1772:, believed to have been produced in Northumbria, includes depictions of Germanic legends and stories of the founding Roman and the Roman Church and is dated to the early eighth century. The Gosforth Cross, dated to the early tenth century, stands at 14 feet (4.4 m) and is richly decorated with carvings of mythical beasts, Norse gods, and Christian symbolism. Stone sculpture was not a practice of native Scandinavian culture, and the proliferation of stone monuments within the Danelaw shows the influence that the English had on Viking settlers. On one side of the Gosforth Cross is a depiction of the Crucifixion; whilst on the other are scenes from Ragnarok. The melding of these distinctive religious cultures can further be seen in the depiction of Mary Magdalene as a valkyrie, with a trailing dress and long pigtail. Although one can read the iconography as the triumph of Christianity over paganism, it is possible that in the process of gradual conversion the Vikings might have initially accepted the Christian god as an addition to the broad pantheon of pagan gods. The inclusion of pagan traditions in visual culture reflects the creation of a distinctive
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94:
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1760:. By the early 900s, however, Scandinavian-style names for both people and places became increasingly popular, as did Scandinavian ornamentation on works of art, featuring aspects of Norse mythology, and figures of animals and warriors. Nevertheless, sporadic references to "Danes" in charters, chronicles, and laws indicate that during the lifetime of the Kingdom of Northumbria, most inhabitants of northeast England did not consider themselves Danish, and were not perceived as such by other Anglo-Saxons.
1505:
856:, Guthred granted them this land in exchange for establishing him as king. The land extended from the Tees to the Tyne and anyone who fled there from either the north or the south would receive sanctuary for thirty-seven days, indicating that the Community of St. Cuthbert had some juridical autonomy. Based on their positioning and this right of sanctuary, this community probably acted as a buffer between the Norse in southern Northumbria and the Anglo-Saxons who continued to hold the north.
1463:. By the year 620, both sides were associating the other's Easter observance with the Pelagian Heresy. The King decided at Whitby that Roman practice would be adopted throughout Northumbria, thereby bringing Northumbria in line with Southern England and Western Europe. Members of the clergy who refused to conform, including the Celtic Bishop Colman of Lindisfarne, returned to Iona. The episcopal seat of Northumbria transferred from Lindisfarne to York, which later became an
1223:
assassination attempt early in his rule, but fell victim to another assassin at the age of nineteen. During his reign he was adopted by
Wilfrid, a powerful bishop. Ecclesiastical influence in the royal court was not an unusual phenomenon in Northumbria, and usually was most visible during the rule of a young or inexperienced king. Similarly, ealdorman, or royal advisors, had periods of increased or decreased power in Northumbria, depending on who was ruling at the time.
1536:
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1942:. This language had a strong influence on the dialect of Northumbria. These settlers gave the region many place-names from their language as well as contributing to the vocabulary, syntax, and grammar of Old English. Similarities in basic vocabulary between Old English and Old Norse may have led to the dropping of their different inflectional endings. The number of borrowed words is conservatively estimated to be around nine-hundred in
1785:
6346:
1215:, the last king of Northumbria in 954, there were forty-five kings, meaning that the average length of reign during the entire history of Northumbria is only six and a half years. Of the twenty-five kings before the Danish rule of Northumbria, only four died of natural causes. Of those that did not abdicate for a holy life, the rest were either deposed, exiled, or murdered. Kings during the Danish rule of Northumbria (see
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676:. Ida reigned for twelve years (beginning in 547) and was able to annex Bamburgh to Bernicia. In Nennius' genealogy of Deira, a king named Soemil was the first to separate Bernicia and Deira, which could mean that he wrested the kingdom of Deira from the native British. The date of this supposed separation is unknown. The first Deiran king to make an appearance in Bede's
1524:
2062:"At the present time, there are five languages in Britain, just as the divine law is written in five books, all devoted to seeking out and setting forth one and the same kind of wisdom, namely the knowledge of sublime truth and of true sublimity. These are the English, British, Irish, Pictish, as well as the Latin languages".
1067:, is seen by some historians as a return to the imperial ambitions of seventh-century Northumbria and his reign may represent a period of economic prosperity. He faced internal opposition from rival dynasties and at least two actual or potential rivals were killed during his reign. In 758 he abdicated in favour of his son
1796:
was likely the pre-eminent mode of farming. Like much of eastern
England, Northumbria exported grain, silver, hides, and slaves. Imports from Frankia included oil, luxury goods, and clerical supplies in the 700s. Especially after 793, raids, gifts, and trade with Scandinavians resulted in substantial
1747:
From around 800, there had been waves of Danish raids on the coastlines of the
British Isles. These raids terrorized the populace, but exposure to Danish society brought new opportunities for wealth and trade. In 865, instead of raiding, the Danes landed a large army in East Anglia, and had conquered
782:
in the late eighth and early ninth centuries. According to these chronicles, Viking raids began to affect
Northumbria when a band attacked Lindisfarne in 793. After this initial catastrophic blow, Viking raids in Northumbria were either sporadic for much of the early ninth century or evidence of them
2048:
Although the
Northumbrian king Eric was conflated with King Eric Bloodaxe of Norway in Icelandic sagas, Clare Downham and others have recently argued that the two were separate people. For a discussion of this shift in identification, see Downham, Clare 2004 "Eric Bloodaxe – Axed? The Mystery of the
1158:
In the early twentieth century, historians identified Eric of York with the
Norwegian king Eric Bloodaxe, although more recent scholarship has challenged this association. He held two short terms as King of Northumbria, from 947 to 948 and 952 to 954. Historical documentation on his reign is scarce,
1487:
After 867, Northumbria came under control of the
Scandinavian forces, and there was an influx of Scandinavian immigrants. Their religion was pagan and had a rich mythology. Within the Kingdom of York, once the raids and war were over, there is no evidence that the presence of Scandinavian settlers
1222:
Succession in
Northumbria was hereditary, which left princes whose fathers died before they could come of age particularly susceptible to assassination and usurpation. A noteworthy example of this phenomenon is Osred, whose father Aldfrith died in 705, leaving the young boy to rule. He survived one
1361:
was founded by Aidan in 635, and based on the practices of the
Columban monastery in Iona, Scotland. The location of the bishopric shifted to Lindisfarne, and it became the centre for religion in Northumbria. The bishopric would not leave Lindisfarne and shift back to its original location at York
795:
twice in less than one year. After the initial attack the Norse left to go north, leaving Kings Ælle and
Osberht to recapture the city. The E recension of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle suggests that Northumbria was particularly vulnerable at this time because the Northumbrians were once again fighting
570:
later conquered, although there is very little information about the infrastructure and culture of the British kingdoms themselves. Much of the evidence for them comes from regional names that are British rather than Anglo-Saxon in origin. The names Deira and Bernicia are likely British in origin,
587:
at around the first century. In addition to signs of Roman occupation, the site contains evidence of timber buildings that pre-date Germanic settlement in the area that are probably signs of British settlement. Moreover, Brian Hope-Taylor has traced the origins of the name Yeavering, which looks
1595:
Insular art, rich in symbolism and meaning, is characterized by its concern for geometric design rather than naturalistic representation, love of flat areas of colour, and use of complicated interlace patterns. All of these elements appear in the Lindisfarne Gospels (early eighth century). The
1627:
in 793 marked the beginning of a century of Viking invasions that severely limited the production and survival of Anglo-Saxon material culture. It heralded the end of Northumbria's position as a centre of influence, although in the years immediately following visually rich works like the
1587:
The Irish monks brought with them an ancient Celtic decorative tradition of curvilinear forms of spirals, scrolls, and doubles curves. This style was integrated with the abstract ornamentation of the native pagan Anglo-Saxon metalwork tradition, characterized by its bright colouring and
1159:
but it seems Eric pushed out the joint English-Viking rulers of Northumbria in 947, who then regained the land in 948 or 949. Eric took back the throne in 952, only to be deposed again in 954. Eric was the last Viking king of Northumbria and his authority only extended to the southern
600:
were the predominant Germanic immigrants, who settled north of the Humber and gained political prominence during this period. While the British natives may have partially assimilated into the Northumbrian political structure, relatively contemporary textual sources such as Bede's
571:
for example, indicating that some British place names retained currency after the Anglo-Saxon migrations to Northumbria. There is also some archeological evidence to support British origins for the polities of Bernicia and Deira. In what would have been southern Bernicia, in the
1767:
within the Danelaw can be illustrated by an examination of stone sculpture. However, the tradition of mixing pagan and Christian motifs is not unique to the Danelaw, and examples of such synthesis can be seen in previous examples, such as the Franks Casket. The
701:
in order to claim both kingdoms, but Edwin returned in approximately 616 to conquer Northumbria with Rædwald's aid. Edwin, who ruled from approximately 616 to 633, was one of the last kings of the Deiran line to reign over all of Northumbria. Oswald's brother
1656:, completed in 731) has become both a template for later historians and a crucial historical account in its own right, and much of it focuses on Northumbria. He's also famous for his theological works, and verse and prose accounts of holy lives. After the
595:
Overall, English place-names dominate the Northumbrian landscape, suggesting the prevalence of an Anglo-Saxon elite culture by the time that Bede – Anglo-Saxon England's most prominent historian – was writing in the eighth century. According to Bede, the
1483:
survived, but monastic culture in Northumbria went into a period of decline in the early ninth century. Repeated Viking assaults on religious centres were one reason for the decrease in production of manuscripts and communal monastic culture.
1143:
and the Vikings. Æthelstan died in 939, which led to the Vikings' retaking of York. Æthelstan is widely considered one of the greatest Anglo-Saxon kings for his efforts to consolidate the English kingdom and the prosperity his reign brought.
1255:
After the English from Wessex absorbed the Danish-ruled territories south of the Tees, Scots invasions reduced the rump Northumbria to an earldom stretching from the Tyne to the Tweed. The surviving Earldom of Northumbria, alongside the
894:"King of the North Saxons" (r. 890–912) succeeded him for control of Bamburgh, but after Eadwulf's death rulership of this area switched over to earls who were possible kinsmen or direct descendants of the royal Northumbrian house.
1305:
in the early fifth century, Christianity did not disappear, but it existed alongside Celtic paganism, and possibly many other cults. Anglo-Saxons brought their own Germanic pagan beliefs and practices when they settled there. At
1488:
interrupted Christian practice. It appears that they gradually adopted Christianity and blended their Scandinavian culture with their new religion. This can be seen in carved stone monuments and ring-headed crosses, such as the
588:
deceptively English, back to the British gafr from Bede's mention of a township called Gefrin in the same area. Yeavering continued to be an important political centre after the Anglo-Saxons began settling in the north, as King
483:
in the north. Conflict in the first half of the seventh century ended with the murder of the last king of Deira in 651, and Northumbria was thereafter unified under Bernician kings. At its height, the kingdom extended from the
1044:, an attempt to reconcile religious differences between Roman and Celtic Christianity, in which he eventually backed Rome. Oswiu died from illness in 670 and divided Deira and Bernicia between two of his sons. His son
826:
In contrast, the Great Army was not as successful in conquering territory north of the River Tees. There were raids that extended into that area, but no sources mention lasting Norse occupation and there are very few
831:
place names to indicate significant Norse settlement in northern regions of Northumbria. The political landscape of the area north of the Tees during the Viking conquest of Northumbria consisted of the Community of
713:
While violent conflicts between Bernicia and Deira played a significant part in determining which line ultimately gained supremacy in Northumbria, marriage alliances also helped bind these two territories together.
1420:
founded a school and a minster but not a monastery. The School at York Minster is one of the oldest in England. By the late eighth century, the school had a noteworthy library, estimated at one hundred volumes.
1001:
in 634. Oswald then ruled Northumbria until his death in 642. A devout Christian, Oswald worked tirelessly to spread the faith in his traditionally pagan lands. It was during his reign that the monastery at
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in 685, which halted their expansion north and established a border between the two kingdoms. Warfare during the Danish period was dominated by warfare between the Northumbrians and other English Kingdoms.
1447:
called the Synod of Whitby to determine whether to follow Roman or Irish customs. Since Northumbria was converted to Christianity by the Celtic clergy, the Celtic tradition for determining the date of
1097:
Halfdan Ragnarsson was a Viking leader of the Great Heathen Army which invaded England in 865. He allegedly wanted revenge against Northumbria for the death of his father, who was supposedly killed by
1816:(as opposed to bartering) regained popularity in the late 600s, Northumbrian coins featured kings' names, indicating royal control of currency. Royal currency was unique in Britain for a long time.
