182:
1524:
enter into a union voluntarily instead of being annexed as a conquered territory, something that, historically, the Swedes had never managed to do, Bernadotte offered favourable peace terms. He promised to recognize the
Norwegian Constitution, with only those amendments that were necessary to open up for a union of the two countries. Christian Frederick agreed to call an extraordinary session of the Storting in September or October. He would then have to transfer his powers to the elected representatives of the people, who would negotiate the terms of the union with Sweden, and finally relinquish all claims to the Norwegian throne and leave the country.
653:
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168:
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1041:'s estate in Eidsvoll to discuss the situation. He informed them of his intent to resist Swedish hegemony and claim the Norwegian crown as his inheritance. But at the emotional session in Eidsvoll on 16 February, his advisors convinced him that Norway's claim to independence should rather be based on the principle of self-determination and that he should act as a regent for the time being. The council also advised the regent to hold elections and oaths of independence all over the country, thus choosing delegates to a constitutional assembly.
2101:
1151:
1097:, arrived in Norway on 3 March and confronted the regent, accusing him of playing a dangerous game. Christian Frederick responded by accusing Wedel-Jarlsberg of colluding with the Swedes. Returns from elections for delegates to the constitutional assembly also showed there were widespread misgivings about the independence movement. By the end of March, the opinion was openly expressed that Christian Frederick's ambition was to bring Norway back under Danish sovereignty.
676:
628:
1352:
955:
45:
1120:, the commander of the Swedish military forces at Norway's borders, Bernadotte referred to Christian Frederick as a rebel who had probably been misled by the Danish nobility. He ordered his forces to treat all Danish officials who did not return home as outlaws, and all users of the "prince dollars" to be considered counterfeiters. Swedish troops amassed along the border to Norway, and there were daily rumours of an invasion.
1073:. At 11 am the regent arrived, and a service was held. Then the bishop intoned the oath: "Do you swear to claim the independence of Norway, and to dare life and blood for the beloved fatherland?" Both the regent and the congregation answered accordingly. This oath was taken in maybe 75 churches that day, and again over the country the next Sunday, and further until the oath was taken in all the congregations of Norway.
1061:
delegation characterized his decisions as reckless and illegal, asking for leave to return to Sweden. The day after, church bells in
Christiania rang for a full hour, and the city's citizens convened to swear fealty to Christian Frederick. On 26 February he initiated a long correspondence with the Swedish government. The next day he introduced a new flag for independent Norway — the former Dano-Norwegian
1331:, from which they ruled old Norway with wisdom and strength. That the wisdom and power exercised by them, the great kings of our ancient past, also will inspire the Prince which we, the freemen of Norway, in accordance with the wish of all the people, in gratitude and appreciation today unanimously have chosen, is a wish that every true son of Norway surely shares with me. God save old Norway!
1433:
Frederick's hospitality. Meeting with the
Norwegian council of state the following day, the Russian emissary Orlow put the choice to those present: Norway could subject itself to the Swedish crown or face war with the rest of Europe. When Christian Frederik argued that the Norwegian people had a right to determine their own destiny, the Austrian emissary
1303:
an independent currency was necessary to ensure the existence of an independent state, regardless of the financial considerations. Nevertheless, on the next day, the assembly decided to postpone the establishment of a central bank until a legislative body was in session. Christian
Frederick was dismayed by this decision.
1295:). They also vested the right to establish and collect taxes in the legislative body. The assembly also passed the so-called "farmer's paragraph" stipulating that two-thirds of the Storting had to be elected from rural districts, and one-third from urban areas. (This paragraph remained in force until 1952).
1053:
Frederick sent letters through his personal network to governments throughout Europe, assuring them that he was not leading a Danish conspiracy to reverse the terms of the treaty of Kiel, but rather his efforts reflected the
Norwegian will for self-determination. He also sought a secret accommodation with
1136:
self-determination and the possibility of keeping Norway under the Danish king. A few days later, Christian
Frederick warned off a meeting with the Danish foreign minister Niels Rosenkrantz, pointing out that such a meeting would fuel speculation that the prince was motivated by Danish designs on Norway.
1523:
Christian
Frederick succeeded in excluding from the text any indication that Norway had recognized the Treaty of Kiel, and Sweden accepted that it was not to be considered a premise of the future union between the two states. Understanding the advantage of avoiding a costly war, and of letting Norway
1202:
A constitutional committee presented its proposals on 16 April, provoking a lively debate. The
Independence party won the day with a majority of 78–33 to establish Norway as an independent monarchy. There was also lively debate on the issue of military conscription, in which the upper classes argued
917:
The viceroy and heir to the thrones of
Denmark and Norway, Prince Christian Frederick, resolved to disobey the instructions from his king and to take the lead in an insurrection to preserve the integrity of the country, and if possible the union with Denmark. The king had been informed of these plans
887:
These news did not reach Norway until the end of
January, in a letter of 18 January from the Danish king to the Norwegian people, in which he released them from their oath of allegiance to him and his dynasty. By special courier, a secret letter of 17 January from the king was delivered on 24 January
797:
had blockaded all Norwegian ports effectively from 1808, thus severing all Dano-Norwegian connections and leaving the nation of Norway to handle diplomacy by itself. Under those conditions, tension grew in Norway, and a fledgling independence movement was formed in 1809, but with roots as far back as
1366:
sounded off the royal salute, and a celebratory service was held in the cathedral. There was continuing concern about the international climate, and on 24 May the government decided to send two of the delegates from the constitutional assembly to join Carsten Anker in the UK to plead Norway's case.
