392:, separated from each other by considerable distances. John E. Worth suggests that these may have been organized into a larger regional chiefdom that was continuous from at least the early days of European contact through the 17th century. Early European accounts record certain chiefs as paramount over others, while during the 17th-century towns in the Timucua Province were missionized evidently based on their preeminence. This may be evidence of a continuous regional chiefdom, but Worth notes it must have been much looser than more integrated Timucua chiefdoms such as the eastern
97:
342:
354:
464:(head chief), probably at the town of Ayacuto at the Figs Springs site. Alone among the other missionaries sent out that year, Juan was successful, and convinced the chief to send emissaries to St. Augustine to negotiate peace. The Northern Utina rendered obedience to the Spanish crown, and the Spanish dispatched a friar to the main village of Ayacuto, where the important Mission
373:, which spread across much of western Florida and beyond. From about 900 a derivative culture emerged in the Suwannee Valley area, known as the Suwannee Valley culture. This culture was common to all the Suwannee Valley peoples (the Northern Utina and the Yustaga), and as a Weedon Island derivative was closely related to the
419:'s expedition, which passed through their territory in 1539. These accounts indicate that the Northern Utina were more populous than any other tribe De Soto had yet encountered, and lived in distinct villages that were subordinate to a chief named Aguacaleycuen. Aguacaleycuen's main village was located on the
180:, and San MartĂn de Timucua and three other missions were established between 1608 and 1616. The profile of the Northern Utina increased considerably as smaller peripheral provinces were incorporated into the Timucua Province, which eventually included all of northern Florida between approximately the
475:
The profile of the
Northern Utina increased substantially as smaller provinces were merged into Timucua Province, and San MartĂn became the principal mission and town for an increasingly wide area. However, they suffered considerable demographic decline from the epidemics that spread through Florida
220:
The name "Northern Utina" for these people is a scholarly convention; it was never used by the people themselves or by their
Spanish or Indian contemporaries. It is unclear what the people themselves called themselves, if they had a general name for themselves at all. The Spanish in the 17th century
191:
However, the tribe experienced significant demographic decline during the same period due to disease and other factors. They took the forefront in the
Timucua Rebellion of 1656. This was put down by the Spanish, who razed their villages and relocated the populace to a series of new communities along
439:
heard of a powerful chief in this area named
Onatheaqua. Though details are limited, this Onatheaqua may have ruled the Northern Utina chiefdom led earlier by Aguacaleycuen. The French understood his chiefdom to be near that of Chief Houstaqua, whose name is probably a variant of "Yustaga", and to
431:
chiefdom. Upon reaching
Aguacaleycuen's village De Soto captured the chief, as was his custom, intending to release him once his party had safely reached Uzachile. Subsequently some subordinate chiefs, asserting that Uzachile sought an alliance with De Soto, led the Spanish into an ambush. After a
171:
passed through the
Northern Utina region, where he captured and subsequently executed Aguacaleycuen, who may have been the principal chief at the time. Later French sources note a powerful chief in the area named Onatheaqua, who may have been a successor to Aguacaleycuen. After several decades of
258:, which may be the origin of the name "Timucua". However, the 16th-century Utina were not particularly closely related to the people of the Timucua Province. Modern use of the term "Utina" has caused confusion between the 16th-century Utina chiefdom and the "Timucua proper"; as such scholars
229:. Their dialect was known as Timucua (now usually called "Timucua proper"). Over time smaller provinces were joined into the Timucua Province, and the name "Timucua" was applied to an increasingly wide area of northern Florida.
460:, but they consistently rejected all Spanish overtures for several decades. Then in 1597, as part of a renewed wave of missionary effort, the Spanish sent the Timucua Christian leader Juan de Junco to the Northern Utina
448:, which early Europeans believed extended to Apalachee territory). The French believed Onatheaqua to be very wealthy and to have controlled access to the mountains and the strange and valuable things located there.
144:
people, who lived on the other side of the
Suwannee. The Northern Utina represented one of the most powerful tribal units in the region in the 16th and 17th centuries, and may have been organized as a loose
476:
through the 17th century. Under the principal chief of
Ayacuto Lúcas Menéndez, the Northern Utina were at the forefront of the Timucua Rebellion of 1656, in which they, together with the Yustaga and
496:
allied to the
English colonies to the north. As a result surviving Northern Utina migrated closer to St. Augustine where they merged with other Timucua peoples, and were removed to
408:, often signs of integrated regional chiefdoms, have not been found in Northern Utina territory, and ceramic dating may vary from community to community, suggesting disunity.
