591:
6224:
2732:
82:
3746:
3952:
98:
2372:
3457:
3324:
2511:
3427:
2738:
1532:
3344:
3556:
3612:
3599:. In 1646, a Mongol noyan rebelled against the Qing but was crushed under overwhelming odds. In 1647, Gombodorj met the Qing in battle with 50,000 cavalry and neither side were able to obtain a decisive victory. Although both sides suffered heavy losses, the Mongol army constituted a larger part of their overall forces than the Qing, signalling that the Mongols no longer had the numbers to directly confront the Qing in battle.
4978:
3760:
4367:
3468:
3332:
3442:(r. 1604–1634), the Eastern Mongol tumens had ceased to function as a unified entity. Ligdan only controlled the Chahar tumen and the Khalkha and Oirat Mongols no longer obeyed his authority. Ligdan built a new capital in Chahar land known as Chaghan Baishin (White House) and promoted the building of Buddhist monasteries, translation of Tibetan literature, and trade with the Ming dynasty.
3080:. In 1517, Dayan even threatened Beijing itself. Mongol armies raided the Ming dynasty not only in the north but also in the hitherto quiet west. The Ming dynasty lost Kara Del as a protectorate to the Turpan Khanate at the same time. Dayan kept defeating the Ming in battle right up until his death in 1543. At the apogee of Dayan's reign, the Northern Yuan stretched from the
3575:, died under mysterious circumstances. His rank was given to his brother Abunai, who refused to attend court with the Manchus. Abunai's rank was then passed on to his son, Burni, who rebelled against the Manchus in 1675, but the uprising was defeated and Burni died in battle. The Qing emperors then placed the Chahar Mongols under their direct rule.
3311:
Mongolia and Doyin
Uriyangkhan of the Three Guards, respectively. After the rebellion of the northern Uriankhai people, they were conquered in 1538 and mostly annexed by the northern Khalkha. However, his decision to divide the six tumens to his sons, or taijis, and local tabunangs-sons in the law of the taijis created a decentralized system of
4408:
3482:
on the Mongol allies of the
Jurchens in 1625. The Jurchen-Mongol army defeated Ligdan and forced him back. In the following year, Uuba Noyan of the Khorchin had his younger brother marry one of Nurhaci's daughters, cementing the alliance. Many of the Jurchens married Mongols. Ligdan appointed his own
3310:
became the ruler of the
Khalkha Mongols, the largest of the six tümens. The tümens functioned both as military units and as tribal administrative bodies who hoped to receive taijis, descended from Dayan Khan. Northern Khalkha people and Uriyankhan were attached to the South Khalkha of eastern Inner
3351:
After Dayan Khan's death, the
Mongols began falling apart again under the two succeeding khans. By 1540 new regional circles of taijis and local tabunangs (imperial sons-in-law) of the taijis emerged in all the former Dayan Khan's domains. The khagan and the jinong had titular authority over the
3650:
to prepare an attack. Chikhundorj attacked the right wing of the
Khalkhas and killed Shira in 1687. In 1688, Galdan dispatched troops under his younger brother Dorji-jav against Chikhundorj but they were eventually defeated and Dorji-jav was killed in battle. Chikhundorj then murdered Degdeehei
3449:. Although sharing many similar characteristics with the Mongols, the Jurchens were not nomads, but tribal people who had adopted Chinese agricultural practices. Nurhaci had ambitions to conquer the Ming dynasty and sought allies in the Khorchin Mongols, subjects of Ligdan. The princes of
2488:) of the Great Yuan (Dai Yuwan Khaan, or 大元可汗) to resist the Ming who had by this time become the real ruler in China proper. According to the traditional Chinese political orthodoxy, there could be only one legitimate dynasty whose rulers were blessed by Heaven to rule as
3602:
In the mid-17th century, Gombodorj died and was succeeded by his young and inexperienced son
Chikhundorj. In 1655, the Qing began interfering in Tusheet affairs by appointing their own lamas in Tusheet territory. Thus Outer Mongolia also gradually fell under Qing control.
2679:
in 1453, Esen took the title of not just khan, but also Yuan
Emperor. This caused widespread dissent among the Genghisids, and in 1455, a series of revolts resulted in Esen's death. His death started the decline of the Oirats, who would not recover until their rise as the
3958:
3730:, who had revolted in 1689, was already in control as of 1691. Outer Mongolia was thus incorporated into the Qing Empire, and the Khalkha leaders returned to Outer Mongolia as Qing vassals. A Qing garrison was installed at Ulaanbaatar. The Qing forces occupied
2549:
The following century saw a succession of
Genghisid rulers, many of whom were mere figureheads put on the throne by those warlords who happened to be the most powerful. From the end of the 14th century there appear designations such as "period of small kings"
2162:) in the Chinese language, in which the prefix "Northern" is used to distinguish between the Yuan dynasty established in 1271 and the regime that existed after 1368. The historiographical name "Northern Yuan" first appeared in the Korean historical text
2199:
In
English, the term "Northern Yuan (dynasty)" is generally used to cover the entire period from 1368 to 1635 for historiographical purpose. Apart from "Great Yuan" (before 1388 and during the rule of Esen Taishi), the Mongols called their regime
3067:
From 1495 onward, Dayan exerted pressure on the Ming dynasty, which closed border-trade and killed his envoys. Dayan invaded Ming territory and subjugated the
Uriankhai Three Guards, who had previously submitted to the Ming. As a result, the
2409:
after the fall of Yingchang in 1370, where they maintained the official dynastic title "Great Yuan", known retroactively as the "Northern Yuan". The Ming army pursued the Yuan remnants into the Mongolian steppe in 1372 but was defeated by
2245:. Mongolian historiography also uses the term "Period of political disunion", "Period of small khagans", "Mongolia's period of political disruption" and "Mongolia's 14th–17th century", etc. The Chinese Ming Dynasty called them “Tatar” (
2158:; hence, the name "Northern Yuan" is sometimes limited in its usage to referencing only the period between 1368 and 1388. The historiographical term "Northern Yuan" in the English language is derived from the corresponding term "北元" (
3651:
Mergen Ahai of the Jasagtu Khan who was on the way to Galdan. To avenge the death of his brother, Galdan established friendly relations with the Russians who were already at war with Chikhundorj over territories near
3681:
By 1690, Galdan had control of Outer Mongolia as far as the edge of Manchuria, before turning his attention east towards Beijing. This expansion of the Dzungar state was viewed with worry by the Qing, which led the
3483:
officials over the tumens and formed an elite military band to coerce opposition. In 1628, Ligdan defeated the Khorchins and Jurchen auxiliary at Zhaocheng but fled a large Jurchen punitive expedition. Only
2623:
By 1422 Arugtai turned hostile again as the Ming did not grant him the trading privileges he wanted, and Yongle campaigned against him in 1422 and 1423. Bahamu's successor Toghan pushed Arugtai east of the
3586:
emerged in Jasagtu territory. With the loss of Inner Mongolia and the Imperial Mongol Seal, the Mongols had to search for a new source of authority. As a result, in 1639, Gombodorj's son became the first
2108:(1604–1634), who saw much of his power weakened in his quarrels with the Mongol tribes and was defeated by the Later Jin dynasty. The last sixty years of this period featured the intensive penetration of
3802:
In the 17th century the memory of the Yuan had faded among the Mongols, although editors of chronicles described in the 18th century mentioned clearly that Kublai was the founder of the Yuan dynasty.
3491:
of the Jurchens and his Mongol allies defeated the Chahars and captured Ligdan's family. Ligdan lost any authority he had over the non-Chahar tumens. Ligdan died on his way to Qinghai to punish the
4784:
3591:, the spiritual head of the Gelug Buddhists in Mongolia. Gombodorj did his best to maintain peaceful relations with the rising Manchus by sending tribute. He also stopped providing horses to the
2180:; lit. "Great Yuan"). Contrary to this, other views hold that the title "Dayan" is derived from the Mongolian word means "origin" or "whole". Furthermore, there is evidence to suggest that
3734:
but did not advance into Dzungaria. The Dzungars later expanded into Tibet and Kazakhstan, but they too were conquered by the Qing dynasty in 1755, and all resistance was crushed by 1758.
3114:
Dayan Khan's reorganization of the Mongols into six Eastern Mongol tümens (literally "ten thousand") and four Oirats tümens had far-reaching effects on the development of Mongol society.
2620:
in 1412. Originally the Ming had supported the Oirats in their power struggle with the eastern Mongols, but as the Oirats gained supremacy over them, the Ming withdrew their support.
3315:
rule that secured domestic peace and outward expansion for a century. Despite this decentralization, there was a remarkable concord within the new Mongol order created by Dayan Khan.
2612:. In the following year, the Yongle Emperor personally led an expedition into Mongolia and defeated the Mongols. After the death of Öljei Temur, the Oirats under their leader Bahamu (
2461:
In 1380, the Ming invaded Northern Yuan and sacked Karakorum, although they were eventually forced to withdraw. Around 70,000 Mongol captives were taken. In 1387, the Ming defeated
4387:
3828:
3383:. A series of smallpox epidemics and lack of trade forced the Mongols to repeatedly plunder the districts of China. In 1571 the Ming opened trade with the three Right Wing Tumens.
2496:), so the Ming also denied the Yuan remnants' legitimacy as emperors of China, although the Ming did consider the previous Yuan which it had succeeded to be a legitimate dynasty.
2581:
in northeast, and the Khorchin between the two. The Uriankhai surrendered to the Ming dynasty in the 1390s. The Ming divided them into the Three Guards: Doyin, Tai'nin and Fuyu.
3386:
By the end of the 16th century, the Uriankhai Three Guards had lost their existence as a distinct group. Their Fuyu was absorbed by the Khorchin after they had moved to the
3418:, which started the conversion of Tumed and Ordos Mongols to Buddhism. Soon after the Oirats also adopted Buddhism. Numerous Tibetan lamas entered Mongolia to proselytize.
528:
514:
500:
486:
472:
447:
3722:, was killed and the Qing army captured 20,000 cattle and 40,000 sheep. Galdan fled with a small handful of followers. In 1697 he died in the Altai Mountains near
2584:
Mongol relations with the Ming dynasty consisted of sporadic bursts of conflict intermingled with periods of peaceful relations and border trade. The Oirat-backed
5737:
3638:. This unification was partly driven by their wars with the Altan Khans. When the Jasagtu Khan Shira lost part of his subjects to the Tüsheet Khan Chikhundorj,
6586:
3379:
and left one of his sons in charge there. Jasagtu also tried to unify the Mongols under a new code of law, written in the old Mongol script derived from the
2604:(r. 1402–1424) issued Öljei Temür an ultimatum demanding his acceptance of tributary relations to the Ming dynasty. Öljei Temur refused, resulting in the
6581:
2671:. In the following year a peace was concluded between the two sides and the captive emperor was allowed to return home. After executing the rebellious
4636:
6392:
2605:
3702:. Galdan was forced to retreat and escaped total destruction because the Qing army did not have the supplies or ability to pursue him. In 1696, the
2480:
The Genghisid (Major descendants of Kublai) rulers of the Northern Yuan also buttressed their claim on China, and held tenaciously to the title of
5010:
3060:(crown prince) over them. Dayan Khan finally defeated the southwestern Mongols in 1510 with the assistance of his allies, Unebolad wang and the
4576:
3048:
of Genghisid descent as khan. Mandukhai made persistent efforts to bring the various Mongol tribes under control. The new khan took the title
5556:
2012:
4101:
sent by Esen-tayisi with a document wherein he called himself Great Qayan T'ien-sheng of the. Great Yuan.s The document was dated the first.
