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distances than their migratory southern conspecifics, often resulting in the convergence of northern and southern populations at wintering sites. This discrepancy likely arises from the northern flickers' ground foraging behavior, in which prey can only be found in snow-free locations. Furthermore, females tend to winter farther north than males, suggesting that parental investment and division of reproductive labour are key factors in determining individual migratory behavior. Rising temperatures resulting from anthropogenic climate change have been shown to trigger migration prematurely in
Northern flickers, as well as many other migratory bird species as evidenced in Sherbrooke, Quebec.
1300:
771:
301:
1312:
1167:). Both sexes help with the nest excavation. The entrance hole is about 8 cm (3 in) in diameter, and the cavity is 33–41 cm (13–16 in) deep. The cavity widens at the bottom to make room for the eggs and the incubating adult. Inside, the cavity is bare except for a bed of wood chips for the eggs and chicks to rest on. Once the nestlings are about 17 days old, they begin clinging to the cavity wall rather than lying on the floor. They can create cavities inside homes, especially homes of stucco or weak wooden siding.
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114:
1196:. It is a cavity nester that typically nests in trees, but may also use posts and birdhouses if sized and situated appropriately. It prefers to excavate its own home, although it may reuse and repair damaged or abandoned nests. Often the old nests are created by belted kingfishers or sand martins. Abandoned northern flicker nests create habitats for other cavity nesters. The northern flicker is sometimes driven away from its nesting site by other cavity nesters like the
240:
62:
89:
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the nest. Male flickers find female flickers by head bobbing and their personal mating call. The common sounds the male bird makes towards a female is "woikawoikawoika", symbolizing their relationship to one another and other birds. If the call is used towards a male, it is a territorial sign. The calls' pattern can be classified as flat and gradually rises into a loud noise. The call type is a chirp that drums and rattles.
45:
1261:
1176:
mortality model that predicted a 0.6% 7-year survival rate. The data also illustrated that there were no significant differences between male and female survival rates for the general population. The oldest yet known "yellow-shafted" northern flicker lived to be at least 9 years 2 months old, and the oldest yet known "red-shafted" northern flicker lived to be at least 8 years 9 months old.
966:). One may also hear a constant knocking as they often drum on trees or even metal objects to declare territory. Like most woodpeckers, northern flickers drum on objects as a form of communication and territory defense. In such cases, the purpose is to make as loud a noise as possible, so woodpeckers sometimes drum on metal objects.
1236:. Full grown northern flickers are preyed upon by larger birds and hunting birds. The entrance hole of their nest is roughly 5 to 10 cm (2.0 to 3.9 in) wide. The hole entrance is often facing east to southeast. On average, the northern flicker can have one to two clutches each breeding season. A typical
1139:. The article found that there was a positive correlation between the quality of the nestlings' diet and T-cell-mediated immune response. T-cell-mediated immune response was found to be positively correlated with brightness of pigmentation in flight feathers, but not related to melanin spot intensity.
1207:
The northern flicker commonly breeds during the months of
February to July, depending upon the temperature of the area. During the breeding season, both mates will stay together. After the season, they do not stay together. Before breeding season, one to two weeks are needed for a mated pair to build
1272:
During migration, northern flickers may form flocks. Additionally, the species' propensity for roosting in cavities is not mitigated during migration. On average, 75% of individuals spend their nights in a cavity during migration, even in completely unknown locations. Northern flickers demonstrate a
1268:
Northern flickers are divided into eastern and western populations by the Rocky
Mountains, with each population having a unique migratory pathway. Individuals breeding in the prairie provinces of Canada, the Dakotas, and surrounding U.S. states winter in Texas, Oklahoma, and Arkansas. Those breeding
1256:
Northern flickers are partial migrants, in which some southern populations are completely non-migratory. Those that do migrate tend to begin their spring migration towards the beginning of April and make their return between
September and October. Individuals that breed farther north travel greater
1100:
seeds. Northern flickers often break into underground ant colonies to get at the nutritious larvae there, hammering at the soil the way other woodpeckers drill into wood. They have been observed breaking up cow dung to eat the insects living within. Their tongues can dart out 50 mm (2 in)
1079:
field guide, "flickers are the only woodpeckers that frequently feed on the ground", probing with their beak, also sometimes catching insects in flight. Although they eat fruits, berries, seeds, and nuts, their primary food is insects. Ants alone can make up 45% of their diet. Other invertebrates
1211:
Additional territorial signs towards other males can be head swinging when in close proximity to another or repeatedly creating loud noises with their beaks. Commonly used objects are wood or metal for a louder sound. While making the loud noises, they will spread their wings, moving them up and
1175:
A study from 2006 examined the mortality rates of male and female northern flickers over a six-year period using capture-tag-recapture techniques. The researchers observed that only one to two birds out of every 300 adults were 7 or more years old. This observation data correlated well with a
1212:
down, spreading their tail to flash their colorful underside. The color of their feathers depends on the environment surrounding the bird. Currently, there is no direct correlation between the birds' colors and mate choice. Rather, it plays a bigger role in territory.