480:, revolted against the Spanish colonial government. After the Spanish put down the rebellion the Northern Utina were forcibly relocated to a series of new towns along the
427:. Aguacaleycuen was allied with (and possibly related to) another chief on the other side of the Suwannee River, Uzachile, whose chiefdom may correspond with the later
302:. The Yustaga were closely related to the Northern Utina, but appear to have spoken a different dialect, perhaps Potano. Beyond the Yustaga were the non-Timucuan
212:, and suffered further from epidemics. They eventually moved closer to St. Augustine and mingled with other Timucua groups, losing their independent identity.
286:. However, the main centers of the population were in the eastern Suwannee River valley. On the other side of the Suwannee, living between it and the
204:. In this reduced position the Northern Utina were largely powerless against raids by northern tribes allied with the English settlers such as the
488:
to St. Augustine. This caused a severe breakdown in the social structure, and the
Northern Utina were largely defenseless against raids by the
254:(Freshwater) to the Spanish in the 17th century. The conflation comes from the fact that the Utina were known to their enemies as
432:
battle, De Soto executed Aguacaleycuen and other hostages and moved into Uzachile's territory, which he found already evacuated.
468:
was established in 1608. Over the next eight years at least three more missions were established in Northern Utina territory:
927:
369:
The area has been inhabited for thousands of years. In the first millennium AD the region's inhabitants participated in the
164:
The Northern Utina had sporadic contact with the Europeans beginning in the first half of the 16th century. In 1539 Spanish
388:
Archaeological evidence suggests that the Northern Utina lived in small community groups, perhaps representing localized
325:
The area occupied by the Northern Utina (and the Yustaga) at the time of European contact corresponds to the area of the
901:
873:
845:
814:
784:
678:
918:
Worth, John E. (2012). "An Overview of the Suwannee Valley Culture". In Ashley, Keith; White, Nancy Marie (eds.).
692:
262:
and Ken Johnson have suggested classing the two groups as eastern Utina and Northern Utina, respectively.
173:
346:
101:
310:. To the south and southeast of the Northern Utina, on the other side of the Santa Fe River, were the
951:
279:
150:
129:
465:
158:
326:
291:
788:
457:
456:
The Northern Utina received a number of Spanish emissaries following the 1565 establishment of
330:
295:
201:
20:
445:
370:
314:, another Timucua group. Other Timucua speakers lived to the north in Georgia, including the
469:
412:
283:
232:
In the 20th century, when the name Timucua came to designate all the groups who spoke the
8:
100:
Reconstruction of Timucua paha (house) at the Marion County Historical Museum (formerly
800:
485:
197:
923:
897:
869:
841:
831:
810:
688:
420:
393:
307:
242:
233:
946:
424:
416:
415:
in 1528, but the earliest definite historical record of them is in the accounts of
358:
226:
177:
168:
137:
63:
891:
863:
835:
804:
682:
374:
275:
259:
247:
185:
140:
known as "Timucua proper". They appear to have been closely associated with the
405:
271:
133:
51:
940:
436:
341:
287:
181:
76:
489:
205:
165:
893:
Timucua Chiefdoms of Spanish Florida. Volume 2: Resistance and Destruction
362:
345:
A suggested route for the first leg of the de Soto Expedition, based on
922:. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida. pp. 149–171.
96:
441:
303:
397:
389:
319:
246:
originally designated a different tribe who lived along the middle
146:
493:
428:
382:
318:. Far to the east were the eastern Timucua groups, including the
315:
299:
209:
154:
141:
125:
121:
88:
270:
The Northern Utina lived in a region spreading roughly from the
477:
401:
378:
333:
ceramics during the Spanish mission period (the 17th century).
311:
353:
411:
The Northern Utina probably encountered the survivors of the
865:
Timucua Chiefdoms of Spanish Florida. Volume 1: Assimilation
497:
444:. However, they believed he lived near high mountains (the
240:
for what the Spanish had known as the Timucua Province.
225:
and referred to the region in which they lived as the
336:
250:
in the 16th century; these people were known as the
687:. University of Alabama Press. pp. 77–78, 87.
472:, Santa Cruz de Tarihica, and San Juan de Guacara.
783:
514:
512:
172:resistance the Northern Utina became part of the
938:
153:may be the remains of their principal village,
509:
176:in 1597. Their territory was organized as the
329:. Suwannee Valley ceramics were displaced by
677:
532:
530:
528:
526:
524:
298:), were another western Timucua group, the
149:or confederation of smaller chiefdoms. The
758:
756:
664:
662:
616:
614:
381:. It is particularly distinguished by its
16:Extinct Native American people in Florida
799:
521:
352:
340:
236:, scholars began to substitute the term
95:
830:
753:
659:
632:
611:
939:
917:
889:
861:
45:Regions with significant populations
681:(2001). Bennett, Charles E. (ed.).