6571:
5764:
81:
4166:
3655:. Armed with Russian firearms, Galdan led 30,000 Dzungar troops into Outer Mongolia in 1688 and defeated Chikhundorj in three days. The
5808:
3773:
2731:
2092:
reunited most Mongol tribes in the late 15th century. However, the former's distribution of his empire among his sons and relatives as
1507:
1447:
2120:
The regime that existed between 1368 and 1635 is known by various names, including the Northern Yuan (dynasty). The dynastic name of "
6223:
3306:
The six Eastern Mongol tümens were granted to his 11 sons while the four Oirat tümens were ruled by taishi nobles. His youngest son
6596:
6293:
6279:
3022:
2078:(Emperor Huizong of Yuan) to the Mongolian steppe. This period featured factional struggles and the often only nominal role of the
1817:
1772:
3582:
Gombodorj retained his independence and suzerainty over the Sechen and Jasagtu khans. However another independent entity known as
6303:
6283:
2637:
2435:
3052:
meaning "the whole" or “Great Yuan” (大元; "Da Yuan"). Mandukhai and Dayan Khan defeated the Oirats and the taishis who ruled the
5759:
4982:
2097:
1137:
97:
3710:. Galdan fled from the Kherlen only to be caught by another Qing army attacking from the west. He was defeated in the ensuing
3659:, meanwhile, attacked and defeated a Khalkha army of 10,000 near Lake Baikal. After two bloody battles with the Dzungars near
3414:
order and agreed that Buddhism would henceforth become the state religion of Mongolia. In 1577, Altan and Sechen received the
6591:
6259:
5744:
4840:
4796:
1437:
5648:
4418:
6091:
5732:
2196:
had also used the "Great Yuan" dynastic name and Han-style imperial titles during their rule up to the early 17th century.
1010:
1000:
4937:, vol. 6: Alien Regime and Border States, 907–1368, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, pp. 43–153,
2398:(located in present-day Inner Mongolia) two years later (1370). Yingchang was seized by the Ming shortly after his death.
6485:
6254:
5614:
5003:
2462:
1479:
641:
4204:
4055:
3307:
2238:
631:
3375:
to the east. Abtai and Sechen brought many of the Oirat tribes under their domination. Altan conquered large parts of
2534:-style title of former Yuan dynasty. In the following year, one of Uskhal Khan's subjects, Gunashiri, a descendant of
5549:
4478:
2005:
1308:
3064:. Making another of his sons jinong, he abolished old-Yuan court titles of taishi, chingsang, pingchan and chiyuan.
5954:
5817:
3056:
Mongols. However, one of them killed Dayan Khan's son and revolted when Dayan Khan appointed his son, Ulusbold, as
4337:
Carney T. Fisher, "Smallpox, Sales-men, and Sectarians: Ming-Mongol relations in the Jiang-jing reign (1552–67)",
3371:, and Khutughtai Sechen Khongtaiji of Ordos. Jasagtu defeated the Uriankhai and Daghur Mongols and subjugated the
5679:
1946:
1062:
5239:
4830:
4135:
2703:
fought over succession and had their Genghisid khans enthroned. The Mongolian chroniclers call some of them the
2608:. In 1409, a Ming army of 100,000 entered Mongolia but suffered a defeat against Öljei Temur and Arugtai at the
2470:
2147:
352:
225:
6561:
5919:
5704:
5660:
5609:
4996:
4942:
4381:
1959:
1500:
1452:
6000:
5987:
5858:
5684:
5582:
2290:
1541:
1474:
1400:
1335:
3487:(1581–1637) supported the Great Khan whilst other nobles of Khalkha remained neutral and inactive. In 1632,
5863:
5633:
5542:
5254:
3504:
1998:
1969:
1942:
1912:
1410:
87:
5234:
4710:
Our great Qing: the Mongols, Buddhism and the state in late imperial China By Johan Elverskog, p. 68.
2411:
213:
6606:
6566:
5883:
5643:
5574:
5036:
4591:
4013:
3926:
Jae-un Kang, Suzanne Lee, Sook Pyo Lee, "The Land of Scholars: Two Thousand Years of Korean Confucianism"
2321:
2100:. Despite this decentralization, a remarkable concord continued within the Dayan Khanid aristocracy, and
1462:
1219:
600:
181:
4791:, The Cambridge History of China, vol. 9, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 111–145,
6417:
6384:
6346:
6271:
5769:
5599:
3853:[Mongolian ethnonyms: questions of the origin and ethnic composition of the Mongolian peoples]
3850:
1979:
1467:
3347:
Temple at Erdene Zuu monastery established by Abtai Khan in the Khalkha heartland in the 16th century.
2647:(r. 1438–1454) brought the Oirats to the height of their power. Under his puppet khans, he drove back
6449:
6402:
6359:
6241:
5779:
5638:
5503:
3583:
3431:
3193:
2071:
1493:
1430:
1395:
968:
664:
574:
479:
396:
3571:, and the successors of the Mongol Empire were also under Manchu authority. The son of Ligdan Khan,
3353:
2473:. The defeat of Uskhal Khan effectively shattered Yuan power in the steppes and allowed the Western
1174:
6464:
6454:
6407:
6397:
6364:
6288:
6174:
6147:
6142:
6084:
5798:
5774:
5604:
5187:
2802:
2660:
1922:
1887:
1745:
1164:
813:
521:
5244:
5106:
3453:, Jarud, and southern Khalkha Mongols made a formal alliance with the Jurchens from 1612 to 1624.
2519:
2155:
6152:
6005:
5873:
5694:
5689:
5655:
5508:
3686:(Enh-Amgalan khaan-in Mongolian) to block Galdan. Late in the summer of 1690, Galdan crossed the
3535:
The Sechen Khans at the eastern end of modern Mongolia, were founded by Sholoi, a great-grandson.
2455:
2328:
1749:
1390:
5264:
2585:
6137:
5973:
5878:
5665:
3979:
3878:
2835:
2430:
with the aim of restoring Mongol power in China proper. Although he continued to hold southern
1932:
1741:
1622:
1442:
1420:
1405:
891:
610:
4434:
Ed. Reuven Amitai-Preiss, Reuven Amitai, David Morgan-The Mongol empire and its legacy, p. 294
4178:
6459:
6425:
6369:
5784:
5709:
5699:
5269:
4208:
3778:
3691:
3664:
3615:
3588:
3519:
2589:
2394:) from Dadu upon the approach of Ming forces. He tried to regain Dadu but failed and died in
2375:
Ming dynasty and the Northern Yuan in the early 15th century. The Mongols lost some lands in
1571:
1551:
1546:
1415:
832:
3364:
2074:
in 1635. The Northern Yuan dynasty began with the retreat of the Yuan imperial court led by
6491:
6354:
6298:
5841:
5828:
5592:
5340:
4423:卓里克圖汗，也無漢語廟號。此後蒙古歷代諸汗雖然族系不同，但都是只有蒙語尊號或諡號，而不再有漢語廟號。元朝漢語年號至天元而止，卓里克圖汗不立漢語年號，以後的蒙古諸汗也不再建立漢語年號。
3660:
3639:
3545:
2466:
2336:
1592:
1581:
1566:
1457:
670:
5345:
4832:
Historical Atlas of Northeast Asia, 1590–2010: Korea, Manchuria, Mongolia, Eastern Siberia
263:
8:
6601:
6249:
6184:
6077:
5619:
5259:
4112:(Бага хаадын үеийн Монгол улс; Ж.Бор – Монгол хийгээд Евразийн дипломат шашстир, II боть)
3643:
3461:
2904:
2762:
2562:. While the Oirats drew their khans from the descendants of Ariq Böke and other princes,
2332:
1867:
1652:
1561:
1523:
622:
6036:
3514:
After Ligdan Khan's death in 1634, the Mongols formed four Khanates, from west to east:
3410:
in the Right Wing Tumens occurred. Jasagtu appointed a Tibetan Buddhist chaplain of the
5980:
5749:
5498:
5191:
5167:
5069:
4570:
4092:
3711:
3479:
3471:
2597:
1662:
1642:
1612:
1602:
1576:
1556:
1425:
605:
140:
3851:"Монгольские этнонимы:вопросы происхождения и этнического состава Монгольских народов"
6576:
6524:
5350:
5330:
4938:
4836:
4792:
4474:
4404:
4377:
4051:
3656:
3012:
2824:
2715:(1475–1478) effectively won over most of the Mongol warlords before he died in 1478.
2609:
2493:
2371:
2216:" in some modern sources, Although most of these English terms can also refer to the
2169:
2055:
1353:
921:
901:
676:
5304:
3445:
In 1616, the Jurchens rose to the forefront of East Asian powers under the reign of
6430:
6199:
6169:
6127:
5966:
5947:
5587:
4392:而元人自脱古斯帖木兒被秋以後，內爭不息。數傳之後，已不知其有國號、帝號。相繼篡立者，皆自稱為「汗」，並改國名為「韃靼」，由於其兵力已不如初返塞外時之盛，故其為患也輕。
4084:
4028:
3991:
3559:
The various regimes on the Mongolian Plateau after the proclamation of Qing dynasty
3407:
3161:
2990:
2948:
2813:
2782:
2559:
2489:
2406:
2264:
2246:
2125:
2109:
2089:
2030:
1782:
1727:
1672:
1032:
590:
582:
321:
148:
144:
4612:
3525:
The Dzasagtu Khans, a khanate founded by Laikhor-khan, a cousin of the Altan Khan.
3456:
3323:
2667:. However, after this astounding victory, Esen failed to take the Ming capital of
6520:
6513:
6503:
6213:
6042:
5940:
5905:
5868:
5716:
5670:
5624:
5451:
5335:
5082:
4624:
3980:"Dayan Khan as a Yuan Emperor: The Political Legitimacy in 15th Century Mongolia"
3647:
3635:
3368:
3265:
3104:
2937:
2791:
2681:
2625:
2577:
The Mongols eventually split into three main groups: the Oirats in the west, the
2571:
2510:
2415:
2355:(1368–1644) in southern China. In 1368, a Ming army advanced on the Yuan capital
2242:
1877:
1682:
5396:
5229:
5127:
3579:
2383:
2075:
200:
6232:
6208:
6159:
6109:
5926:
5912:
5754:
3765:
3727:
3723:
3703:
3683:
3675:
3564:
3511:
the next year (February 1635), ending the Kublaid descent ruled Northern Yuan.
