627:
661:
poor-performing hospitals to lose up to 3% of their inpatient revenues, whereas hospitals that are able to decrease hospital-acquired infections can earn up to 3% in rewards. During the program's first two years, complication rates fell by 15.26% across all hospital-acquired conditions tracked by the state (including those not covered by the program), from a risk-adjusted complication rate of 2.38 per 1,000 people in 2009 to a rate of 2.02 in 2011. The 15.26% decline translates into more than $ 100 million in cost savings for the health care system in
Maryland, with the largest savings coming from avoidance of urinary tract infections,
154:, outpatient clinic, diagnostic laboratory or other clinical settings. A number of dynamic processes can bring contamination into operating rooms and other areas within nosocomial settings. Infection is spread to the susceptible patient in the clinical setting by various means. Healthcare staff also spread infection, in addition to contaminated equipment, bed linens, or air droplets. The infection can originate from the outside environment, another infected patient, staff that may be infected, or in some cases, the source of the infection cannot be determined. In some cases the microorganism originates from the patient's own
91:
1223:
36:
810:, and equipment or articles contaminated by them is an important component of infection control and isolation precautions. The spread of nosocomial infections, among immunocompromised patients is connected with health care workers' hand contamination in almost 40% of cases, and is a challenging problem in the modern hospitals. The best way for workers to overcome this problem is conducting correct hand-hygiene procedures; this is why the WHO launched in 2005 the GLOBAL Patient Safety Challenge.
1214:(CDC) estimated roughly 1.7 million hospital-associated infections, from all types of bacteria combined, cause or contribute to 99,000 deaths each year. Other estimates indicate 10%, or 2 million, patients a year become infected, with the annual cost ranging from $ 4.5 billion to $ 11 billion. In the US, the most frequent type of hospital infection is urinary tract infection (36%), followed by surgical site infection (20%), and bloodstream infection and pneumonia (both 11%).
4044:
6212:
814:
second group is represented by the permanent micro-organisms living on the skin surface (on the stratum corneum or immediately under it). They are capable of surviving on the human skin and to grow freely on it. They have low pathogenicity and infection rate, and they create a kind of protection from the colonization from other more pathogenic bacteria. The skin of workers is colonized by 3.9 Ă 10 â 4.6 Ă 10
6241:
1076:
that presents clinically two or more days after hospitalization. Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is defined as HAP in patients receiving mechanical ventilation. The incidence of VAP is 10â30% among patients who require mechanical ventilation for >48 h. A standard treatment protocol is based on accurate diagnosis definitions, microbiological confirmation of VAP, and the administration of
779:.) Because agent and host factors are more difficult to control, interruption of transfer of microorganisms is directed primarily at transmission for example isolation of infectious cases in special hospitals and isolation of patient with infected wounds in special rooms also isolation of joint transplantation patients on specific rooms.
869:
providing sanitizing gel or wipes within reach of the bed, nurses were directly able to reduce infection rates. A study published in 2017 demonstrated this by improving patient education on both proper hand-washing procedure and important times to use sanitizer and successfully reduced the rate of enterococci and
510:, or dressings, or contaminated gloves that are not changed between patients. In addition, the improper use of saline flush syringes, vials, and bags has been implicated in disease transmission in the US, even when healthcare workers had access to gloves, disposable needles, intravenous devices, and flushes.
905:
infections. Second, gloves are worn to reduce the likelihood that microorganisms present on the hands of personnel will be transmitted to patients during invasive or other patient-care procedures that involve touching a patient's mucous membranes and nonintact skin. Third, they are worn to reduce the
896:
play an important role in reducing the risks of transmission of microorganisms. Gloves are worn for three important reasons in hospitals. First, they are worn to provide a protective barrier for personnel, preventing large scale contamination of the hands when touching blood, body fluids, secretions,
423:
or smaller in size} of evaporated droplets containing microorganisms that remain suspended in the air for long periods of time) or dust particles containing the infectious agent. Microorganisms carried in this manner can be dispersed widely by air currents and may become inhaled by a susceptible host
408:
Transmission occurs when droplets containing microbes from the infected person are propelled a short distance through the air and deposited on the patient's body; droplets are generated from the source person mainly by coughing, sneezing, and talking, and during the performance of certain procedures,
868:
Improving patient hand washing has also been shown to reduce the rate of nosocomial infection. Patients who are bed-bound often do not have as much access to clean their hands at mealtimes or after touching surfaces or handling waste such as tissues. By reinforcing the importance of handwashing and
1075:
Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) is the second most common nosocomial infection and accounts for approximately one-fourth of all infections in the intensive care unit (ICU). HAP, or nosocomial pneumonia, is a lower respiratory infection that was not incubating at the time of hospital admission and
660:
To reduce the number of hospital-acquired infections, the state of
Maryland implemented the Maryland Hospital-Acquired Conditions Program that provides financial rewards and penalties for individual hospitals. An adaptation of the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services payment policy causes
864:
spp. The goal of hand hygiene is to eliminate the transient flora with a careful and proper performance of hand washing, using different kinds of soap, (normal and antiseptic), and alcohol-based gels. The main problems found in the practice of hand hygiene is connected with the lack of available
813:
Two categories of micro-organisms can be present on health care workers' hands: transient flora and resident flora. The first is represented by the micro-organisms taken by workers from the environment, and the bacteria in it are capable of surviving on the human skin and sometimes to grow. The
928:
Touch surfaces commonly found in hospital rooms, such as bed rails, call buttons, touch plates, chairs, door handles, light switches, grab rails, intravenous poles, dispensers (alcohol gel, paper towel, soap), dressing trolleys, and counter and table tops are known to be contaminated with
1125:
Estimates ranged from 6.7% in 1990 to 7.4% (patients may have several infections). At national level, prevalence among patients in health care facilities was 6.7% in 1996, 5.9% in 2001 and 5.0% in 2006. The rates for nosocomial infections were 7.6% in 1996, 6.4% in 2001 and 5.4% in 2006.
975:
There have been a number of studies evaluating the use of no-touch cleaning systems particularly the use of ultraviolet C devices. One review was inconclusive due to lack of, or of poor quality evidence. Other reviews have found some evidence, and growing evidence of their effectiveness.
1107:
The methods used differ from country to country (definitions used, type of nosocomial infections covered, health units surveyed, inclusion or exclusion of imported infections, etc.), so the international comparisons of nosocomial infection rates should be made with the utmost care.
1116:
In
Belgium, the prevalence of nosocomial infections is about 6.2%. Annually about 125,500 patients become infected by a nosocomial infection, resulting in almost 3000 deaths. The extra costs for the health insurance are estimated to be approximately âŹ400 million/year.
3720:
424:
within the same room or over a longer distance from the source patient, depending on environmental factors; therefore, special air-handling and ventilation are required to prevent airborne transmission. Microorganisms transmitted by airborne transmission include
1064:. In some cases, antibiotic resistance is spreading to Gram-negative bacteria that can infect people outside the hospital. "For gram-positives we need better drugs; for gram-negatives we need any drugs", said Brad Spellberg, an infectious-disease specialist at
3600:
Lyytikainen O, Kanerva M, Agthe N, Mottonen T and the Finish
Prevalence Survey Study Group. National Prevalence Survey on Nosocomial Infections in Finnish Acute Care Hospitals, 2005. 10th Epiet Scientific Seminar. Mahon, Menorca, Spain, 13â15 October 2005
1152:
Nosocomial infections are estimated to make patients stay in the hospital for four to five additional days. Around 2004â2005, about 9,000 people died each year with a nosocomial infection, of which about 4,200 would have survived without this infection.