1135:, the availability of food affects the coloration of feathers in northern flicker nestlings. The article focused on the correlation between melanin spots and carotenoid-based coloration on the wings of nestlings with food stress via indirect manipulation of
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1035:
1273:
high rate of nest cavity re-use, as opposed to excavating new cavities each year. Furthermore, breeding individuals exhibit intense site fidelity, with pairs consistently returning to the specific nest cavity they used in the previous year.
732:, off the northwestern coast of Baja California, Mexico. It was last recorded in 1906. It may be invalid. Individuals of an extant mainland red-shafted subspecies (which one is unknown) were observed breeding on Guadalupe Island in 1996.
1269:
in southern
Ontario and Michigan to New England winter from east Texas to the Carolinas, whereas those breeding in British Columbia and the Pacific Northwest winter from central California to Baja Peninsula, Mexico.
1215:
The northern flicker may also point its bill forward towards a competitor for territorial reasons. Juvenile northern flickers are often helpless against predators who enter the nest. The common predators are
1244:. Incubation is by both sexes for about 11 to 12 days. Commonly the male will sit on the eggs overnight, and both the male and female will incubate the eggs during the day. The young are fed by regurgitation and
1034:
991:
1284:
1147:
The northern flicker may be observed in open habitats near trees, including woodlands, edges, yards, and parks. In the western United States, one can find it in mountain forests all the way up to the
2234:
629:) resides in western North America. It is red under the tail and underwings and has red shafts on its primaries. It has a beige cap and a gray face. Males have a red mustache. The subspecific name
1240:
consists of six to eight eggs whose shells are pure white with a smooth surface and high gloss. The eggs are the second-largest of the North
American woodpecker species, exceeded only by the
1036:
1113:
of moth that costs the U.S. agriculture industry more than $ 1 billion annually in crop losses and population control. As well as eating ants, northern flickers exhibit a behavior known as
657:. The Society, in accordance with the rules governing scientific nomenclature, has as of September 2018 declined to support a change of the subspecific name, but may consult with the
522:) resides in the southeastern United States. It is yellow under the tail and underwings and has yellow shafts on its primaries. It has a gray cap, a beige face, and a red bar at the
989:
1323:
922: in). The largest-bodied specimens are from the northern stretches of the species' range at the latitude of Alaska and Labrador, while the smallest specimens come from
1059:
Like many woodpeckers, its flight is undulating. The repeated cycle of a quick succession of flaps followed by a pause creates an effect comparable to a roller coaster.
990:
790:
Adults are brown with black bars on the back and wings. A mid- to large-sized northern flicker measures 28–36 cm (11–14 in) in length and 42–54 cm (
1874:"Brood size manipulations reveal relationships among physiological performance, body condition and plumage colour in Northern Flicker Colaptes auratus nestlings"
1151:. The northern flicker generally nests in holes in trees like other woodpeckers. Occasionally, it has been found nesting in old, earthen burrows vacated by
2815:
2324:"Breeding dispersal of Northern Flickers Colaptes auratus in relation to natural nest predation and experimentally increased perception of predation risk"
1311:
497:, with six subspecies, five living and one extinct), but they commonly interbreed where their ranges overlap and are now considered one species by the
1663:
1299:
754:
1080:
eaten include flies, butterflies, moths, beetles, and snails. Northern flickers also eat berries and seeds, especially in winter, including those of
1733:
1027:
2693:
1637:
649:". As the origin of the subspecies designation is regarded as offensive by some, proposals to change the scientific name of this subspecies to
2758:
658:
2931:
2946:
2408:
770:
709:) resides in the highlands of southern Mexico and Central America. It is considered by some authorities to be a separate species, the
1474:
Systema
Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis
2890:
2644:
2399:
1593:
2706:
2209:
2075:
Flockhart, D. T. Tyler; Wiebe, Karen L. (2009). "Absence of
Reproductive Consequences of Hybridization in the Northern Flicker (
573:) resides from central Alaska throughout most of Canada to southern Labrador, Newfoundland, and the northeastern United States.
554:, this subspecies is known by the common name "yellowhammer", a term that originated during the American Civil War to describe
2414:
930:
with black spots. Males can be identified by a black (in the eastern part of the species' range) or red (in the western part)
2797:
1828:
1806:
1497:
2711:
1567:
481:, though it may be invalid. The extant subspecies were at one time considered subspecies of two separate species called the
2966:
2956:
2810:
1291:
739:
1706:
2667:
2961:
2763:
2145:"Males migrate farther than females in a differential migrant: an examination of the fasting endurance hypothesis"
2941:
2631:
654:
420:
401:
which was published between 1729 and 1732. Catesby used the
English name "Gold-winged Wood-pecker" and the Latin
229:
1987:
1970:
1426:
2908:
2745:
1402:
555:
498:
20:
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1192:
The northern flicker's breeding habitat consists of forested areas across North
America and as far south as
2548:
2519:
2776:
2971:
2582:
2454:
2587:
2510:
2323:
676:, extending along much of the West Coast of North America from British Columbia to northwestern Mexico.
1380:
2561:
2430:
1641:
982:
113:
2771:
1076:
547:
2737:
1760:
2106:
1533:
458:
437:
2841:
1906:
1624:
A Dream Come True: The Story of Madison County and Incidentally of Alabama and the United States
2951:
2698:
2569:
2472:
2460:
1114:
2724:
926:. A necklace-like black patch occupies the upper breast, while the lower breast and belly are
2836:
2284:
1844:
832: oz). Among standard scientific measurements, the wing bone measures 12.2–17.1 cm (
424:
208:
2828:
2659:
2051:
1477:(in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 112.