3415:
3136:
2979:
2959:
2926:
2853:
2712:
2656:
2601:
2391:
2344:
2317:
2223:
In chronicles written in the Mongolian language, this period is also known as "
2067:
1632:
934:
851:
4964:, vol. 8: The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644, Part 2, Cambridge University Press
4955:, vol. 7: The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644, Part I, Cambridge University Press
6555:
6540:
6326:
6194:
6189:
6132:
6026:
5391:
5115:
5098:
4471:
The Cambridge History of China, Volume 8: The Ming Dynasty, 1398–1644, Part 2
4122:
3687:
3380:
3293:
3232:
3165:
2700:
2672:
2535:
2443:
2217:
1837:
1827:
1737:
1717:
724:
691:
6069:
4988:
4785:"The Extension of Ch′ing rule over Mongolia, Sinkiang, and Tibet, 1636–1800"
3995:
6530:
6496:
6331:
6313:
5933:
5565:
5314:
5175:
5159:
3751:
3631:
3592:
3500:
3426:
3213:
3108:
3096:
3053:
2862:
2737:
2376:
2352:
2316:
for about a century. Even prior to the Yuan dynasty, the Mongols had ruled
2313:
2309:
2301:
2232:
2189:
2143:
2063:
1847:
1792:
1299:
1275:
1262:
1249:
1193:
1152:
1090:
804:
794:
771:
452:
338:
4027:. Graduate School of Social and Cultural Studies, Kyushu University: 6–7.
3905:
René Grousset-The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia, p. 508
3595:. Diplomacy failed after the Manchus defeated the Ming in 1644 and seized
2523:
2331:
and changed course, causing widespread droughts, flooding, and making the
6321:
5899:
5355:
5299:
5289:
5274:
4562:
3948:
3935:
3671:
3652:
3529:
3484:
3439:
3387:
3088:
3061:
2873:
2844:
2753:
2664:
2648:
2644:
2617:
2531:
2439:
2348:
2305:
2193:
2185:
2181:
2151:
2105:
1531:
1206:
1077:
911:
879:
866:
700:
379:
275:
237:
3522:
in the far west, founded by Sholoi Ubashi, great-grandson of Geresandza.
6535:
6437:
6336:
6100:
5416:
5325:
5309:
5249:
5061:
4928:, vol. 3: Sui and T'ang China, 589–906, Cambridge University Press
4663:
3894:
3783:
3715:
3699:
3508:
3488:
3357:
3343:
3336:
3258:
3189:
3099:
and south of it into the Ordos. The lands extended from the forests of
3073:
3045:
2915:
2893:
2505:
2485:
2340:
2173:
2085:
2059:
958:
747:
465:
365:
250:
5534:
4314:
The Great Wall: The Extraordinary Story of China's Wonder of the World
4096:
4072:
3367:(r. 1558–92), the realm was unified again with the aid of Altan Khan,
2320:
for more than 40 years, since the time they conquered the Jurchen-led
6048:
5834:
5789:
5407:
5360:
5284:
5141:
5137:
5090:
3731:
3719:
3667:
3572:
3496:
3403:
3218:
3185:
3140:
3100:
3041:
2633:
2593:
2578:
2543:
2431:
2402:
2395:
2356:
1762:
392:
334:
287:
126:
120:
3611:
3390:. Two other, Doyin and Tai'nin, were absorbed by the Five Khalkhas.
6031:
5823:
5294:
5279:
4088:
3707:
3627:
3555:
3450:
3399:
3372:
3312:
3249:
3209:
3169:
3156:
2968:
2696:
2692:
2676:
2652:
2539:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2164:
2101:
2051:
554:
493:
162:
158:
4032:
3238:
3076:
region and they gradually extended their domain into northeastern
3069:
2659:. In 1449 he defeated a 500,000 strong Ming army and captured the
2142:) was officially used between 1368 and 1388, as was the preceding
6508:
6179:
6122:
6117:
6053:
6021:
5220:
5183:
5119:
5086:
5056:
4758:
The Last Emperors: A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions
4414:
4143:
3695:
3596:
3568:
3446:
3411:
3376:
3297:
3289:
3285:
3201:
3197:
3144:
3132:
3124:
3081:
3077:
2744:
2704:
2688:
2668:
2563:
2481:
2477:
Mongols to rise and become kingmaker of the Northern Yuan realm.
2451:
2387:
2360:
2281:) after the Mongols were divided into eastern and western parts.
2048:
1707:
1101:
952:
946:
507:
114:
3532:
founded by Abatai, another grandson. This was the senior branch.
2574:
also briefly attempted to reunite the Mongols under their rule.
2204:", meaning the "Great Mongol State". It is also referred to as "
5171:
5163:
5155:
5145:
4977:
4373:
4266:
Military deterrence in history: a pilot cross-historical survey
3623:
3281:
3273:
3181:
3173:
3152:
3148:
3128:
3084:
3057:
3038:
3001:
2771:
2643:
Toghan died in the very year of his victory over Adai. His son
2629:
2613:
2555:
2474:
2447:
2272:
2254:
2133:
2079:
2038:
559:
418:
414:
4303:Далай Ч., Монголын түүх (1260-1388), гутгаар дэвтэр, УБ., 1992
2596:(d. 1405), in 1403. Most of the Mongol noblemen under Arugtai
6442:
5386:
5179:
5123:
5102:
4719:
Willard J. Peterson, John King Fairbank, Denis C. Twitchett.
4125:, David Morgan-The Mongol empire and its legacy, p. 275.
3914:
C.P.Atwood – Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire,
3492:
3467:
3331:
3277:
3269:
3205:
3177:
2606:
Ming dynasty conducting several campaigns against the Mongols
2527:
549:
305:
166:
4014:"大元の記憶 Memory of the Dai Yuan ulus (the Great Yuan dynasty)"
6164:
5995:
5960:
4235:
4233:
3356:(r. 1547–1557) had to grant titles of khans to his cousins
3245:
3092:
2708:
2567:
2176:
whose regnal name "Dayan" came from the Chinese term "大元" (
2093:
4251:
Willard J. Peterson, John King Fairbank, Denis Twitchett'
4048:
In the Shadow of the Mongol Empire: Ming China and Eurasia
3578:
In Outer Mongolia the Khalkhas still against Manchu rule,
2530:'s son), with the support of the Oirats. He abolished the
2386:(r. 1333–1370), the last ruler of the Yuan, fled north to
2366:
4721:
The Cambridge history of China: The Ch'ing empire to 1800
3848:
4450:
4230:
4218:
3938:, "Imperial Nomads: A History of Central Asia, 500–1500"
3895:
Jack Weatherford-The Secret History of the Mongol Queens
3406:
in their belief. From 1575, a large-scale conversion to
3360:, ruling the Tumed, and Bayaskhul, ruling the Kharchin.
3300:. The Barga and Buryats later became subject of Khalkha.
2438:
in 1387–88. The Yuan loyalists under the Kublaid prince
2220:
or the Yuan dynasty in the 13th and the 14th centuries.
58:
4828:
2154:-style imperial titles were abandoned by his successor
4881:
4879:
4854:
4852:
4473:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 230.
4783:
Cosmo, Nicola Di (2016), Peterson, Willard J. (ed.),
4073:"Notes on a Few Mongolian Rulers of the 15th Century"
2570:
supported the old Yuan khans of Kublaid descent. The
4613:
Memory of the Dai Yuan ulus (the Great Yuan dynasty)
4138:[Political disruption in Ancient Mongolia].
3741:
2628:
range in 1433. The Oirats killed him in the west of
1318:
1240:
1120:
1053:
983:
857:
4891:
4876:
4864:
4849:
4810:
4738:
4726:
4692:
4680:
4525:
4487:
4469:Rossabi, Morris (1998). "The Ming and Inner Asia".
2436:
Naghachu eventually surrendered to the Ming dynasty
3690:with a force of 20,000 and engaged a Qing army at
3139:, Khökhüid (Khukhuid), Khataghin, and later added
2150:, the "Great Yuan" dynastic name along with other
4403:
4045:
3829:"ᠳᠥᠴᠢᠨ ᠳᠥᠷᠪᠡᠨ ᠬᠣᠶ᠋ᠠᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠮᠣᠩᠭ᠋ ᠣᠯ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠦᠶ ᠡ ᠶᠢ"
2300:The Northern Yuan dynasty was the remnant of the
6553:
4677:Bat-Ochir Bold-Mongolian nomadic society, p. 170
3973:
3971:
3963:北元遼陽省平章劉益、王右丞等欲歸附大明，慮遷居民，以遼陽本我地，若我國請命，可免遷徙，遣使來告。
2499:
2327:Yuan rule in China proper began to collapse in
4545:Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire
4264:Raoul Naroll, Vern L. Bullough, Frada Naroll.
3984:Bulletin de l'École Française d'Extrême-Orient
3398:Although Yuan emperors had previously adopted
2104:civil war remained unknown until the reign of
6587:States and territories disestablished in 1635
6099:
6085:
5550:
5018:
5004:
3968:
3460:Major Mongol and Jurchen rulers prior to the
2518:In 1388, the Mongol throne was taken over by
2066:in 1368 and lasted until its conquest by the
2006:
1501:
5765:Administrative divisions of the Yuan dynasty
4652:Nomadic empires: from Mongolia to the Danube
4294:, part I. The Mongols proper and the Kalmuks
4007:
4005:
3622:Meanwhile, to the west, about 1600–1620 the
3026:The Northern Yuan and main polities in Asia
2379:after the Ming defeated Tögüs Temür in 1388.
4822:
3947:
3630:. In 1635, the Oirats under Kharkhul's son
2707:and they might have had some ties with the
2592:(Bunyashiri, r. 1408–1412), the protégé of
2588:(Gulichi) was defeated by Elbeg Khan's son
6582:States and territories established in 1368
6092:
6078:
5557:
5543:
5011:
4997:
4959:
4575:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
4365:
4050:. Cambridge University Press. p. 51.
3774:List of khans of the Northern Yuan dynasty
3726:on 4 April. Back in Dzungaria, his nephew
3244:Yünsheebüü (Yöngshiyebü) tümen (including
2718:
2465:, and in the following year they achieved
2172:. Some scholars believe that the reign of
2013:
1999:
1508:
1494:
96:
5486:Soloi Maqasamadi Sechen Khan (1577–1652)
4950:
4932:
4923:
4835:. Columbia University Press. p. 51.
4829:Narangoa Li; Robert Cribb (13 May 2014).
4456:
4239:
4224:
4164:
4002:
3674:to the Qing dynasty and submitted to the
3393:
4917:History of Civilizations of Central Asia
4077:Journal of the American Oriental Society
4011:
3663:and Tomor, Chikhundorji and his brother
3610:
3554:
3466:
3455:
3425:
3342:
3330:
3322:
2651:and crushed the Uriankhai Three Guards,
2509:
2370:
2351:peasant, who eventually established the
5564:
4666:The Secret History of the Mongol Queens
4468:
4417:: 南開大學學報編輯室. p. 46. Archived from
3402:, most Mongols ignored it and remained
2723:
2422:, a Mongol official of Biligtu Khan in
2367:Retreat to Mongolian Steppe (1368–1388)
2312:in 1279, the Yuan dynasty ruled all of
6554:
5760:Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs
4769:Ann Heirman, Stephan Peter Bumbacher.