162:
after surgery or other procedures that compromise the protective skin barrier. Though the patient may have contracted the infection from their own skin, the infection is still considered nosocomial since it develops in the health care setting. The term
1087:
One-third of nosocomial infections are considered preventable. The CDC estimates 687,000 people in the United States were infected by hospital-acquired infections in 2015, resulting in 72,000 deaths. The most common nosocomial infections are of the
492:
This involves a direct body surface-to-body surface contact and physical transfer of microorganisms between a susceptible host and an infected or colonized person, such as when a person turns a patient, gives a patient a bath, or performs other
3727:
744:
Despite sanitation protocol, patients cannot be entirely isolated from infectious agents. Furthermore, patients are often prescribed antibiotics and other antimicrobial drugs to help treat illness; this may increase the
669:
and other lung infections. If similar results could be achieved nationwide, the
Medicare program would save an estimated $ 1.3 billion over two years, while the US health care system as a whole would save $ 5.3 billion.
597:
Given the association between invasive devices and hospital-acquired infections, specific terms are used to delineate such infections to allow for monitoring and prevention. Noted device-associated infections include
3538:
3527:
3516:
497:
activities that require direct personal contact. Direct-contact transmission also can occur between two patients, with one serving as the source of the infectious microorganisms and the other as a susceptible host.
3476:
Lepoutre A, Branger B, Garreau N, Boulétreau A, Ayzac L, Carbonne A, Maugat S, Gayet S, Hommel C, Parneix P, Tran B pour le Réseau d'alerte, d'investigation et de surveillance des infections nosocomiales (Raisin).
3444:
Comité technique des infections nosocomiales (CTIN), Cellule infections nosocomiales, CClin Est, CClin Ouest, CClin Paris-Nord, CClin Sud-Est, CClin Sud-Ouest, avec la participation de 830 établissements de santé.
3984:
2064:
Conway Morris A, Kohler K, De Corte T, Ercole A, De Grooth HJ, Elbers PW, Povoa P, Morais R, Koulenti D, Jog S, Nielsen N, Jubb A, Cecconi M, De Waele J, for the ESICM UNITE COVID investigators (December 2022).
876:
All visitors must follow the same procedures as hospital staff to adequately control the spread of infections. Moreover, multidrug-resistant infections can leave the hospital and become part of the community
1169:
Since 2000, estimates show about a 6.7% infection rate, i.e. between 450,000 and 700,000 patients, which caused between 4,500 and 7,000 deaths. A survey in
Lombardy gave a rate of 4.9% of patients in 2000.
376:, that can reduce infections that are unexposed to blood-borne antibiotics. Introducing antibiotics, including ethanol, into the catheter (without flushing it into the bloodstream) reduces the formation of
1347:
Rosenthal VD, Bijie H, Maki DG, Mehta Y, Apisarnthanarak A, Medeiros EA, Leblebicioglu H, Fisher D, Ălvarez-Moreno C, Khader IA, MartĂnez MD, Cuellar LE, Navoa-Ng JA, Abouqal R, Garcell HG (June 2012).
865:
sinks and time-consuming performance of hand washing. An easy way to resolve this problem could be the use of alcohol-based hand rubs, because of faster application compared to correct hand-washing.
3435:
Quenon JL, Gottot S, Duneton P, Lariven S, Carlet J, RĂ©gnier B, BrĂŒcker G. EnquĂȘte nationale de prĂ©valence des infections nosocomiales en France : HĂŽpital Propre (octobre 1990). BEH n° 39/1993.
5882:
5817:
2183:
Maes M, Higginson E, Pereira-Dias J, Curran MD, Parmar S, Khokhar F, Cuchet-Lourenço D, Lux J, Sharma-Hajela S, Ravenhill B, Hamed I, Heales L, Mahroof R, Soderholm A, Forrest S (December 2021).
925:
patients are at enhanced risk for contracting nosocomial infections. Patients with hospital-acquired infections are predominantly hospitalized in different types of intensive care units (ICUs).
521:
Alongside reducing vectors for transmission, patient susceptibility to hospital-acquired infections needs to be considered. Factors which render patients at greater risk of infections include:
5168:
757:
Sterilization goes further than just sanitizing. It kills all microorganisms on equipment and surfaces through exposure to chemicals, ionizing radiation, dry heat, or steam under pressure.
167:
is used when there is a lack of evidence that the infection was present when the patient entered the healthcare setting, thus meaning it was acquired or became problematic post-admission.
2584:"Performance Feedback, Ultraviolet Cleaning Device, and Dedicated Housekeeping Team Significantly Improve Room Cleaning, Reduce Potential for Spread of Common, Dangerous Infection"
5504:
794:
from one person to another or from one site to another on the same patient. Washing hands as promptly and thoroughly as possible between patient contacts and after contact with
3571:
910:
can transmit those micro-organisms to another patient. In this situation, gloves must be changed between patient contacts, and hands should be washed after gloves are removed.
2124:
Conway Morris A, Datta D, Shankar-Hari M, Stephen J, Weir CJ, Rennie J, Antonelli J, Bateman A, Warner N, Judge K, Keenan J, Wang A, Burpee T, Brown KA, Lewis SM (May 2018).
1060:, bloodstream, and other parts of the body. Their cell structures make them more difficult to attack with antibiotics than Gram-positive organisms like methicillin-resistant
957:. This is why touch surfaces in hospital rooms can serve as sources, or reservoirs, for the spread of bacteria from the hands of healthcare workers and visitors to patients.
3669:
3535:
3524:
3513:
2943:
U.S. Department of
Defense-funded clinical trials, as presented at the Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy in Washington, D.C., 28 October 2008
645:
sectors, and evidence-based management can be a feasible approach. For those with ventilator-associated or hospital-acquired pneumonia, controlling and monitoring hospital
3088:
Weber DJ, Kanamori H, Rutala WA (August 2016). "'No touch' technologies for environmental decontamination: focus on ultraviolet devices and hydrogen peroxide systems".
4917:
4548:
3313:
Ibrahim EH, Ward S, Sherman G, Schaiff R, Fraser VJ, Kollef MH (2001). "Experience with a clinical guideline for the treatment of ventilator-associated pneumonia".
6279:
5382:
2425:
2648:
2351:"Pilot study to evaluate 3 hygiene protocols on the reduction of bacterial load on the hands of veterinary staff performing routine equine physical examinations"
729:
vapor has been clinically proven to reduce infection rates and risk of acquisition. Hydrogen peroxide is effective against endospore-forming bacteria, such as
7163:
6232:
5840:
3481:
3591:, Office parlementaire d'évaluation des politiques de santé, juin 2006, 290 pp. (III.5. Quelle est l'estimation de la mortalité attribuable aux IN ?).