1275:
On 7 May the assembly outlawed the creation of new nobility in Norway, allowing the disposition of existing hereditary rights to be decided by a future legislative body. On 8 May, proposed laws concerning naturalization and suffrage were debated. On the next day, it was decided that foreign citizens
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to negotiate recognition by the British government. Swedish authorities were canvassing border areas with pamphlets subverting the independence movement. By early March, Christian Frederick had also organized a cabinet and five government departments, though he retained all decision-making authority
1594:
as king of Norway failed to pass. The issue was tabled pending the necessary amendments to the Norwegian constitution. In the following days, the parliament passed several resolutions to assert as much sovereignty as possible within the union. On 1 November they voted 52 to 25 that Norway would not
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The news hit the Norwegian public hard, and reactions included anger at the "cowardice" and "treason" of the military commanders, despair over the prospects of Norwegian independence, and confusion about the country's options. Christian Frederick confirmed his willingness to abdicate the throne for
1465:
On 22 July Bernadotte met with the delegation that had been in Norway. They encouraged him to consider Christian Frederick's proposed terms for a union with Sweden, but the crown prince was outraged. He reiterated his ultimatum that Christian Frederick either relinquish all rights to the throne and
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On 20 July Bernadotte sent a letter to his "cousin" Christian Frederick accusing him of intrigues and foolhardy adventurism. To add to the problems, the three Norwegians who had made their way to London were arrested, charged with carrying false passports and papers. They were deported immediately.
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In the course of the negotiations, Christian Frederick offered to relinquish the throne and return to Denmark, provided the Norwegians had a say in their future through an extraordinary session in the Storting. But he refused to surrender the Norwegian border forts to Swedish troops. On 15 July the
1401:
to Britain onboard his ship, but ended up failing to follow through on his promise. He informed the Norwegians that they could expect no diplomatic support from the British government, and asked that his government's position be printed in all Norwegian newspapers. On 10 June the Norwegian army was
1302:
On 13 May, after two days of debate, the assembly passed a law in which the assembly guaranteed the issue of a Norwegian currency. The Union party opposed this, claiming that there simply wasn't an economic basis for an independent currency. The Independence party, carrying the day, responded that
1555:
In late September, a dispute arose between Swedish authorities and the Norwegian council of state over the distribution of grain among the poor in Christiania. The grain was intended as a gift from the Swedish king to the Norwegians, but it became a matter of principle for the Norwegian council to
1068:
25 February is remembered in some sources as "people´s day" because of the elections and the oath. That day showed forth a de facto declaration of independence for Norway. All sources remembering that day agrees on the sacred tone of the day when all people assembled in their churches for a common
1185:
argued over the mandate of the assembly and the basis for the regent's legitimacy. Party lines took form, with the "Independence party," variously known as the "Danish party," "the Prince's party," or "the urgent" on one side of the aisle; and the "Union Party," also known as the "western party,"
940:
On 8 February Bernadotte responded by threatening to send an army to occupy Norway, promising a constitutional convention, and threatening a continued grain embargo against Norway if Sweden's claims under the treaty of Kiel were not met. But for the time being, he was occupied with the concluding
925:
Christian Frederick claimed the throne of Norway and to set up an independent government with himself at the head. The week prior to 30 January, the prince toured parts of Norway and found the same real or false willingness to fight everywhere he came. On 30 January he consulted several prominent
1577:
In early October, Norwegians again refused to accept a shipment of corn from Bernadotte, and Norwegian merchants instead took up loans to purchase food and other necessities from Denmark. However, by early October, there was emerging support for a union with Sweden. On 7 October an extraordinary
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were admitted only after submitting assurances that they had no loyalty to the Swedish authorities. On 10 October Christian Frederick formally abdicated according to the conditions agreed on at Moss and embarked for Denmark. Executive powers were provisionally assigned to the Storting until the
1547:
On 3 September the British government announced that their naval blockade of Norway would be lifted. Postal service between Norway and Sweden was resumed. By 8 September prominent Norwegians were taking note of the generous terms offered by Bernadotte. The Swedish general in the occupied border
1276:
would be eligible after ten years of residency and that the right to vote would be extended to men who were either farmers possessing their own land, civil servants, or urban property owners. With this, about half of all Norwegian men earned the right to vote, a radical proposition at the time.
1193:
The Independence party had the majority and argued that the mandate of the convention was limited to formalizing Norway's independence based on the popular oath of fealty from earlier that year. With Christian Frederick as the regent, the relationship with Denmark would be negotiated within the
921:
Financial problems forced the Prince on 27 January to order banknotes to the amount of 3 million Rigsbankdaler to be issued by "The Provisional Rigsbank of Norway", stamped with the Norwegian coat of arms, to be redeemed by the Rigsbank. These so-called "Prince notes" were necessary to keep the
1515:
with a cease-fire offer that would join Norway in a union with Sweden and respect the Norwegian constitution. The day after, Christian Frederick expressed himself in favor of the terms, allowing Swedish troops to remain in positions east of Glomma. Hostilities broke out at Glomma, resulting in
1060:
The mission from the Swedish government arrived in Christiania on 24 February and met with Christian Frederick. Christian Frederick refused to accept a proclamation from the Swedish king but insisted instead on reading his letter to the Norwegian people, proclaiming himself regent. The Swedish
1052:
On 20 February the Swedish government sent a mission to Christian Frederick, warning him that Norway's independence movement was a violation of the treaty of Kiel and put Norway at war with the victorious parties in the Napoleonic War. The consequences would be famine and bankruptcy. Christian
1127:
Carsten Anker arrived in London on 24 March, where he met with an under-secretary of foreign affairs. The under-secretary rejected Anker's appeal for self-determination, and Anker found all other doors closed to him in London. On 2 April Christian Frederick sent Carsten Anker's brother Peter
1432:
in Sweden to convince Christian Frederick to comply with the provisions of the treaty of Kiel. There they conferred with von Essen, who told them that 65,000 Swedish troops were ready to invade Norway. On 30 June the emissaries arrived in Christiania, where they rudely turned down Christian
908:
at the same time, a local priest observed that the entire marketplace swirled with rumours of the treaty, and with tension. As news spread, it was apparent to many Norwegian intellectuals that the people were offended by the treaty, by being delivered like cattle to a foreign sovereign.