1139:, previously part of the Northumbrian Kingdom. His reign was quite prosperous and saw great strides in many fields such as law and economics, but was also characterized by frequent clashes with the
890:) the Norse had difficulty holding on to territory in northern Bernicia. Ricsige and his successor Ecgberht were able to maintain an English presence in Northumbria. After the reign of Ecgberht II,
1776:
culture. Consequently, this indicates that conversion not only required a change in belief, but also necessitated its assimilation, integration, and modification into existing cultural structures.
819:
colonisers in the 920s and was in constant conflict with the West-Saxon expansionists from the south, it survived until 954 when the last Scandinavian king Eric, who is usually identified as
619:
The Anglo-Saxon states of Bernicia and Deira were often in conflict before their eventual semi-permanent unification in 651. Political power in Deira was concentrated in the East Riding of
1756:
minority, while politically powerful, remained culturally distinct from the English populace. For example, only a few Scandinavian words, mostly military and technical, became part of
1193:. Eadred inherited the rule of Northumbria, but like Edmund lost it soon afterwards. When Eadred finally regained control in 954, he appointed Oswulf earl of the whole of Northumbria.
1906:. Analysis of written texts, brooches, runes and other available sources shows that Northumbrian vowel pronunciation differed from West Saxon. Although loans borrowed from the
1413:, continued to add to the library until by one estimate the library at Monkwearmouth–Jarrow had over two hundred volumes. One who benefited from this library was Bede.
6708:
975:
in 625. He converted to Christianity two years later after a period of heavy consideration and after consulting numerous advisors. Edwin fell in battle in 633 against
879:, Ecgberht I was a client-king for the Norse. The Northumbrians revolted against him in 872, deposing him in favour of Ricsige. Although the A and E recensions of the
335:
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722:, although this marriage did little to prevent future squabbles between the brothers-in-law and their descendants. The second intermarriage was more successful, with
883:
report that Halfdan was able to take control of Deira and take a raiding party north of the River Tyne to impose his rule on Bernicia in 874, after Halfdan's death (
1330:
in 627. Shortly thereafter, many of his people followed his conversion to the new religion, only to return to paganism when Edwin was killed in 633. Paulinus was
6718:
738:, the beginning of the Northumbrian line. However, Oswiu had another relationship with an Irish woman named Fina which produced the problematic Aldfrith. In his
93:
1695:, which was his native language. By his verse the minds of many were often excited to despise the world, and to aspire to heaven." His sole surviving work is
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Cuesta, Julia Fernández; Ledesma, Nieves RodrÍguez; Silva, Inmaculada Senra (2008). "Towards a History of Northern English: Early and Late Northumbrian".
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eventually succeeded him to the Northumbrian throne despite initial attempts on Deira's part to pull away again. The last independent king of Deira was
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3951:. Early English Text Society. Original series,no. 95-96, 110–111. London: Published for the Early English Text Society by Oxford University Press.
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The Christian culture of Northumbria, fuelled by influences from the continent and Ireland, promoted a broad range of literary and artistic works.
1409:
in 673 and 681. Biscop became the first abbot of the monastery, and travelled to Rome six times to buy books for the library. His successor, Abbot
796:
amongst themselves, deposing Osberht in favour of Ælle. In the second raid, the Vikings killed Kings Ælle and Osberht whilst recapturing the city.
267:
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whose boundaries were roughly the River Tees and the Humber, giving it approximately the same dimensions as Deira. Although this kingdom fell to
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1840:, but the term is an antiquarian invention. Stycas remains in use throughout the kingdom until at least the 860s and possibly later. Larger
1792:
Northumbria's economy centred around agriculture, with livestock and land being popular units of value in local trade. By the mid 800s, the
1207:
Between the years of AD 737 and 806, Northumbria had ten kings, all of whom were murdered, deposed, or exiled or became monks. Between
1647:
603:
2020:
In addition to Bernicia and Deira, some other British place names are recorded for important Northumbrian locations. Northumbrian scholar
1788:
Silver sceatta of Aldfrith of Northumbria (686–705). OBVERSE: +AldFRIdUS, pellet-in-annulet; REVERSE: Lion with forked tail standing left.
1660:, the role of the European continent gained importance in Northumbrian culture. During the end of the eighth century, the scriptorium at
2397:
836:
and the remnants of the English Northumbrian elites. While the religious Community of St. Cuthbert "wandered" for a hundred years after
1105:
on the throne as a client-king, who ruled from 867 to 872. Halfdan was killed in Ireland in 877 whilst trying to regain control over
579:
Bell contains evidence that it was an important centre for first the British and later the Anglo-Saxons. The fort is originally pre-
6693:
6390:
651:. The name that these two states eventually united under, Northumbria, might have been coined by Bede and made popular through his
1615:
Usage of the Insular style was not limited to manuscript production and metalwork. It can be seen in and sculpture, such as the
1370:, a member of the order and a hermit, all became bishops and later Saints. Aidan assisted Heiu to found her double monastery at
3965:
3923:
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4984:
Woodman, D. A. (March 2015). "Charters, Northumbria and the Unification of England in the Tenth and Eleventh Centuries".
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reconsiders the Northumbrian Viking king known as Eric and his perhaps tenuous relationship to the Eric Bloodaxe of the sagas.
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re-established his control of southern England, the Norse invaders settled into what came to be known as the Danelaw in the
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of Northumbria in 635, and then worked to convert the people of Northumbria. King Oswald moved the bishopric from York to
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England in 878. The independent rump of the former Kingdom of Northumbria (yellow) was to the north of the Danelaw (pink).
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on the north. Northumbria ceased to be an independent kingdom in the mid-tenth century when Deira was conquered by the
627:, the North York Moors, and the Vale of York. The political heartlands of Bernicia were the areas around Bamburgh and
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Lowlands-L, An e-mail discussion list for those who share an interest in the languages & cultures of the Lowlands
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the silver content of the coins declined until they were produced in copper alloy, these coins are commonly known as
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1687:(614–680). According to Bede, he "was wont to make religious verses, so that whatever was interpreted to him out of
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Holdsworth, Philip (2014). "Northumbria". In Lapidge, Michael; Blair, John; Keynes, Simon; Scragg, Donald (eds.).
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until 664. Throughout the eighth century, Lindisfarne was associated with important figures. Aidan, the founder,
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863:, Northumbrians maintained partial political control in Bamburgh. The rule of kings continued in that area with
697:, was the first ruler to unite the two polities under his rule. He exiled the Deiran Edwin to the court of King
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The narrators of barbarian history (A.D. 550–800) : Jordanes, Gregory of Tours, Bede, and Paul the Deacon
1832:, more suitable to small, everyday transactions than larger gold Frankish or Roman coins. During the reign of
1596:
Insular style was eventually imported to the European continent, exercising great influence on the art of the
6551:
17:
6174:
1820:(685–705) minted Northumbria's earliest silver coins, likely in York. Later royal coinage bears the name of
959:, like Æthelfrith, was king of both Deira and Bernicia and ruled them from 616 to 633. Under his reign, the
1302:
841:
746:
Bede declares that Aldfrith, known as Fland among the Irish, was illegitimate and therefore unfit to rule.
39:
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The Narrators of Barbarian History (A. D. 550–800): Jordanes, Gregory of Tours, Bede, and Paul the Deacon
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both provide British place names for centres of power. Nennius, for example, refers to the royal city of
1559:
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1930:
derive their names from Celtic tribal origins. In addition to the five languages present in Bede's day,
1603:
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from 927 to 939. The shift in his title reflects that in 927, Æthelstan conquered the Viking Kingdom of
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in 642 but his influence endured because, like Edwin, Oswald was venerated as a saint after his death.
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The Cathedral Church of York, Description of its Fabric and a Brief History of the Archi-Episcopal See
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and began a sustained campaign of conquest. The Great Army fought in Northumbria in 866–867, striking
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Downham, Clare (2004). "Eric Bloodaxe – Axed? The Mystery of the Last Scandinavian King of York".
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5009:. Studies in Early Medieval Coinage. Vol. 1. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press. pp. 23–30.
1996:
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4018:. Symeonis Monachi Opera Omnia. Vol. 2. Translated by Stevenson, J. London. pp. 1–283.
1644:(673–735) is the most famous author of the Anglo-Saxon Period, and a native of Northumbria. His
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4090:. Austin: Published for the American-Scandinavian Foundation by the University of Texas Press.
1971:
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The Irish monks who converted Northumbria to Christianity, and established monasteries such as
1314:, excavations have uncovered evidence of a pagan shrine, animal sacrifice, and ritual burials.
1231:
868:
778:(particularly the D and E recensions) provide some information on Northumbria's conflicts with
710:. He was murdered by Oswiu in 651, and Northumbria was thereafter united under Bernician rule.
520:
while the portion south of the Tweed was absorbed into the Kingdom of England as the county of
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4559:. Department of the Environmental Archaeological Reports. London: Leicester University Press.
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1976:
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1219:) were often either kings of a larger North Sea or Danish empire, or were installed rulers.
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A Biographical Dictionary of Dark Age Britain: England, Scotland, and Wales, C. 500–c. 1050
4081:. The Church Historians of England. Vol. 3. London: London] Seeleys. pp. 425–617.
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The Celtic and Roman Traditions : Conflict and Consensus in the Early Medieval Church
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An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary: Based on the Manuscript Collections of the Late Joseph Bosworth
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1691:, he soon after put the same into poetical expressions of much sweetness and humility in
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1109:, a land he had ruled since 875. There were no further Viking kings in Northumbria until
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once again divided Northumbria. Although primarily recorded in the southern provinces of
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The lasting conversion of Northumbria took place under the guidance of the Irish cleric
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Warfare in Northumbria before the Danish period largely consisted of rivalries with the
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1101:. While he himself only ruled Northumbria directly for about a year in 876, he placed
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2404:. Fordham University: The Jesuit University of New York. Chapter XXIV. Archived from
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1528:
1160:
1032:. Oswiu succeeded where Edwin and Oswald failed as, in 655, he slew Penda during the
845:
673:
648:
453:
119:
5119:
3956:
658:
Information on the early royal genealogies for Bernicia and Deira comes from Bede's
550:
kingdom of Northumbria was originally two kingdoms divided approximately around the
6673:
6602:
5938:
5392:
5277:
5192:
4878:
4498:
4346:
4279:
3990:
3952:
3919:
3889:
2667:
1943:
1911:
1907:
1879:
1722:
1676:
1668:
1417:
1377:
The Christianity culture of Northumbria was influenced by the continent as well as
1327:
1190:
876:
800:
449:
385:
6006:
5129:
4169:
The Cross Goes North: Processes of Conversion in Northern Europe, AD 300-1300
2973:
The First Battle for Scottish Independence: The Battle of Dunnichen, A.D. 685
811:, and the southern part of Northumbria. In Northumbria, the Norse established the
683:
6490:
6375:
6370:
6041:
5928:
5636:
5531:
5197:
5056:
5033:
4901:
4831:
4810:
4775:
4754:
4715:
4691:
4668:
4647:
4607:
4586:
4447:
4388:
4308:
4228:
4188:
4167:
4135:
3893:
3288:
1903:
1895:
1825:
1684:
1657:
1624:
1620:
1597:
1476:
1438:
1406:
1398:
1140:
1060:
1041:
1011:
997:
Oswald was a king of Bernicia, who regained the kingdom of Deira after defeating
980:
812:
707:
669:
505:
6313:
6272:
512:
maintained control of Bernicia for a period of time; however, the area north of
6380:
6026:
5850:
5822:
5536:
5086:
Gaelic Influence in the Northumbrian Kingdom: The Golden Age and the Viking Age
4851:
4727:
Celtic and Anglo-Saxon Painting: Book illumination in the British Isles 600–800
4627:
Lapidge, Michael; Blair, John; Keynes, Simon; Scragg, Donald (2 October 2013).
4489:
Hadley, Dawn (2002), "Viking and native: re–thinking identity in the Danelaw",
4467:
4013:
1883:
1711:
1616:
1547:
1504:
1492:. During the ninth and tenth centuries, there was an increase in the number of
1489:
1290:
1260:
between the Tyne and Tees, were then disputed between the emerging kingdoms of
1028:
Oswiu was the brother of Oswald and succeeded him after the latter's defeat in
935:
608:
597:
521:
497:
437:
356:
77:
32:
5711:
5591:
4350:
3949:
The Old English Version of Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the English People
3681:
1523:
848:
between the years 875–883 on land granted to them by the Viking King of York,
6662:
6644:
6631:
6566:
6480:
6302:
5865:
5671:
5661:
5641:
5631:
5444:
5402:
5217:
4358:
1769:
1531:
from the Durham Gospel Fragment, featuring non-zoomorphic interlace patterns.