3492:
2583:
2447:
McBryde ES, Bradley LC, Whitby M, McElwain DL (October 2004). "An investigation of contact transmission of methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus".
6026:
5811:
4213:
611:
694:
by all medical personnel before and after each patient contact is one of the most effective ways to combat nosocomial infections. More careful use of
4308:
6227:
5861:
5823:
1202:
the most common types of infections reported. In 2018, it was reported that in-hospital infections had risen from 5,972 in 2008 to 48,815 in 2017.
921:
are known to survive on inanimate "touch" surfaces for extended periods of time. This can be especially troublesome in hospital environments where
53:
3426:
Federaal
Kenniscentrum voor de Gezondheidszorg (2009) Nosocomiale Infecties in België, deel II: Impact op Mortaliteit en Kosten. KCE-rapport 102A.
6245:
5871:
5767:
1418:"Increased CO2 levels in the operating room correlate with the number of healthcare workers present: An imperative for intentional crowd control"
733:, where alcohol has been shown to be ineffective. Ultraviolet cleaning devices may also be used to disinfect the rooms of patients infected with
771:
Isolation is the implementation of isolating precautions designed to prevent transmission of microorganisms by common routes in hospitals. (See
714:
are caused by a breach of these protocols, it is common that affected patients make medical negligence claims against the hospital in question.
7601:
6132:
717:
Sanitizing surfaces is part of control measures to reduce nosocomial infections in health care environments. Modern sanitizing methods such as
5835:
5785:
4165:
2895:"Analysis of multidrug-resistant bacteria in 3223 patients with hospital-acquired infections (HAI) from a tertiary general hospital in China"
898:
2244:"Healthcare-associated infections acquired in intensive care units. In: ECDC. Annual epidemiological report for 2017. Stockholm: ECDC; 2019"
7155:
6272:
5375:
506:
This involves contact of a susceptible host with a contaminated intermediate object, usually inanimate, such as contaminated instruments,
4586:
989:
936:
603:
288:
3049:"Portable Ultraviolet Light Surface-Disinfecting Devices for Prevention of Hospital-Acquired Infections: A Health Technology Assessment"
5249:
1211:
615:
176:
8009:
3568:
3630:
Lizioli A, Privitera G, Alliata E, Antonietta Banfi E, Boselli L, Panceri M, Perna M, Porretta A, Santini M, Carreri V (June 2003).
3449:
5194:
5003:
4274:
1327:
3825:
3673:
1145:(10.2%), other respiratory infections (6.8%) and bacterial infections / blood poisoning (6.4%). The rates among adult patients in
6265:
6216:
6005:
5368:
5254:
4414:
4218:
2823:
584:
The use of antibiotics does not, itself, increase risk of hospital-acquired infections, but does contribute to the prevalence of
3133:"Effectiveness of ultraviolet devices and hydrogen peroxide systems for terminal room decontamination: Focus on clinical trials"
7936:
7923:
6537:
6293:
6192:
6051:
5464:
5099:
4078:
3907:
3460:
1190:
reported the prevalence rate of hospital-acquired infections in
England was 6.4% in 2011, against a rate of 8.2% in 2006, with
369:
108:
7208:
5199:
5173:
5033:
4301:
1703:"Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia (Nosocomial Pneumonia) and Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia: Overview, Pathophysiology, Etiology"
372:
have recently been identified with hospital-acquired infections. To deal with this complication, procedures are used, called
6550:
3753:
7725:
7183:
6172:
5104:
151:
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infections are estimated to account for two-thirds of the 25,000 deaths each year. Nosocomial infections can cause severe
6862:
5454:
5163:
5132:
5094:
5043:
4509:
4494:
4434:
3828:
market is forecasted to reach $ 4,386.6 million by 2023, growing at a CAGR of 7.6% during 2017â2023, P&S Intelligence
267:
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7353:
6045:
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5269:
4907:
4604:
3890:
3012:
Weber DJ, Rutala, WA (May 2013). "Self-disinfecting surfaces: review of current methodologies and future prospects".
1847:
1045:
hospitals "are now resistant to virtually all modern antibiotics, and those supergerms are now spreading worldwide."
943:
344:
6963:
2067:"Co-infection and ICU-acquired infection in COIVD-19 ICU patients: a secondary analysis of the UNITE-COVID data set"
7994:
7897:
7437:
6844:
6460:
5279:
5114:
5048:
4294:
2426:"Statewide, All-Payer Financial Incentives Significantly Reduce Hospital-Acquired Conditions in Maryland Hospitals"
1350:"International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC) report, data summary of 36 countries, for 2004â2009"
472:
Contact transmission is divided into two subgroups: direct-contact transmission and indirect-contact transmission.
3478:
702:, is also considered vital. As many hospital-acquired infections caused by bacteria such as methicillin-resistant
7031:
5274:
5053:
4750:
4609:
4542:
2824:"Occupational Exposure to Bloodborne Pathogens;Needlestick and Other Sharps Injuries; Final Rule. â 66:5317â5325"
2731:
Haverstick, Stacy, Goodrich, Cara, Freeman, Regi, James, Shandra, Kullar, Rajkiran, Ahrens, Melissa (June 2017).
2605:
KolĂĄr M, UrbĂĄnek K, LĂĄtal T (May 2001). "Antibiotic selective pressure and development of bacterial resistance".
2507:
2484:"Chapter 14. Impact of Changes in Antibiotic Use Practices on Nosocomial Infections and Antimicrobial Resistanceâ
1021:
599:
245:
3488:, Surveillance nationale des maladies infectieuses, 2001â2003. Institut de veille sanitaire, sept. 2005, 11 pp.
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8004:
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6087:
5742:
5479:
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4881:
3489:
1065:
776:
7740:
6438:
5958:
5711:
5309:
5178:
4388:
4371:
4208:
2883:
Michels, H.T. (2006), Anti-Microbial Characteristics of Copper, ASTM Standardization News, October, pp. 28â31
7989:
7984:
7767:
6920:
6683:
6398:
6000:
5933:
5686:
5474:
5345:
5324:
5299:
4996:
4365:
1876:"Elimination of Bloodstream Infections Associated with Candida albicans Biofilm in Intravascular Catheters"
1477:"Discrete room pressure drops predict door openings and contamination levels in the operating room setting"
1269:
that it was the medical students who somehow were infecting the women after labor. He instituted mandatory
1199:
683:
319:
6592:
3721:"English National Point Prevalence Survey on Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimicrobial Use, 2011"
7809:
7680:
7616:
7584:
7532:
6811:
6137:
5829:
5737:
5701:
4791:
4725:
4239:
1191:
240:
1020:-type antibacterials need to be used. "In many respects it's far worse than MRSA", said a specialist at
7365:
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6518:
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6102:
5876:
5579:
5314:
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17:
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was working at a Vienna maternity hospital. He was "shocked" by the death rate of women who developed
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7859:
7554:
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6958:
6744:
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5706:
5691:
5554:
5549:
5524:
5289:
5284:
4912:
4708:
4703:
4654:
548:
3569:« Surveillance des infections nosocomiales en réanimation adulte. France, résultats 2007 »
2534:"Survival of nosocomial bacteria and spores on surfaces and inactivation by hydrogen peroxide vapor"
1099:
An alternative treatment targeting localised infections is the use of irradiation by ultraviolet C.