1188:
In a dominance display, a northern flicker spreads its wings to show off its size and colors
1101:
beyond the end of the bill to catch prey. The northern flicker is a natural predator of the
2574:
2530:
2156:
1941:
1682:
646:
2285:"Cavity use throughout the annual cycle of a migratory woodpecker revealed by geolocators"
1781:
1664:"Change the specific/subspecific/morphological group name of the Red-shafted Flicker from
8:
2535:
2024:
1241:
1102:
959:
923:
78:
2160:
1357:
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from the ants to assist in preening, as it is useful in keeping them free of parasites.
2378:
2262:
2185:
2144:
2000:
1992:
1601:
1553:
1221:
326:
family. It is native to most of North America, parts of Central America, Cuba, and the
270:
108:
1538:"Observations on the natural affinities that connect the orders and families of birds"
2936:
2823:
2605:
2362:
2343:
2339:
2304:
2266:
2254:
2190:
2172:
1873:
1824:
1802:
1493:
1152:
382:
300:
2283:
Gow, Elizabeth A.; Wiebe, Karen L.; Fox, James W. (2014-09-14). Norris, Ryan (ed.).
2004:
1517:
1452:
938:, while females lack this stripe. The tail is dark on top, transitioning to a white
698:) resides in central and southern Mexico from Durango to San Luis Potosí and Oaxaca.
2881:
2370:
2335:
2296:
2246:
2180:
2164:
2088:
1982:
1549:
1375:
1217:
1110:
729:
2854:
2610:
1472:
2784:
2636:
2597:
1971:"Effects of Sex and Age on Survival of Northern Flickers: A Six-Year Field Study"
1513:
1197:
1193:
1184:
502:
415:
385:. It is the state bird of Alabama (known by its colloquial name "yellowhammer").
2750:
2422:
1966:
1881:
1869:
1522:. Vol. 6. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 102.
1334:
1131:
604:
441:
331:
327:
1537:
2925:
2719:
2434:
2347:
2308:
2258:
2176:
1468:
1366:
1237:
1062:
608:
478:
410:
225:
98:
93:
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2194:
2092:
1734:"Recolonization of the Flicker and other notes from Isla Guadalupe, Mexico"
1448:
939:
642:
638:
600:
466:
394:
339:
27:
1600:. Alabama Department of Archives & History. 2006-04-27. Archived from
818: in) in wingspan. The body mass can vary from 86 to 167 g (3 to
546:, meaning "gold" or "golden", and refers to the bird's underwings. As the
26:
This article is about the North American bird. For the Eurasian bird, see
2789:
2732:
2680:
2504:
2250:
1160:
1118:
634:
2382:
2168:
2107:"Systematics - Northern Flicker - Colaptes auratus - Birds of the World"
1907:"Northern Flicker Overview, All About Birds, Cornell Lab of Ornithology"
2895:
2849:
2649:
1996:
1136:
1085:
1081:
1051:
1042:
A recording of a Northern Flicker in Yosemite National Park, California
1006:
323:
239:
175:
165:
61:
2300:
1317:
An adult northern flicker feeding a juvenile at a nest cavity entrance
334:. Over 100 common names for the northern flicker are known, including
2685:
2374:
1148:
931:
445:
125:
2466:
1821:
Woodpeckers: An Identification Guide to the Woodpeckers of the World
2875:
2623:
2489:
2440:
1457:. Vol. 1. London: W. Innys and R. Manby. p. 18, Plate 18.
1233:
1093:
453:
185:
145:
44:
1942:"Northern Flicker Habits What They Eat, Nesting, Mating Behaviors"
1626:. Huntsville, Alabama: John Hicklin Printing Company. p. 128.
381:. Many of these names derive from attempts to imitate some of its
2903:
2802:
2556:
2418:
2363:"A Comparative Life-History Study of Four Species of Woodpeckers"
1679:
AOS Classification Committee – North and Middle America Proposals
1225:
1097:
943:
551:
1260:
436:
is a Latin word meaning "gilded" or "ornamented with gold". The
2543:
1731:
1454:
The Natural History of Carolina, Florida and the Bahama Islands
1264:
Connections between breeding and wintering location of flickers
1245:
399:
The Natural History of Carolina, Florida and the Bahama Islands
135:
501:. This is an example of what is referred to in science as the
2618:
1732:
Sweet, P.R.; Barrowclough, G. F.; Montanez-Godoy, P. (2001).
1638:"Checklist of North and Middle American Birds Proposals 2019"
1229:
1089:
927:
637:
Johann Gmelin, who believed that its original habitat was in
449:
2426:
2235:"Bird-Arrival Dates and Climate Change, Sherbrooke, Quebec"
1988:
10.1650/0010-5422(2006)108[0193:EOSAAO]2.0.CO;2
935:
585:
523:
397:
described and illustrated the northern flicker in his book
155:
1867:
607:. The subspecific epithet is named after Cuban naturalist
1936:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1819:
Winkler, Hans; Christie, David A.; Nurney, David (1995).