1135:
On 1 April Frederick VI sent a letter to Christian Frederick, asking him to give up his efforts and return to Denmark. The possibility of disinheriting the crown prince was mentioned in the letter. Christian Frederick rejected the overture, in the same letter invoking Norway's right to
1543:
as agreed in a secret protocol at Moss. In a letter dated 28 August, Christian Frederick ordered the council to accept orders from the "highest authority," clearly referring to the Swedish king. Two days later, the Swedish king proclaimed himself the ruler of both Sweden and Norway.
1388:
arrived in Christiania on what appeared to be an unofficial visit. He accepted the hospitality of one of Christian Frederick's ministers and agreed to meet with the king himself informally, stressing that nothing he did should be construed as a recognition of Norwegian independence.
1240:
On 1 May the first draft of the constitution was signed by the drafting committee. In addition to the principle of the Norwegian people's right to self-determination, the constitution's key precepts included the assurance of individual freedom, the right to property, and equality.
1104:, reimposed the naval blockade of Norway and assured the Swedish king that the British would refrain from accepting any Norwegian claims of sovereignty. A conciliatory letter sent by Christian Frederick to the Swedish king was returned unopened. On 9 March the Swedish mission to
1113:, the Danish foreign minister, responded to the Swedish demands by asserting that the Danish government in no way supported Norwegian independence, but that they could not vacate border posts they did not hold. The demand for disinheriting Christian Frederick was not addressed.
1203:
for exemption. In the following days, mutual suspicion and distrust came to the surface within the convention. In particular, delegates disagreed on whether to give the sentiments of the European powers consideration, and some facts may have been withheld from the convention.
918:
in a secret letter of December 1813. The Prince had also been instructed to keep the union with Denmark intact, but this was not in accord with Norwegian wishes at the time. In Norway, the sentiment was that Norway had been "sold out" to Sweden, their sworn arch-enemy.
1552:, threatened to resume hostilities if the Norwegians would not abide by the armistice agreement and willingly accept the union with Sweden. Christian Frederik was reputed to have fallen into a deep depression and was variously blamed for the battleground defeats.
1169:
On 10 April the constitutional convention convened for the first time, at church services in Eidsvoll. The sermon caused some stir by flattering Christian Frederick in particular and the monarchy in general. The delegates were accredited that afternoon, after
1197:
The Union party, a minority of the delegates, believed that Norway would achieve a more independent status within a loose union with Sweden than as part of the Danish monarchy and that the assembly should continue its work even after the constitution was
1048:
on 19 February, Christian Frederick proclaimed himself regent of Norway. All congregations met on 25 February to swear loyalty to the cause of Norwegian independence and to elect delegates to a constitutional assembly to commence at Eidsvoll on 10 April.
1470:, effectively putting Sweden at war with Norway. The day after, Christian Frederick rejected the Swedish ultimatum, saying that such a surrender would constitute treason against the Norwegian people. On 29 July Swedish forces moved to invade Norway.
1314:
in Norway. On that same day, Christian Frederick was elected king of Norway. The election was unanimous, but several of the delegates put on the record that they would have preferred to see it postponed until the political situation had stabilized.
1392:
Christian Frederick asked the British government to mediate between Norway and Sweden, but Morier never deviated from his government's prior rejection of refusing to recognize an independent Norway. Morier offered to bring the Norwegian emissaries
1457:
with Sweden but promised to put the proposal to the Swedish king for consideration. The negotiations were a partial success in that the delegation left convinced that Christian Frederick was sincere and had the backing of a popular movement.
1420:(a distant cousin of Christian Frederick's) favoured a Swedish-Norwegian union but not with Bernadotte as the king, and that the United Kingdom was looking for a solution to the problem that would keep Norway out of Russia's influence.
706:
made a brief and ultimately unsuccessful attempt to regain its independence. While Norway had always legally been a separate kingdom, since the 16th century it had shared a monarch with Denmark; Norway was a subordinate partner in the
761:
with Sweden, and was permitted to retain its new constitution with only slight modifications. Christian Frederick, forced to abdicate as king of Norway, would become king of Denmark as Christian VIII in 1839. Norway would eventually
896:
with the most important details of the treaty, which the Prince decided to keep to himself while considering his reaction. The letter instructed him to deliver the Norwegian fortresses to Swedish forces and then return to Denmark.
1123:
In spite of his open opposition to Christian Frederick, Wedel-Jarlsberg was elected as a delegate to the constitutional convention on 14 March. There were clear signs that the convention, only weeks away, would be contentious.