466:
This occurs when vectors such as mosquitoes, flies, rats, and other vermin transmit microorganisms.
400:
The most important and frequent mode of transmission of nosocomial infections is by direct contact.
90:
7999:
7687:
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6383:
6187:
6112:
6092:
5985:
5609:
5599:
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5028:
4191:
3999:
2126:"Cell-surface signatures of immune dysfunction risk-stratify critically ill patients: INFECT study"
1187:
585:
552:
352:
216:
2390:
Katz JD (September 2004). "Hand washing and hand disinfection: more than your mother taught you".
2302:
Chan PC, Huang LM, Lin HC, et al. (April 2007). "Control of an outbreak of pandrug-resistant
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1000:
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facility. To emphasize both hospital and nonhospital settings, it is sometimes instead called a
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6996:
6869:
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6322:
5752:
5732:
5519:
5489:
5294:
5109:
4886:
4688:
4186:
1278:
1222:
996:
985:
610:. Surveillance for these infections is commonly undertaken and reported by bodies such as the
530:
304:
47:
7782:
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7283:
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6698:
6617:
5747:
5204:
5012:
4891:
4812:
4234:
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4064:
3775:
Klevens RM, Edwards JR, Richards CL, Horan TC, Gaynes RP, Pollock DA, Cardo DM (March 2007).
3692:"RĂ©sultats de l'enquĂȘte nationale de prĂ©valence des infections nosocomiales de 2004 (snip04)"
1033:
906:
likelihood that the hands of personnel contaminated with micro-organisms from a patient or a
772:
538:
461:
414:
282:
6562:
3219:"Treatment Guidelines and Outcomes of Hospital-Acquired and Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia"
1720:
Su LH, Ou JT, Leu HS, Chiang PC, Chiu YP, Chia JH, Kuo AJ, Chiu CH, Chu C (1 October 2003).
949:. Objects in closest proximity to patients have the highest levels of methicillin-resistant
7864:
7757:
7703:
7631:
7621:
7313:
7168:
7041:
6648:
6257:
5948:
5923:
5727:
5644:
5494:
5484:
5444:
5399:
5076:
4743:
4563:
3380:"Ultraviolet C irradiation: an alternative antimicrobial approach to localized infections?"
884:
It is unclear whether or not nail polish or rings affected surgical wound infection rates.
878:
790:
frequently is called the single most important measure to reduce the risks of transmitting
226:
In the UK about 300,000 patients were affected in 2017, and this was estimated to cost the
3191:
2730:
1667:
8:
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7941:
7907:
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5147:
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4614:
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4499:
4489:
4442:
4359:
4343:
4104:
4028:
3446:
3258:
1702:
902:
815:
3259:"Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia (Nosocomial Pneumonia) and Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia"
2955:"Bacterial contamination of inanimate surfaces and equipment in the intensive care unit"
2349:
Traub-Dargatz JL, Weese JS, Rousseau JD, Dunowska M, Morley PS, Dargatz DA (July 2006).
1722:"Extended Epidemic of Nosocomial Urinary Tract Infections Caused by Serratia marcescens"
7675:
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4666:
4599:
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4477:
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4160:
3935:
3863:
3803:
3776:
3632:"Prevalence of nosocomial infections in Italy: result from the Lombardy survey in 2000"
3404:
3379:
3338:
3159:
3132:
3131:
Weber DJ, Rutala WA, Anderson DJ, Chen LF, Sickbert-Bennett EE, Boyce JM (2 May 2016).
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2367:
2350:
2331:
2219:
2184:
2160:
2125:
2101:
2066:
2038:
2011:
1987:
1960:
1910:
1875:
1815:
1780:
1642:
1615:
1614:
Klevens RM, Edwards JR, Richards CL, Horan TC, Gaynes RP, Pollock DA, Cardo DM (2007).
1588:
1553:
1498:
1457:
1444:
1417:
960:
A number of compounds can decrease the risk of bacteria growing on surfaces including:
922:
646:
542:
196:
179:
estimated that roughly 1.7 million healthcare-associated infections, from all types of
6607:
4048:
3647:
2862:
2678:
2618:
1756:
1721:
7961:
7902:
7762:
7715:
7517:
7019:
6688:
6678:
6668:
6653:
6470:
6453:
6317:
6167:
5980:
5659:
5634:
5529:
5514:
5209:
5137:
4938:
4684:
4484:
4462:
4447:
4338:
4249:
4196:
3943:
3927:
3886:
3855:
3808:
3651:
3409:
3330:
3326:
3295:
3274:"Defining, treating and preventing hospital acquired pneumonia: European perspective"
3240:
3164:
3105:
3070:
3029:
2994:
2976:
2926:
2866:
2805:
2754:
2713:
2692:"Alcohol-Based Handrub Improves Compliance With Hand Hygiene in Intensive Care Units"
2630:
2622:
2565:
2464:
2407:
2372:
2323:
2284:
2272:
2224:
2206:
2165:
2147:
2106:
2088:
2043:
1992:
1915:
1897:
1843:
1820:
1802:
1761:
1743:
1738:
1676:
1647:
1593:
1575:
1528:
1502:
1461:
1449:
1372:
1312:
746:
726:
679:
634:
570:
507:
147:
103:
3939:
3867:
3457:
3342:
3117:
2335:
7956:
7892:
7879:
7708:
7697:
7589:
7569:
7404:
7318:
7293:
7024:
6971:
6910:
6801:
6448:
6376:
5908:
5903:
5569:
5509:
4796:
4467:
3919:
3847:
3798:
3788:
3643:
3631:
3399:
3391:
3322:
3285:
3230:
3154:
3144:
3097:
3060:
3021:
2984:
2966:
2916:
2906:
2858:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2744:
2703:
2614:
2555:
2545:
2456:
2399:
2362:
2315:
2241:
2214:
2196:
2155:
2137:
2096:
2078:
2033:
2023:
1982:
1972:
1905:
1887:
1810:
1792:
1751:
1733:
1637:
1627:
1583:
1565:
1488:
1439:
1429:
1364:
1231:
560:
333:
297:
3589:« Rapport sur la politique de lutte contre les infections nosocomiales »
3479:
DeuxiĂšme enquĂȘte nationale de prĂ©valence des infections nosocomiales, France, 2001
2677:
World Alliance for patient safety. WHO Guidelines on Hand Hygiene in Health Care.
2483:
1390:
1178:
Estimates range between 2 and 14%. A national survey gave a rate of 7.2% in 2004.