687:) resides in western Texas south to northeastern Mexico.
1662:
Aguillon, Stepfanie M.; Lovette, Irby J. (2018-09-18).
2409:
A sample of the call of a Northern Flicker by the USGS
1923:
1355:
1092:, wild cherry and grape, bayberries, hackberries, and
2233:
Jones, Norman K.; McCormick, Gary A.F. (2021-08-17).
1818:
1707:"Northern Flicker: Colaptes auratus (Linnaeus, 1758)"
633:
is the result of an error made in 1788 by the German
2360:
1845:"European corn borer - Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner)"
1801:by John B. Dunning Jr. (Editor). CRC Press (1992),
898: in) and the tarsus measures 2.2–3.1 cm (
477:Ten subspecies are recognized, one of which is now
2210:"Northern Flicker (Colaptes auratus), version 2.0"
2046:
2044:
1763:. The Cornell Lab of Ornithology (All About Birds)
2143:Gow, Elizabeth A.; Wiebe, Karen L. (2014-12-01).
1640:. American Ornithological Society. Archived from
1381:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22726404A94921271.en
1124:
860: in), the tail measures 7.5–11.5 cm (3–
2923:
1872:; Fischer, Clare; Romero, Michael (April 2017).
1305:Two males in a territorial display during spring
1066:A male northern flicker guarding its nest cavity
330:, and is one of the few woodpecker species that
2322:Fisher, Ryan J.; Wiebe, Karen L. (2006-06-26).
2041:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1661:
430:and cited Catesby's book. The specific epithet
423:, he included the northern flicker, coined the
2405:- USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter
2232:
2074:
997:Long Island, NY, August 1996, by Tony Phillips
874: in), the bill measures 2.2–4.3 cm (
2278:
2276:
1542:Transactions of the Linnean Society of London
728:)† is extinct and was formerly restricted to
2461:Northern (Yellow-shafted) Flicker Bird Sound
1894:
1681:(Proposal Set 2019-A): 46–51. Archived from
1490:The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names
1447:
942:which is conspicuous in flight. Subspecific
672:) has a range that closely overlaps that of
2321:
2282:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2126:
1964:
541:
535:
457:that was introduced by the Irish zoologist
444:. The northern flicker is one of 13 extant
431:
403:
304:A male northern flicker in Roslyn, New York
2437:) (imperfect Range Map) at bird-stamps.org
2273:
2207:
1958:
1755:
1753:
1751:
1251:
526:of the neck. Males have a black mustache.
238:
87:
60:
43:
2208:Wiebe, K. L.; Moore, W. S. (2023-07-07).
2184:
2018:
2016:
2014:
1986:
1574:. Integrated Taxonomic Information System
1379:
2142:
2123:
2052:"Northern Flicker | Audubon Field Guide"
1492:. London: Christopher Helm. p. 61.
1467:
1259:
1183:
1061:
299:
1748:
1487:
954:This bird's call is a sustained laugh,
508:
2924:
2011:
1621:
1532:
1512:
409:. When in 1758 the Swedish naturalist
2471:
2470:
2443:at eBird (Cornell Lab of Ornithology)
2361:De Kiriline Lawrence, Louise (1967).
2025:"Colaptes auratus (northern flicker)"
1129:According to an article published in
2909:AE3E0141-FE27-47EA-9155-5C545825E75C
2463:at Florida Museum of Natural History
1290:A northern flicker at a tree in the
1248:about 25 to 28 days after hatching.
615:
2932:IUCN Red List least concern species
2269:– via BioOne Digital Library.
1792:
1598:Alabama Emblems, Symbols and Honors
1560:
1367:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1349:
1292:Seedskadee National Wildlife Refuge
958:, quite different from that of the
593:Grand Cayman yellow-shafted flicker
461:in 1825 with the northern flicker (
13:
2947:Birds of Saint Pierre and Miquelon
2022:
1554:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1823.tb00098.x
1016:
971:
949:
14:
2983:
2673:northern-flicker-colaptes-auratus
2441:Explore Species: Northern Flicker
2393:
2350:– via Wiley Online Library.
2311:– via Wiley Online Library.
1799:CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses
1711:Avibase - the world bird database
2340:10.1111/j.1474-919X.2006.00582.x
1519:Check-List of Birds of the World
1322:
1310:
1298:
1283:
1050:Problems playing this file? See
1032:
1005:Problems playing this file? See
987:
769:
753:
738:
489:, with four subspecies) and the
322:) is a medium-sized bird of the
112:
2354:
2315:
2226:
2201:
2099:
2068:
1861:
1837:
1812:
1774:
1725:
1699:
1655:
1630:
1615:
1586:
1356:BirdLife International (2016).
1179:
655:American Ornithological Society
563:northern yellow-shafted flicker
516:southern yellow-shafted flicker
16:Member of the woodpecker family
2449:Northern flicker photo gallery
1526:
1506:
1481:
1461:
1441:
1419:
1395:
1125:Influence of diet on offspring
785:
703:Guatemalan red-shafted flicker
582:C. a. chrysocaulosus
448:woodpeckers now placed in the
1:
2455:Calls of the northern flicker
1342:
748:: female (left), male (right)
722:Guadalupe red-shafted flicker
499:American Ornithologists Union
472:
338:(not to be confused with the
247:Approximate distribution map
21:Yellowhammer (disambiguation)
2451:at VIREO (Drexel University)
707:C. a. mexicanoides
578:Cuban yellow-shafted flicker
7:
2967:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
2957:Birds of the Cayman Islands
1170:
1096:, as well as sunflower and
692:Mexican red-shafted flicker
666:coastal red-shafted flicker
653:have been presented to the
623:western red-shafted flicker
388:
10:
2988:
2149:Royal Society Open Science
1488:Jobling, James A. (2010).