1108:
demanded that Christian Frederick be disinherited from succession to the Danish throne and that European powers should go to war with Denmark unless he disassociated himself from the Norwegian independence movement. On 17 March
904:, under the headline. "Peace, Peace in the North!" It did not inform the public of the fact that the king had ceded his kingdom to the king of Sweden, historically the enemy of Norway. As there was the annual February market in
922:
wheels of government turning, but they contributed to the already chaotic monetary situation and the galloping inflation. The cause of the financial crisis was the refusal of King Frederick VI to establish a Bank of Norway.
1131:
On 31 March Christian Frederick arrested officers of the naval vessels stationed in Norway as they were preparing to follow orders to bring the ships to Denmark. The ships were confiscated as ships of the Norwegian navy.
1298:
On 11 May the assembly overwhelmingly passed universal conscription, over the objections of the financial and administrative elite, who threatened mass emigration if their sons were forced into military service.
1271:
On 5 May the Independence party lost another battle when the assembly voted 98 to 11 to allow the kingdom's monarch to reign over another country with the assent of two-thirds of the legislative assembly's vote.
1158:
Although the European powers refused to acknowledge the Norwegian independence movement, there were signs by early April that they were not inclined to support Sweden in an all-out confrontation on the matter.
1128:(1744–1832) to London as an unofficial emissary. On 3 April Carsten Anker was imprisoned for three days in debtors' prison on account of an old debt, probably at the behest of the Swedish ambassador to London.
847:
on these terms, in return for immediate withdrawal of all Coalition troops from Danish territory and certain territorial compensations. In addition, he was to join the allied powers in their fight against
1214:
had been established as foundational for the framing of the constitution. Continued work and debate was characterized by acrimony and recrimination, but the constitutional committee made steady progress.
1189:
As it turned out, there was a clear consensus among all delegates that independence would be the ideal solution, but there was disagreement on what solution was workable given real-world constraints.
872:
in the preceding days had put diplomatic pressure on the negotiating parties to reach an agreement in order to avoid a full-scale invasion of Denmark. Bernadotte sent a letter to the governments of
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Norwegian advisors. His position stated that King Frederick had no legal right to relinquish his inheritance, asserting that he was the rightful king of Norway and that Norway had a right to
277:
1516:
casualties, but the Norwegian forces were ordered to retreat. Peace negotiations with Swedish envoys began in the town of Moss on 10 August. On 14 August the negotiations concluded. The
1560:
1310:
was approved on 16 May. The official copy was dated, signed and sealed by the presidency on 17 May, and signed by the other representatives on 18 May. 17 May is accordingly considered
251:
1434:
1661:
1590:
On 20 October, with one day to spare before the cease-fire expired, the Norwegian parliament voted 72 to 5 to join Sweden in a personal union, but a motion to acknowledge
252:
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1177:
Seated on uncomfortable benches, the convention elected its officers in the presence of Christian Frederick on 11 April. The debates started on 12 April, when
1687:
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avoid the appearance that Norway had a new king until the transition was formalized. Björnstjerna sent several missives threatening to resume hostilities.
1362:
On 22 May the newly elected king made a triumphant entrance into Christiania, exactly one year after he first arrived as viceroy to Norway. The cannons at
3339:
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faith, that its monarch must always have professed himself to this faith (thereby precluding the Catholic-born Bernadotte from being a king), and that
763:
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appoint its own consuls. On 4 November the Storting adopted the constitutional amendments that were required to allow for the union, and unanimously
1408:
On 16 June Carsten Anker sent a letter to Christian Frederick in which he made references to discussions he had recently had with a high-ranking
1211:
757:, signed at the end of the war in August, preserved many of the independence movement's achievements: Norway remained mostly autonomous in a
930:. His impromptu council agreed with him, setting the stage for an independence movement. After this day, the tour continued, all the way to
2716:
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in 1808–09, Sweden had been repulsed by the Norwegian army, and this was also a factor which made Norwegians more prone to independence.
844:
1162:
As time approaches for the constitutional convention, there was growing support for opposition to the treaty of Kiel, especially from
3354:
976:
109:
62:
1657:
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and resented being handed over without their consent to Sweden, a state they viewed as a traditional rival. Under the leadership of
81:
1549:
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1970:
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four-power delegation rejected Christian Frederick's proposal that Norway's constitution form the basis for negotiations about a
749:
The fledgeling Norwegian state was unable to gain support or recognition from any foreign powers, and was defeated in a two-week
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88:
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95:
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412:
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1500:, an important tactical victory by the Norwegians. The Swedish assaults from the east were effectively resisted near
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128:
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1488:. The first hostilities were short and ended with decisive victories for Sweden. By 4 August the fortified city of
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77:
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The people? What do they have to say against the will of its rulers? That would be to put the world on its head.
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Swedish forces met with little resistance as they advanced northward into Norway, bypassing the fortress of
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cause. Bells rang from 10 am, chiming for a full hour. 4,000 people assembled in the central church of
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The public were informed of the peace treaty on 26 January through a censored article in the newspaper
889:
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363:
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Following a contentious debate on 4 May, the assembly decided that Norway would profess itself to the
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On 10 February Christian Frederick invited prominent Norwegians to a meeting to be held at his friend
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on 14 January, in which Denmark negotiated to maintain sovereignty over the Norwegian possessions of
738:, who was the Danish government's representative in Norway and also the king of Denmark's cousin and
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382:
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1563:, vowed in Norwegian newspapers to forcibly resist any further Swedish troop movements into Norway.