7824:
7819:
7663:
7611:
7419:
7396:
7241:
7218:
6602:
6567:
6443:
6388:
6182:
6162:
5990:
5669:
5664:
5619:
5360:
5063:
4822:
4720:
4594:
4155:
4004:
3777:"Estimating Health Care-Associated Infections and Deaths in U.S. Hospitals, 2002"
3575:
3542:
3531:
3520:
3496:
3485:
3464:
3453:
3356:
3101:
1302:
1262:
1243:
1239:
1142:
918:
638:
262:
257:
212:
155:
6572:
3851:
2708:
2691:
1616:"Estimating Healthcare-associated Infections and Deaths in U.S. Hospitals, 2002"
1493:
1476:
7854:
7787:
7730:
7502:
7391:
7383:
7308:
7261:
7256:
7203:
6927:
6708:
6703:
6663:
6612:
6577:
6415:
6351:
6147:
6107:
5995:
5975:
5970:
5589:
5469:
5124:
4933:
4776:
4553:
4270:
4124:
4114:
3793:
3588:
3149:
3025:
2460:
2201:
2083:
1632:
1520:
1434:
1368:
1146:
931:
893:
691:
526:
419:
Dissemination can be either airborne droplet nuclei (small-particle residue {5
3923:
3838:
Kadar N (January 2019). "Rediscovering Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis (1818â1865)".
3556:
EnquĂȘte nationale de prĂ©valence des infections nosocomiales, France, juin 2006
3510:
EnquĂȘte nationale de prĂ©valence des infections nosocomiales, France, juin 2006
3290:
3273:
2971:
2403:
2142:
7978:
7735:
7692:
7651:
7544:
7527:
7485:
7198:
6749:
6718:
6339:
6152:
5913:
5614:
5559:
5221:
4661:
4644:
4129:
4109:
2980:
2911:
2626:
2210:
2151:
2092:
1901:
1892:
1806:
1747:
1680:
1579:
1286:
1274:
1089:
1081:
1057:
1028:
897:
excretions, mucous membranes, and non-intact skin. In the United States, the
695:
607:
200:
180:
6585:
3993:
1242:. He documented that mortality was three times higher in the ward where the
1016:
bacteria are evolving and becoming immune to antibiotics, so in many cases,
7946:
7884:
7646:
7626:
7574:
7522:
7473:
7273:
7223:
6834:
6405:
6067:
6041:
6031:
5624:
5564:
5534:
5086:
5071:
4970:
4871:
4738:
4730:
4676:
4578:
4568:
4472:
4429:
4424:
4254:
4181:
4150:
4099:
3859:
3812:
3754:"Deadly hospital infections quadruple as staff struggle to fight superbugs"
3703:
3655:
3413:
3334:
3299:
3244:
3168:
3109:
3074:
3033:
2998:
2930:
2870:
2809:
2758:
2717:
2634:
2569:
2468:
2411:
2376:
2327:
2288:
2228:
2169:
2110:
2047:
2028:
1996:
1919:
1824:
1765:
1651:
1597:
1532:
1453:
1376:
1322:
1317:
1270:
1258:
1235:
1004:. While antibiotic drugs to treat diseases caused by methicillin-resistant
687:
654:
339:
4286:
3931:
2185:"Ventilator-associated pneumonia in critically ill patients with COVID-19"
1933:
7839:
7641:
7564:
7539:
7288:
7268:
7173:
7133:
7057:
6428:
6423:
6344:
6327:
6077:
5544:
5439:
5434:
5020:
4981:
4953:
4876:
4457:
4134:
2550:
2493:
Making Health Care Safer: A Critical Analysis of Patient Safety Practices
1781:"Nosocomial Infection and Antibiotic-Resistant Threat in the Middle East"
1570:
1134:
787:
642:
494:
139:
4043:
2491:
1961:"Antibiotic lock therapy: review of technique and logistical challenges"
1797:
1048:
The bacteria, classified as Gram-negative because of their color on the
942:(one of the most virulent strains of antibiotic-resistant bacteria) and
569:
Presence of indwelling devices which breach natural defences, including
7777:
7752:
7720:
7497:
7478:
7468:
7456:
7303:
6915:
6887:
6713:
6673:
6177:
6127:
6097:
6072:
5594:
5584:
5459:
5449:
5429:
5419:
5216:
4960:
4943:
4855:
4771:
4715:
4521:
3629:
3395:
3272:
Torres A, Ewig S, Lode H, Carlet J, European HAP working group (2009).
2953:
Russotto V, Cortegiani A, Raineri SM, Giarratano A (10 December 2015).
2774:"Removal of nail polish and finger rings to prevent surgical infection"
2749:
1977:
1266:
1049:
799:
791:
699:
452:
This applies to microorganisms transmitted to the host by contaminated
426:
420:
5818:
Istituto nazionale per l'assicurazione contro gli infortuni sul lavoro
3976:
27:
Infection that is acquired in a hospital or other health care facility
7849:
7328:
6361:
6356:
6289:
5898:
5866:
5604:
5414:
5226:
4948:
4830:
4766:
4023:
2123:
1093:
1053:
1017:
969:
807:
803:
666:
650:
441:
204:
131:
2847:"The survival of Escherichia coli O157 on a range of metal surfaces"
2242:
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. (October 2019).
1554:"Hospital epidemiology and infection control in acute-care settings"
1149:
were 13.5% in 2004, 14.6% in 2005, 14.1% in 2006 and 14.4% in 2007.
7832:
7747:
7323:
7298:
7251:
6796:
6366:
6309:
6142:
5629:
5499:
4850:
4801:
4781:
4639:
4558:
4333:
3235:
3218:
2952:
2319:
1077:
1042:
984:
Two of the bacteria species most likely to infect patients are the
721:
have been effective against gastroenteritis, methicillin-resistant
564:
556:
184:
135:
2348:
7636:
7507:
6760:
5169:
Leukotriene receptor antagonist-associated ChurgâStrauss syndrome
4965:
4845:
2733:"Patients' Hand Washing and Reducing Hospital-Acquired Infection"
2063:
1290:
1282:
1254:
1250:
1247:
1246:
were delivering babies than in the next ward that was staffed by
1226:
Mortality rates 1841â1846 in two clinics documented by Semmelweis
718:
456:
items, such as food, water, medications, devices, and equipment.
437:
377:
3447:
EnquĂȘte nationale de prĂ©valence des infections nosocomiales,1996
3359:. US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 3 November 2022
7844:
7409:
7062:
6658:
5928:
4419:
4056:
3988:
2306:
colonization and infection in a neonatal intensive care unit".
2182:
1307:
1137:(14.7%), infections of surgery site (14.2%). Infections of the
965:
961:
907:
662:
534:
453:
192:
1668:"Doctors Struggle to Treat Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections"
7073:
2586:. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. 15 January 2014
795:
188:
125:
6287:
2446:
649:
needs to be on agenda in management, whereas for nosocomial
6526:
4840:
4526:
3774:
3578:, Institut de veille sanitaire, September 2009, ii + 60 pp.
2893:
Wang M, Wei H, Zhao Y, Shang L, Di L, Lyu C, Liu J (2019).
1613:
1138:
4918:
European Society of Paediatric and Neonatal Intensive Care
3378:
Dai T, Vrahas MS, Murray CK, Hamblin MR (February 2012).
3312:
2428:. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. 3 July 2013
2649:"The Different Methods of Sterilizing Medical Equipment"
1253:. The medical students were also routinely working with
3908:"Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis, the prophet of bacteriology"
3130:
2273:"Control and management of hospital indoor air quality"
1415:
1346:
3377:
2689:
2010:
Jain SK, Persaud D, Perl TM, et al. (July 2005).