306:, who lived throughout much of the
157:, and the later Spanish mission of
13:
837:The Indian tribes of North America
337:Early history and European contact
196:or Royal Road running between the
14:
963:
174:Spanish mission system in Florida
404:. Large-scale monuments such as
896:. University Press of Florida.
868:. University Press of Florida.
771:Worth vol. II, p. 149; 156–157.
765:
744:
735:
726:
717:
708:
671:
650:
641:
623:
602:
435:In 1564 the French settlers of
425:Fig Springs archaeological site
151:Fig Springs archaeological site
795:. University of Alabama Press.
593:
584:
575:
566:
557:
548:
539:
451:
1:
777:
136:, and spoke a dialect of the
50:Northern Florida east of the
536:Worth vol. I, pp. xxii–xxiv.
365:among the Timucua of Florida
7:
840:. Genealogical Publishing.
10:
968:
357:16th-century engraving by
278:in the east, and from the
128:. They lived north of the
18:
789:Bennett, Charles E. (Ed.)
741:Worth vol. I, pp. 61, 67.
732:Worth vol. I, pp. 50; 67.
322:and the (eastern) Utina.
87:
82:
75:
70:
62:
57:
49:
44:
39:
34:
920:Late Prehistoric Florida
723:Worth vol. I, pp. 48–50.
647:Worth vol. I, pp. 31–32.
629:Worth vol. I, pp. 29–30.
608:Worth vol. I, pp. 28–29.
503:
282:northward into southern
66:, Timucua proper dialect
19:Not to be confused with
890:Worth, John E. (1998).
862:Worth, John E. (1998).
327:Suwannee Valley culture
265:
215:
366:
350:
105:
762:Worth vol. II, p. 38.
466:San MartĂn de Timucua
446:Appalachian Mountains
371:Weedon Island culture
356:
344:
159:San MartĂn de Timucua
99:
83:Related ethnic groups
714:Worth vol I., p. 48.
668:Worth vol. I, p. 32.
656:Worth vol. I, p. 31.
638:Worth vol. I, p. 30.
620:Worth vol. I, p. 96.
590:Milanich, pp. 55–56.
363:Black drink ceremony
112:, also known as the
809:. Wiley-Blackwell.
581:Granberry, p. 3, 7.
484:or Royal Road from
274:in the west to the
124:people of northern
31:
832:Swanton, John Reed
599:Worth 2012, p. 149
486:Apalachee Province
470:Santa FĂ© de Toloca
413:Narváez expedition
367:
351:
198:Apalachee Province
106:
29:
929:978-0-8130-4014-1
785:Laudonnière, René
679:Laudonniere, Rene
423:, perhaps at the
421:Ichetucknee River
347:Charles M. Hudson
308:Florida Panhandle
234:Timucuan language
221:knew them as the
94:
93:
959:
933:
914:
912:
910:
886:
884:
882:
858:
856:
854:
827:
825:
823:
801:Milanich, Jerald
796:
772:
769:
763:
760:
751:
750:Swanton, p. 151.
748:
742:
739:
733:
730:
724:
721:
715:
712:
706:
705:
703:
701:
675:
669:
666:
657:
654:
648:
645:
639:
636:
630:
627:
621:
618:
609:
606:
600:
597:
591:
588:
582:
579:
573:
572:Milanich, p. 55.
570:
564:
563:Granberry, p. 3.
561:
555:
554:Milanich, p. 46.
552:
546:
545:Granberry, p. 6.
543:
537:
534:
519:
518:Milanich, p. 54.