1493:
1386:
1286:
1212:
1153:
1075:
seized the throne, which he occupied for seven years until he was deposed by
820:
816:
719:
632:
572:
563:
489:
6016:
5963:
5651:
4997:
4540:(2nd ed.). Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley Blackwell. pp. 340–341.
4502:
1230:
to the north. The Northumbrians were successful against the Picts until the
1167:, the Anglo-Saxon ruler of the northern Northumbrian territory of Bamburgh.
919:
914:
715:
694:
5170:
3661:
1934:
was added during the ninth century. This was due to the settlements of the
1845:
1716:
1680:
1608:
833:
804:
580:
547:
493:
5876:
5626:
1182:
1122:
232:
5621:
5611:
5434:
5407:
5350:
4856:
Selected Papers, volume 3, Late Antique, Early Catholic and Mediaeval Art
1891:
1867:
1757:
1753:
1692:
1664:
was producing manuscripts of his works for high demand on the Continent.
1629:
1573:
1470:
1452:
1426:
1358:
1346:
1269:
1003:
960:
808:
788:
628:
513:
468:
5566:
5139:
4149:
The King in the North : the life and times of Oswald of Northumbria
1535:
1036:, making him the first Northumbrian King also to control the kingdom of
467:
meaning "the people or province north of the Humber", as opposed to the
6247:
5797:
5782:
5745:
5728:
5681:
5676:
5581:
5551:
5521:
5484:
5469:
5387:
5365:
1981:
1589:
1496:, often including stone sculptures incorporating Scandinavian designs.
1451:
and Irish tonsure were supported by many, particularly by the Abbey of
1371:
1029:
1007:
860:
551:
5586:
5571:
5134:
4777:
Early Medieval Northumbria: Kingdoms and Communities, AD 450-1100
4429:
Northumbria's Golden Age : the Kingdom of Northumbria, Ad 547–735
4390:
Viking Kings of Britain and Ireland: The Dynasty of Ívarr to A.D. 1014
4291:
1935:
1763:
The synthesis of Anglo-Saxon and Scandinavian and Christian and Pagan
1479:
in 793 was the first of many raids on monasteries of Northumbria. The
731:
6470:
6349:
5812:
5807:
5792:
5757:
5701:
5686:
5666:
5646:
5596:
5561:
5546:
5541:
5449:
5360:
5262:
5173:
1931:
1915:
1875:
1798:
1410:
1397:
in 660. Wilfrid advocated acceptance of the authority of Rome at the
1307:
1250:
620:
576:
445:
142:
6262:
1672:
967:
in Northern Wales were incorporated into Northumbria. Edwin married
562:
to the south. It is possible that both regions originated as native
6051:
5916:
5817:
5802:
5787:
5762:
5706:
5691:
5616:
5516:
5511:
5464:
5375:
5370:
5327:
5267:
5229:
5135:
Visit Northumberland – The Official Visitor Site for Northumberland
4283:
2036:
1927:
1784:
1700:
1367:
1311:
1265:
1186:
927:
741:
644:
584:
555:
480:
366:
301:
4671:. In Catherine E. Karkov; Michael Ryan; Robert T. Farrell (eds.).
1425:
was a student and teacher at York before he left for the court of
875:
immediately following him. According to twelfth-century historian
6227:
5855:
5777:
5767:
5474:
5345:
5340:
5005:
Wood, Ian (2008). "Thrymas, Sceattas and the Cult of the Cross".
4051:
3914:(Parallel Latin text and English translation with English notes.)
2032:
1939:
1841:
1749:
1734:
1456:
1390:
1378:
1363:
1317:
1261:
1216:
1110:
1071:
and became a monk at York. Oswulf was murdered the next year and
964:
849:
779:
771:
767:
640:
501:
361:
170:
134:
5124:
55:
6413:
5696:
5656:
5606:
5499:
5494:
5419:
5397:
5246:
5207:
5202:
4239:
3869:"Excerpta ex Migne Patrologia Latina: Latinum - Latino - Latin"
3847:
1728:
1448:
1422:
1294:
1176:
1076:
1037:
931:
636:
485:
472:
245:
2971:
2398:"The Life and Miracles of St. Cuthbert, Bishop of Lindisfarne"
1848:, along with sword fittings and necklaces in gold and silver.
754:
6495:
6485:
6079:
6036:
5994:
5983:
5733:
5723:
5601:
5234:
5038:
The Making of English Law: King Alfred to the Twelfth Century
4815:. Cambridge, UK ; New York: Cambridge University Press.
4244:
The Lives of the Fathers, Martyrs, and Other Principal Saints
1923:
1837:
1829:
1688:
1460:
1455:. Roman Christianity was also represented in Northumbria, by
1444:
1394:
1322:
The first King of Northumbria to convert to Christianity was
1227:
1208:
1083:, son of Æthelwald, reigned for 10 interrupted years to 796.
1023:
939:
923:
922:
was the first Anglo-Saxon leader to hold the thrones of both
723:
703:
668:. According to Nennius, the Bernician royal line begins with
559:
476:
315:
263:
138:
5109:
4812:
Northumbria, 500-1100: Creation and Destruction of a Kingdom
4717:
The Northumbrian Golden Age: The Parameters of a Renaissance
1808:
Copper alloy styca of King Osberht (YORYM 2001 3265) obverse
397:
391:
5526:
4961:
Williams, Ann; Smyth, Alfred P.; Kirby, D. P. (1991).
2891:
2879:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2021:
1863:
1641:
1382:
1163:. In 954 he was murdered, allegedly with the connivance of
1136:
972:
934:. His rule was notable for his numerous victories over the
792:
624:
415:
412:
3629:"THE RIPON HOARD, 1695: CONTEMPORARY AND CURRENT INTEREST"
1938:
in the north and east of England, an area that became the
983:. He was venerated as a saint and martyr after his death.
475:. What was to become Northumbria started as two kingdoms,
4060:. Translated by Rowley, Richard. Cribyn: Llanerch Press.
2377:
1268:, with the Earldom being split roughly in half along the
400:
4626:
3663:
A riverine site near York : a possible Viking camp?
2822:
2076:
1238:
840:
attacked their original home of Lindisfarne in 875, The
4557:
Yeavering: An Anglo-British Centre of Early Northumbria
4538:
The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England
1576:, brought a style of artistic and literary production.
4669:"King Oswald's wooden Cross at Heavenfield in Context"
1922:, into Old English were few, some place-names such as
1471:
Impact of Scandinavian raiding, settlement and culture
686:, the father of the first Christian Northumbrian king
4756:
Book Illumination in the Middle Ages: An Introduction
4690:
Munch, Peter Andreas; Olsen, Magnus Bernhard (1926).
1844:
values can be seen in the silver ingots found in the
1546:, showing the lavishly decorated text that opens the
1147:
388:
98:
Northumbria at its greatest extent around 700 AD
1953:
614:
409:
406:
4925:. Notre Dame, Ind: University of Notre Dame Press.
4629:
Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England
4086:Sturluson, Snorri (1964). Hollander, Lee M. (ed.).
3988:
3967:
Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the English People
3925:
Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the English People
3899:
Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the English People
2451:
2449:
2447:
1116:
930:, and so he ruled over all the people north of the
749:
403:
394:
4960:
4336:
4210:The kingdom of Northumbria : AD 350–1100
3743:
1727:, is believed to have been either Northumbrian or
1389:in favour of Roman practices. When he returned to
1352:
1086:
766:of the ninth century and the establishment of the
541:
6709:States and territories disestablished in the 950s
6343:
4410:Britain after Rome: The Fall and Rise 400 to 1070
4036:
3461:
3122:
3120:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2134:
2132:
1667:Northumbria was also home to several Anglo-Saxon
6660:
4710:
3828:"Record ID: YORYM-CEE620 – Early Medieval hoard"
3264:
2444:
1742:
1170:
5058:Kings and Kingdoms of Early Anglo-Saxon England
4474:. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
4272:Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes
4057:Historia Brittonum (The History of the Britons)
1752:, including Northumbria, by 867. At first, the
1280:
607:depict relations between Northumbrians and the
113:Independent Anglian ruled territory (after 867)
6719:States and territories established in the 650s
4748:. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press.
3997:. Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England: Penguin.
3407:
3117:
2360:
2129:
1824:(738–758), as well as his brother, Archbishop
1318:Conversion of the Anglo-Saxons to Christianity
6329:
5892:
5155:
4943:The Kings & Queens of Anglo-Saxon England
4306:
2986:
2976:(MA thesis). East Tennessee State University.
1946:but rises to the thousands in some dialects.
4800:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4774:Petts, David, Dr.; Turner, Sam, Dr. (2011).
4743:
4088:Heimskringla; history of the kings of Norway
3342:
2666:, p. 249 For the epithet, see also the
2324:
1654:Ecclesiastical History of the English People
1553:
1211:, the first king of Northumbria in 651, and
660:Ecclesiastical History of the English People
653:Ecclesiastical History of the English People
604:Ecclesiastical History of the English People
536:
5906:
4773:
4693:Norse mythology: legends of gods and heroes
4554:
3443:
3383:
2933:
2909:
2186:
1645:
1374:. She too came to be venerated as a saint.
852:. According to the twelfth-century account
844:indicates that they settled temporarily at
677:
69:
6336:
6322:
5899:
5885:
5162:
5148:
4724:
4689:
4535:
4028:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3694:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2798:
2383:
2087:
1828:. These coins were primarily small silver
1301:as early as the fourth century. After the
1006:was created. Oswald fell in the Battle of
908:
867:acting as regent around 867 and the kings
516:was eventually absorbed into the medieval
5169:
4883:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199253937.001.0001
4270:Berg, Knut (1958). "The Gosforth Cross".
4085:
4074:
2849:
2810:
2468:
2466:
2464:
1401:. The two-halves of the double monastery
1040:. During his reign, he presided over the
244:• Last Viking king expelled by King
231:• Bernicia accepts the rule of King
4850:
4829:
4808:
4696:. The American-Scandinavian Foundation.
4673:The Insular Tradition: A Resource Manual
4426:
4226:
4187:Gradon, P. O. E., ed. (1958).
4078:The Historical Works of Simeon of Durham
3866:
3659:
3591:
3520:
3508:
3275:
3252:
3216:
3212:
3210:
3197:
3195:
3063:
3059:
3057:
3055:
2957:
2897:
2885:
2663:
2615:
2568:
2556:
2544:
2520:
2496:
2455:
2438:
2371:
2282:
2270:
2258:
2234:
2198:
2138:
2123:
2111:
1866:, there were five languages in Britain:
1803:
1783:
1738:Gosforth Cross, view from the north-west
1733:
1602:
1534:
1522:
1503:
1393:, he became abbot of a new monastery at
1051:
823:, was driven out and eventually killed.
783:was lost. However, in 865 the so-called
753:
5083:
5032:
4983:
4939:
4920:
4899:
4830:Richards, J. D. (1 January 1991).
4666:
4605:
4466:
4407:
4386:
4373:
4317:
4240:"St. Bega, or Bees, of Ireland, Virgin"
4104:
4050:
3666:. Gareth Williams. London. p. 79.
3596:
3449:
3401:
3389:
3372:
3366:
3354:
3348:
3228:
3186:
3174:
3162:
3126:
3099:
3087:
3034:
3022:
3010:
2998:
2969:
2921:
2873:
2861:
2833:
2831:
2786:
2639:
2580:
2532:
2508:
2484:
2472:
2426:
2318:
2306:
2162:
14:
6661:
5376:Bilmingas (part of south Lincolnshire)
4872:
4563:
4488:
4237:
4207:
4186:
4165:
4011:
3614:
3568:
3556:
3544:
3532:
3484:
3473:
3425:
3240:
3111:
2945:
2715:
2651:
2627:
2603:
2592:
2461:
2174:
1648:Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum
1416:In the early seventh century in York,
1381:. In particular, Wilfrid travelled to
986:
679:Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum
431:
6317:
5880:
5143:
5125:Northumbrian Small Pipes Encyclopedia
5054:
5023:
4877:. Oxford: Oxford Scholarship Online.
4809:Rollason, David (25 September 2003).
4752:
4645:
4584:
4449:AEthelstan: The First King of England
4250:
4146:
3845:
3803:
3791:
3779:
3767:
3755:
3731:
3626:
3580:
3437:
3330:
3207:
3192:
3150:
3052:
2763:
2751:
2679:
2330:
2294:
2031:) and Welsh ninth-century chronicler
1890:was one of four distinct dialects of
1239:Ealdormen and earldoms of Northumbria
1048:took over the throne upon his death.