1934:"Catheter-associated Urinary Tract Infections (CAUTI)"
1869:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1518:
1273:
in May 1847 and infection rates dropped dramatically.
5841:
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
4549:
Critical illnessârelated corticosteroid insufficiency
1008:
are available, few effective drugs are available for
818:/cm. The microbes comprising the resident flora are:
719:
Non-flammable Alcohol Vapor in Carbon Dioxide systems
191:
combined, caused or contributed to 99,000 deaths. In
44:
A request that this article title be changed to
3966:
3271:
3192:"Rising Threat of Infections Unfazed by Antibiotics"
3087:
1856:
1701:Burke A Cunha (30 July 2018). John L Brusch (ed.).
686:, washing, and other preventive measures. Thorough
146:. Such an infection can be acquired in a hospital,
6027:Occupational Safety and Health Act (United States)
5812:Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety
5390:
4214:Political abuse of psychiatry in the United States
3190:
2844:
1666:
901:has mandated wearing gloves to reduce the risk of
881:if steps are not taken to stop this transmission.
612:European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control
588:amongst patients with hospital-acquired infections
3885:. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.
3611:L'Italie scandalisée par "l'hÎpital de l'horreur"
3216:
2690:Hugonnet S, Perneger TV, Pittet D (13 May 2002).
2604:
1027:Another growing disease, especially prevalent in
633:Controlling nosocomial infection is to implement
525:Receipt of immunosuppressive medications such as
98:Contaminated surfaces increase cross-transmission
7976:
5824:National Institute for Safety and Health at Work
2892:
2771:
1481:Perioperative Care and Operating Room Management
1474:
1161:Rate was estimated at 8.5% of patients in 2005.
1031:hospitals, is the drug-resistant, Gram-negative
215:and other parts of the body. Many types display
5872:Occupational Safety and Health Convention, 1981
3906:Wyklicky H, Skopec M (SeptemberâOctober 1983).
3357:"Healthcare-Associated Infections: Data Portal"
3011:
2009:
1958:
1873:
1527:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
602:, catheter-associated blood stream infections,
592:
3905:
3046:
1129:In 2006, the most common infection sites were
678:Hospitals have sanitation protocols regarding
268:Central line-associated blood stream infection
6639:
6273:
5836:Occupational Safety and Health Administration
5786:European Agency for Safety and Health at Work
5376:
4997:
4302:
4166:Prescription drug prices in the United States
4072:
3826:Hospital-acquired infection (HAI) diagnostics
2607:International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents
2496:. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.
1719:
1700:
899:Occupational Safety and Health Administration
3514:Volume 1 â MĂ©thodes, rĂ©sultats, perspectives
2488:and Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE)"
2481:
2301:
1416:Carroll GT, Kirschman DL, Mammana A (2022).
604:catheter-associated urinary tract infections
61:this article until the discussion is closed.
4316:
3880:
3670:"Facts sheet - Swiss Hand Hygiene Campaign"
3456:, BEH n° 36/1997, 2 September 1997, 4 pp..
3053:Ontario Health Technology Assessment Series
2778:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2531:
2003:
1084:as initial empirical antibiotic treatment.
6280:
6266:
5480:Coalworker's pneumoconiosis ("black lung")
5383:
5369:
5250:Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis
5011:
5004:
4990:
4309:
4295:
4079:
4065:
3726:. Health Protection Agency. Archived from
3715:
3713:
2851:International Journal of Food Microbiology
1551:
1519:Monegro AF, Muppidi V, Regunath H (2020),
1212:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
616:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
547:Impaired immunity due to diseases such as
177:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
89:
3802:
3792:
3689:
3403:
3289:
3234:
3158:
3148:
3064:
2988:
2970:
2920:
2910:
2899:Bosnian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences
2799:
2789:
2772:Arrowsmith VA, Taylor R (4 August 2014).
2748:
2707:
2559:
2549:
2366:
2270:
2218:
2200:
2159:
2141:
2100:
2082:
2037:
2027:
1986:
1976:
1909:
1891:
1814:
1796:
1755:
1737:
1641:
1631:
1587:
1569:
1492:
1443:
1433:
1072:, a book about drug-resistant pathogens.
913:
516:
5195:Anticonvulsant hypersensitivity syndrome
1328:Sanitation Standard Operating Procedures
1221:
749:for the emergence of resistant strains.
625:
374:intravascular antimicrobial lock therapy
7354:Ear-Nose-Throat/Upper respiratory tract
6527:Access to water, sanitation and hygiene
6006:Immediately dangerous to life or health
5255:Generalized bullous fixed drug eruption
4219:Political abuse of psychiatry in Russia
3710:
3384:Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy
3188:
2389:
2295:
1664:
14:
7977:
7937:Infectious disease (medical specialty)
7829:Antimicrobial resistance surveillance
6193:Workplace hazard controls for COVID-19
5465:Chronic solvent-induced encephalopathy
5100:Chemotherapy-induced hyperpigmentation
3184:
3182:
3180:
3178:
3090:Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases
2264:
175:During 2002 in the United States, the
84:HAI (Healthcare-Associated Infections)
6261:
5364:
5200:Allopurinol hypersensitivity syndrome
5174:Methotrexate-induced papular eruption
5034:Sulfonamide hypersensitivity syndrome
4985:
4290:
4060:
3837:
3751:
3217:Torres A, Ferrer M, Badia JR (2010).
3137:American Journal of Infection Control
3081:
3014:American Journal of Infection Control
2845:Wilks S, Michels H, Keevil C (2005).
2342:
2059:
2057:
2012:"Nosocomial malaria and saline flush"
1952:
1778:
1357:American Journal of Infection Control
199:have been conducted, the category of
7184:Compartmental models in epidemiology
6240:
5883:Working Environment Convention, 1977
5105:Scleroderma-like reaction to taxanes
4797:Recombinant activated protein C
3124:
2532:Otter JA, French GL (January 2009).
2383:
1837:
1609:
1607:
1514:
1512:
1037:. An estimated more than 20% of the
848:spp., while transient organisms are
29:
6052:Workers' right to access the toilet
5164:Adverse reaction to biologic agents
5133:Anticoagulant-induced skin necrosis
5095:Chemotherapy-induced acral erythema
5044:Adverse effects of fluoroquinolones
4510:Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome
4495:Acute respiratory distress syndrome
4435:Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome
3371:
3175:
3040:
1842:. London: Swift Press. p. 71.
1552:Sydnor ER, Perl TM (January 2011).
1285:in 1865 by identifying that it was
24:
6123:International Chemical Safety Card
2054:
25:
8021:
6133:National Day of Mourning (Canada)
5791:International Labour Organization
5320:HIV disease-related drug reaction
5270:Drug-related gingival hyperplasia
4908:Society of Critical Care Medicine
4605:Ventilator-associated lung injury
3962:
2863:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2005.04.021
1604:
1509:
1475:Carroll GT, Kirschman DL (2022).
1181:
665:and other severe infections, and
586:Antimicrobial resistant organisms
8010:Healthcare-associated infections
7933:Economics of Infectious Diseases
6239:
6211:
6210:
5280:Drug-induced lupus erythematosus
5115:Exudative hyponychial dermatitis
4086:
4042:
3327:10.1097/00003246-200106000-00003
1959:Justo JA, Bookstaver PB (2014).
