirpus lacustris
1034:, p. 299–300
805:, p. 33–34;
714:
713:
663:
656:Quercus agrifolia
637:
490:Native placenames
349:
244:
236:language family.
187:
186:
16:(Redirected from
2955:
2943:Ohlone languages
2698:Central Kalapuya
2576:
2569:
2562:
2553:
2552:
2537:
2536:
2431:American English
2421:
2420:
2404:Plains Sign Talk
2369:and unclassified
2184:New River Shasta
1695:
1694:
1665:
1658:
1651:
1642:
1641:
1471:
1464:
1457:
1448:
1447:
1440:overview at the
1431:overview at the
1422:overview at the
1413:overview at the
1367:
1348:
1329:
1310:
1308:
1307:
1289:
1270:
1236:
1219:
1213:
1202:
1196:
1189:
1183:
1172:
1166:
1165:
1153:
1147:
1140:
1134:
1133:
1117:
1111:
1105:
1099:
1098:
1086:
1080:
1073:
1067:
1061:
1049:
1043:
1041:
1028:
1022:
1021:
993:
987:
981:
975:
969:
963:
944:
938:
932:
926:
920:
908:
902:
900:
885:
874:
862:
856:
855:
843:
837:
836:, p. 24–26.
831:
822:
795:
789:
788:
776:
765:
754:
743:
727:
653:
651:Valley Live Oak
631:
581:
577:
548:Bancroft Library
434:
350:
245:
179:
171:
163:
142:
133:
30:
29:
21:
2963:
2962:
2958:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2953:
2952:
2933:
2932:
2931:
2926:
2913:
2894:Coast Tsimshian
2880:
2843:
2806:
2794:Southern Patwin
2767:
2717:
2683:
2663:
2619:
2585:
2580:
2550:
2545:
2521:
2503:
2472:
2441:Chicano English
2408:
2402:
2368:
2362:
2334:
2322:Southern Patwin
2293:
2253:Northern Paiute
2242:Luiseño-Juaneño
2203:
2160:
2005:
1892:
1821:
1764:
1720:
1684:
1674:
1669:
1639:
1634:
1581:
1577:Native American
1550:
1484:
1475:
1438:Chalon language
1420:Rumsen language
1411:Tamyen language
1375:
1370:
1364:
1345:
1326:
1305:
1303:
1286:
1245:
1240:
1239:
1221:Merriam listed
1220:
1216:
1203:
1199:
1190:
1186:
1173:
1169:
1159:
1154:
1150:
1146:, p. 33–34
1141:
1137:
1127:
1118:
1114:
1106:
1102:
1092:
1087:
1083:
1074:
1070:
1055:
1051:Village Names:
1050:
1046:
1035:
1029:
1025:
1010:
994:
990:
982:
978:
970:
966:
950:, p. 485;
945:
941:
933:
929:
914:
909:
905:
894:
879:
868:
863:
859:
849:
844:
840:
832:
825:
801:, p. 485;
796:
792:
782:
770:
759:
748:
737:
728:
724:
719:
710:
652:
569:
556:
536:Alta California
492:
457:
432:Muwekma-Tah-Ruk
419:
345:
262:
249:Rumsen language
239:
222:Miwok languages
202:language family
197:, form a small
183:
175:
167:
159:
155:ISO 639-3 codes
145:
129:
54:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2961:
2951:
2950:
2945:
2928:
2927:
2918:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2890:
2888:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2878:
2877:
2876:
2869:
2859:
2853:
2851:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2841:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2816:
2814:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2804:
2797:
2790:
2785:
2777:
2775:
2769:
2768:
2766:
2765:
2758:
2757:
2756:
2749:
2735:
2727:
2725:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2715:
2708:
2701:
2693:
2691:
2685:
2684:
2682:
2681:
2673:
2671:
2665:
2664:
2662:
2661:
2660:
2659:
2654:
2644:
2637:
2629:
2627:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2617:
2610:
2603:
2595:
2593:
2587:
2586:
2579:
2578:
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2723:Coast Oregon
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2240:
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2134:
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2105:Plains Miwok
2103:
2096:
2089:
2082:
2058:
2051:
2044:
2037:
2030:
2018:
1996:
1989:
1962:
1957:Central Pomo
1955:
1948:
1938:Eastern Pomo
1936:
1929:
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1905:
1885:
1878:
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1480:(Costanoan)
1402:
1376:
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1334:
1315:
1304:. Retrieved
1298:
1275:
1258:
1254:
1243:Bibliography
1232:
1226:
1217:
1200:
1192:
1187:
1170:
1156:Merriam 1979
1151:
1138:
1125:Merriam 1979
1115:
1103:
1091:, "Preface".
1089:Merriam 1979
1084:
1071:
1047:
1026:
998:
991:
986:, p. 6.