1017:
945:
221:• Deira is conquered by Vikings
5004:
4940:Venning, Timothy (30 January 2014).
4606:Lapidge, Michael (26 January 2006).
4445:
4269:
4127:
4015:Historia Regum (Anglorum et Dacorum)
3963:
3942:
3917:
3887:
3849:Alcuin of York: His Life and Letters
3825:
3719:
3708:
3649:from the original on 9 October 2022.
3602:
3496:
3413:
3378:
3201:
3138:
3075:
3046:
2837:
2828:
2774:
2739:
2727:
2703:
2691:
2354:
2342:
2246:
2222:
2210:
2150:
2099:
1385:and abandoned the traditions of the
1181:King Eadred was the half-brother of
531:
6585:
3928:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1297:practised Christianity. York had a
1196:
693:A king of Bernicia, Ida's grandson
24:
5077:
4963:"Athelstan, king of Wessex 924-39"
4585:Kirby, D. P. (January 1991).
3964:Bede (1990). Latham, R. E. (ed.).
3867:Alcuinus, Flaccus Albinus (2006).
3818:
1432:
1148:Eric of York (r. 947–948, 952–954)
558:was to the north of the river and
25:
6740:
5841:Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain
5103:
5055:Yorke, Barbara (1 January 1990).
4900:Stenton, Frank M. (7 June 2001).
4875:The Wealth of Anglo-Saxon England
4313:. London: George Bell & Sons.
4255:(5 ed.). London: Routledge.
4253:A History of the English Language
3875:. Cooperatorum Veritatis Societas
2049:Last Scandinavian King of York",
1914:language of the Britons, and the
1683:) during the abbacy (657–680) of
1539:The Book of Kells, (folio 292r),
1519:, featuring zoomorphic knot-work.
615:Unification of Bernicia and Deira
592:had a royal palace at Yeavering.
433:[ˈnorˠðɑnˌhymbrɑˈriːt͡ʃe]
107:Unified Anglian kingdom (651–867)
6609:
6608:
6596:
6584:
6445:Topographical areas of Yorkshire
6344:
4427:Fairless, Peter J. (1994).
4322:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
3797:
3785:
3773:
3761:
3749:
3744:Cuesta, Ledesma & Silva 2008
3737:
3725:
3713:
3702:
3653:
3620:
3608:
3585:
3574:
3562:
3550:
3538:
3526:
3514:
3502:
3490:
3478:
3467:
3455:
3431:
3419:
3395:
3360:
3336:
3324:
2395:
2056:
1956:
1189:, all of whom were sons of King
1117:Æthelstan of Wessex (r. 927–939)
750:Northumbria and Norse settlement
444:) was an early medieval Anglian
384:
333:
308:
294:
92:
6694:History of the Scottish Borders
4946:. Amberley Publishing Limited.
4858:. London: Chatto & Windus.
4649:The Schools of Medieval England
4075:Stevenson, Joseph, ed. (1885).
3299:
3281:
3269:
3258:
3246:
3234:
3222:
3180:
3168:
3156:
3144:
3132:
3105:
3093:
3081:
3069:
3040:
3028:
3016:
3004:
2992:
2980:
2963:
2951:
2939:
2927:
2915:
2903:
2867:
2855:
2843:
2816:
2804:
2792:
2780:
2768:
2757:
2745:
2733:
2721:
2709:
2697:
2685:
2673:
2657:
2645:
2633:
2621:
2609:
2597:
2586:
2574:
2562:
2550:
2538:
2526:
2514:
2502:
2490:
2478:
2432:
2420:
2389:
2348:
2336:
2312:
2300:
2288:
2276:
2264:
2252:
2240:
2228:
2216:
2204:
2192:
2180:
2042:
1353:Monasteries and figures of note
1203:List of monarchs of Northumbria
1087:Halfdan Ragnarsson (r. 876–877)
904:List of monarchs of Northumbria
730:'s daughter and his own cousin
542:Possible Celtic British origins
5130:Northumbrian Traditional Music
4744:Owen-Crocker, Gale R. (1986).
4729:. New York: George Braziller.
4675:. SUNY Press. pp. 79–98.
4646:Leach, Arthur Francis (1915).
4567:The Art of Anglo-Saxon England
4522:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
4431:. York, England: W. Sessions.
4307:Clutton-Brock, Arthur (1899).
4140:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
4105:Swanton, Michael, ed. (1996).
4040:(1842). Coxe, Henricus (ed.).
3311:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
3293:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
2168:
2156:
2144:
2117:
2105:
2093:
2014:
1567:
27:Medieval kingdom of the Angles
13:
1:
5120:Northumbrian Language Society
4564:Karkov, Catherine E. (2011).
3993:; Farmer, David Hugh (1983).
2970:Parsons, Julie (4 May 2002).
2025:
1743:Scandinavians and the Danelaw
1635:
1540:
1513:
1405:were founded by the nobleman
1171:Eadred of Wessex (r. 946–954)
1073:Æthelwald Moll of Northumbria
884:
4746:Dress in Anglo-Saxon England
4446:Foot, Sarah (12 July 2011).
4012:Arnold, Thomas, ed. (1885).
3852:. William Sessions Limited.
3627:Pirie, E. J. E (1982).
2069:
2007:
1477:Viking attack on Lindisfarne
1281:Roman and post-Roman Britain
971:, a Christian Princess from
40:Northumbria (disambiguation)
7:
6729:Former monarchies of Europe
5088:. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell.
4555:Hope-Taylor, Brian (1983).
4208:Higham, N. J. (1993).
3922:; McClure; Collins (eds.).
3902:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
3832:Portable Antiquities Scheme
2402:Internet History Sourcebook
1949:
1851:
1632:were still being produced.
1275:
122:(867–927; 939–944; 947–954)
10:
6745:
6724:Former countries in Europe
6450:Cities, towns and villages
5803:Sumortūnsǣte and Glestinga
4833:Book of Viking Age England
4588:The Earliest English Kings
4393:. Dunedin Academic Press.
3894:Mynors, R. A. B.
3813:
3636:British Numismatic Journal
1964:Anglo-Saxon England portal
1855:
1779:
1625:Viking raid on Lindisfarne
1557:
1499:
1436:
1248:
1242:
1200:
1174:
1151:
1120:
1090:
1021:
990:
949:
912:
901:
458:The name derives from the
29:
6580:
6524:
6458:
6432:
6389:
6356:
6198:
6065:
5992:
5914:
5833:
5326:
5255:
5180:
5115:Lowlands-L in Nothumbrian
4725:Nordenfalk, Carl (1976).
4667:MacLean, Douglas (1997).
4631:. John Wiley & Sons.
4452:. Yale University Press.
4412:. London: Penguin Books.
4351:10.1080/00393270802493217
4318:Corning, Caitlin (2006).
4251:Baugh, Albert C. (2002).
4227:Bosworth, Joseph (1898).
4108:The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
3974:. London: Penguin Books.
3873:Documenta Catholica Omnia
3826:Ager, B. M. (2012).
3660:Williams, Gareth (2020).
1987:History of Northumberland
1797:economic ties across the
1748:a territory known as the
1706:The Fates of the Apostles
1554:Golden Age of Northumbria
1081:Æthelred I of Northumbria
740:Life and Miracles of St.
537:Communities and divisions
526:County Palatine of Durham
349:
273:
259:
255:
242:
229:
219:
209:
205:
197:
187:
179:
169:
149:
126:
103:
91:
86:
50:
6572:God's Own County/Country
6366:East Riding of Yorkshire
5024:Woolf, Rosemary (1955).
5007:Two Decades of Discovery
4921:Goffart, Walter (2005).
4720:. University Microfilms.
4212:. Dover, NH: A. Sutton.
4151:. London: Head of Zeus.
3957:2027/yale.39002053190329
1858:Northumbrian Old English
1611:, inlaid with gold foil.
1560:Northumbria's Golden Age
1129:King of the Anglo-Saxons
897:
131:Northumbrian Old English
31:Not to be confused with
6298:Ragnall II Guthfrithson
5908:Monarchs of Northumbria
5084:Edmonds, Fiona (2019).
4836:. B. T. Batsford.
4609:The Anglo-Saxon Library
4503:10.1111/1468-0254.00100
4468:Goffart, Walter A.
4408:Fleming, Robin (2010).
4387:Downham, Clare (2007).
4166:Carver, Martin (2005).
4046:. Sumptibus Societatis.
3846:Allot, Stephen (1974).
2934:Petts & Turner 2011
2910:Petts & Turner 2011
1997:Northumbrian smallpipes
1578:Eadfrith of Lindisfarne
1334:, but only for a year.
1057:Eadberht of Northumbria
1046:Aldfrith of Northumbria
909:Æthelfrith (r. 593–616)
842:History of St. Cuthbert
718:married Edwin's sister
462:
442:Regnum Northanhymbrorum
428:
71:Regnum Northanhymbrorum
56:
6547:On Ilkla Moor Baht 'at
6516:Dogger Bank earthquake
4873:Sawyer, Peter (2013).
4246:. Dublin: James Duffy.
4238:Butler, Alban (1866).
3462:Roger of Wendover 1842
3204:Book III chapter 25–26
2799:Munch & Olsen 1926
1972:English of Northumbria
1809:
1789:
1739:
1646:
1612:
1607:Sword pommel from the
1550:
1532:
1520:
1232:Battle of Dun Nechtain
776:Anglo-Saxon Chronicles
759:
699:Rædwald of East Anglia
678:
441:
145:(in Scandinavian York)
70:
52:Kingdom of Northumbria
6699:954 disestablishments
5846:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
5455:Nox-gaga and Oht-gaga
5040:. Oxford: Blackwell.
4518:"Hiberno-Saxon style"
4491:Early Medieval Europe
4339:Studia Neophilologica
3307:"Hiberno-Saxon style"
3265:Neuman de Vegvar 1990
3114:Volume IX 6 September
1977:Geordie dialect words
1807:
1787:
1737:
1703:, prolific author of
1606:
1584:in an Insular style.
1538:
1526:
1507:
1326:. He was baptized by
1052:Eadberht (r. 738–758)
1034:Battle of the Winwaed
993:Oswald of Northumbria
881:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
757:
583:, dating back to the
127:Common languages
6525:Culture and heritage
6440:Geology of Yorkshire
5490:Frithuwald's Sūþrīge
4969:. Psychology Press.
4753:Pächt, Otto (1986).
4376:Medieval Scandinavia
2053:, vol. 14, pp. 51–77
2051:Medieval Scandinavia
1662:Monkwearmouth–Jarrow
1592:interlace patterns.
1527:The colophon to the
1403:Monkwearmouth–Jarrow
1185:and full brother of
1131:from 924 to 927 and
977:Cadwallon of Gwynedd
952:Edwin of Northumbria
566:kingdoms, which the
504:and formed into the
496:on the south to the
157:(before 7th century)
38:For other uses, see
6641: /
6358:Ceremonial counties
6283:Olaf I Guthfrithson
4903:Anglo-Saxon England
4714:, Carol L. (1990).
4278:(21 (1/2)): 27–30.
4193:. London: Methuen.
4147:Adams, Max (2014).
2900:, pp. 266–267.
2888:, pp. 265–266.
2823:Lapidge et al. 2013
2547:, pp. 213, 244
2357:Book II, Chapter 12
2213:Book II, Chapter 14
2002:Northumbrian tartan
1582:Lindisfarne Gospels
1510:Lindisfarne Gospels
1481:Lindisfarne Gospels
1303:Romans left Britain
1245:Earl of Northumbria
1133:King of the English
1127:Æthelstan ruled as
1099:Ælla of Northumbria
987:Oswald (r. 634–642)
647:in the area around
518:Kingdom of Scotland
510:Earldom of Bamburgh
211:• Established
189:King of Northumbria
164:(after 7th century)
6704:653 establishments
6689:Regions of England
6679:North East England
6391:Historic divisions
6201:Viking Northumbria
5282:Lists of monarchs
5028:. London: Methuen.
4233:. Clarendon Press.