1276:
1142:
934:stripe at the base of the
726:C. a. rufipileus
530:comes from the Greek verb
25:
18:
2865:
2479:
2431:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
2367:Ornithological Monographs
1568:"Colaptes auratus report"
696:C. a. mexicanus
681:dwarf red-shafted flicker
597:C. a. gundlachi
276:
269:
246:
237:
214:
207:
109:Scientific classification
107:
85:
76:
68:
59:
51:
42:
37:
1534:Vigors, Nicholas Aylward
1374:: e.T22726404A94921271.
1117:, in which they use the
670:C. a. collaris
571:C. a. borealis
2962:Birds described in 1758
2457:at Animal Diversity Web
2239:Northeastern Naturalist
1252:Wintering and migration
1070:
651:C. a. lathami
540:is from the Latin root
520:C. a. auratus
459:Nicholas Aylward Vigors
405:Picus major alis aureis
393:The English naturalist
340:Eurasian yellowhammer,
2942:Birds of North America
2093:10.1525/auk.2009.08086
1946:Wild-Bird-Watching.com
1622:Record, James (1970).
1265:
1189:
1067:
1021:
976:
567:C. a. luteus
558:soldiers from Alabama.
542:
536:
483:yellow-shafted flicker
432:
404:
305:
2837:Paleobiology Database
1911:www.allaboutbirds.org
1713:. Bird Studies Canada
1263:
1187:
1065:
1020:
975:
685:C. a. nanus
645:, then known as the "
627:C. a. cafer
534:, meaning "to peck";
303:
2251:10.1656/045.028.0310
2029:Animal Diversity Web
1823:. Houghton Mifflin.
1782:"Northern flicker |
1594:"Alabama State Bird"
1242:pileated woodpeckers
761:C. a. chrysocaulosus
715:C. mexicanoides
509:Yellow-shafted group
19:For other uses, see
2400:Northern Flicker -
2169:10.1098/rsos.140346
2161:2014RSOS....140346G
2111:birdsoftheworld.org
1868:Musgrove, Annessa;
1427:"State symbols USA"
1222:sharp-shinned hawks
1103:European corn borer
960:pileated woodpecker
924:Grand Cayman Island
599:) is restricted to
584:) is restricted to
491:red-shafted flicker
342:Emberiza citrinella
291:Linnaeus, 1766
283:Linnaeus, 1758
79:Conservation status
2972:Symbols of Alabama
2385:– via JSTOR.
2214:Birds of the World
1849:entnemdept.ufl.edu
1761:"Northern Flicker"
1331:Colaptes mexicanus
1266:
1190:
1153:belted kingfishers
1107:Ostrinia nubilalis
1068:
1022:
977:
964:Dryocopus pileatus
777:C. a. mexicanoides
711:Guatemalan flicker
306:
2919:
2918:
2824:Open Tree of Life
2473:Taxon identifiers
2301:10.1111/ibi.12206
1965:Fisher, Ryan J.;
1830:978-0-395-72043-1
1807:978-0-8493-4258-5
1514:Peters, James Lee
1499:978-1-4081-2501-4
1157:Megaceryle alcyon
1075:According to the
1037:
992:
780:female, Guatemala
616:Red-shafted group
351:gaffer woodpecker
298:
297:
264: Nonbreeding
102:
38:Northern flicker
2979:
2912:
2911:
2899:
2898:
2886:
2885:
2884:
2858:
2857:
2855:Colaptes-auratus
2845:
2844:
2832:
2831:
2819:
2818:
2816:northern-flicker
2806:
2805:
2793:
2792:
2780:
2779:
2767:
2766:
2754:
2753:
2751:NHMSYS0000533159
2741:
2740:
2728:
2727:
2715:
2714:
2702:
2701:
2689:
2688:
2676:
2675:
2663:
2662:
2660:northern-flicker
2653:
2652:
2640:
2639:
2627:
2626:
2614:
2613:
2601:
2600:
2591:
2590:
2578:
2577:
2565:
2564:
2562:756009696D15E8A0
2552:
2551:
2549:colaptes-auratus
2539:
2538:
2536:Colaptes_auratus
2526:
2525:
2515:
2514:
2513:
2511:Colaptes auratus
2500:
2499:
2498:
2481:Colaptes auratus
2468:
2467:
2402:Colaptes auratus
2387:
2386:
2375:10.2307/40166747
2358:
2352:
2351:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2280:
2271:
2270:
2230:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2220:
2205:
2199:
2198:
2188:
2140:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2117:
2103:
2097:
2096:
2079:) Hybrid Zone".
2077:Colaptes auratus
2072:
2066:
2065:
2063:
2062:
2048:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2035:
2023:Pappas, Janice.