1739:10.1128/JCM.41.10.4726-4732.2003
1726:Journal of Clinical Microbiology
1205:
752:
34:
5275:Drug-induced lichenoid reaction
4610:Ventilator-associated pneumonia
4543:Critical illness polyneuropathy
4144:Economic and financial concerns
3899:
3874:
3831:
3819:
3768:
3745:
3683:
3662:
3623:
3604:
3594:
3581:
3561:
3548:
3502:
3470:
3438:
3429:
3420:
3349:
3306:
3265:
3251:
3210:
3005:
2946:
2937:
2886:
2877:
2838:
2816:
2765:
2724:
2683:
2671:
2641:
2598:
2576:
2525:
2500:
2475:
2440:
2418:
2271:Leung M, Chan AH (March 2006).
2235:
2176:
2117:
1926:
1831:
1772:
1713:
1102:
1022:Case Western Reserve University
725:, and influenza agents. Use of
608:device-associated ventriculitis
600:ventilator-associated pneumonia
476:Routes of contact transmission
364:
246:Ventilator-associated pneumonia
144:healthcare-associated infection
7942:Infectious disease informatics
7773:Transmission-based precautions
6088:Environment, health and safety
5743:Occupational health psychology
5392:Occupational safety and health
5039:Urticarial erythema multiforme
3189:Pollack A (26 February 2010).
2791:10.1002/14651858.CD003325.pub3
2392:Anesthesiol Clin North America
1874:Akbari F, Kjellerup B (2015).
1694:
1665:Pollack A (26 February 2010).
1658:
1545:
1521:"Hospital Acquired Infections"
1468:
1409:
1383:
1340:
1173:
782:
777:Transmission-based precautions
503:Indirect-contact transmission
13:
1:
7359:Chest/Lower respiratory tract
7134:Ocular (Eye) mucosal membrane
6495:Behavioral/lifestyle factors
5959:Personal protective equipment
5712:Workplace health surveillance
5310:Linear IgA bullous dermatosis
5179:Adverse reaction to cytokines
4389:Geriatric intensive-care unit
4372:Pediatric intensive care unit
4209:Political abuse of psychiatry
4047:The dictionary definition of
3648:10.1016/s0195-6701(03)00078-1
3636:Journal of Hospital Infection
3554:Institut de veille sanitaire
3508:Institut de veille sanitaire
2696:Archives of Internal Medicine
2655:. 31 May 2013. Archived from
2619:10.1016/S0924-8579(01)00317-X
2449:Journal of Hospital Infection
2308:Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol
1965:Infection and Drug Resistance
1785:Infection and Drug Resistance
1779:Nimer NA (25 February 2022).
1558:Clinical Microbiology Reviews
1333:
892:In addition to hand washing,
673:
657:protocol has to be enforced.
621:
130:, meaning "hospital"), is an
6921:Aerosol-generating procedure
6699:Silent/Subclinical infection
6399:Multidrug-resistant bacteria
6001:Standard operating procedure
5934:Hierarchy of hazard controls
5687:Hierarchy of hazard controls
5346:Serum sickness-like reaction
5325:Photosensitive drug reaction
4792:Neuromuscular-blocking drugs
4735:Nutritional supplementation
4366:Neonatal intensive care unit
3883:Fundamentals of microbiology
3558:, Vol. 1, Tableau 31, p. 24.
3223:Clinical Infectious Diseases
3102:10.1097/QCO.0000000000000284
2508:"Hospital Negligence Claims"
1092:, surgical site and various
979:
760:
593:Device-associated infections
489:Direct-contact transmission
449:Common vehicle transmission
384:Main routes of transmission
320:Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
274:
126:
7:
7585:Vaccine-preventable disease
7533:Monoclonal antibody therapy
6138:NIOSH air filtration rating
5830:Health and Safety Executive
5738:Occupational health nursing
5702:Occupational exposure limit
5540:Hospital-acquired infection
5505:Exposure to human nail dust
5054:JarischâHerxheimer reaction
4892:Water-electrolyte imbalance
4726:Early goal-directed therapy
4245:Hospital-acquired infection
4240:Hospital-acquired pneumonia
3852:10.1016/j.ajog.2018.11.1084
3752:Bagot M (24 October 2018).
3672:(in French). Archived from
2709:10.1001/archinte.162.9.1037
1494:10.1016/j.pcorm.2022.100291
1296:
1261:with a similar hospital in
858:Acinetobacter, Enterobacter
241:Hospital-acquired pneumonia
118:hospital-acquired infection
10:
8026:
7726:Respiratory source control
6198:Workplace health promotion
6103:Hawks Nest Tunnel disaster
5877:Worker Protection Standard
5580:Noise-induced hearing loss
5315:Toxic epidermal necrolysis
4744:Total parenteral nutrition
4677:Life-supporting treatments
4384:Critical illness insurance
3794:10.1177/003335490712200205
3150:10.1016/j.ajic.2015.11.015
3026:10.1016/j.ajic.2012.12.005
2461:10.1016/j.jhin.2004.06.010
2202:10.1186/s13054-021-03460-5
2084:10.1186/s13054-022-04108-8
1633:10.1177/003335490712200205
1435:10.1186/s13037-022-00343-8
1369:10.1016/j.ajic.2011.05.020
1289:that were associated with
1217:
1156:
1111:
1066:HarborâUCLA Medical Center
821:Staphylococcus epidermidis
764:
706:, methicillin-susceptible
533:as part of treatments for
433:Mycobacterium tuberculosis
170:
7916:
7870:Global Health Initiatives
7860:Evolutionary epidemiology
7808:
7600:
7555:Post-exposure prophylaxis
7491:Antimicrobial stewardship
7449:
7436:
7341:
7232:
7214:Multiplicity of infection
7179:Basic reproduction number
7154:
7126:
7112:
7098:
7082:
7050:
7012:
6955:Percutaneous inoculation
6941:
6903:
6896:
6878:
6810:
6777:
6770:
6734:
6727:
6630:
6517:
6439:Hostâpathogen interaction
6414:
6308:
6301:
6206:
6060:
6014:
5891:
5854:
5804:
5796:World Health Organization
5778:
5766:
5720:
5707:Occupational epidemiology
5692:Prevention through design
5643:
5550:Laboratory animal allergy
5475:Chimney sweeps' carcinoma
5450:Byssinosis ("brown lung")
5398:
5333:
5290:Drug-induced pigmentation
5285:Drug-induced nail changes
5242:
5235:
5187:
5156:
5123:
5085:
5062:
5019:
4926:
4913:Surviving Sepsis Campaign
4900:
4864:
4821:
4759:
4709:Ventricular assist device
4704:Intra-aortic balloon pump
4675:
4655:Pulmonary artery catheter
4627:
4577:
4535:
4404:
4397:
4352:
4324:
4263:
4227:
4174:
4143:
4092:
4014:
3970:
3924:10.1017/S0195941700059762
3574:12 September 2009 at the
3534:, mars 2009, ii + 91 pp.
3523:, mars 2009, ii + 81 pp.
3463:25 September 2009 at the
3291:10.1007/s00134-008-1336-9
3047:Health Quality O (2018).