1021:
742:, Norway attempted to assert its rights as an independent state. A government was established and a
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Raised is then once more within the boundaries of Norway the ancient throne which was occupied by
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On 13 June Christian Frederick also ordered a census in preparation for parliamentary elections.
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356:
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proposed to cede The Kingdom of Norway to the king of Sweden in order to avoid an occupation of
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On 2 February the Norwegian public learned that their country was ceded to the king of Sweden.
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1511:. On 7 August a delegation from Bernadotte arrived at the Norwegian military headquarters in
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due to the blockade, and this also made Norwegians more negative to the union with Denmark.
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2917:
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8:
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After the election, Georg Sverdrup, then president of the assembly, held a short speech:
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On 25 May the first council of state convened, establishing the nation's supreme court.
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On 20 May the assembly adjourned, joining hands and proclaiming that they would remain "
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On 26 June emissaries from Russia, Prussia, Austria, and the United Kingdom arrived in
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resulted in a general cease-fire based on terms that effectively were terms of peace.
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On 3 August Christian Frederick announced his political will in a cabinet meeting in
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By 20 April the principle of the people's right to self-determination articulated by
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staunchly opposed Norwegian independence, only to offer generous terms of a union.
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Before Carsten Anker arrived in the United Kingdom, the British foreign secretary
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Claus Pavels biografi og dagbøger 1812-1822/Udgivne i uddrag af Claus Pavels Riis
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On 26 September, the Norwegian general in the "northern" region of Norway, Count
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abandon the border posts or face war. On 27 July a Swedish naval fleet took over
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in negotiating the peace, and envisaging greater stability in the Nordic region.
793:, the shores remained defenceless by sea as the tides turned against France. The
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written, under which Christian Frederick was elected king of Norway in May 1814.
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1932:
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880:, and Great Britain thanking them for their support, acknowledging the role of
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The Norwegian war flag, introduced by Christian Frederick on 27 February 1814
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battles on the Continent, giving the Norwegians time to develop their plans.
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On 7 January 1814, under the command of the elected crown prince of Sweden,
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1496:. The Swedish Army, trying to intercept the retreat, was stopped at the
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2484:
2011:
1806:
1779:
1599:
Charles XIII as king of Norway, rather than acknowledging him as such.
1394:
1381:, but some maintained that the Swedes should be stopped at the border.
1258:
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794:
712:
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proposed to take a stand against invading Swedish forces at the river
1085:
Christian Frederick meets increasing opposition from within and abroad
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1810:
Experiences of War and Nationality in Denmark and Norway, 1807–1815
1783:
Experiences of War and Nationality in Denmark and Norway, 1807–1815
1615:
1579:
1284:
1245:
1154:
Artist's rendition of the Norwegian constitutional assembly in 1814
1054:
849:
594:
1948:
1413:
1409:
877:
873:
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832:
339:
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surrendered. Christian Frederick ordered a retreat to the river
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were waning in their support of Sweden's claims to Norway, that
1346:
206:
Et usque ad perfectum est unitum montibus Dovre iactata fatiscit
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1979:
1751:. 26–31 January. www.dokpro.uio.no/litteratur/pavels/frames.htm
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1807:
Rasmus Glenthøj; Morten Nordhagen Ottosen (14 January 2014).
1780:
Rasmus Glenthøj; Morten Nordhagen Ottosen (14 January 2014).
945:
The independence movement solidifies and is threatened by war
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However, many Norwegians were inspired by the rising tide of
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1070:
1045:
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The last sentence was then repeated by all those present.
1287:, with the expectation that one would be an upper house (
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1174:
had refused to give fealty to the independence movement.
1587:
necessary amendments to the Constitution were enacted.
1869:
Unionsprengningen i 1814 i verdenshistorisk sammenheng
1853:
Glenthøj, Rasmus and Morten Nordhagen Ottosen (2014):
1341:
United and loyal until the mountains of Dovre crumble!
1582:
convened. Delegates from areas occupied by Sweden in
1539:"reasons of health," leaving his authority with the
69:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1658:"Unike dokument viser Larviks danske hemmelegheit"
1186:"Swedish party," or "the hesitant" on the other.
805:The years of 1812 and 1813 were known for severe
3321:
1760:Norway Paper Money Prinsesedler Ca. 1815 Issues
1566:
1402:mobilized and arms and ammunitions distributed.
852:. These terms were formalized and signed at the
1256:would be barred from entering the kingdom (see
3345:States and territories disestablished in 1814
2710:
1964:
1347:Seeking domestic and international legitimacy
1236:, credited as being the constitution's father
715:. Due to its alliance with France during the
913:Attempted reclamation by Christian Frederick
1631:
1218:
983:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
3340:States and territories established in 1814
2717:
2703:
1971:
1957:
1842:Spillet om Norge. Det politiske året 1814.
1647:, Jan Lahmeyer. Retrieved on 8 March 2014.
262:
3260:
2283:Membership of International organizations
1762:http://numismondo.net/pm/nor/index03A.htm
1003:Learn how and when to remove this message
770:Prior to 1814 – The independence movement
211:"United and loyal until the mountains of
129:Learn how and when to remove this message
3207:
3174:
3091:
3026:
1684:"Jens Moestue – en patriotisk opprører?"
1473:
1350:
1228:
1149:
1028:
1020:
27:Short-lived Scandinavian state in Europe
2757:
1892:. Christiania, J.M. Stenersen & Co.
1139:
1065:with the Norwegian Lion in the canton.