4281:p. 389. Collier-MacMillan Ltd. Toronto
4279:The Mongol Empire, its Rise and Legacy
3221:tumen. This tumen was later dissolved.
3044:proclaimed a seven-year-old boy named
3010:
2966:
2957:
2935:
2902:
2769:
6073:
5538:
4992:
4933:Twitchett, Denis (1994), "The Liao",
4782:
4589:
4169:[Mongolian History Volume 3]
4070:
3977:
3318:
2999:
2946:
2882:
2871:
2860:
2760:
2751:
2742:
2538:, founded his own small state called
2467:decisive victory around the Buir Lake
2047:) was a dynastic regime ruled by the
102:The Northern Yuan in the 15th century
4914:
4897:
4885:
4870:
4858:
4816:
4744:
4732:
4698:
4686:
4531:
4493:
3849:E. P. Bakaeva; K. V. Orlova (2003).
2924:
2913:
2891:
2851:
2842:
2833:
2822:
2811:
2789:
2780:
2687:From Esen's death to 1481 different
2636:(r. 1425–1438) made a last stand in
2616:) (d. 1417) enthroned an Ariq Bökid
6572:Former countries in Chinese history
6486:The Cambridge History of Inner Asia
6255:Protectorate of the Western Regions
4350:
4202:
3698:near the western headwaters of the
3421:
2988:
2977:
2800:
2096:caused the decentralization of the
1947:Soviet intervention in Bogd Khanate
13:
4136:"Улс төрийн бутралын үеийн Монгол"
3606:
3567:had already been conquered by the
3308:Gersenji Khongtaiji of the Jalayir
2329:1344 when the Yellow River flooded
14:
6618:
5425:Boshugtu Khung Taiji (1608–1636)
4970:
4556:
3550:
3434:(White Castle) was built in 1601.
6222:
5955:The Twenty-four Filial Exemplars
5818:Jade Mirror of the Four Unknowns
5423:Namudai Sechen Khan (1586–1607)
5421:Sengge Düüreng Khan (1583–1585)
4976:
3758:
3744:
3327:Tent of Altan kan and Sannangji.
2736:
2730:
2663:in what came to be known as the
2458:by the Ming earlier in 1381–82.
1530:
589:
526:
512:
498:
484:
470:
445:
80:
6597:1630s disestablishments in Asia
5680:Second Mongol invasion of Burma
5460:Chakhun Dorji Khan (1654–1698)
5456:Eriyekhei Mergen Khan (1589–?)
5439:Buyan Baatur Taiji (1573–1576)
4776:
4763:
4750:
4713:
4704:
4671:
4657:
4644:
4630:
4617:
4606:
4583:
4550:
4537:
4512:
4499:
4462:
4437:
4428:
4397:
4359:
4344:
4331:
4319:
4306:
4297:
4284:
4271:
4258:
4245:
4196:
4158:
4142:. 3 August 2016. Archived from
4128:
4115:
4106:
4064:
4039:
4012:Morikawa, Tetsuo (2008-03-20).
3796:
2675:(r. 1433–1453) and his brother
2414:(r. 1370–1378) and his general
5705:Red Turban invasions of Goryeo
5472:Norbu Bisireltü Khan (d. 1661)
4962:The Cambridge History of China
4953:The Cambridge History of China
4935:The Cambridge History of China
4926:The Cambridge History of China
4326:The Cambridge History of China
4253:The Cambridge History of China
3941:
3929:
3920:
3908:
3899:
3888:
3872:
3842:
3821:
2632:the next year. Arugtai's ally
2343:valley, which saw the rise of
2277:
2259:
2138:
2043:
1448:Science and technology history
1:
5988:The Story of the Western Wing
5859:Cloud Platform at Juyong Pass
5583:Division of the Mongol Empire
5437:Noyandara Jinong (1543–1572)
3809:
3027:
2291:Timeline of the Northern Yuan
818:
777:
753:
730:
706:
647:
6592:1360s establishments in Asia
5864:Gulou and Zhonglou (Beijing)
5615:conquest of the Song dynasty
5443:Erinchen Jinong (1624–1636)
5441:Boshugtu Jinong (1577–1624)
4924:Twitchett, Denis C. (1979),
4213:明朝人把退据蒙古高原的北元政权及其治下的蒙古族称为鞑靼。
3957:(in Chinese). Archived from
3916:see: Batumöngke Dayan Qaghan
3814:
3539:
3505:Imperial Seal of the Mongols
3107:and out onto the steppes of
2640:before he was murdered too.
2600:sided with Öljei Temur. The
2500:Oirat domination (1388–1478)
88:Imperial Seal of the Mongols
7:
5884:Jinan Great Southern Mosque
5290:Tayisung Khan Toghtoa Bukha
4590:宝音德力根, Buyandelger (2001).
3737:
368:reunites the Mongol nation
201:Ukhaghatu Khan Toghon Temür
66:("Forty-four Mongol State")
10:
6623:
6355:against Northwest khanates
5770:Yuan dynasty in Inner Asia
5649:Battle of Bạch Đằng (1288)
5458:Gombodorji Khan (d. 1655)
5230:Ukhaantu Khan Toghun-Temur
4960:Twitchett, Denis (1998b),
4907:
4789:The Ch'ing Dynasty to 1800
4639:Tibet: A Political History
4046:David M. Robinson (2019).
3883:The Mongolian legal system
3642:of the Dzungars moved his
3543:
2503:
2288:
2284:
2062:after the collapse of the
16:Former empire in East Asia
6477:
6416:
6383:
6345:
6312:
6270:
6240:
6231:
6220:
6108:
6014:
5892:
5851:
5807:
5725:
5685:Esen Buqa–Ayurbarwada war
5573:
5504:Badma Erdeni Khong Tayiji
5488:Baba Sechen Khan (1653–?)
5380:
5235:Biligtü Khan Ayushiridara
5211:
5049:
5027:
4951:Twitchett, Denis (1998),
4445:Mongolian nomadic society
4021:比較社会文化: 九州大学大学院比較社会文化学府紀要
3584:Altan Khan of the Khalkha
3503:and was said to give the
3432:White House of Tsogt Taij
3352:three right wing tumens.
3091:in the north, across the
2711:oasis. During his reign,
2554:). On one side stood the
2412:Biligtü Khan Ayushiridara
2401:The Mongols retreated to
2335:impassable. In 1351, the
2295:
2268:
2250:
2146:. Following the death of
2129:
2034:
1322:
1244:
1124:
1057:
987:
861:
542:
424:
410:
406:
389:
376:
362:
349:
331:
327:
317:
298:
294:
281:
269:
257:
244:
231:
219:
214:Biligtü Khan Ayushiridara
207:
194:
190:
180:
172:
154:
136:
107:
95:
77:
72:
60:döčin dörben mongγol ulus
21:
6148:Western Turkic Khaganate
6143:Eastern Turkic Khaganate
5799:Goryeo under Mongol rule
5605:Mongol conquest of China
5435:Mergen Jinong (d. 1542)
4167:"Монголын түүх 3-р боть"
3978:Okada, Hidehiro (1994).
3859:Kalmyk Scientific Center
3789:
3706:led 100,000 troops into
3694:350 kilometers north of
3495:order in 1634. His son,
3127:tumen: Northern 7 otog:
2390:(located in present-day
2308:. After eliminating the
1750:Second Turkic Khaganates
522:Mongolia under Qing rule
6153:Second Turkic Khaganate
5874:Pagoda of Bailin Temple
5695:1344 Yellow River flood
5690:War of the Two Capitals
5600:Kublai Khan's campaigns
5509:Erinchin Lobsang Tayiji
5272:Bunyashiri (1403–1412)
5255:Elbeg Nigülesügchi Khan
5240:Uskhal Khan Tögüs Temür
4915:Adle, Chahryar (2003),
4723:, Volume 9, p. 16.
4071:Henry, Serruys (1956).
3996:10.3406/befeo.1994.2245
3954:《高麗史‧卷第四十三‧世家第四十三‧恭愍王六》
2719:Restoration (1479–1600)
2471:Uskhal Khan Tögüs Temür
2304:(1271–1368) founded by
2148:Uskhal Khan Tögüs Temür
2115:
353:Uskhal Khan Tögüs Temür
226:Uskhal Khan Tögüs Temür
6138:First Turkic Khaganate
5974:The Injustice to Dou E
5879:Temple of Azure Clouds
5809:Science and technology
5666:Battle of Ngasaunggyan
5610:anti-Mongol fortresses
5433:Barsu-Bolod (d. 1521)
5341:Darayisung Gödeng Khan
5033:Political organization
4771:The spread of Buddhism
4557:Б, Даваасүрэн (2000).
4520:The care-taker emperor
4372:(in Chinese). Taipei,
4292:History of the Mongols
4121:Reuven Amitai-Preiss,
3879:William Elliott Butler
3619:
3560:
3520:Altan Khan of Khalkhas
3475:
3464:
3435:
3394:Conversion to Buddhism
3354:Darayisung Gödeng Khan
3348:
3340:
3328:
3155:, Ujeed (Uchirad) and
2515:
2514:Location of the Oirats
2380:
2263:) and “Wala” (Oirats,
2225:The Forty and the Four
2206:Post-Imperial Mongolia
1623:Munkhkhairkhan culture
246:• 1478-1517/1543
6562:Northern Yuan dynasty
6280:against Western Turks
5710:Battle of Lake Poyang
5700:Red Turban Rebellions
5490:Sechen Khan (d. 1686)
5474:Chambun Khan (1670?–)
5307:(Ükegtü) (1454–1465)
5245:Jorightu Khan Yesüder
4983:Northern Yuan dynasty
4376:: 黎明文化. p. 347.
4328:, Vol 7, p. 193, 1988
4209:Encyclopedia of China
3779:List of Mongol states
3692:Battle of Ulan Butung
3665:Jebtsundamba Khutuktu
3614:
3589:Jebtsundamba Khutuktu
3558:
3528:The Tushetu Khans at
3499:, surrendered to the
3470:
3459:
3429:
3346:
3334:
3326:
3103:in the East past the
3095:, to the edge of the
3072:Mongols ruled in the
2684:in the 17th century.
2558:and on the other the
2520:Jorightu Khan Yesüder
2513:
2463:the Uriankhai Mongols
2374:
2359:or Dadu (present-day
2210:Mongol(ian) Khaganate
2156:Jorightu Khan Yesüder
2112:into Mongol society.
1970:Democratic Revolution
1313:(mainland, 1912–1949)
137:Common languages
6492:Greater Central Asia
5267:Gulichi (1402–1408)
5095:Three Western Tumens
5079:Three Eastern Tumens
4985:at Wikimedia Commons
4355:(in Japanese). 風間書房.
3661:Erdene Zuu Monastery
3640:Galdan Boshugtu Khan
3478:In response, Ligdan
3023:class=notpageimage|
2724:Second reunification
2418:(d. 1375). In 1375,
2337:Red Turban Rebellion
2241:) and four tümen of
2237:of Eastern Mongols (
5893:Society and culture
5620:Battle of Xiangyang
5346:Tümen Jasaghtu Khan
4366:中華民國國防部史政局 (1989).