979:
967:
942:
930:
922:
906:
860:
841:
793:
781:, p. 76
725:
704:
698:
590:Schedule #57
587:Schedule #56
584:English Word
572:
570:
567:Native words
560:
557:
521:
506:
493:
458:
448:
438:
335:
325:
318:
302:
263:
251:recorded by
214:Monterey Bay
194:
190:
188:
154:
106:
101:Subdivisions
90:
55:distribution
2886:Tsimshianic
2284:TĂĽbatulabal
2209:Uto Aztecan
2091:Coast Miwok
1180:pink salmon
912:Gordon 2005
877:Beeler 1961
865:Forbes 1968
606:Hoo"-rah-ka
2937:Categories
2499:Vietnamese
2098:Lake Miwok
1795:Purisimeño
1726:Athabaskan
1690:Indigenous
1377:Language:
1306:2012-08-26
1210:Valley Oak
1053:Cook 1976b
779:Golla 2007
746:Golla 2007
717:References
699:Schedule #
677:Big Round
517:informants
199:Indigenous
53:Geographic
2922:indicate
2849:Yok-Utian
2689:Kalapuyan
2652:Nez Perce
2647:Sahaptian
2600:Kathlamet
2591:Chinookan
2383:Chimariko
2235:Kitanemuk
2191:Okwanuchu
2084:Bay Miwok
2053:Palewyami
1907:Chimariko
1852:Ramaytush
1845:Chochenyo
1816:Ventureño
1809:Barbareño
1771:Chumashan
1620:Ramaytush
1605:Chochenyo
1587:Languages
1526:Ramaytush
1511:Chochenyo
1032:Bean 1994
1018:767533019
972:Levy 1978
960:Levy 1978
948:Levy 1978
888:Levy 1978
815:Levy 1978
799:Levy 1978
731:Levy 1978
465:languages
379:Ramaytush
373:Chochenyo
328:Callaghan
286:Ramaytush
274:Chochenyo
260:Languages
234:Yok-Utian
195:Costanoan
125:Glottolog
81:Yok-Utian
43:Ethnicity
2712:Yoncalla
2657:Sahaptin
2540:Category
2453:Armenian
2271:Tataviam
2258:Panamint
2229:Kawaiisu
2217:Cahuilla
2177:Konomihu
2011:Penutian
1985:Kumeyaay
1924:Atsugewi
1918:Achomawi
1781:Obispeño
1562:Religion
1296:(1910).
695:Legend:
669:You-kish
630:Redwood
622:Hah-shan
603:Oo'-rahk
513:marriage
501:tribelet
470:tribelet
461:dialects
310:East Bay
164:: Karkin
131:cost1250
117:Southern
114:Northern
2920:Italics
2904:Nisga’a
2899:Gitksan
2838:Nisenan
2812:Maiduan
2782:Nomlaki
2773:Wintuan
2762:Siuslaw
2678:Takelma
2669:Takelma
2634:Klamath
2625:Plateau
2494:Tagalog
2484:Chinese
2468:Russian
2463:Punjabi
2458:Persian
2399:Takelma
2393:Salinan
2377:Esselen
2310:Nomlaki
2300:Wintuan
2264:Serrano
2167:Shastan
2153:Nisenan
2130:Maiduan
1970:Kashaya
1866:Awaswas
1802:Ineseño
1788:Cruzeño
1759:Wailaki
1745:Mattole
1681:Italics
1595:Awaswas
1555:Culture
1496:Awaswas
1231:. (See
1064:Merriam
643:Ho-o-pe
615:Abalone
593:Word #
531:diseños
509:baptism
441:Awaswas
387:Awaswas
321:revival
298:Romance
266:Awaswas
255:in 1902
66:Extinct
2873:Ohlone
2857:Yokuts
2827:Konkow
2788:Patwin
2739:Coosan
2732:Alsean
2641:Molala
2489:Korean
2341:Yukian
2316:Patwin
2278:Tongva
2223:Cupeño
2198:Shasta
2147:Konkow
2026:Yokuts
1980:Mojave
1887:Chalon
1880:Rumsen
1873:Mutsun
1859:Tamyen
1838:Karkin
1828:Ohlone
1734:Tolowa
1630:Tamyen
1625:Rumsen
1615:Mutsun
1610:Karkin
1600:Chalon
1541:Yelamu
1531:Tamyen
1521:Mutsun
1516:Karkin
1506:Chalon
1501:Rumsen
1489:Groups
1478:Ohlone
1360:
1341:
1322:
1282:
1016:
1006:
890:, and
705:Word #
686:RĂł-kus
619:Oo==ch
599:Salmon
445:Mutsun
410:Rumsen
404:Mutsun
393:Chalon
367:Tamyen
341:Karkin
336:Ohlone
294:Tamyen
292:, and
290:Rumsen
282:Mutsun
278:Karkin
270:Chalon
230:Yokuts
218:Ohlone
191:Ohlone
108:Karkin
91:Ohlone
47:Ohlone
33:Ohlone
2867:Miwok
2862:Utian
2832:Maidu
2821:Chico
2801:Wintu
2753:Miluk
2746:Hanis
2477:Asian
2388:Karuk
2357:Wappo
2329:Wintu
2142:Maidu
2136:Chico
2078:Miwok
2073:Wintu
1975:Washo
1913:Karuk
1898:Hokan
1752:Cahto
1715:Yurok
1708:Wiyot
1699:Algic
666:YĹ«'Ks
150:Notes
86:Utian
70:1950s
2351:Yuki
2248:Mono
1998:Yahi
1991:Yana
1739:Hupa
1358:ISBN
1339:ISBN
1320:ISBN
1280:ISBN
1162:help
1130:help
1095:help
1058:help
1038:help
1014:OCLC
1004:ISBN
917:help
897:help
882:help
871:help
852:help
785:help
773:help
762:help
751:help
740:help
689:409
683:RĹŤks
679:Tule
672:296
646:280
625:254
609:247
189:The
2289:Ute
1263:doi
1208:or
658:or
177:css
169:cst
161:krb
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2396:,
2390:,
2386:,
2380:,
2354:,
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886:,
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