516:
440:the east of the
417:Hernando de Soto
359:Jacques le Moyne
227:Timucua Province
186:St. Johns Rivers
178:Timucua Province
169:Hernando de Soto
138:Timucua language
132:and east of the
64:Timucua language
40:Extinct as tribe
35:Total population
32:
28:
967:
966:
962:
961:
960:
958:
957:
956:
952:Spanish Florida
937:
936:
930:
908:
906:
904:
880:
878:
876:
852:
850:
848:
821:
819:
817:
780:
775:
770:
766:
761:
754:
749:
745:
740:
736:
731:
727:
722:
718:
713:
709:
699:
697:
695:
676:
672:
667:
660:
655:
651:
646:
642:
637:
633:
628:
624:
619:
612:
607:
603:
598:
594:
589:
585:
580:
576:
571:
567:
562:
558:
553:
549:
544:
540:
535:
522:
517:
510:
506:
454:
406:platform mounds
375:Alachua culture
339:
296:Taylor Counties
276:St. Johns River
268:
260:Jerald Milanich
248:St. Johns River
218:
27:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
965:
955:
954:
949:
935:
934:
928:
915:
902:
887:
874:
859:
846:
828:
815:
797:
779:
776:
774:
773:
764:
752:
743:
734:
725:
716:
707:
693:
670:
658:
649:
640:
631:
622:
610:
601:
592:
583:
574:
565:
556:
547:
538:
520:
507:
505:
502:
453:
450:
338:
335:
331:Leon Jefferson
280:Santa Fe River
272:Suwannee River
267:
264:
217:
214:
134:Suwannee River
130:Santa Fe River
110:Northern Utina
92:
91:
85:
84:
80:
79:
73:
72:
68:
67:
60:
59:
55:
54:
52:Suwannee River
47:
46:
42:
41:
37:
36:
30:Northern Utina
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
964:
953:
950:
948:
945:
944:
942:
931:
925:
921:
916:
905:
903:0-8130-1574-X
899:
895:
894:
888:
877:
875:0-8130-1574-X
871:
867:
866:
860:
849:
847:0-8063-1730-2
843:
839:
838:
833:
829:
818:
816:0-631-21864-5
812:
808:
807:
802:
798:
794:
793:Three Voyages
790:
786:
782:
781:
768:
759:
757:
747:
738:
729:
720:
711:
696:
690:
686:
685:
684:Three Voyages
680:
674:
665:
663:
653:
644:
635:
626:
617:
615:
605:
596:
587:
578:
569:
560:
551:
542:
533:
531:
529:
527:
525:
515:
513:
508:
501:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
473:
471:
467:
463:
462:cacique mayor
459:
458:St. Augustine
449:
447:
443:
438:
437:Fort Caroline
433:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
409:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
386:
384:
380:
376:
372:
364:
360:
355:
348:
343:
334:
332:
328:
323:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
290:(present-day
289:
288:Aucilla River
285:
281:
277:
273:
263:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
244:
239:
235:
230:
228:
224:
213:
211:
207:
203:
202:St. Augustine
199:
195:
189:
187:
183:
179:
175:
170:
167:
162:
160:
156:
152:
148:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
103:
98:
90:
86:
81:
78:
74:
69:
65:
61:
56:
53:
48:
43:
38:
33:
22:
919:
907:. Retrieved
892:
879:. Retrieved
864:
851:. Retrieved
836:
820:. Retrieved
805:
792:
767:
746:
737:
728:
719:
710:
698:. Retrieved
683:
673:
652:
643:
634:
625:
604:
595:
586:
577:
568:
559:
550:
541:
481:
474:
461:
455:
434:
410:
387:
368:
324:
269:
255:
251:
241:
237:
231:
222:
219:
193:
190:
166:conquistador
163:
117:
113:
109:
107:
26:Ethnic group
806:The Timucua
700:November 5,
482:Camino Real
452:Mission era
349:'s 1997 map
194:Camino Real
941:Categories
778:References
694:0817311211
252:Agua Dulce
116:or simply
500:in 1763.
442:Apalachee
400:, or the
390:chiefdoms
304:Apalachee
256:Thimogona
120:, were a
102:East Hall
58:Languages
909:July 20,
881:July 20,
853:July 20,
834:(2003).
822:July 20,
803:(1999).
791:(2001).
398:Saturiwa
383:ceramics
320:Saturiwa
147:chiefdom
71:Religion
947:Timucua
494:Yamasee
429:Yustaga
377:of the
361:of the
316:Arapaha
300:Yustaga
292:Madison
284:Georgia
223:Timucua
210:Yamasee
182:Aucilla
155:Ayacuto
142:Yustaga
126:Florida
122:Timucua
114:Timucua
89:Timucua
926:
900:
872:
844:
813:
691:
478:Potano
402:Potano
396:, the
379:Potano
312:Potano
77:Native
504:Notes
490:Creek
394:Utina
243:Utina
238:Utina
206:Creek
118:Utina
21:Utina
924:ISBN
911:2010
898:ISBN
883:2010
870:ISBN
855:2010
842:ISBN
824:2010
811:ISBN
702:2013
689:ISBN
498:Cuba
492:and
294:and
266:Area
216:Name
208:and
200:and
192:the
184:and
108:The
188:.
943::
787:;
755:^
661:^
613:^
523:^
511:^
385:.
161:.
932:.
913:.
885:.
857:.
826:.
704:.
104:)
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