4043:Flores Historiarum
3487:, pp. 149–152
3464:, pp. 298–299
3452:, pp. 213–240
3392:, pp. 245–246
3255:, pp. 237–239
3141:, pp. viii–ix
3025:, pp. 132–133
2987:Clutton-Brock 1899
2801:, pp. 245–251
2571:, pp. 246–257
2499:, pp. 212–213
2345:Book II, Chapter 1
2249:Book I, Chapter 15
2153:Book IV Chapter 19
2102:Book I, chapter 34
1992:Northumbrian music
1920:Irish missionaries
1810:
1790:
1774:Anglo-Scandinavian
1740:
1679:of Streonæshalch (
1623:. The devastating
1613:
1598:Carolingian empire
1551:
1533:
1521:
1113:took over in 883.
1093:Halfdan Ragnarsson
1065:Archbishop of York
1018:Oswiu (r. 642–670)
946:Edwin (r. 616–633)
838:Halfdan Ragnarsson
785:Great Heathen Army
760:
665:Historia Brittonum
329:Kingdom of England
6624:
6623:
6557:Flags and symbols
6511:Wars of the Roses
6311:
6310:
5874:
5873:
5861:Mercian Supremacy
5371:Spalda (Spalding)
5068:978-1-85264-027-9
5047:978-0-631-13496-1
5016:978-1-84383-371-0
4976:978-1-85264-047-7
4953:978-1-4456-2459-4
4913:978-0-19-280139-5
4865:978-0-7011-2514-1
4843:978-0-7134-6519-8
4822:978-0-521-81335-8
4787:978-2-503-52822-9
4766:978-0-19-921060-2
4759:. H. Miller Pub.
4736:978-0-8076-0825-8
4682:978-0-7914-3455-0
4638:978-1-118-31609-2
4619:978-0-19-153301-3
4598:978-0-04-445692-6
4577:978-1-84383-628-5
4570:. Boydell Press.
4547:978-0-470-65632-7
4481:978-0-691-05514-5
4459:978-0-300-12535-1
4400:978-1-903765-89-0
4179:978-1-84383-125-9
4172:. Boydell Press.
4136:"Anglo-Saxon art"
4128:Secondary sources
4038:Roger of Wendover
3991:Stephanus, Eddius
3972:Leo Sherley-Price
3920:Colgrave, Bertram
3909:978-0-19-822202-6
3890:Colgrave, Bertram
3673:978-0-86159-224-1
3416:Book 4 Chapter 24
3343:Owen-Crocker 1986
3289:"Anglo-Saxon art"
2694:Book I chapter 34
1794:Open field system
1529:Gospel of Matthew
1366:, a student, and
1357:The monastery at
1059:, the brother of
963:and the lands of
846:Chester-le-Street
623:, which included
575:, a hill fort at
568:Germanic settlers
532:Kingdom (651–954)
479:in the south and
429:Norþanhymbra rīċe
377:
376:
345:
344:
341:
340:
321:
320:
120:Viking-ruled York
57:Norþanhymbra rīċe
16:(Redirected from
6736:
6656:
6655:
6653:
6652:
6651:
6646:
6645:55.000°N 2.500°W
6642:
6639:
6638:
6637:
6634:
6612:
6611:
6600:
6588:
6587:
6348:
6347:
6338:
6331:
6324:
6315:
6314:
6206:
6073:
6000:
5922:
5901:
5894:
5887:
5878:
5877:
5278:Wiglaf of Mercia
5164:
5157:
5150:
5141:
5140:
5099:
5072:
5051:
5034:Wormald, Patrick
5029:
5020:
5001:
4986:Northern History
4980:
4957:
4936:
4917:
4896:
4869:
4847:
4826:
4805:
4799:
4791:
4770:
4749:
4740:
4721:
4712:Neuman de Vegvar
4707:
4686:
4663:
4642:
4623:
4602:
4581:
4560:
4551:
4532:
4530:
4528:
4513:
4485:
4463:
4442:
4423:
4404:
4383:
4370:
4333:
4314:
4303:
4266:
4247:
4234:
4223:
4204:
4190:Cynewulf's Elene
4183:
4162:
4143:
4122:
4111:. London: Dent.
4101:
4082:
4071:
4047:
4033:
4027:
4019:
4008:
3985:
3970:. Translated by
3960:
3939:
3913:
3884:
3882:
3880:
3863:
3842:
3840:
3838:
3807:
3801:
3795:
3789:
3783:
3777:
3771:
3765:
3759:
3758:, pp. 68–69
3753:
3747:
3741:
3735:
3729:
3723:
3717:
3711:
3706:
3700:
3699:
3693:
3685:
3657:
3651:
3650:
3648:
3633:
3624:
3618:
3612:
3606:
3600:
3594:
3589:
3583:
3578:
3572:
3571:, pp. 64–67
3566:
3560:
3554:
3548:
3542:
3536:
3530:
3524:
3518:
3512:
3506:
3500:
3499:, pp. 27–30
3494:
3488:
3482:
3476:
3471:
3465:
3459:
3453:
3447:
3441:
3435:
3429:
3423:
3417:
3411:
3405:
3399:
3393:
3387:
3381:
3376:
3370:
3364:
3358:
3352:
3346:
3340:
3334:
3333:, pp. 72–73
3328:
3322:
3321:
3319:
3317:
3303:
3297:
3296:
3285:
3279:
3273:
3267:
3262:
3256:
3250:
3244:
3238:
3232:
3226:
3220:
3214:
3205:
3199:
3190:
3184:
3178:
3172:
3166:
3160:
3154:
3148:
3142:
3136:
3130:
3124:
3115:
3109:
3103:
3097:
3091:
3085:
3079:
3073:
3067:
3061:
3050:
3044:
3038:
3032:
3026:
3020:
3014:
3013:, pp. 88–89
3008:
3002:
2996:
2990:
2984:
2978:
2977:
2967:
2961:
2960:, pp. 10–16
2955:
2949:
2948:, pp. 81–90
2943:
2937:
2931:
2925:
2919:
2913:
2912:, pp. 14–27
2907:
2901:
2895:
2889:
2883:
2877:
2876:MS D & E 954
2871:
2865:
2859:
2853:
2852:, pp. 42–43
2847:
2841:
2835:
2826:
2820:
2814:
2808:
2802:
2796:
2790:
2784:
2778:
2772:
2766:
2761:
2755:
2749:
2743:
2737:
2731:
2725:
2719:
2713:
2707:
2701:
2695:
2689:
2683:
2682:, pp. 60–61
2677:
2671:
2668:Annals of Ulster
2661:
2655:
2649:
2643:
2637:
2631:
2625:
2619:
2613:
2607:
2601:
2595:
2590:
2584:
2578:
2572:
2566:
2560:
2554:
2548:
2542:
2536:
2530:
2524:
2518:
2512:
2506:
2500:
2494:
2488:
2482:
2476:
2470:
2459:
2453:
2442:
2436:
2430:
2424:
2418:
2417:
2415:
2413:
2393:
2387:
2381:
2375:
2369:
2358:
2352:
2346:
2340:
2334:
2328:
2322:
2316:
2310:
2304:
2298:
2292:
2286:
2285:, pp. 48–52
2280:
2274:
2273:, pp. 45–48
2268:
2262:
2256:
2250:
2244:
2238:
2237:, pp. 57–64
2232:
2226:
2220:
2214:
2208:
2202:
2201:, pp. 83–84
2196:
2190:
2189:, pp. 15–16
2187:Hope-Taylor 1983
2184:
2178:
2172:
2166:
2160:
2154:
2148:
2142:
2136:
2127:
2121:
2115:
2109:
2103:
2097:
2091:
2085:
2063:
2060:
2054:
2046:
2040:
2030:
2027:
2018:
1966:
1961:
1960:
1959:
1944:standard English
1912:Common Brittonic
1908:Celtic Languages
1677:double monastery
1651:
1545:
1542:
1518:
1515:
1197:Politics and war
1191:Edward the Elder
889:
886:
877:Symeon of Durham
764:Viking invasions
681:
450:Northern England
435:
422:
421:
418:
417:
414:
411:
408:
405:
402:
399:
396:
393:
390:
337:
336:
325:
324:
312:
311:
298:
297:
291:
290:
275:
274:
165:
158:
96:
81:
73:
67:
59:
48:
47:
43:
36:
21:
6744:
6743:
6739:
6738:
6737:
6735:
6734:
6733:
6714:Former kingdoms
6659:
6658:
6649:
6647:
6643:
6640:
6635:
6632:
6630:
6628:
6627:
6625:
6620:
6576:
6520:
6454:
6428:
6385:
6376:South Yorkshire
6371:North Yorkshire
6352:
6345:
6342:
6312:
6307:
6204:
6203:
6194:
6071:
6070:
6061:
5998:
5997:
5988:
5920:
5919:
5910:
5905:
5875:
5870:
5829:
5322:
5251:
5176:
5168:
5106:
5096:
5080:
5078:Further reading
5075:
5069:
5048:
5017:
4977:
4954:
4933:
4914:
4893:
4866:
4852:Schapiro, Meyer
4844:
4823:
4793:
4792:
4788:
4767:
4737:
4704:
4683:
4660:
4639:
4620:
4599:
4591:. Unwin Hyman.