4353:ホトクタイ＝セチェン＝ホンタイジの研究
3462:Jurchen unification
3143:. Southern 5 otog:
2456:defeated and killed
2214:Mongol(ian) Khanate
1943:People's Revolution
1913:National Revolution
1868:Oirat Confederation
1653:Deer stones culture
1524:History of Mongolia
240:(only non-Borjigin)
6607:Mongol rump states
6567:Dynasties of China
5981:The Orphan of Zhao
5750:Imperial Preceptor
5499:Ubasi Khong Tayiji
4756:Evelyn S. Rawski.
4664:Jack Weatherford.
4165:Л.Жамарсн (2003).
3712:Battle of Jao Modo
3620:
3561:
3476:
3472:Chahar-Jurchen War
3465:
3436:
3365:Tümen Jasagtu Khan
3349:
3341:
3329:
3319:Last reunification
3292:, Ur (Ör) Mongol,
3037:Manduulun's young
2522:, a descendant of
2516:
2381:
2058:. It existed as a
2054:clan based in the
1933:Chinese occupation
1663:Slab-grave culture
1643:Ulaanzuukh culture
1613:Chemurchek culture
1603:Afanasievo culture
1328:
1138:Five Dynasties and
1130:
1065:Southern dynasties
993:
892:Chu–Han Contention
884:(206 BCE – 220 CE)
6549:
6548:
6525:Chinese Turkestan
6473:
6472:
6294:Mongolian Plateau
6067:
6066:
5532:
5531:
5527:
5526:
5523:
5522:
5518:
5517:
5374:
5373:
5369:
5368:
5351:Buyan Sechen Khan
5331:Bars Bolud Jinong
5205:
5204:
5200:
5199:
5041:Independent khans
4981:Media related to
4842:978-0-231-53716-2
4798:978-0-521-24335-3
4650:Gérard Chaliand.
4592:"达延汗生卒年、即位年及本名考辨"
4559:Батмөнх Даян хаан
4405:Nankai University
4277:Michael Prawdin,
4175:Монгол улсын түүх
4146:on 12 August 2019
3718:. Galdan's wife,
3657:Siberian Cossacks
3616:Dzungar–Qing Wars
3259:Four tümen Oirats
2661:Zhengtong Emperor
2610:Battle of Kherlen
2494:Mandate of Heaven
2426:province invaded
2231:), meaning forty
2170:Classical Chinese
2072:Later Jin dynasty
2056:Mongolian Plateau
2023:
2022:
1988:
1987:
1960:People's Republic
1896:
1895:
1801:
1800:
1773:Tang protectorate
1691:
1690:
1518:
1517:
1475:Transport history
1401:Education history
1373:
1372:
1368:
1367:
1354:Republic of China
1336:People's Republic
1309:Republic of China
1288:
1287:
1237:
1236:
1232:
1231:
1117:
1116:
1050:
1049:
1045:
1044:
981:
980:
814:Spring and Autumn
677:Liao civilization
568:
567:
538:
537:
534:
533:
458:
457:
283:• 1634-1635
271:• 1603-1634
264:Tümen Zasagt Khan
259:• 1557-1592
233:• 1454-1455
221:• 1378–1388
209:• 1370–1378
196:• 1368–1370
67:
44:
6614:
6238:
6237:
6226:
6094:
6087:
6080:
6071:
6070:
6037:ʼPhags-pa script
5967:The Chalk Circle
5948:Zhongyuan Yinyun
5835:Shiyi Dexiaofang
5593:Kaidu–Kublai war
5588:Toluid Civil War
5559:
5552:
5545:
5536:
5535:
5383:
5382:
5378:
5377:
5270:Öljei Temür Khan
5214:
5213:
5209:
5208:
5052:
5051:
5047:
5046:
5030:
5029:
5013:
5006:
4999:
4990:
4989:
4980:
4965:
4956:
4947:
4929:
4920:
4901:
4895:
4889:
4883:
4874:
4868:
4862:
4856:
4847:
4846:
4826:
4820:
4814:
4808:
4807:
4806:
4805:
4780:
4774:
4767:
4761:
4754:
4748:
4742:
4736:
4730:
4724:
4717:
4711:
4708:
4702:
4696:
4690:
4684:
4678:
4675:
4669:
4661:
4655:
4648:
4642:
4637:W. D. Shakabpa,
4634:
4628:
4621:
4615:
4610:
4604:
4603:
4587:
4581:
4580:
4574:
4566:
4554:
4548:
4541:
4535:
4529:
4523:
4516:
4510:
4503:
4497:
4491:
4485:
4484:
4466:
4460:
4454:
4448:
4443:Bat-Ochir Bold.
4441:
4435:
4432:
4426:
4425:
4410:《南開大學學報：哲學社會科學版》
4401:
4395:
4394:
4386:. Archived from
4363:
4357:
4356:
4348:
4342:
4335:
4329:
4323:
4317:
4310:
4304:
4301:
4295:
4288:
4282:
4275:
4269:
4262:
4256:
4255:, vol. 7, p. 158
4249:
4243:
4237:
4228:
4222:
4216:
4215:
4200:
4194:
4193:
4191:
4189:
4183:
4177:. Archived from
4172:
4162:
4156:
4155:
4153:
4151:
4132:
4126:
4119:
4113:
4110:
4104:
4103:
4068:
4062:
4061:
4043:
4037:
4036:
4018:
4009:
4000:
3999:
3975:
3966:
3965:
3945:
3939:
3933:
3927:
3924:
3918:
3912:
3906:
3903:
3897:
3892:
3886:
3876:
3870:
3869:
3867:
3865:
3856:
3846:
3840:
3839:
3833:
3825:
3803:
3800:
3768:
3763:
3762:
3761:
3754:
3749:
3748:
3747:
3670:fled across the
3563:In 1636, all of
3546:Dzungar–Qing War
3507:to Qing emperor
3438:By the reign of
3422:Fall (1600–1635)
3408:Tibetan Buddhism
3032:
3029:
3017:
3015:
3008:
3006:
2997:
2995:
2986:
2984:
2975:
2973:
2964:
2962:
2955:
2953:
2944:
2942:
2933:
2931:
2922:
2920:
2911:
2909:
2900:
2898:
2889:
2887:
2880:
2878:
2869:
2867:
2858:
2856:
2849:
2847:
2840:
2838:
2831:
2829:
2820:
2818:
2809:
2807:
2798:
2796:
2787:
2785:
2778:
2776:
2767:
2765:
2758:
2756:
2749:
2747:
2740:
2734:
2590:Öljei Temür Khan
2490:Emperor of China
2407:Mongol heartland
2279:
2270:
2261:
2252:
2239:Eastern Mongolia
2140:
2131:
2110:Tibetan Buddhism
2102:intra-Chinggisid
2090:Mandukhai Khatun
2045:
2036:
2015:
2008:
2001:
1909:
1908:
1822:9th–12th century
1814:
1813:
1783:Uyghur Khaganate
1728:Rouran Khaganate
1704:
1703:
1673:Chandman culture
1599:
1598:
1534:
1520:
1519:
1510:
1503:
1496:
1438:Military history
1396:Economic history
1384:Related articles
1361:
1343:
1325:
1324:
1320:
1319:
1314:
1281:
1268:
1255:
1242:
1241:
1225:
1212:
1199:
1180:
1170:
1158:
1145:
1127:
1126:
1122:
1121:
1106:
1096:
1083:
1070:
1055:
1054:
1038:
1033:Sixteen Kingdoms
1016:
1006:
990:
989:
985:
984:
974:
940:
927:
917:
907:
906:(202 BCE – 9 CE)
897:
885:
872:
859:
858:
837:
829:
827:
823:
820:
810:
800:
788:
786:
782:
779:
764:
762:
758:
755:
741:
739:
735:
732:
717:
715:
711:
708:
658:
656:
652:
649:
593:
583:History of China
570:
569:
530:
529:
516:
515:
502:
501:
488:
487:
474:
473:
462:
461:
449:
448:
442:
441:
426:
425:
378:• Death of
351:• Death of
322:Late Middle Ages
253:(longest ruling)
100:
84:
65:
62:
61:
55:
42:
34:
27:
19:
18:
6622:
6621:
6617:
6616:
6615:
6613:
6612:
6611:
6552:
6551:
6550:
6545:
6521:Western Regions
6514:Chinese Tartary
6504:Eurasian nomads
6469:
6426:against Dzungar
6412:
6393:against Mongols
6379:
6341:
6308:
6266:
6250:against Xiongnu
6233:Chinese empires
6227:
6218:
6110:Nomadic empires
6104:
6098:
6068:
6063:
6043:History of Yuan
6010:
5941:Wenxian Tongkao
5906:History of Liao
5888:
5869:Miaoying Temple
5847:
5803:
5721:
5717:Ispah rebellion
5569:
5563:
5533:
5528:
5519:
5514:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5493:
5491:
5489:
5487:
5481:
5479:
5478:Shara (d. 1687)
5477:
5475:
5473:
5471:
5469:
5463:
5461:
5459:
5457:
5455:
5452:Abtai Sain Khan
5446:
5444:
5442:
5440:
5438:
5436:
5434:
5428:
5426:
5424:
5422:
5420:
5370:
5365:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5336:Bodi Alagh Khan
5334:
5329:
5320:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5265:Örüg Temür Khan
5263:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5201:
5196:
5194:
5190:
5186:
5182:
5178:
5174:
5170:
5166:
5162:
5158:
5150:
5148:
5144:
5140:
5132:
5130:
5126:
5122:
5118:
5110:
5105:
5101:
5097:
5093:
5089:
5085:
5081:
5023:
5017:
4973:
4968:
4945:
4910:
4905:
4904:
4896:
4892:
4884:
4877:
4869:
4865:
4857:
4850:
4843:
4827:
4823:
4815:
4811:
4803:
4801:
4799:
4781:
4777:
4768:
4764:
4755:
4751:
4743:
4739:
4731:
4727:
4718:
4714:
4709:
4705:
4697:
4693:
4685:
4681:
4676:
4672:
4662:
4658:
4649:
4645:
4635:
4631:
4625:History of Ming
4622:
4618:
4611:
4607:
4588:
4584:
4568:
4567:
4555:
4551:
4542:
4538:
4530:
4526:
4517:
4513:
4504:
4500:
4492:
4488:
4481:
4467:
4463:
4455:
4451:
4442:
4438:
4433:
4429:
4421:on 2022-02-22.
4402:
4398:
4390:on 2022-02-22.
4384:
4369:《中國戰史大辭典: 戰役之部》
4364:
4360:
4349:
4345:
4336:
4332:
4324:
4320:
4311:
4307:
4302:
4298:
4290:H. H. Howorth.
4289:
4285:
4276:
4272:
4263:
4259:
4250:
4246:
4238:
4231:
4223:
4219:
4201:
4197:
4187:
4185:
4184:on 5 March 2016
4181:
4170:
4163:
4159:
4149:
4147:
4134:
4133:
4129:
4120:
4116:
4111:
4107:
4069:
4065:
4058:
4044:
4040:
4023:(in Japanese).