2020:
2009:
2008:
1990:
1962:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1952:
1938:
1921:
1920:
1918:
1917:
1903:
1892:
1891:
1889:
1888:
1865:
1859:
1858:
1856:
1855:
1841:
1835:
1834:
1816:
1810:
1796:
1790:
1789:
1784:Colaptes auratus
1778:
1772:
1771:
1769:
1768:
1757:
1746:
1745:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1703:
1697:
1696:
1694:
1693:
1687:
1676:
1659:
1653:
1652:
1650:
1649:
1634:
1628:
1627:
1619:
1613:
1612:
1610:
1609:
1590:
1584:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1564:
1558:
1557:
1530:
1524:
1523:
1510:
1504:
1503:
1485:
1479:
1478:
1465:
1459:
1458:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1423:
1417:
1416:
1414:
1413:
1399:
1393:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1383:
1360:Colaptes auratus
1353:
1326:
1314:
1302:
1287:
1202:Sturnus vulgaris
1111:invasive species
1039:
1038:
1028:Northern flicker
1019:
994:
993:
983:Northern flicker
974:
921:
920:
916:
913:
907:
906:
902:
897:
896:
892:
889:
883:
882:
878:
873:
872:
868:
865:
859:
858:
854:
851:
845:
844:
840:
837:
831:
830:
826:
823:
817:
816:
812:
809:
803:
802:
798:
795:
773:
757:
742:
730:Guadalupe Island
545:
539:
463:Colaptes auratus
435:
407:
319:Colaptes auratus
310:northern flicker
292:
284:
263:
258: Year-round
257:
251:
242:
220:
218:Colaptes auratus
117:
116:
96:
91:
90:
64:
47:
35:
34:
2987:
2986:
2982:
2981:
2980:
2978:
2977:
2976:
2922:
2921:
2920:
2915:
2907:
2902:
2894:
2889:
2880:
2879:
2874:
2867:Cuculus auratus
2861:
2853:
2848:
2840:
2835:
2827:
2822:
2814:
2809:
2801:
2796:
2788:
2785:Observation.org
2783:
2775:
2770:
2762:
2757:
2749:
2744:
2736:
2731:
2723:
2718:
2710:
2705:
2697:
2692:
2684:
2679:
2671:
2666:
2658:
2656:
2648:
2643:
2635:
2630:
2622:
2617:
2609:
2604:
2596:
2594:
2586:
2581:
2573:
2568:
2560:
2555:
2547:
2542:
2534:
2529:
2523:
2518:
2509:
2508:
2503:
2494:
2493:
2488:
2475:
2396:
2391:
2390:
2359:
2355:
2320:
2316:
2281:
2274:
2231:
2227:
2218:
2216:
2206:
2202:
2141:
2124:
2115:
2113:
2105:
2104:
2100:
2073:
2069:
2060:
2058:
2056:www.audubon.org
2050:
2049:
2042:
2033:
2031:
2021:
2012:
1967:Wiebe, Karen L.
1963:
1959:
1950:
1948:
1940:
1939:
1924:
1915:
1913:
1905:
1904:
1895:
1886:
1884:
1866:
1862:
1853:
1851:
1843:
1842:
1838:
1831:
1817:
1813:
1797:
1793:
1780:
1779:
1775:
1766:
1764:
1759:
1758:
1749:
1730:
1726:
1716:
1714:
1705:
1704:
1700:
1691:
1689:
1685:
1674:
1660:
1656:
1647:
1645:
1636:
1635:
1631:
1620:
1616:
1607:
1605:
1592:
1591:
1587:
1577:
1575:
1566:
1565:
1561:
1531:
1527:
1511:
1507:
1500:
1486:
1482:
1466:
1462:
1446:
1442:
1432:
1430:
1429:. 23 April 2014
1425:
1424:
1420:
1411:
1409:
1403:"Burrowing Owl"
1401:
1400:
1396:
1386:
1384:
1354:
1350:
1345:
1338:
1327:
1318:
1315:
1306:
1303:
1294:
1288:
1279:
1254:
1198:common starling
1194:Central America
1182:
1173:
1165:Riparia riparia
1145:
1127:
1073:
1057:
1056:
1048:
1046:
1045:
1044:
1043:
1040:
1033:
1030:
1023:
1017:
1012:
1011:
1003:
1001:
1000:
999:
998:
995:
988:
985:
978:
972:
952:
950:Call and flight
918:
914:
911:
909:
904:
900:
899:
894:
890:
887:
885:
880:
876:
875:
870:
866:
863:
861:
856:
852:
849:
847:
842:
838:
835:
833:
828:
824:
821:
819:
814:
810:
807:
805:
800:
796:
793:
791:
788:
781:
779:
774:
765:
763:
758:
749:
743:
618:
511:
503:species problem
487:C. auratus
475:
428:Cuculus auratus
416:Systema Naturae
391:
290:
282:
280:Cuculus auratus
265:
261:
259:
255:
253:
249:
233:
222:
216:
203:
200:C. auratus
111:
103:
92:
88:
81:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2985:
2975:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2913:
2900:
2887:
2871:
2869:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2859:
2846:
2833:
2820:
2807:
2794:
2781:
2768:
2755:
2742:
2729:
2716:
2703:
2690:
2677:
2664:
2654:
2641:
2628:
2615:
2602:
2592:
2579:
2566:
2553:
2540:
2527:
2516:
2501:
2485:
2483:
2477:
2476:
2465:
2464:
2458:
2452:
2445:
2444:
2438:
2423:Cayman Islands
2412:
2406:
2395:
2394:External links
2392:
2389:
2388:
2353:
2334:(4): 772–781.