4578:
4548:
4526:
4524:
4516:
4482:
4460:
4439:
4420:
4401:
4330:
4263:
4220:
4201:
4180:
4159:
4134:
4130:
4125:
4119:
4098:
4068:
4021:
4020:
4005:
3995:The Age of Bede
3982:
3936:
3910:
3878:
3876:
3860:
3836:
3834:
3821:
3819:Primary sources
3816:
3811:
3810:
3802:
3798:
3790:
3786:
3778:
3774:
3766:
3762:
3754:
3750:
3742:
3738:
3730:
3726:
3718:
3714:
3707:
3703:
3687:
3686:
3674:
3658:
3654:
3646:
3631:
3625:
3621:
3613:
3609:
3601:
3597:
3590:
3586:
3579:
3575:
3567:
3563:
3555:
3551:
3543:
3539:
3531:
3527:
3519:
3515:
3507:
3503:
3495:
3491:
3483:
3479:
3472:
3468:
3460:
3456:
3448:
3444:
3436:
3432:
3428:, pp. 9–14
3424:
3420:
3412:
3408:
3400:
3396:
3388:
3384:
3377:
3373:
3365:
3361:
3353:
3349:
3341:
3337:
3329:
3325:
3315:
3313:
3305:
3304:
3300:
3287:
3286:
3282:
3274:
3270:
3263:
3259:
3251:
3247:
3239:
3235:
3227:
3223:
3215:
3208:
3200:
3193:
3185:
3181:
3173:
3169:
3161:
3157:
3149:
3145:
3137:
3133:
3125:
3118:
3110:
3106:
3098:
3094:
3086:
3082:
3074:
3070:
3062:
3053:
3045:
3041:
3033:
3029:
3021:
3017:
3009:
3005:
2997:
2993:
2985:
2981:
2968:
2964:
2956:
2952:
2944:
2940:
2932:
2928:
2920:
2916:
2908:
2904:
2896:
2892:
2884:
2880:
2872:
2868:
2860:
2856:
2848:
2844:
2836:
2829:
2821:
2817:
2809:
2805:
2797:
2793:
2785:
2781:
2773:
2769:
2762:
2758:
2754:, pp. 78–9
2750:
2746:
2738:
2734:
2726:
2722:
2714:
2710:
2702:
2698:
2690:
2686:
2678:
2674:
2662:
2658:
2650:
2646:
2638:
2634:
2626:
2622:
2614:
2610:
2602:
2598:
2591:
2587:
2579:
2575:
2567:
2563:
2555:
2551:
2543:
2539:
2531:
2527:
2519:
2515:
2507:
2503:
2495:
2491:
2483:
2479:
2471:
2462:
2454:
2445:
2437:
2433:
2425:
2421:
2411:
2409:
2408:on 25 June 2016
2394:
2390:
2384:Holdsworth 2014
2382:
2378:
2370:
2361:
2353:
2349:
2341:
2337:
2329:
2325:
2317:
2313:
2305:
2301:
2293:
2289:
2281:
2277:
2269:
2265:
2257:
2253:
2245:
2241:
2233:
2229:
2221:
2217:
2209:
2205:
2197:
2193:
2185:
2181:
2173:
2169:
2161:
2157:
2149:
2145:
2137:
2130:
2122:
2118:
2110:
2106:
2098:
2094:
2088:Holdsworth 2014
2086:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2066:
2061:
2057:
2047:
2043:
2028:
2019:
2015:
2010:
1962:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1862:In the time of
1860:
1854:
1826:Ecgbert of York
1782:
1745:
1669:Christian poets
1658:Synod of Whitby
1638:
1621:Bewcastle Cross
1570:
1562:
1556:
1543:
1516:
1502:
1494:parish churches
1473:
1441:
1439:Synod of Whitby
1435:
1433:Synod of Whitby
1407:Benedict Biscop
1399:Synod of Whitby
1355:
1341:. He converted
1320:
1283:
1278:
1253:
1247:
1241:
1205:
1199:
1179:
1173:
1161:kingdom of York
1156:
1150:
1125:
1119:
1107:Dyflin (Dublin)
1095:
1089:
1054:
1042:Synod of Whitby
1026:
1020:
1012:Penda of Mercia
995:
989:
981:Penda of Mercia
954:
948:
917:
911:
906:
900:
887:
813:Kingdom of York
752:
617:
544:
539:
534:
506:Kingdom of York
448:in what is now
387:
383:
373:
334:
309:
295:
248:
235:
222:
212:
163:
159:
156:
141:
137:
133:
118:
114:
112:
108:
99:
82:
75:
68:
61:
53:
44:
37:
30:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6742:
6732:
6731:
6726:
6721:
6716:
6711:
6706:
6701:
6696:
6691:
6686:
6684:Northumberland
6681:
6676:
6671:
6650:55.000; -2.500
6622:
6621:
6619:
6618:
6606:
6594:
6581:
6578:
6577:
6575:
6574:
6569:
6564:
6559:
6554:
6549:
6544:
6539:
6534:
6528:
6526:
6522:
6521:
6519:
6518:
6513:
6508:
6503:
6498:
6493:
6488:
6483:
6478:
6473:
6468:
6462:
6460:
6456:
6455:
6453:
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6447:
6442:
6436:
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6426:
6421:
6416:
6411:
6406:
6401:
6395:
6393:
6387:
6386:
6384:
6383:
6381:West Yorkshire
6378:
6373:
6368:
6362:
6360:
6354:
6353:
6341:
6340:
6333:
6326:
6318:
6309:
6308:
6306:
6305:
6300:
6295:
6293:Olaf II Cuaran
6290:
6285:
6280:
6275:
6273:Sitric I Caech
6270:
6265:
6260:
6255:
6250:
6245:
6240:
6235:
6230:
6225:
6220:
6215:
6209:
6207:
6196:
6195:
6193:
6192:
6187:
6182:
6177:
6172:
6167:
6162:
6157:
6152:
6147:
6142:
6137:
6132:
6130:Æthelwald Moll
6127:
6122:
6117:
6112:
6107:
6102:
6097:
6092:
6087:
6082:
6076:
6074:
6063:
6062:
6060:
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6019:
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5976:
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5966:
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5956:
5951:
5946:
5941:
5936:
5931:
5925:
5923:
5912:
5911:
5904:
5903:
5896:
5889:
5881:
5872:
5871:
5869:
5868:
5863:
5858:
5853:
5851:Burghal Hidage
5848:
5843:
5837:
5835:
5831:
5830:
5828:
5827:
5826:
5825:
5820:
5815:
5810:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5785:
5780:
5775:
5770:
5765:
5760:
5750:
5749:
5748:
5738:
5737:
5736:
5731:
5726:
5716:
5715:
5714:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5644:
5639:
5634:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5554:
5549:
5544:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5504:
5503:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5412:
5411:
5410:
5405:
5400:
5395:
5390:
5380:
5379:
5378:
5373:
5368:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5332:
5330:
5324:
5323:
5321:
5320:
5319:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5288:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5259:
5257:
5253:
5252:
5250:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5238:
5237:
5232:
5222:
5221:
5220:
5215:
5210:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5184:
5182:
5178:
5177:
5167:
5166:
5159:
5152:
5144:
5138:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5105:
5104:External links
5102:
5101:
5100:
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5076:
5074:
5073:
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5021:
5015:
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4975:
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4952:
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4931:
4918:
4912:
4906:. OUP Oxford.
4897:
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4771:
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4708:
4702:
4687:
4681:
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4658:
4643:
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4624:
4618:
4612:. OUP Oxford.
4603:
4597:
4582:
4576:
4561:
4552:
4546:
4533:
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4486:
4480:
4464:
4458:
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4418:
4405:
4399:
4384:
4371:
4345:(2): 132–159.
4334:
4328:
4315:
4304:
4284:10.2307/750485
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4096:
4083:
4072:
4066:
4048:
4034:
4009:
4003:
3986:
3980:
3961:
3945:Miller, Thomas
3940:
3935:978-0199537235
3934:
3915:
3908:
3885:
3864:
3859:978-0900657214
3858:
3843:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3809:
3808:
3796:
3784:
3772:
3760:
3748:
3746:, pp. 140
3736:
3724:
3722:, pp. 152
3712:
3701:
3672:
3652:
3619:
3607:
3595:
3584:
3573:
3561:
3549:
3547:, pp. 1–4
3537:
3525:
3523:, pp. 123
3513:
3511:, pp. 121
3501:
3489:
3477:
3466:
3454:
3442:
3440:, pp. 2–6
3430:
3418:
3406:
3394:
3382:
3371:
3359:
3347:
3335:
3323:
3298:
3280:
3278:, pp. 140
3268:
3257:
3245:
3233:
3221:
3219:, pp. 239
3206:
3191:
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3167:
3155:
3143:
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3104:
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3080:
3068:
3051:
3039:
3027:
3015:
3003:
2991:
2979:
2962:
2950:
2938:
2926:
2914:
2902:
2890:
2878:
2866:
2854:
2850:Sturluson 1964
2842:
2827:
2815:
2811:Stevenson 1885
2803:
2791:
2779:
2767:
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2744:
2732:
2720:
2708:
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2431:
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2388:
2386:, p. 340.
2376:
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2191:
2179:
2167:
2155:
2143:
2128:
2116:
2104:
2092:
2090:, p. 341.
2074:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2055:
2041:
2039:as Din Guaire.
2012:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1951:
1948:
1910:, such as the
1853:
1850:
1781:
1778:
1744:
1741:
1640:The Venerable
1637:
1634:
1617:Ruthwell Cross
1569:
1566:
1558:Main article:
1555:
1552:
1548:Gospel of John
1508:Page from the
1501:
1498:
1490:Gosforth Cross
1472:
1469:
1437:Main article:
1434:
1431:
1354:
1351:
1332:Bishop of York
1319:
1316:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1243:Main article:
1240:
1237:
1201:Main article:
1198:
1195:
1175:Main article:
1172:
1169:
1152:Main article:
1149:
1146:
1121:Main article:
1118:
1115:
1091:Main article:
1088:
1085:
1053:
1050:
1022:Main article:
1019:
1016:
991:Main article:
988:
985:
979:and the pagan
950:Main article:
947:
944:
913:Main article:
910:
907:
902:Main article:
899:
896:
854:Historia Regum
751:
748:
643:, west of the
616:
613:
564:Celtic British
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
522:Northumberland
498:Firth of Forth
473:Humber Estuary
454:South Scotland
375:
374:
372:
371:
370:
369:
364:
357:United Kingdom
353:
351:
347:
346:
343:
342:
339:
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305:
304:
299:
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202:
199:
195:
194:
191:
185:
184:
181:
177:
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167:
166:
151:
147:
146:
128:
124:
123:
105:
101:
100:
97:
89:
88:
84:
83:
54:
51:
33:Northumberland
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6741:
6730:
6727:
6725:
6722:
6720:
6717:
6715:
6712:
6710:
6707:
6705:
6702:
6700:
6697:
6695:
6692:
6690:
6687:
6685:
6682:
6680:
6677:
6675:
6672:
6670:
6667:
6666:
6664:
6657:
6654:
6617:
6616:
6607:
6605:
6604:
6599:
6595:
6593:
6592:
6583:
6582:
6579:
6573:
6570:
6568:
6567:Yorkshire Day
6565:
6563:
6560:
6558:
6555:
6553:
6550:
6548:
6545:
6543:
6540:
6538:
6535:
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6512:
6509:
6507:
6504:
6502:
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6457:
6451:
6448:
6446:
6443:
6441:
6438:
6437:
6435:
6431:
6425:
6424:High Sheriffs
6422:
6420:
6417:
6415:
6412:
6410:
6407:
6405:
6402:
6400:
6397:
6396:
6394:
6392:
6388:
6382:
6379:
6377:
6374:
6372:
6369:
6367:
6364:
6363:
6361:
6359:
6355:
6351:
6339:
6334:
6332:
6327:
6325:
6320:
6319:
6316:
6304:
6303:Eric Bloodaxe
6301:
6299:
6296:
6294:
6291:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6256:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6246:
6244:
6241:
6239:
6236:
6234:
6231:
6229:
6226:
6224:
6221:
6219:
6216:
6214:
6211:
6210:
6208:
6205:867–954
6202:
6197:
6191:
6188:
6186:
6183:
6181:
6178:
6176:
6173:
6171:
6168:
6166:
6163:
6161:
6158:
6156:
6153:
6151:
6148:
6146:
6143:
6141:
6138:
6136:
6133:
6131:
6128:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6118:
6116:
6113:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6077:
6075:
6072:642–867
6069:
6064:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6033:
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6028:
6025:
6023:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6004:
6002:
5999:560–679
5996:
5991:
5985:
5982:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5967:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5926:
5924:
5921:547–670
5918:
5913:
5909:
5902:
5897:
5895:
5890:
5888:
5883:
5882:
5879:
5867:
5866:Tribal Hidage
5864:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5844:
5842:
5839:
5838:
5836:
5832:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5755:
5754:
5751:
5747:
5744:
5743:
5742:
5739:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5721:
5720:
5717:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5672:Southumbrians
5670:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5632:Middle Angles
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5559:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5517:Andredes Leag
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5445:Middle Saxons
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5417:
5416:
5413:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5385:
5384:
5381:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5338:
5337:
5334:
5333:
5331:
5329:
5325:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5283:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5260:
5258:
5254:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5227:
5226:
5223:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5205:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5185:
5183:
5179:
5175:
5172:
5165:
5160:
5158:
5153:
5151:
5146:
5145:
5142:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5107:
5097:
5095:9781783273362
5091:
5087:
5082:
5081:
5070:
5064:
5060:
5059:
5053:
5049:
5043:
5039:
5035:
5031:
5027:
5022:
5018:
5012:
5008:
5003:
4999:
4995:
4991:
4987:
4982:
4978:
4972:
4968:
4964:
4959:
4955:
4949:
4945:
4944:
4938:
4934:
4932:9780268029678
4928:
4924:
4919:
4915:
4909:
4905:
4904:
4898:
4894:
4892:9780199253937
4888:
4884:
4880:
4876:
4871:
4867:
4861:
4857:
4853:
4849:
4845:
4839:
4835:
4834:
4828:
4824:
4818:
4814:
4813:
4807:
4803:
4797:
4789:
4783:
4779:
4778:
4772:
4768:
4762:
4758:
4757:
4751:
4747:
4742:
4738:
4732:
4728:
4723:
4719:
4718:
4713:
4709:
4705:
4703:9780404045388
4699:
4695:
4694:
4688:
4684:
4678:
4674:
4670:
4665:
4661:
4659:9780722229033
4655:
4652:. Macmillan.
4651:
4650:
4644:
4640:
4634:
4630:
4625:
4621:
4615:
4611:
4610:
4604:
4600:
4594:
4590:
4589:
4583:
4579:
4573:
4569:
4568:
4562:
4558:
4553:
4549:
4543:
4539:
4534:
4523:
4519:
4515:
4512:
4508:
4504:
4500:
4496:
4492:
4487:
4483:
4477:
4473:
4469:
4465:
4461:
4455:
4451:
4450:
4444:
4440:
4438:9781850721383
4434:
4430:
4425:
4421:
4419:9780140148237
4415:
4411:
4406:
4402:
4396:
4392:
4391:
4385:
4381:
4377:
4372:
4368:
4364:
4360:
4356:
4352:
4348:
4344:
4340:
4335:
4331:
4329:9781403972996
4325:
4321:
4316:
4312:
4311:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4293:
4289:
4285:
4281:
4277:
4273:
4268:
4264:
4262:9780415280990
4258:
4254:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4236:
4232:
4231:
4225:
4221:
4219:9780862997304
4215:
4211:
4206:
4202:
4200:9781800857230
4196:
4192:
4191:
4185:
4181:
4175:
4171:
4170:
4164:
4160:
4158:9781781854204
4154:
4150:
4145:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4132:
4120:
4118:9780460877374
4114:
4110:
4109:
4103:
4099:
4097:9780292732629
4093:
4089:
4084:
4080:
4079:
4073:
4069:
4067:9781861431394
4063:
4059:
4058:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4044:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4025:
4017:
4016:
4010:
4006:
4004:9780140444377
4000:
3996:
3992:
3987:
3983:
3981:9780140445657
3977:
3973:
3969:
3968:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3943:Bede (1898).