4016:
4010:
4003:
3976:
3969:
3961:on 2022-02-22.
3946:
3942:
3934:
3930:
3925:
3921:
3913:
3909:
3904:
3900:
3893:
3889:
3877:
3873:
3863:
3861:
3854:
3847:
3843:
3831:
3827:
3826:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3806:
3801:
3797:
3792:
3764:
3759:
3757:
3750:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3714:near the upper
3648:Altai Mountains
3636:Dzungar Khanate
3609:
3607:Dzungar Khanate
3553:
3548:
3542:
3424:
3396:
3369:Abtai Sain Khan
3321:
3105:Altai Mountains
3035:
3034:
3033:
3030:
3025:
3019:
3018:
3013:
3011:
3009:
3004:
3002:
3000:
2998:
2993:
2991:
2989:
2987:
2982:
2980:
2978:
2976:
2971:
2969:
2967:
2965:
2960:
2958:
2956:
2949:
2947:
2945:
2940:
2938:
2936:
2934:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2923:
2918:
2916:
2914:
2912:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2901:
2896:
2894:
2892:
2890:
2885:
2883:
2881:
2876:
2874:
2872:
2870:
2865:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2854:
2852:
2850:
2845:
2843:
2841:
2836:
2834:
2832:
2827:
2825:
2823:
2821:
2816:
2814:
2812:
2810:
2805:
2803:
2801:
2799:
2794:
2792:
2790:
2788:
2783:
2781:
2779:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2754:
2752:
2750:
2745:
2743:
2741:
2726:
2721:
2682:Dzungar Khanate
2626:Greater Khingan
2586:Örüg Temür Khan
2572:House of Ogedei
2560:Eastern Mongols
2556:Western Mongols
2508:
2502:
2444:Prince of Liang
2369:
2339:erupted in the
2298:
2293:
2287:
2243:Western Mongols
2118:
2019:
1990:
1989:
1980:Modern Mongolia
1953:
1906:
1898:
1897:
1878:Dzungar Khanate
1818:Mongol khanates
1811:
1810:Medieval period
1803:
1802:
1756:
1701:
1693:
1692:
1683:Pazyryk culture
1596:
1514:
1485:
1484:
1480:Women's history
1386:
1385:
1376:
1375:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1357:
1346:
1341:
1337:
1317:
1312:
1303:
1302:
1291:
1290:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1271:
1266:
1258:
1253:
1239:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1215:
1210:
1202:
1197:
1189:
1183:
1178:
1168:
1156:
1148:
1143:
1139:
1119:
1118:
1113:
1104:
1094:
1086:
1081:
1073:
1068:
1064:
1052:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1028:
1025:
1019:
1014:
1004:
982:
977:
972:
964:
938:
930:
925:
915:
905:
895:
883:
875:
870:
855:
854:
843:
842:
835:
825:
821:
816:
808:
798:
784:
780:
775:
767:
760:
756:
751:
738: 1046 BCE
737:
733:
728:
720:
714: 1600 BCE
713:
709:
704:
695:
694:
683:
682:
655: 2000 BCE
654:
650:
645:
637:
626:
625:
564:
527:
513:
499:
485:
471:
446:
399:
395:submits to the
382:
369:
355:
342:
333:• Fall of
313:
310:Customary rules
284:
272:
260:
247:
234:
222:
210:
197:
132:
103:
91:
90:
85:
68:
64:
59:
56:
53:
51:
49:
47:
46:
45:
41:
39:
35:
32:
30:
28:
25:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6620:
6610:
6609:
6604:
6599:
6594:
6589:
6584:
6579:
6574:
6569:
6564:
6547:
6546:
6544:
6543:
6538:
6533:
6528:
6518:
6517:
6516:
6506:
6501:
6500:
6499:
6489:
6481:
6479:
6478:Related topics
6475:
6474:
6471:
6470:
6468:
6467:
6462:
6457:
6452:
6447:
6446:
6445:
6435:
6434:
6433:
6422:
6420:
6414:
6413:
6411:
6410:
6405:
6400:
6398:against Turpan
6395:
6389:
6387:
6381:
6380:
6378:
6377:
6372:
6367:
6362:
6357:
6351:
6349:
6343:
6342:
6340:
6339:
6334:
6329:
6324:
6318:
6316:
6310:
6309:
6307:
6306:
6301:
6296:
6291:
6286:
6276:
6274:
6268:
6267:
6265:
6264:
6263:
6262:
6260:Chief Official
6252:
6246:
6244:
6235:
6229:
6228:
6221:
6219:
6217:
6216:
6211:
6206:
6205:
6204:
6203:
6202:
6192:
6187:
6177:
6172:
6167:
6162:
6157:
6156:
6155:
6150:
6145:
6140:
6130:
6125:
6120:
6114:
6112:
6106:
6105:
6103:history series
6097:
6096:
6089:
6082:
6074:
6065:
6064:
6062:
6061:
6056:
6051:
6046:
6039:
6034:
6029:
6024:
6018:
6016:
6012:
6011:
6009:
6008:
6003:
5998:
5993:
5992:
5991:
5984:
5977:
5970:
5958:
5951:
5944:
5937:
5930:
5927:Shilin Guangji
5923:
5916:
5909:
5902:
5896:
5894:
5890:
5889:
5887:
5886:
5881:
5876:
5871:
5866:
5861:
5855:
5853:
5849:
5848:
5846:
5845:
5838:
5831:
5826:
5821:
5813:
5811:
5805:
5804:
5802:
5801:
5796:
5795:
5794:
5793:
5792:
5782:
5777:
5767:
5762:
5757:
5755:Zhongshu Sheng
5752:
5747:
5742:
5741:
5740:
5729:
5727:
5723:
5722:
5720:
5719:
5714:
5713:
5712:
5707:
5697:
5692:
5687:
5682:
5677:
5676:
5675:
5674:
5673:
5668:
5658:
5653:
5652:
5651:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5630:
5629:
5628:
5627:
5622:
5612:
5597:
5596:
5595:
5590:
5579:
5577:
5571:
5570:
5562:
5561:
5554:
5547:
5539:
5530:
5529:
5525:
5524:
5521:
5520:
5516:
5515:
5496:
5494:
5484:
5482:
5470:Subandai Khan
5466:
5464:
5449:
5447:
5431:
5429:
5414:
5411:
5410:
5405:
5402:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5381:
5375:
5372:
5371:
5367:
5366:
5323:
5321:
5305:Markörgis Khan
5260:Gün Temür Khan
5227:
5224:
5223:
5218:
5212:
5206:
5203:
5202:
5198:
5197:
5153:
5151:
5135:
5133:
5113:
5111:
5107:Yunshebu Tümen
5076:
5073:
5072:
5067:
5066:Notable cities
5064:
5059:
5050:
5043:
5042:
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5016:
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4993:
4987:
4986:
4972:
4971:External links
4969:
4967:
4966:
4957:
4948:
4943:
4930:
4921:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4903:
4902:
4900:, p. 220.
4890:
4888:, p. 148.
4875:
4873:, p. 219.
4863:
4861:, p. 218.
4848:
4841:
4821:
4819:, p. 216.
4809:
4797:
4775:
4773:, p. 395.
4762:
4760:, p. 493.
4749:
4747:, p. 215.
4737:
4735:, p. 214.
4725:
4712:
4703:
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4691:
4689:, p. 212.
4679:
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4605:
4582:
4549:
4543:C. P. Atwood.
4536:
4534:, p. 211.
4524:
4511:
4498:
4496:, p. 210.
4486:
4479:
4461:
4459:, p. 222.
4457:Twitchett 1998
4449:
4436:
4427:
4413:(in Chinese).
4396:
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4343:
4330:
4318:
4305:
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4283:
4270:
4257:
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4242:, p. 120.
4240:Twitchett 1998
4229:
4227:, p. 574.