14:
3322:
2724:
1876:1814. Norsk dagbok hundre aar efterpaa
1412:diplomat. He learned that Prussia and
2698:
1952:
1941:Magnus Fredrik Ferdinand Björnstjerna
1609:
1550:Magnus Fredrik Ferdinand Björnstjerna
32:For the years in Norway article, see
1283:legislative body to be known as the
981:adding citations to reliable sources
948:
753:in the summer of 1814. However, the
67:adding citations to reliable sources
38:
1978:
1813:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 239.
1786:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 239.
1279:On 8 May the assembly decided on a
1093:, the most prominent member of the
24:
1831:
1194:context of Norwegian independence.
413:Frederik Gottschalk von Haxthausen
25:
3386:
1910:
1871:. Kristiania, Det norske Samlaget
1664:from the original on 26 June 2021
1561:Carl Jacob Waldemar von Schmettow
1423:
868:. Secret correspondence from the
839:to negotiate a peace treaty with
812:
785:through its participation in the
723:in January 1814 ceding Norway to
719:, Denmark was forced to sign the
3355:1814 disestablishments in Europe
2099:
1883:Christian Frederik og Norge 1814
1736:Christian Frederik og Norge 1814
1725:. Oslo, J.W. Cappelen. Pp. 60–61
1712:. Oslo, J.W. Cappelen. Pp. 49–50
1690:from the original on 13 May 2021
953:
711:, whose government was based in
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663:
651:
626:
249:
180:
166:
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1800:
1773:
1628:. Retrieved on 17 January 2023.
1384:On 5 June the British emissary
800:Swedish campaign against Norway
54:needs additional citations for
1925:Norway Paper Money (1813–1814)
1754:
1741:
1728:
1715:
1702:
1676:
1650:
1375:Johannes Klingenberg Sejersted
1146:Norwegian Constituent Assembly
777:was involved as a part of the
13:
1:
3365:Former unrecognized countries
3350:1814 establishments in Europe
2079:Norwegian government-in-exile
1885:. Oslo, Universitetsforlaget.
1857:. Oslo, Spartacus forlag AS.
1602:
1567:Easing into a new arrangement
268:The Kingdom of Norway in 1814
78:"Kingdom of Norway" 1814
2032:Hereditary Kingdom of Norway
2027:Kingdom of Norway (872–1397)
1527:
1480:Swedish–Norwegian War (1814)
1116:In several letters to Count
789:. After Denmark-Norway lost
764:fully break away from Sweden
661:County of Larvik (1814–1817)
519:Swedish–Norwegian War (1814)
201:Enig og tro til Dovre faller
7:
1933:National Norwegian Database
1855:1814 Krig, nederlag, frihet
1025:Christian Frederick in 1813
798:at least the 1790s. In the
10:
3391:
1570:
1531:
1477:
1222:
1143:
1076:Carsten Anker was sent to
1014:
894:Prince Christian Frederick
835:. He authorized his envoy
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31:
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1444:made the famous comment:
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156:25 February – 4 November
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2974:Magnus VI the Law-mender
2203:Administrative divisions
2049:Kingdom of Norway (1814)
1888:Nielsen, Yngvar (1905):
1620:24 December 2022 at the
1373:On 31 May general major
1219:Framing the constitution
1091:Count of Wedel-Jarlsberg
229:"God and the fatherland"
3247:III. Independent Norway
2930:Haakon II Broadshoulder
2319:Government Pension Fund
1643:11 October 2017 at the
1234:Christian Magnus Falsen
1208:Christian Magnus Falsen
829:Frederick VI of Denmark
357:Constitutional monarchy
3330:19th century in Norway
3161:II. Independent Norway
1902:Steen, Sverre (1951):
1895:Pavels, Claus (1864):
1881:Linvald, Axel (1962):
1874:Koht, Halvdan (1914):
1867:Koht, Halvdan (1910):
1734:Linvald, Axel (1962):
1721:Steen, Sverre (1951):
1708:Steen, Sverre (1951):
1638:Demographics of Norway
1450:
1359:
1334:
1306:The final edit of the
1291:), and a lower house (
1237:
1225:Constitution of Norway
1155:
1034:
1026:
3370:Norwegian nationalism
2945:Haakon III Sverresson
2918:Eystein II Haraldsson
2893:Sigurd I the Crusader
2742:Foreign and non-royal
2737:I. Independent Norway
1906:. Oslo, J.W. Cappelen
1767:25 March 2016 at the
1474:Swedish-Norwegian War
1446:
1418:Alexander I of Russia
1354:
1320:
1232:
1153:
1118:Hans Henrik von Essen
1032:
1024:
307:Common languages
2962:Haakon IV Haakonsson
2863:Magnus II Haraldsson
2750:monarchs in brackets
2608:Romantic nationalism
2218:Correctional Service
2177:World Heritage Sites
1580:Norwegian parliament
1246:Lutheran-Evangelical
1140:Constituent Assembly
977:improve this section
506:Constitution adopted
311:Dano-Norwegian koiné
63:improve this article
3181:Christian Frederick
2994:Haakon VI Magnusson
2989:Magnus VII Ericsson
2935:Magnus V Erlingsson
2903:Magnus IV the Blind
2888:Eystein I Magnusson
2878:Magnus III Barefoot
2858:Harald III Hardrada
2780:Harald II Greycloak
1548:regions of Norway,
1172:Severin Løvenskiold
1017:Meeting of Notables
736:Christian Frederick
493:Meeting of Notables
383:Christian Frederick
3375:Monarchy of Norway
2999:Olaf IV Haakonsson
2984:Haakon V Magnusson
2951:Guttorm Sigurdsson
2873:Haakon Toresfostre
2573:Norwegian language
2382:Telecommunications
2069:Reichskommissariat
1749:Dagbøker 1812–1822
1534:Convention of Moss
1518:Convention of Moss
1386:John Philip Morier
1360:
1238:
1156:
1095:Norwegian nobility
1046:Christiania (Oslo)
1035:
1027:
928:self-determination
888:to his cousin and
870:British government
755:Convention of Moss
532:Convention of Moss
319:Norwegian dialects
224:Gud og fædrelandet
3317:
3316:
3284:
3283:
3241:
3240:
3194:Union with Sweden
3188:
3187:
3155:
3154:
3072:
3071:
3007:
3006:
2979:Eric II Magnusson
2940:Sverre Sigurdsson
2924:Magnus Haraldsson
2913:Inge I Haraldsson
2853:Magnus I the Good
2822:Olaf II the Saint
2810:Eiríkr Hákonarson
2798:Olaf I Tryggvason
2792:Haakon Sigurdsson
2775:Haakon I the Good
2765:Harald I Fairhair
2751:
2692:
2691:
2659:
2658:
2478:language conflict
2410:
2409:
2357:Norwegian paradox
2291:
2290:
2273:Political parties
2233:Foreign relations
2185:
2184:
1863:978-82-430-0813-7
1820:978-1-137-31389-8
1793:978-1-137-31389-8
1498:battle of Langnes
1364:Akershus Fortress
1179:Nicolai Wergeland
1111:Niels Rosenkrantz
1013:
1012:
1005:
890:viceroy of Norway
704:Kingdom of Norway
700:
699:
686:
685:
682:
681:
639:
638:
545:Union with Sweden
254:
247:
230:
216:
208:
145:Kingdom of Norway
139:
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16:(Redirected from
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3258:
3257:
3219:Charles III John
3205:
3204:
3172:
3171:
3089:
3088:
3024:
3023:
2968:Haakon the Young
2957:Inge II Bårdsson
2816:Sweyn Haakonsson
2786:Harald Bluetooth
2755:
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2367:Renewable energy
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2059:End of the union
2022:High Middle Ages
1973:
1966:
1959:
1950:
1949:
1945:
1937:
1929:
1921:
1838:Frydenlund, Bård
1825:
1824:
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1660:. 26 June 2021.
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1435:von Steigentesch
1399:Wilhelm Christie
1312:Constitution Day
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740:heir presumptive
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498:16 February 1814
266:
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246:"Norway’s Toast"
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149:Kongeriget Norge
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3303:English monarch
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2898:Harald IV Gille
2834:Haakon Ericsson
2804:Sweyn Forkbeard
2770:Eric I Bloodaxe
2749:
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2593:Public holidays
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2509:
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2208:National budget
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2167:Protected areas
2104:
2095:
2074:Quisling regime
1983:
1977:
1943:
1935:
1927:
1919:
1917:Eidsvoll (1814)
1913:
1899:. Bergen, Floor
1834:
1832:Further reading
1829:
1828:
1821:
1805:
1801:
1794:
1778:
1774:
1769:Wayback Machine
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1755:
1747:Pavels, Claus:
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1645:Wayback Machine
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1578:session of the
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1325:Haakon the Good
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1019:
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751:war with Sweden
717:Napoleonic Wars
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550:4 November 1814
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485:14 January 1814
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3335:1814 in Norway
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3078:Denmark–Norway
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2883:Olav Magnusson
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2868:Olaf III Kyrre
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2651:Name of Norway
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2044:Denmark–Norway
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2019:
2014:
2009:
2007:Petty kingdoms
2004:
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1993:
1991:
1985:
1984:
1982: articles
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1936:(in Norwegian)
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1911:External links
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1424:Prelude to war
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1223:Main article:
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819:Treaty of Kiel
817:Main article:
814:
813:Treaty of Kiel
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783:Napoleonic War
775:Denmark–Norway
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721:Treaty of Kiel
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80: –
79:
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74:Find sources:
68:
64:
58:
57:
52:This article
50:
46:
41:
40:
35:
30:
19:
3160:
3148:Frederick VI
3133:Christian VI
3128:Frederick IV
3113:Christian IV
3108:Frederick II
3065:Christian II
3047:
3013:Kalmar Union
2844:
2838:
2832:
2826:
2814:
2808:
2802:
2790:
2784:
2745:
2629:Coat of arms
2588:Prostitution
2543:
2533:
2523:Architecture
2438:Demographics
2392:Trade unions
2352:Nordic model
2213:Constitution
2091:21st century
2064:World War II
2048:
2039:Kalmar Union
1944:(in Swedish)
1928:(in English)
1920:(in English)
1903:
1896:
1890:Norge i 1814
1889:
1882:
1878:. Kristiania
1875:
1868:
1854:
1841:
1809:
1802:
1782:
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1743:
1735:
1730:
1722:
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1709:
1704:
1692:. Retrieved
1678:
1666:. Retrieved
1652:
1633:
1611:
1596:
1592:Charles XIII
1589:
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1356:Charles John
1338:
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1308:constitution
1305:
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1212:Gunder Adler
1205:
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1044:Arriving in
1043:
1036:
999:
990:
975:Please help
963:
939:
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924:
920:
916:
901:
899:
886:
825:Charles John
822:
804:
773:
748:
744:constitution
729:
703:
701:
616:Succeeded by
615:
610:
571:• 1814
524:26 July 1814
408:• 1814
378:• 1814
297:Largest city
278:
241:Norges Skaal
239:
235:
222:
218:
205:
200:
198:Motto:
197:
188:Coat of arms
148:
125:
116:
106:
99:
92:
85:
73:
61:Please help
56:verification
53:
29:
3138:Frederick V
3123:Christian V
3098:Frederick I
3055:Christian I
3043:Christopher
2726:Monarchs of
2603:Nationalism
2458:Immigration
2334:Natural gas
2248:LGBT rights
2238:Governments
2017:Unification
1738:. PP. 19–20
1502:Kongsvinger
1490:Fredrikstad
1486:Fredriksten
1438: [
1071:Christiania
906:Christiania
787:Gunboat War
779:French side
732:nationalism
611:Preceded by
511:17 May 1814
451:Lower house
436:Upper house
423:Legislature
333:Lutheranism
291:Christiania
219:Royal motto
3324:Categories
3267:Haakon VII
3261:Since 1905
3229:Charles IV
3214:Charles II
2748:, disputed
2744:rulers in
2578:Literature
2537:(clothing)
2485:Norwegians
2468:Irreligion
2341:(currency)
2263:Parliament
2012:Viking Age
2002:Bronze Age
1603:References
1430:Vänersborg
1395:Niels Aall
1259:Jew clause
1106:Copenhagen
1055:Napoleon I
1015:See also:
993:April 2023
934:and back.