3941:
3937:
3931:
3927:
3926:
3921:
3918:Bede (2008).
3916:
3911:
3905:
3901:
3900:
3895:
3891:
3888:Bede (1969).
3886:
3874:
3870:
3865:
3861:
3855:
3851:
3850:
3844:
3833:
3829:
3824:
3823:
3806:, pp. 95
3805:
3800:
3794:, pp. 94
3793:
3788:
3782:, pp. 93
3781:
3776:
3770:, pp. 85
3769:
3764:
3757:
3752:
3745:
3740:
3734:, pp. 71
3733:
3728:
3721:
3716:
3710:
3705:
3697:
3691:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3669:
3665:
3664:
3656:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3630:
3623:
3616:
3611:
3604:
3599:
3593:
3592:Alcuinus 2006
3588:
3582:
3577:
3570:
3565:
3558:
3553:
3546:
3541:
3535:, pp. 36
3534:
3529:
3522:
3521:Richards 1991
3517:
3510:
3509:Richards 1991
3505:
3498:
3493:
3486:
3481:
3475:
3470:
3463:
3458:
3451:
3446:
3439:
3434:
3427:
3422:
3415:
3410:
3403:
3398:
3391:
3386:
3380:
3375:
3369:, p. 238
3368:
3363:
3356:
3351:
3344:
3339:
3332:
3327:
3312:
3308:
3302:
3294:
3290:
3284:
3277:
3276:Rollason 2003
3272:
3266:
3261:
3254:
3253:Rollason 2003
3249:
3243:, p. 178
3242:
3237:
3231:, p. 318
3230:
3225:
3218:
3217:Rollason 2003
3213:
3211:
3203:
3198:
3196:
3189:, p. 114
3188:
3183:
3176:
3171:
3164:
3159:
3153:, pp. 41
3152:
3147:
3140:
3135:
3128:
3123:
3121:
3113:
3108:
3102:, p. 171
3101:
3096:
3090:, p. 156
3089:
3084:
3077:
3072:
3066:, p. 207
3065:
3064:Rollason 2003
3060:
3058:
3056:
3048:
3043:
3037:, p. 102
3036:
3031:
3024:
3019:
3012:
3007:
3000:
2995:
2988:
2983:
2975:
2974:
2966:
2959:
2958:Fairless 1994
2954:
2947:
2942:
2935:
2930:
2924:, pp. 40
2923:
2918:
2911:
2906:
2899:
2898:Rollason 2003
2894:
2887:
2886:Rollason 2003
2882:
2875:
2870:
2863:
2858:
2851:
2846:
2839:
2834:
2832:
2825:, p. 526
2824:
2819:
2813:, p. 489
2812:
2807:
2800:
2795:
2789:, p. 132
2788:
2783:
2776:
2771:
2765:
2760:
2753:
2748:
2741:
2736:
2730:II.20, III.24
2729:
2724:
2718:, p. 124
2717:
2712:
2705:
2700:
2693:
2688:
2681:
2676:
2669:
2665:
2664:Rollason 2003
2660:
2654:, p. 181
2653:
2648:
2641:
2636:
2629:
2624:
2618:, p. 249
2617:
2616:Rollason 2003
2612:
2606:, p. 183
2605:
2600:
2594:
2589:
2583:, p. 319
2582:
2577:
2570:
2569:Rollason 2003
2565:
2559:, p. 244
2558:
2557:Rollason 2003
2553:
2546:
2545:Rollason 2003
2541:
2534:
2529:
2523:, p. 213
2522:
2521:Rollason 2003
2517:
2511:, p. 270
2510:
2505:
2498:
2497:Rollason 2003
2493:
2486:
2481:
2474:
2469:
2467:
2465:
2458:, p. 212
2457:
2456:Rollason 2003
2452:
2450:
2448:
2441:, p. 211
2440:
2439:Rollason 2003
2435:
2428:
2423:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2392:
2385:
2380:
2373:
2372:Rollason 2003
2368:
2366:
2364:
2356:
2351:
2344:
2339:
2332:
2327:
2320:
2315:
2308:
2303:
2296:
2291:
2284:
2283:Rollason 2003
2279:
2272:
2271:Rollason 2003
2267:
2261:, p. 100
2260:
2259:Rollason 2003
2255:
2248:
2243:
2236:
2235:Rollason 2003
2231:
2224:
2219:
2212:
2207:
2200:
2199:Rollason 2003
2195:
2188:
2183:
2176:
2171:
2164:
2159:
2152:
2147:
2140:
2139:Rollason 2003
2135:
2133:
2125:
2124:Rollason 2003
2120:
2114:, p. 725
2113:
2112:Bosworth 1898
2108:
2101:
2096:
2089:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2075:
2059:
2052:
2045:
2038:
2034:
2023:
2017:
2013:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1965:
1954:
1947:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1894:, along with
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1859:
1849:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1822:King Eadberht
1819:
1818:King Aldfrith
1815:
1806:
1802:
1800:
1795:
1786:
1777:
1775:
1771:
1770:Franks Casket
1766:
1765:visual motifs
1761:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1736:
1732:
1730:
1726:
1725:
1720:
1719:
1714:
1713:
1708:
1707:
1702:
1698:
1697:Cædmon's Hymn
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1675:lived at the
1674:
1670:
1665:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1650:
1649:
1643:
1633:
1631:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1610:
1605:
1601:
1599:
1593:
1591:
1585:
1583:
1580:produced the
1579:
1575:
1565:
1561:
1549:
1537:
1530:
1525:
1511:
1506:
1497:
1495:
1491:
1485:
1482:
1478:
1468:
1466:
1465:archbishopric
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1443:In 664, King
1440:
1430:
1428:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1387:Celtic church
1384:
1380:
1375:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1360:
1350:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1335:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1315:
1313:
1309:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1293:north of the
1292:
1288:
1273:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1252:
1246:
1236:
1233:
1229:
1224:
1220:
1218:
1214:
1213:Eric Bloodaxe
1210:
1204:
1194:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1178:
1168:
1166:
1162:
1155:
1154:Eric Bloodaxe
1145:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1124:
1114:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1094:
1084:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1049:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1025:
1015:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1000:
994:
984:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
953:
943:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
916:
905:
895:
893:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
859:North of the
857:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
830:
824:
822:
821:Eric Bloodaxe
818:
817:Hiberno-Norse
814:
810:
806:
802:
797:
794:
790:
786:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
756:
747:
745:
743:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
711:
709:
705:
700:
696:
691:
689:
685:
680:
675:
671:
667:
666:
662:and Nennius'
661:
656:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
633:Monkwearmouth
630:
626:
622:
612:
610:
606:
605:
599:
593:
591:
586:
582:
578:
574:
573:Cheviot Hills
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
529:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
490:Peak District
487:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
465:
461:
456:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
434:
430:
426:
420:
381:
368:
365:
363:
360:
359:
358:
355:
354:
352:
350:Today part of
348:
332:
330:
327:
326:
323:
317:
314:
307:
306:
303:
300:
293:
292:
289:
288:
285:
282:
280:
277:
276:
272:
269:
265:
262:
258:
254:
250:
247:
241:
237:
234:
228:
224:
218:
214:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
172:
168:
162:
155:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
129:
125:
121:
117:
111:
106:
102:
95:
90:
85:
79:
72:
65:
58:
49:
46:
41:
34:
19:
18:Northumbrians
6626:
6613:
6601:
6589:
6500:
6404:North Riding
6278:Guthfrith II
5752:
5740:
5719:Northumbria:
5718:
5662:South Engele
5556:
5532:Ceasterware
5506:
5425:Godhelmingas
5414:
5382:
5336:East Anglia:
5335:
5224:
5218:Middel Seaxe
5085:
5057:
5037:
5025:
5006:
4989:
4985:
4966:
4942:
4922:
4902:
4874:
4855:
4832:
4811:
4776:
4755:
4745:
4726:
4716:
4692:
4672:
4648:
4628:
4608:
4587:
4566:
4556:
4537:
4525:. Retrieved
4521:
4497:(1): 45–70,
4494:
4490:
4471:
4448:
4428:
4409:
4389:
4379:
4375:
4342:
4338:
4319:
4309:
4275:
4271:
4252:
4243:
4229:
4209:
4189:
4168:
4148:
4139:
4107:
4087:
4077:
4056:
4042:
4014:
3994:
3966:
3948:
3924:
3898:
3877:. Retrieved
3872:
3848:
3835:. Retrieved
3831:
3799:
3787:
3775:
3763:
3751:
3739:
3727:
3715:
3704:
3662:
3655:
3639:
3635:
3622:
3617:, p. 34
3610:
3605:, p. 28
3598:
3587:
3576:
3564:
3559:, p. 33
3552:
3540:
3528:
3516:
3504:
3492:
3480:
3469:
3457:
3450:Fleming 2010
3445:
3433:
3421:
3409:
3404:, p. 44
3402:Lapidge 2006
3397:
3390:Goffart 1988
3385:
3374:
3367:Goffart 2005
3362:
3357:, p. 29
3355:Wormald 1999
3350:
3345:, p. 28
3338:
3326:
3314:. Retrieved
3310:
3301:
3292:
3283:
3271:
3260:
3248:
3236:
3229:Fleming 2010
3224:
3187:Corning 2006
3182:
3177:, p. 40
3175:Lapidge 2006
3170:
3165:, p. 41
3163:Lapidge 2006
3158:
3146:
3134:
3129:, p. 35
3127:Lapidge 2006
3107:
3100:Fleming 2010
3095:
3088:Fleming 2010
3083:
3071:
3049:, p. 96
3042:
3035:Fleming 2010
3030:
3023:Fleming 2010
3018:
3011:MacLean 1997
3006:
3001:, p. 65
2999:Corning 2006
2994:
2982:
2972:
2965:
2953:
2941:
2936:, p. 27
2929:
2922:Downham 2007
2917:
2905:
2893:
2881:
2874:Swanton 1996
2869:
2862:Swanton 1996
2857:
2845:
2840:, p. 40
2818:
2806:
2794:
2787:Venning 2014
2782:
2770:
2759:
2747:
2735:
2723:
2711:
2699:
2687:
2675:
2659:
2647:
2640:Swanton 1996
2635:
2623:
2611:
2599:
2588:
2581:Fleming 2010
2576:
2564:
2552:
2540:
2533:Downham 2004
2528:
2516:
2509:Fleming 2010
2504:
2492:
2485:Swanton 1996
2480:
2473:Swanton 1996
2434:
2427:Swanton 1996
2422:
2410:. Retrieved
2406:the original
2401:
2391:
2379:
2350:
2338:
2333:, p. 79
2326:
2319:Nennius 2005
2314:
2307:Nennius 2005
2302:
2297:, p. 74
2290:
2278:
2266:
2254:
2242:
2230:
2225:, p. 93
2218:
2206:
2194:
2182:
2177:, p. 81
2170:
2163:Nennius 2005
2158:
2146:
2141:, p. 81
2126:, p. 44
2119:
2107:
2095:
2058:
2050:
2044:
2016:
1888:Northumbrian
1861:
1846:Bedale Hoard
1811:
1791:
1762:
1754:Scandinavian
1746:
1723:
1717:
1710:
1704:
1681:Whitby Abbey
1666:
1653:
1639:
1614:
1609:Bedale Hoard
1594:
1586:
1571:
1563:
1486:
1474:
1442:
1415:
1376:
1356:
1336:
1321:
1284:
1254:
1225:
1221:
1206:
1180:
1157:
1126:
1096:
1055:
1027:
996:
955:
918:
880:
858:
853:
834:St. Cuthbert
829:Scandinavian
825:
798:
761:
739:
712:
692:
663:
659:
657:
652:
618:
611:as fraught.