4225:Twitchett 1994
4217:
4195:
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4127:
4114:
4105:
4089:10.2307/595075
4063:
4057:978-1108482448
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3766:History portal
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3728:Tsewang Rabtan
3704:Kangxi Emperor
3684:Kangxi Emperor
3676:Kangxi Emperor
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2602:Yongle Emperor
2552:Бага хаадын үе
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5656:Java invasion
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5513:
5510:
5505:
5501:(c.1609–1623)
5500:
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5492:
5483:
5480:
5468:Laikhur Khan
5465:
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5280:Oyiradai Khan
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5037:List of Khans
5035:
5032:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5020:Northern Yuan
5014:
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4995:
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4975:
4974:
4963:
4958:
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4919:, vol. 5
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4518:Ph. de Heer,
4515:
4508:
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4482:
4480:9780521243339
4476:
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4206:
4199:
4180:
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4161:
4145:
4141:
4137:
4131:
4124:
4123:Reuven Amitai
4118:
4109:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4067:
4059:
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4049:
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4033:10.15017/9498
4030:
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3689:
3688:Kherlen River
3685:
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3677:
3673:
3669:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3626:united under
3625:
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3381:Uyghur script
3378:
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3359:
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3333:
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3316:
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3309:
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3294:Barga Mongols
3291:
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3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3065:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3040:
3024:
3016:
3007:
2996:
2985:
2974:
2963:
2954:
2952:
2943:
2932:
2921:
2910:
2899:
2888:
2886:NORTHERN YUAN
2879:
2868:
2857:
2848:
2839:
2830:
2819:
2808:
2797:
2786:
2784:SIBIR KHANATE
2777:
2766:
2757:
2748:
2739:
2733:
2716:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2701:Ordos Mongols
2698:
2694:
2690:
2685:
2683:
2678:
2674:
2673:Tayisung Khan
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2641:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2621:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2582:
2580:
2575:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2547:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2536:Chagatai Khan
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2512:
2507:
2497:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2478:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2459:
2457:
2453:
2449:
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2437:
2433:
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2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2408:
2404:
2399:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2378:
2373:
2364:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2345:Zhu Yuanzhang
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2325:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2292:
2282:
2280:
2274:
2266:
2262:
2256:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2235:
2230:
2229:Döchin Dörben
2226:
2221:
2219:
2218:Mongol Empire
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2197:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2166:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2135:
2127:
2123:
2113:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2098:imperial rule
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2050:
2046:
2040:
2032:
2028:
2027:Northern Yuan
2016:
2011:
2009:
2004:
2002:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1993:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1951:
1948:
1944:
1941:
1940:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1930:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1920:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1905:Modern period
1902:
1901:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1861:
1859:
1858:Northern Yuan
1856:
1855:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1839:
1838:Mongol Empire
1836:
1835:
1831:
1829:
1828:Khamag Mongol
1826:
1825:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1807:
1806:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1780:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1754:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1736:
1735:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1721:
1719:
1718:Xianbei state
1716:
1715:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1705:
1697:
1696:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1680:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1660:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1650:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1636:
1634:
1631:
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1626:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1594:
1589:
1588:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1539:
1538:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1521:
1511:
1506:
1504:
1499:
1497:
1492:
1491:
1489:
1488:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1443:Naval history
1441:
1439:
1436:
1432:
1429:
1428:
1427:
1426:Music history
1424:
1422:
1421:Media history
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1406:Legal history
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1380:
1379:
1360:1949–present)
1356:
1355:
1351:
1350:
1348:
1340:
1339:
1333:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1321:
1311:
1310:
1306:
1305:
1301:
1295:
1294:
1278:
1277:
1273:
1272:
1265:
1264:
1260:
1259:
1252:
1251:
1247:
1246:
1243:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1214:
1209:
1208:
1204:
1201:
1196:
1195:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1185:
1177:
1176:
1175:Southern Song
1172:
1167:
1166:
1165:Northern Song
1162:
1161:
1155:
1154:
1150:
1149:
1142:
1141:
1135:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1123:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1098:
1097:
1093:
1092:
1088:
1087:
1080:
1079:
1075:
1074:
1067:
1066:
1060:
1059:
1056:
1035:
1034:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1023:
1021:
1013:
1012:
1008:
1003:
1002:
998:
997:
995:
992:
991:
986:
971:
970:
966:
965:
961:
960:
955:
954:
949:
948:
944:
943:
937:
936:
932:
931:
924:
923:
919:
914:
913:
909:
904:
903:
899:
896:(206–202 BCE)
894:
893:
889:
888:
882:
881:
877:
876:
871:(221–207 BCE)
869:
868:
864:
863:
860:
853:
847:
846:
836:(475–221 BCE)
834:
831:
815:
812:
811:
809:(771–256 BCE)
807:
806:
802:
797:
796:
792:
791:
774:
773:
769:
768:
750:
749:
745:
744:
727:
726:
722:
721:
703:
702:
698:
697:
693:
687:
686:
679:
678:
673:
672:
667:
666:
662:
661:
644:
643:
639:
638:
634:
633:
629:
628:
624:
618:
617:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
598:
597:
596:
592:
588:
587:
584:
581:
580:
576:
572:
571:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
547:
545:
543:Today part of
541:
525:
523:
520:
519:
511:
509:
506:
505:
497:
495:
492:
491:
483:
481:
478:
477:
469:
467:
464:
463:
460:
454:
451:
444:
443:
440:
439:
436:
433:
431:
428:
427:
423:
420:
416:
413:
409:
405:
401:
398:
394:
388:
384:
381:
375:
371:
367:
361:
357:
354:
348:
344:
340:
336:
330:
326:
323:
320:
316:
309:
307:
304:
303:
301:
297:
293:
289:
286:
280:
277:
274:
268:
265:
262:
256:
252:
249:
243:
239:
236:
230:
227:
224:
218:
215:
212:
206:
202:
199:
193:
189:
185:
183:
179:
175:
171:
168:
164:
160:
157:
153:
150:
146:
142:
139:
135:
128:
125:
122:
119:
116:
113:
112:
110:
106:
99:
94:
89:
83:
76:
71:
63:
38:
20:
6531:China proper
6497:Central Asia
6484:
6374:
6332:Eastern Liao
6322:Western Liao
6058:
6041:
6015:Other topics
5986:
5979:
5972:
5965:
5953:
5946:
5939:
5934:Menggu Ziyun
5932:
5925:
5918:
5911:
5904:
5852:Architecture
5840:
5833:
5816:
5566:Yuan dynasty
5497:
5485:
5467:
5454:(1567–1588)
5450:
5432:
5419:(1521–1582)
5415:
5363:(1634–1635)
5358:(1604–1634)
5353:(1592–1604)
5348:(1557–1592)
5343:(1547–1557)
5338:(1516–1547)
5328:(1480–1516)
5324:
5317:(1475–1479)
5315:Manduul Khan
5312:(1465–1466)
5302:(1453–1454)
5292:(1433–1452)
5287:(1425–1438)
5282:(1415–1425)
5277:(1411–1415)
5262:(1399–1402)
5257:(1394–1399)
5252:(1391–1394)
5247:(1388–1391)
5242:(1378–1388)
5237:(1370–1378)
5232:(1368–1370)
5228:
5176:Khong Tayiji
5154:
5136:
5128:Dörbet Oirat
5114:
5094:
5078:
5077:
5019:
4961:
4952:
4934:
4925:
4916:
4893:
4866:
4831:
4824:
4812:
4802:, retrieved
4788:
4778:
4770:
4765:
4757:
4752:
4740:
4728:
4720:
4715:
4706:
4694:
4682:
4673:
4665:
4659:
4651:
4646:
4638:
4632:
4623:
4619:
4608:
4599:
4595:
4585:
4558:
4552:
4544:
4539:
4527:
4519:
4514:
4506:
4501:
4489:
4470:
4464:
4452:
4444:
4439:
4430:
4422:
4419:the original
4409:
4399:
4391:
4388:the original
4368:
4361:
4352:
4351:井上治 (2002).
4346:
4339:Ming studies
4338:
4333:
4325:
4321:
4313:
4308:
4299:
4291:
4286:
4278:
4273:
4265:
4260:
4252:
4247:
4220:
4212:
4198:
4186:. Retrieved
4179:the original
4174:
4160:
4148:. Retrieved
4144:the original
4139:
4130:
4117:
4108:
4100:
4083:(2): 82–90.
4080:
4076:
4066:
4047:
4041:
4024:
4020:
3987:
3983:
3962:
3959:the original
3953:
3943:
3931:
3922:
3915:
3910:
3901:
3890:
3885:, p. 3.
3882:
3874:
3862:. Retrieved
3858:
3844:
3835:
3823:
3798:
3752:China portal
3680:
3632:Erdeni Batur
3621:
3601:
3593:Ming dynasty
3580:Tüsheet Khan
3577:
3562:
3513:
3501:Qing dynasty
3477:
3444:
3437:
3397:
3385:
3362:
3350:
3305:
3257:
3226:
3118:
3113:
3109:Central Asia
3097:Yellow River
3066:
3054:Yellow River
3049:
3036:
2950:
2884:
2764:PHAGMODRUPAS
2686:
2642:
2622:
2583:
2576:
2551:
2548:
2517:
2479:
2460:
2400:
2384:Toghon Temür
2382:
2377:China proper
2353:Ming dynasty
2326:
2314:China proper
2310:Song dynasty
2302:Yuan dynasty
2299:
2276:
2258:
2233:
2228:
2224:
2222:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2198:
2190:Manduul Khan
2177:
2163:
2159:
2144:Yuan dynasty
2137:
2121:
2119:
2084:
2076:Toghon Temür
2064:Yuan dynasty
2042:
2026:
2024:
1984:1990–present
1888:Qing dynasty
1857:
1848:Yuan dynasty
1793:Liao dynasty
1712:209 BC–93 AD
1647:1450–1150 BC
1637:1500–1000 BC
1627:1800–1600 BC
1617:2750–1900 BC
1607:3300–2500 BC
1416:LGBT history
1352:
1334:
1307:
1274:
1261:
1248:
1218:
1205:
1192:
1173:
1163:
1151:
1140:Ten Kingdoms
1136:
1089:
1076:
1063:Northern and
1061:
1031:
1009:
999:
967:
957:
951:
945:
939:(220–280 CE)
933:
920:
910:
900:
890:
878:
865:
805:Eastern Zhou
803:
795:Western Zhou
793:
770:
746:
723:
699:
675:
669:
663:
640:
630:
453:Yuan dynasty
435:Succeeded by
434:
429:
57:
36:
6304:Tarim Basin
5900:Yuan poetry
5738:family tree
5511:(1652–1667)
5506:(1623–1652)
5356:Ligdan Khan
5300:Esen Taishi
5275:Delbeg Khan
5022:(1368–1635)
4565:, Mongolia.
4563:Ulaanbaatar
4507:The Mongols
4505:D. Morgan,
3949:Jeong In-ji
3936:Luc Kwanten
3672:Gobi Desert
3653:Lake Baikal
3634:formed the
3618:, 1687–1757
3530:Ulaanbaatar
3485:Tsogt Taiji
3474:, 1619–1634
3440:Ligdan Khan
3388:Nonni River
3089:Lake Baikal
3062:Four Oirats
3031: 1500
2895:WHITE SHEEP
2806:GRAND DUCHY
2755:MOGHULISTAN
2665:Tumu Crisis
2649:Moghulistan
2645:Esen Taishi
2618:Delbeg Khan
2440:Basalawarmi
2333:Grand Canal
2322:Jin dynasty
2306:Kublai Khan
2194:Ligdan Khan
2186:Esen Taishi
2182:Taisun Khan
2168:written in
2122:Great Yuan'
2106:Ligdan Khan
1667:1100–300 BC
1657:1400–700 BC
1593:Prehistoric
1463:Discoveries
1458:Cartography
1453:Archaeology
1391:Art history
1280:(1644–1912)
1267:(1368–1644)
1254:(1271–1368)
1224:(1115–1234)
1211:(1038–1227)
1207:Western Xia
1179:(1127–1279)
1011:Eastern Jin
1001:Western Jin
926:(25–220 CE)
922:Eastern Han
902:Western Han
781: 1046
761: 1046
757: 1250
734: 1600
710: 2070
651: 8500
632:Paleolithic
623:Prehistoric
430:Preceded by
380:Ligdan Khan
299:Legislature
276:Ligdan Khan
238:Esen Taishi
129:(1371–1388)
123:(1369–1370)
117:(1368–1369)
6602:Inner Asia
6556:Categories
6536:Sinosphere
6438:Lifan Yuan
6337:Later Liao
6101:Inner Asia
5726:Government
5417:Altan Khan
5326:Dayan Khan
5310:Molon Khan
5250:Engke Khan
5188:Councellor
5062:Four Oirat
5055:Six Tumen
4944:0521243319
4804:2023-06-13
4383:9571600032
4312:John Man.
4205:"鞑靼 Tatar"
4188:2 February
4150:2 February
3864:2 February
3836:Mongoltoli
3810:References
3784:Rump state
3716:Tuul River
3700:Liao River
3544:See also:
3509:Hong Taiji
3489:Hong Taiji
3337:Altan Khan
3227:Right Wing
3190:Muumyangan
3046:Batumongke
2697:Belguteids
2506:Four Oirat
2504:See also:
2486:Great Khan
2454:were also
2416:Köke Temür
2341:Huai River
2289:See also:
2212:" or the "
2174:Dayan Khan
2086:Dayan Khan
2080:Great Khan
2060:rump state
1687:600–300 BC
1677:700–300 BC
1468:Inventions
1198:(916–1125)
1169:(960–1127)
1157:(960–1279)
824: – c.
822: 770
783: – c.
759: – c.
748:Late Shang
736: – c.
712: – c.
653: – c.
466:Four Oirat
366:Dayan Khan
251:Dayan Khan
173:Government
6450:Manchuria
6403:Manchuria
6360:Manchuria
6049:Khanbaliq
5790:Dpon-chen
5780:Manchuria
5745:Empresses
5408:Khotogoid
5361:Ejei Khan
5333:(deputy)
5285:Adai Khan
5142:Karakorum
5138:Yingchang
5091:Uriankhai
4898:Adle 2003
4886:Adle 2003
4871:Adle 2003
4859:Adle 2003
4817:Adle 2003
4745:Adle 2003
4733:Adle 2003
4699:Adle 2003
4687:Adle 2003
4571:cite book
4532:Adle 2003
4494:Adle 2003
4203:陈得芝 贾敬颜.