2314:
2295:(1): 167–170.
2272:
2225:
2200:
2122:
2098:
2087:(2): 351–358.
2067:
2040:
2010:
1981:(1): 193–200.
1957:
1922:
1893:
1860:
1836:
1829:
1811:
1791:
1773:
1747:
1724:
1698:
1654:
1629:
1614:
1585:
1559:
1548:(3): 395–517.
1525:
1516:, ed. (1948).
1505:
1498:
1480:
1469:Linnaeus, Carl
1460:
1440:
1418:
1394:
1347:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1340:
1339:
1335:Edward Hargitt
1328:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1297:
1295:
1289:
1282:
1278:
1275:
1253:
1250:
1218:Cooper's hawks
1181:
1178:
1172:
1169:
1144:
1141:
1126:
1123:
1072:
1069:
1047:
1041:
1031:
1026:
1025:
1024:
1015:
1014:
1013:
1002:
996:
986:
981:
980:
979:
970:
969:
968:
951:
948:
787:
784:
783:
782:
775:
768:
766:
759:
752:
750:
744:
737:
734:
733:
718:
699:
688:
677:
662:
661:on the matter.
617:
614:
613:
612:
605:Cayman Islands
589:
574:
559:
510:
507:
474:
471:
442:South Carolina
390:
387:
328:Cayman Islands
314:common flicker
296:
295:
294:
293:
285:
274:
273:
267:
266:
260:
254:
252: Breeding
248:
244:
243:
235:
234:
223:
212:
211:
205:
204:
197:
195:
191:
190:
183:
179:
178:
173:
169:
168:
163:
159:
158:
153:
149:
148:
143:
139:
138:
133:
129:
128:
123:
119:
118:
105:
104:
86:
83:
82:
77:
74:
73:
66:
65:
57:
56:
49:
48:
40:
39:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2984:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2952:Birds of Cuba
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2910:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2892:
2888:
2883:
2877:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2868:
2864:
2856:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2655:
2651:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2593:
2589:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2532:
2528:
2521:
2517:
2512:
2506:
2502:
2497:
2491:
2487:
2486:
2484:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2469:
2462:
2459:
2456:
2453:
2450:
2447:
2446:
2442:
2439:
2436:
2435:United States
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2413:
2410:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2398:
2397:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2357:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2318:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2279:
2277:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2229:
2215:
2211:
2204:
2196:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2155:(4): 140346.
2154:
2150:
2146:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2112:
2108:
2102:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2071:
2057:
2053:
2047:
2045:
2030:
2026:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1961:
1947:
1943:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1912:
1908:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1864:
1850:
1846:
1840:
1832:
1826:
1822:
1815:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1795:
1787:
1785:
1777:
1762:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1743:
1739:
1738:Western Birds
1735:
1728:
1712:
1708:
1702:
1688:on 2022-04-04
1684:
1680:
1673:
1671:
1667:
1658:
1644:on 2022-04-04
1643:
1639:
1633:
1625:
1618:
1604:on 2019-01-02
1603:
1599:
1595:
1589:
1573:
1569:
1563:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1529:
1521:
1520:
1515:
1509:
1501:
1495:
1491:
1484:
1476:
1475:
1470:
1464:
1456:
1455:
1451:(1729–1732).
1450:
1449:Catesby, Mark
1444:
1428:
1422:
1408:
1404:
1398:
1382:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1368:
1363:
1361:
1352:
1348:
1336:
1332:
1329:Painting of "
1325:
1320:
1313:
1308:
1301:
1296:
1293:
1286:
1281:
1280:
1274:
1270:
1262:
1258:
1249:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1186:
1177:
1168:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1133:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1078:
1064:
1060:
1055:
1053:
1029:
1010:
1008:
984:
967:
965:
961:
957:
947:
946:is variable.
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
778:
772:
767:
762:
756:
751:
747:
741:
736:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
697:
693:
689:
686:
682:
678:
675:
671:
667:
663:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
619:
610:
609:Juan Gundlach
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
587:
583:
579:
575:
572:
568:
564:
560:
557:
553:
549:
544:
538:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
512:
506:
504:
500:
496:
495:C. cafer
492:
488:
484:
480:
470:
468:
464:
460:
456:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
438:type locality
434:
429:
426:
425:binomial name
422:
421:tenth edition
418:
417:
412:
411:Carl Linnaeus
408:
406:
400:
396:
386:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
343:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
320:
315:
311:
302:
289:
288:Picus auratus
286:
281:
278:
277:
275:
272:
268:
245:
241:
236:
231:
227:
221:
219:
213:
210:
209:Binomial name
206:
202:
201:
196:
193:
192:
189:
188:
184:
181:
180:
177:
174:
171:
170:
167:
164:
161:
160:
157:
154:
151:
150:
147:
144:
141:
140:
137:
134:
131:
130:
127:
124:
121:
120:
115:
110:
106:
100:
95:
94:Least Concern
84:
80:
75:
72:
71:C. a. auratus
67:
63:
58:
55:
54:C. a. auratus
50:
46:
41:
36:
33:
29:
22:
2866:
2480:
2401:
2369:(5): 1–156.