602:
594:
545:
494:River Mersey
469:people south
464:Norþanhymbre
459:
457:
379:
378:
284:Succeeded by
283:
278:
175:Northumbrian
161:Christianity
115:
109:
45:
6669:Northumbria
6648: /
6591:WikiProject
6501:Northumbria
6409:West Riding
6399:East Riding
6228:Guthfrith I
6175:Æthelred II
6068:Northumbria
5712:Wreocensæte
5637:North Engle
5622:Lindisfaras
5592:Cilternsæte
5552:Modingahema
5306:Northumbria
5286:East Anglia
5225:Northumbria
5188:East Anglia
5171:Anglo-Saxon
3615:Sawyer 2013
3569:Sawyer 2013
3557:Sawyer 2013
3545:Sawyer 2013
3533:Carver 2005
3485:Karkov 2011
3474:Hadley 2002
3426:Gradon 1958
3241:Higham 1993
3112:Butler 1866
2989:, p. 6
2946:Higham 1993
2716:Higham 1993
2652:Higham 1993
2628:Arnold 1885
2604:Higham 1993
2593:Arnold 1885
2374:, p. 7
2309:para 57, 59
2175:Higham 1993
1892:Old English
1834:King Eanred
1758:Old English
1630:Easby Cross
1574:Lindisfarne
1568:Insular art
1459:, Abbot of
1453:Lindisfarne
1427:Charlemagne
1359:Lindisfarne
1347:Lindisfarne
1343:King Oswald
1289:rule, some
1270:River Tweed
1258:Haliwerfolk
1004:Lindisfarne
961:Isle of Man
873:Ecgberht II
809:East Anglia
799:After King
789:East Anglia
734:to produce
629:Lindisfarne
548:Anglo-Saxon
508:. The rump
460:Old English
425:Old English
380:Northumbria
279:Preceded by
64:Old English
6663:Categories
6562:White Rose
6476:Parisiorum
6419:Wapentakes
6258:Halfdan II
6248:Airdeconut
6165:Ælfwald II
6140:Æthelred I
6017:Æthelfrith
5964:Æthelfrith
5954:Frithuwald
5798:Sumorsaete
5783:Glastening
5768:Brycgstowl
5746:Haestingas
5729:Beodarsæte
5682:Stoppingas
5677:Spaldingas
5652:Pencersæte
5597:Duddensæte
5582:Beormingas
5577:Banesbyrig
5512:Andredsley
5485:Pæding-tun
5470:Waeclingas
5430:Haueringas
5403:Caningaege
5398:Daenningas
5388:Brahhingas
5361:Herstingas
5273:Frithuwald
3804:Baugh 2002
3792:Baugh 2002
3780:Baugh 2002
3768:Baugh 2002
3756:Baugh 2002
3732:Baugh 2002
3682:1047651834
3581:Allot 1974
3438:Woolf 1955
3331:Pächt 1986
3151:Leach 1915
2764:Yorke 1990
2752:Yorke 1990
2680:Kirby 1991
2331:Yorke 1990
2295:Yorke 1990
2029: 731
1982:Hen Ogledd
1900:West Saxon
1856:See also:
1636:Literature
1590:zoomorphic
1544: 800
1517: 700
1372:Hartlepool
1324:King Edwin
1249:See also:
1030:Maserfield
1008:Maserfield
920:Æthelfrith
915:Æthelfrith
888: 877
865:Ecgberht I
787:landed in
716:Æthelfrith
695:Æthelfrith
552:River Tees
180:Government
171:Demonym(s)
6481:Britannia
6471:Brigantia
6433:Geography
6350:Yorkshire
6288:Sitric II
6268:Ragnall I
6243:Æthelwold
6233:Siefredus
6223:Halfdan I
6199:Kings of
6145:Ælfwald I
6095:Eadwulf I
6090:Ealdfrith
6066:Kings of
6047:Œthelwald
5993:Kings of
5915:Kings of
5813:Wiltsaete
5808:Sunningas
5793:Rēadingas
5773:Dornsaete
5758:Eorlingas
5724:Elmetsæte
5702:Weorgoran
5687:Sweordora
5667:Snotingas
5657:Reagesate
5627:Magonsæte
5612:Glestinga
5547:Limenwara
5537:Eastorege
5480:Woccingas
5435:Hroðingas
5420:Gillingas
5263:Bretwalda
5174:heptarchy
5061:. Seaby.
4796:cite book
4511:154018306
4367:161587451
4359:0039-3274
4300:195032909
4024:cite book
3720:Bede 1990
3709:Ager 2012
3690:cite book
3603:Wood 2008
3497:Berg 1958
3414:Bede 1969
3379:Bede 1969
3202:Bede 2008
3139:Bede 2008
3076:Bede 2008
3047:Bede 2008
2838:Foot 2011
2775:Bede 2008
2740:Bede 2008
2728:Bede 2008
2704:Bede 2008
2692:Bede 2008
2355:Bede 2008
2343:Bede 2008
2247:Bede 2008
2223:Bede 2008
2211:Bede 2008
2151:Bede 1969
2100:Bede 1898
2070:Citations
2008:Footnotes
1932:Old Norse
1916:Old Irish
1799:North Sea
1724:Christ II
1689:scripture
1685:St. Hilda
1411:Ceolfrith
1308:Yeavering
1251:Ealdorman
1183:Æthelstan
1123:Æthelstan
1111:Guthfrith
999:Cadwallon
969:Æthelburh
726:marrying
672:, son of
639:, and in
621:Yorkshire
577:Yeavering
514:the Tweed
233:Æthelstan
150:Religion
143:Old Norse
6615:Category
6213:Ecgberht
6160:Eardwulf
6150:Osred II
6120:Eadberht
6115:Ceolwulf
6085:Ecgfrith
6057:Ælfwine
6052:Alhfrith
6012:Æthelric
5974:Eanfrith
5949:Theodric
5944:Æthelric
5917:Bernicia
5834:See also
5818:Wihtwara
5788:Meonwara
5763:Basingas
5707:Westerne
5617:Husmerae
5567:Æbbingas
5562:Ælfingas
5527:Cantware
5522:Boroware
5500:Deningei
5495:Dæningas
5465:Tewingas
5460:Tetingas
5408:Gegingas
5328:Regiones
5268:Iclingas
5256:Monarchs
5230:Bernicia
5181:Kingdoms
5036:(1999).
4998:60626360
4854:(1980).
4470:(1988).
4382:: 51–77.
4054:(2005).
3896:(eds.).
3644:Archived
3078:, III. 5
2864:MS D 940
2742:III.1–13
2630:867, 872
2412:23 March
2037:Bamburgh
1950:See also
1928:Bernicia
1852:Language
1830:sceattas
1701:Cynewulf
1467:in 735.
1429:in 782.
1418:Paulinus
1368:Cuthbert
1328:Paulinus
1312:Bernicia
1276:Religion
1266:Scotland
1103:Ecgberht
1010:against
938:and the
928:Bernicia
805:Midlands
742:Cuthbert
736:Ecgfrith
649:Carlisle
645:Pennines
585:Iron Age
556:Bernicia
492:and the
481:Bernicia
367:Scotland
302:Bernicia
260:Currency
183:Monarchy
154:Paganism
6674:Lothian
6633:55°00′N
6542:Tourism
6537:Dialect
6532:Culture
6466:History
6459:History
6218:Ricsige
6185:Osberht
6180:Redwulf
6135:Ealhred
6105:Coenred
6100:Osred I
5856:Danelaw
5778:Gewisse
5753:Wessex:
5741:Sussex:
5697:Undaium
5692:Tomsæte
5647:Pecsæte
5587:Bilsæte
5572:Arosæte
5557:Mercia:
5450:Haering
5366:Ikelgas
5346:Suffolk
5341:Norfolk
5213:Lindsey
5026:Juliana
4780:. Isd.
4142:. 2016.
4052:Nennius
3947:(ed.).
3879:3 April
3814:Sources
3295:. 2016.
2706:II.9–14
2487:866–867
2321:para 59
2165:para 62
2033:Nennius
1940:Danelaw
1918:of the
1904:Kentish
1896:Mercian
1880:Pictish
1872:British
1868:English
1842:bullion
1814:coinage
1780:Economy
1750:Danelaw
1729:Mercian
1712:Juliana
1693:English
1500:Culture
1457:Wilfrid
1391:England
1379:Ireland
1364:Wilfrid
1291:Britons
1262:England
1217:Danelaw
1061:Ecgbert
965:Gwynedd
936:Britons
892:Eadwulf
869:Ricsige
850:Guthred
780:Vikings
772:England
768:Danelaw
732:Eanflæd
641:Cumbria
609:British
471:of the
446:kingdom
362:England
198:History
135:Cumbric
87:651–954
6636:2°30′W
6603:Portal
6552:People
6506:Jórvík
6491:Ebrauc
6414:Ainsty
6263:Ingwær
6253:Eowils
6170:Eanred
6155:Osbald
6125:Oswulf
6042:Oswine
6032:Oswald
5979:Oswald
5934:Glappa
5823:Ytenes
5734:Loidis
5642:Pecset
5607:Gyrwas
5542:Lympne
5415:Surrey
5383:Essex:
5316:Wessex
5311:Sussex
5301:Mercia
5247:Wessex
5242:Sussex
5208:Hwicce
5203:Mercia
5092:
5065:
5044:
5013:
4996:
4973:
4950:
4929:
4910:
4889:
4862:
4840:
4819:
4784:
4763:
4733:
4700:
4679:
4656:
4635:
4616:
4595:
4574:
4544:
4527:13 May
4509:
4478:
4456:
4435:
4416:
4397:
4365:
4357:
4326:
4298:
4292:750485
4290:
4259:
4216:
4197:
4176:
4155:
4115:
4094:
4064:
4001:
3989:Bede;
3978:
3932:
3906:
3856:
3837:13 May
3680:
3670:
3316:13 May
2396:Bede.
1902:, and
1882:, and
1838:stycas
1721:, and
1673:Cædmon
1449:Easter
1423:Alcuin
1299:bishop
1295:Humber
1285:Under
1187:Edmund
1177:Eadred
1165:Oswulf
1077:Alhred
1069:Oswulf
1038:Mercia
932:Humber
801:Alfred
774:, the
708:Oswine
637:Jarrow
598:Angles
486:Humber
246:Eadred
201:
193:
116:South:
110:North:
104:Status
74:
60:
6496:Deira
6486:Elmet
6110:Osric
6080:Oswiu
6037:Oswiu
6027:Osric
6022:Edwin
5995:Deira
5984:Oswiu
5969:Edwin
5959:Hussa
5602:Gaini
5507:Kent:
5356:Gywre
5291:Essex
5235:Deira
5193:Essex
4992:(1).
4507:S2CID
4363:S2CID
4296:S2CID
4288:JSTOR
3647:(PDF)
3632:(PDF)
1936:Norse
1924:Deira
1884:Latin
1876:Irish
1812:When
1718:Elene
1461:Ripon
1445:Oswiu
1395:Ripon
1339:Aidan
1310:, in
1287:Roman
1228:Picts
1209:Oswiu
1141:Scots
1024:Oswiu
957:Edwin
940:Gaels
924:Deira
898:Kings
728:Edwin
724:Oswiu
704:Oswiu
688:Edwin
674:Eoppa
590:Edwin
581:Roman
560:Deira
502:Danes
477:Deira
438:Latin
316:Deira
268:penny
264:Sceat
139:Latin
78:Latin
6238:Cnut
6190:Ælla
6007:Ælla
5939:Adda
5475:Tota
5440:Haka
5393:Beda
5351:Elge
5296:Kent
5198:Kent
5090:ISBN
5063:ISBN
5042:ISBN
5011:ISBN
4994:OCLC
4971:ISBN
4948:ISBN
4927:ISBN
4908:ISBN
4887:ISBN
4860:ISBN
4838:ISBN
4817:ISBN
4802:link
4782:ISBN
4761:ISBN
4731:ISBN
4698:ISBN
4677:ISBN
4654:ISBN
4633:ISBN
4614:ISBN
4593:ISBN
4572:ISBN
4542:ISBN
4529:2016
4476:ISBN
4454:ISBN
4433:ISBN
4414:ISBN
4395:ISBN
4355:ISSN
4324:ISBN
4257:ISBN
4214:ISBN
4195:ISBN
4174:ISBN
4153:ISBN
4113:ISBN
4092:ISBN
4062:ISBN
4030:link
3999:ISBN
3976:ISBN
3930:ISBN
3904:ISBN
3881:2016
3854:ISBN
3839:2016
3696:link
3678:OCLC
3668:ISBN
3318:2016
2777:IV.5
2414:2023
2022:Bede
1926:and
1864:Bede
1642:Bede
1619:and
1475:The
1383:Rome
1264:and
1137:York
973:Kent
926:and
871:and
861:Tyne
793:York
762:The
720:Acha
684:Ælla
635:and
625:York
546:The
524:and
452:and
5929:Ida
4990:LII
4879:doi
4499:doi
4347:doi
4280:doi
3953:hdl
2642:874
2475:865
2429:793
682:is
670:Ida
392:ɔːr
251:954
238:927
225:867
215:651
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