4140:Mongolcom
3990:: 52–53.
3815:Citations
3668:Zanabazar
3646:near the
3540:Aftermath
3497:Ejei Khan
3480:waged war
3404:shamanist
3335:Realm of
3219:Uriankhai
3186:Hishigten
3141:Uriankhai
3131:, Besud,
3119:Left Wing
3101:Manchuria
3042:Mandukhai
2994:SULTANATE
2941:SULTANATE
2804:LITHUANIA
2634:Adai Khan
2598:chingsang
2594:Tamerlane
2579:Uriankhai
2524:Arik Böke
2432:Manchuria
2403:Karakorum
2396:Yingchang
2357:Khanbaliq
2324:in 1234.
1964:1924–1992
1954:1921–1924
1937:1919–1921
1927:1911–1919
1892:1691–1911
1882:1634–1757
1872:1399–1634
1862:1368–1635
1852:1271–1368
1842:1206–1368
1832:1130–1206
1763:Xueyantuo
1572:Geography
1144:(907–979)
1105:(690–705)
1095:(618–907)
1082:(581–618)
1069:(420–589)
1037:(304–439)
1015:(317–420)
1005:(266–316)
973:(266–420)
916:(9–23 CE)
642:Neolithic
606:Dynasties
480:Later Jīn
397:Later Jin
393:Ejei Khan
372:1483–1510
288:Ejei Khan
155:Religion
141:Mongolian
127:Karakorum
121:Yingchang
73:1368–1635
6577:Khanates
6465:Xinjiang
6455:Mongolia
6431:genocide
6365:Mongolia
6200:Chagatai
6133:Göktürks
6032:Borjigin
5842:Nong Shu
5824:Jiaochao
5775:Mongolia
5733:Emperors
5634:Sakhalin
5476:Zenggün
5295:Agbarjin
4547:, p. 408
4509:, p. 178
4407:(1992).
4316:, p. 183
3951:(1972).
3738:See also
3708:Mongolia
3628:Kharkhul
3451:Khorchin
3400:Buddhism
3373:Jurchens
3313:Borjigin
3250:Kharchin
3210:Uzemchin
3170:Abaganar
3157:Hongirad
3082:Siberian
2693:Kharchin
2689:warlords
2677:Agbarjin
2657:Jurchens
2655:and the
2653:Kara Del
2540:Kara Del
2469:against
2428:Liaodong
2424:Liaoyang
2420:Naghachu
2208:", the "
2165:Goryeosa
2160:Běi Yuán
2052:Borjigin
2044:Běi Yuán
1797:907–1125
1738:Göktürks
1582:Religion
1577:Language
1567:Politics
1557:Nobility
1542:Timeline
1431:Timeline
1358:(Taiwan,
1338:of China
852:Imperial
601:Timeline
575:a series
573:Part of
555:Mongolia
494:Kara Del
411:Currency
176:Monarchy
163:Buddhism
159:Tengrism
6509:Tartary
6299:Beiting
6214:Dzungar
6209:Timurid
6160:Tibetan
6123:Xianbei
6118:Xiongnu
6054:Shangdu
6022:Mongols
6006:Fashion
5829:Coinage
5644:Vietnam
5575:History
5401:Jasagtu
5397:Tüsheet
5297:(1453)
5217:Unified
5184:Tarkhan
5120:Torghut
5083:Khalkha
5057:Mongols
4908:Sources
4654:, p.102
4596:内蒙古大学学报
4522:, p. 99
4447:, p. 93
4415:Tianjin
4268:, p. 97
3696:Beijing
3597:Beijing
3569:Manchus
3447:Nurhaci
3412:Karmapa
3377:Qinghai
3339:in 1571
3298:Buryats
3290:Khoshut
3286:Torghut
3202:Huuchid
3198:Onnigud
3164:tumen:
3153:Bayagud
3133:Eljigin
3125:Khalkha
3078:Qinghai
3014:MALACCA
2981:OTTOMAN
2928:TIMURID
2917:SHAYBA-
2906:VIJAYA-
2866:DYNASTY
2837:MUSCOVY
2817:KHANATE
2795:KHANATE
2793:CRIMEAN
2705:Uyghurs
2691:of the
2669:Beijing
2566:of the
2564:Arugtai
2482:Emperor
2452:Guizhou
2405:in the
2388:Shangdu
2361:Beijing
2285:History
2265:Chinese
2247:Chinese
2178:Dà Yuán
2139:Dà Yuán
2126:Chinese
2068:Jurchen
2031:Chinese
1787:744–840
1777:647–682
1767:628–646
1757:682–744
1755:555–630
1746:Eastern
1732:330–555
1708:Xiongnu
1562:Culture
1102:Wu Zhou
692:Ancient
671:Yangtze
508:Khalkas
391:•
364:•
341:forces
203:(first)
149:Jurchen
145:Chinese
115:Shangdu
108:Capital
6180:Mongol
6175:Kyrgyz
6170:Uyghur
6128:Rouran
5568:topics
5404:Sechen
5221:Chahar
5172:Jinong
5168:Taishi
5164:Khatun
5156:Khagan
5146:Hohhot
5116:Choros
5087:Chahar
5070:Titles
4941:
4839:
4795:
4477:
4380:
4374:Taiwan
4097:595075
4095:
4054:
3624:Oirats
3363:Under
3282:Baatud
3274:Durvud
3266:Choros
3212:, and
3194:Naiman
3182:Durved
3174:Aokhan
3162:Chahar
3149:Jaruud
3145:Baarin
3137:Gorlos
3129:Jalaid
3085:tundra
3058:jinong
3039:khatun
2992:MAMLUK
2983:EMPIRE
2951:Tungus
2930:EMPIRE
2908:NAGARA
2877:OIRATS
2846:NOGAIS
2826:ASTRA-
2815:KHAZAN
2695:, the
2630:Baotou
2614:Mahmud
2448:Yunnan
2296:Origin
2275::
2273:pinyin
2267::
2257::
2255:pinyin
2249::
2192:, and
2136::
2134:pinyin
2128::
2049:Mongol
2041::
2039:pinyin
2033::
1748:, and
1722:93–234
1595:period
1552:Rulers
1547:States
1300:Modern
956:, and
674:, and
665:Yellow
577:on the
560:Russia
419:Dirham
415:barter
290:(last)
186:
182:Khagan
52:ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ
50:ᠳᠥᠷᠪᠡᠨ
37:Dai Ön
6460:Tibet
6443:Amban
6408:Tibet
6370:Tibet
6185:Tatar
6001:Islam
5785:Tibet
5671:Pagan
5661:Burma
5639:Japan
5625:Yamen
5392:Ordos
5387:Tumed
5180:Noyan
5124:Khoid
5103:Tumed
5099:Ordos
4182:(PDF)
4171:(PDF)
4093:JSTOR
4017:(PDF)
3855:(PDF)
3832:(PDF)
3790:Notes
3724:Khovd
3493:Gelug
3358:Altan
3278:Khoid
3270:Olots
3241:tümen
3239:Tümed
3235:tumen
3233:Ordos
3206:Sunud
3178:Daurs
3166:Abaga
3074:Ordos
3070:Tümed
3050:Dayan
2939:DELHI
2897:TURKS
2773:CHAM-
2638:Ejene
2528:Tolui
2492:(see
2475:Oirat
2446:) in
2442:(the
2234:tümen
2094:fiefs
2070:-led
1742:First
725:Shang
550:China
306:Yassa
167:Islam
48:ᠳᠥᠴᠢᠨ
6418:Qing
6385:Ming
6347:Yuan
6314:Liao
6272:Tang
6165:Zubu
5996:Semu
5961:Zaju
5920:Song
5192:Wang
5160:Khan
4939:ISBN
4837:ISBN
4793:ISBN
4577:link
4475:ISBN
4378:ISBN
4190:2018
4152:2018
4052:ISBN
3866:2018
3732:Hami
3644:orda
3573:Ejei
3518:The
3430:The
3296:and
3248:and
3246:Asud
3214:Urad
3093:Gobi
3087:and
3005:SEON
2972:XANG
2919:NIDS
2875:FOUR
2864:MING
2828:KHAN
2746:1500
2709:Hami
2699:and
2568:Asud
2544:Hami
2484:(or
2450:and
2347:, a
2278:Wǎlà
2260:Dádá
2116:Name
2088:and
2025:The
1974:1990
1952:1921
1917:1911
1276:Qing
1263:Ming
1250:Yuan
1194:Liao
1153:Song
1091:Tang
772:Zhou
763:BCE)
402:1635
385:1634
358:1388
339:Ming
335:Dadu
54:ᠤᠯᠤᠰ
6242:Han
5913:Jin
4085:doi
4029:doi
3992:doi
3720:Anu
3003:JO-
2970:LAN
2961:AVA
2542:in
2532:Han
2363:).
2349:Han
2227:" (
2152:Han
2124:" (
1220:Jin
1078:Sui
969:Jin
953:Shu
947:Wei
912:Xin
880:Han
867:Qin
701:Xia
337:to
31:ᠳᠠᠢ
6558::
6282:/
4878:^
4851:^
4787:,
4600:33
4598:.
4594:.
4573:}}
4569:{{
4561:.
4341:25
4232:^
4211:.
4207:.
4173:.
4099:.
4091:.
4081:76
4079:.
4075:.
4025:14
4019:.
4004:^
3988:81
3986:.
3982:.
3970:^
3881:.
3857:.
3834:.
3678:.
3288:,
3284:,
3280:,
3276:,
3272:,
3268:,
3262::
3229::
3208:,
3204:,
3200:,
3196:,
3192:,
3188:,
3184:,
3180:,
3176:,
3172:,
3168:,
3151:,
3147:,
3135:,
3121::
3111:.
3028:c.
2775:PA
2546:.
2434:,
2271:;
2269:瓦剌
2253:;
2251:鞑靼
2188:,
2184:,
2132:;
2130:大元
2082:.
2037:;
2035:北元
1744:,
959:Wu
950:,
819:c.
778:c.
754:c.
731:c.
707:c.
668:,
648:c.
417:,
165:,
161:,
147:,
143:,
40:大元
33:ᠦᠨ
26:北元
6527:)
6523:(
6093:e
6086:t
6079:v
5558:e
5551:t
5544:v
5012:e
5005:t
4998:v
4845:.
4602:.
4579:)
4483:.
4192:.
4154:.
4087::
4060:.
4035:.
4031::
3998:.
3994::
3868:.
3838:.
3252:)
2550:(
2526:(
2200:"
2029:(
2014:e
2007:t
2000:v
1949:)
1945:(
1752:)
1740:(
1509:e
1502:t
1495:v
828:)
817:(
787:)
776:(
752:(
740:)
729:(
716:)
705:(
657:)
646:(
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