2366:
2356:
2331:
2327:
2317:
2292:
2288:
2242:
2238:
2228:
2217:. Retrieved
2213:
2203:
2152:
2148:
2114:. Retrieved
2110:
2101:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2070:
2059:. Retrieved
2055:
2032:. Retrieved
2028:
1978:
1974:
1960:
1949:. Retrieved
1945:
1914:. Retrieved
1910:
1885:. Retrieved
1878:ResearchGate
1877:
1870:Wiebe, Karen
1863:
1852:. Retrieved
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1421:
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1407:www.grpg.org
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1180:Reproduction
1174:
1164:
1161:sand martins
1156:
1146:
1130:
1128:
1106:
1094:elderberries
1074:
1058:
1049:
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764:female, Cuba
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684:
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639:South Africa
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601:Grand Cayman
596:
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467:type species
462:
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414:
413:updated his
402:
398:
395:Mark Catesby
392:
378:
374:
370:
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362:
358:
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354:
350:
346:
341:
336:yellowhammer
335:
318:
317:
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307:
287:
279:
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215:
199:
198:
186:
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32:
28:Yellowhammer
2772:Neotropical
2733:NatureServe
2681:iNaturalist
2505:Wikispecies
1744:(1): 71–80.
1572:ITIS Report
1433:27 February
1387:12 November
1119:formic acid
1088:, dogwood,
956:ki ki ki ki
786:Description
746:C. a. cafer
674:C. a. cafer
635:systematist
569:; formerly
556:Confederate
379:gawker bird
2926:Categories
2882:Q109563237
2850:Xeno-canto
2219:2023-10-11
2116:2024-03-11
2061:2024-03-01
2034:2024-03-01
1975:The Condor
1951:2024-03-01
1916:2024-03-01
1887:2020-04-30
1854:2017-11-13
1767:2015-10-03
1692:2023-03-04
1648:2023-03-04
1608:2007-03-18
1412:2023-04-11
1343:References
1137:brood size
1086:poison oak
1082:poison ivy
1052:media help
1007:media help
932:mustachial
641:among the
548:state bird
473:Subspecies
324:woodpecker
166:Piciformes
2348:0019-1019
2309:0019-1019
2267:237586675
2259:1092-6194
2177:2054-5703
1234:squirrels
1149:tree line
465:) as the
446:New World
194:Species:
132:Kingdom:
126:Eukaryota
2937:Colaptes
2876:Wikidata
2738:2.106142
2725:22726404
2699:10696452
2575:22726404
2570:BirdLife
2490:Wikidata
2383:40166747
2195:26064574
2005:85035861
1969:(2006).
1578:27 March
1536:(1825).
1471:(1758).
1226:raccoons
1171:Lifespan
528:Colaptes
454:Colaptes
419:for the
389:Taxonomy
359:heigh-ho
271:Synonyms
226:Linnaeus
187:Colaptes
172:Family:
146:Chordata
142:Phylum:
136:Animalia
122:Domain:
99:IUCN 3.1
2904:ZooBank
2896:7782756
2803:1484379
2650:2478259
2557:Avibase
2419:Antigua
2186:4448777
2157:Bibcode
2081:The Auk
1997:4123207
1788:. 2011.
1670:lathami
1277:Gallery
1143:Habitat
1098:thistle
1077:Audubon
944:plumage
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879:⁄
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855:⁄
841:⁄
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647:Kaffirs
603:in the
552:Alabama
537:auratus
479:extinct
433:auratus
371:wick-up
367:walk-up
363:wake-up
332:migrate
182:Genus:
176:Picidae
162:Order:
152:Class:
97: (
52:Female
2842:129808
2829:733990
2777:norfli
2712:178154
2657:GNAB:
2632:EURING
2624:norfli
2598:norfli
2544:ARKive
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2415:Stamps
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1238:clutch
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2588:10301
2417:(for
2411:(mp3)
2379:JSTOR
2263:S2CID
2245:(3).
2001:S2CID
1993:JSTOR
1686:(PDF)
1675:(PDF)
1666:cafer
1333:" by
1159:) or
1090:sumac
928:beige
631:cafer
543:aurat
450:genus
383:calls
347:clape
69:Male
2891:GBIF
2811:ODNR
2798:OBIS
2759:NCBI
2720:IUCN
2707:ITIS
2645:GBIF
2637:8500
2611:WX2M
2583:BOLD
2427:Cuba
2344:ISSN
2328:Ibis
2305:ISSN
2289:Ibis
2255:ISSN
2191:PMID
2173:ISSN
1882:Ibis
1825:ISBN
1803:ISBN
1719:2017
1580:2016
1494:ISBN
1435:2022
1389:2021
1372:2016
1132:Ibis
1071:Diet
940:rump
936:beak
720:The
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690:The
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659:ICZN
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586:Cuba
576:The
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524:nape
514:The
308:The
230:1758
156:Aves
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2606:CoL
2531:ADW
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2371:doi
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