795:Royal Navy
713:Copenhagen
560:Population
352:Government
340:Demonym(s)
119:April 2023
89:newspapers
3208:1814–1905
3175:Only 1814
3092:1524–1814
3049:Charles I
3027:1387–1523
2563:Jante law
2544:Christmas
2473:Languages
2443:Education
2397:Transport
2314:Fisheries
2228:Elections
2152:Mountains
2127:Districts
2110:Geography
2086:1945–2000
1997:Stone Age
1573:Riksakten
1528:Ceasefire
1513:Spydeberg
1293:Odelsting
1281:bicameral
1198:complete.
1081:himself.
1063:Dannebrog
964:does not
932:Trondheim
858:Greenland
791:its fleet
766:in 1905.
588:Rigsdaler
457:Odelsting
345:Norwegian
329:Religion
3277:Harald V
3234:Oscar II
3038:Eric III
3033:Margaret
2758:872–1387
2679:Category
2547:(season)
2500:Religion
2490:Pensions
2377:Taxation
2324:Industry
2258:Monarchy
2253:Military
2191:Politics
1840:(2014):
1765:Archived
1688:Archived
1662:Archived
1641:Archived
1618:Archived
1410:Prussian
1285:Storting
850:Napoleon
584:Currency
427:Storting
279:De facto
215:crumble"
3224:Oscar I
2846:Ælfgifu
2746:italics
2670:Outline
2617:Symbols
2558:Cuisine
2515:Culture
2495:Poverty
2416:Society
2402:Whaling
2387:Tourism
2297:Economy
2147:Mammals
2137:Islands
2122:Climate
1989:History
1668:26 June
1597:elected
1584:Østfold
1414:Austria
1289:Lagting
1254:Jesuits
985:removed
970:sources
878:Austria
874:Prussia
866:Iceland
833:Jutland
781:in the
575:902,100
543:•
530:•
517:•
504:•
491:•
478:•
449:•
442:Lagting
434:•
287:Capital
236:Anthem:
103:scholar
3292:Regent
3272:Olav V
2837:&
2831:&
2813:&
2807:&
2789:&
2729:Norway
2684:Portal
2646:Mottos
2624:Anthem
2553:Cinema
2453:Health
2339:Krone
2329:Mining
2309:Energy
2268:Police
2223:Courts
2172:Rivers
2162:Cities
1980:Norway
1861:
1847:
1817:
1790:
1694:13 May
1494:Glomma
1468:Hvaler
1379:Glomma
1329:Sverre
1164:Bergen
1078:London
882:Russia
864:, and
860:, the
841:Sweden
807:famine
725:Sweden
695:Norway
398:
368:
301:Bergen
274:Status
238:
105:
98:
91:
84:
76:
3307:Also
3301:Also
3295:Also
2634:Flags
2598:Sport
2583:Media
2568:Music
2534:Bunad
2505:Women
2433:Crime
2142:Lakes
1455:union
1442:]
902:Tiden
669:]
665:[
281:state
213:Dovre
110:JSTOR
96:books
3060:John
2828:Cnut
1904:1814
1859:ISBN
1845:ISBN
1815:ISBN
1788:ISBN
1723:1814
1710:1814
1696:2021
1670:2021
1509:Moss
1397:and
1327:and
1262:and
1252:and
1250:Jews
1210:and
1181:and
1089:The
968:any
966:cite
843:and
364:King
174:Flag
158:1814
82:news
2528:Art
2362:Oil
1626:SNL
1268:).
979:by
65:by
3326::
1686:.
1624:,
1504:.
1440:de
1343:"
1166:.
1057:.
892:,
876:,
827:,
727:.
600:NO
321:,
317:,
313:,
2970:)
2966:(
2953:)
2949:(
2926:)
2922:(
2849:)
2843:(
2718:e
2711:t
2704:v
1972:e
1965:t
1958:v
1823:.
1796:.
1698:.
1672:.
1006:)
1000:(
995:)
991:(
987:.
973:.
667:3
132:)
126:(
121:)
117:(
107:·
100:·
93:·
86:·
59:.
36:.
20:)
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