2972:10.1186/s40560-015-0120-5
2959:Journal of Intensive Care
2490:. In Markowitz AJ (ed.).
2404:10.1016/j.atc.2004.04.002
2143:10.1007/s00134-018-5247-0
1422:Patient Safety in Surgery
1391:"HAI Data and Statistics"
1120:
953:and vancomycin-resistant
887:
737:or methicillin-resistant
549:haematological malignancy
462:Vector borne transmission
230:about ÂŁ1 billion a year.
102:
97:
88:
80:
75:
7688:Protective sequestration
7550:Pre-exposure prophylaxis
6841:Generational difference
6394:Horizontal gene transfer
6384:Antimicrobial resistance
6113:Hostile work environment
6093:Environmental toxicology
5986:Redundancy (engineering)
5600:Repetitive strain injury
5300:StevensâJohnson syndrome
5029:Penicillin drug reaction
4192:Compulsory sterilization
3702:(1): 1â4. Archived from
3690:Sax H, Pittet D (2005).
3484:26 November 2009 at the
2912:10.17305/bjbms.2018.3826
1893:10.3390/pathogens4030457
1200:surgical site infections
1188:Health Protection Agency
1164:
1131:urinary tract infections
575:central venous catheters
553:primary immunodeficiency
359:
233:
217:antimicrobial resistance
7995:Intensive care medicine
7875:Microbial phylogenetics
7793:Wastewater surveillance
7314:Geographic distribution
7189:Critical community size
6987:Surgical site infection
6835:Iatrogenic/Medical care
6754:Microbial translocation
6750:Endogenous reactivation
6745:Normal flora overgrowth
6694:Opportunistic infection
6466:Opportunistic infection
6158:Quality of working life
5944:Administrative controls
5305:Injection site reaction
5265:Drug-induced angioedema
5243:Skin and body membranes
4807:Stress ulcer prevention
4751:Therapeutic hypothermia
4650:Central venous catheter
4318:Intensive care medicine
4120:Unnecessary health care
3278:Intensive Care Medicine
2304:Acinetobacter baumannii
2130:Intensive Care Medicine
1001:Acinetobacter baumannii
767:Isolation (health care)
531:immunosuppressive drugs
312:Acinetobacter baumannii
253:Urinary tract infection
219:, which can complicate
152:rehabilitation facility
7947:Microbial bioterrorism
7570:efficacy/effectiveness
6978:Surgical intervention
6870:Breakthrough infection
6492:Genetic predisposition
6476:Susceptible individual
6323:Germ theory of disease
5753:Occupational therapist
5733:Industrial engineering
5525:Glassblower's cataract
5490:Decompression sickness
5295:Drug-induced urticaria
5110:Hydroxyurea dermopathy
5013:Adverse drug reactions
4882:Level of consciousness
4689:mechanical ventilation
4587:Methicillin-resistant
4187:Sluggish schizophrenia
3881:Pommerville J (2014).
3840:Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol
3541:7 October 2009 at the
3536:SynthÚse des résultats
3530:7 October 2009 at the
3519:7 October 2009 at the
3452:11 August 2009 at the
3315:Critical Care Medicine
2653:Gibraltar Laboratories
2029:10.3201/eid1107.050092
1281:and began his work on
1279:germ theory of disease
1227:
1056:and infections of the
990:methicillin-resistant
937:methicillin-resistant
914:Antimicrobial surfaces
826:Staphylococcus hominis
630:
517:Patient susceptibility
409:such as bronchoscopy.
305:Pseudomonas aeruginosa
289:Methicillin-resistant
207:and infections of the
134:that is acquired in a
8005:Occupational diseases
7783:Universal precautions
6741:Endogenous overgrowth
6593:Poultry and livestock
6223:Occupational diseases
6188:Workers' compensation
5748:Occupational medicine
5610:Silo-filler's disease
5575:Mule spinners' cancer
5205:Vaccine adverse event
4589:Staphylococcus aureus
4264:Records and histories
4235:Adverse drug reaction
4203:The Protest Psychosis
3781:Public Health Reports
3679:on 30 September 2007.
3495:8 August 2009 at the
2486:Clostridium difficile
2482:Lautenbach E (2001).
1620:Public Health Reports
1225:
1062:Staphylococcus aureus
1034:Klebsiella pneumoniae
1006:Staphylococcus aureus
992:Staphylococcus aureus
951:Staphylococcus aureus
944:vancomycin-resistant
939:Staphylococcus aureus
871:Staphylococcus aureus
854:Klebsiella pneumoniae
850:Staphylococcus aureus
773:Universal precautions
739:Staphylococcus aureus
735:Clostridium difficile
731:Clostridium difficile
723:Staphylococcus aureus
712:Clostridium difficile
708:Staphylococcus aureus
704:Staphylococcus aureus
629:
539:organ transplantation
415:Airborne transmission
405:Droplet transmission
397:Contact transmission
370:In-dwelling catheters
353:Legionnaires' disease
345:Vancomycin-resistant
327:Clostridium difficile
291:Staphylococcus aureus
283:Staphylococcus aureus
7885:Genomic reassortment
7865:Genetic epidemiology
7704:Health communication
7632:Flattening the curve
7622:Disease surveillance
7405:Systemic/Generalized
7169:Animal disease model
6649:Asymptomatic carrier
5949:Engineering controls
5924:Emergency evacuation
5728:Environmental health
5495:De Quervain syndrome
5485:Concussions in sport
5077:Steroid folliculitis
4564:Stress hyperglycemia
4405:Organ system failure
4339:Medical specialities
3706:on 11 November 2007.
2551:10.1128/JCM.02004-08
2512:PatientClaimLine.com
2016:Emerging Infect. Dis
1571:10.1128/CMR.00027-10
1068:, and the author of
165:nosocomial infection
122:nosocomial infection
76:Nosocomial infection
48:Nosocomial infection
7990:Infectious diseases
7985:Health care quality
7952:Pandemic prevention
7908:Viral phylodynamics
7889:Re-emerging disease
7778:Travel restrictions
6982:Postoperative wound
6951:Blood-borne disease
6933:Respiratory droplet
6845:Vertical/Congenital
6830:Nosocomial/Hospital
6787:Spillover infection
6083:Effects of overtime
5966:Job safety analysis
5954:Hazard substitution
5919:Emergency procedure
5697:Exposure assessment
5682:Occupational stress
5675:Psychosocial hazard
5655:Occupational hazard
5520:Flock worker's lung
5341:Fixed drug reaction
4927:Related specialties
4887:Acidâbase imbalance
4823:ICU scoring systems
4694:Tracheal intubation
4505:Respiratory failure
4500:Acute liver failure
4490:Acute renal failure
4360:Intensive care unit
4344:Respiratory therapy
4105:Medical malpractice
3545:, Mars 2009, 11 pp.
3143:(5 Suppl): e77â84.
2737:Critical Care Nurse
1798:10.2147/IDR.S351755
1052:, can cause severe
903:bloodborne pathogen
792:skin microorganisms
563:, including severe
543:autoimmune diseases
477:
385:
7898:Selection pressure
7194:Force of infection
6822:Contagious disease
6757:Endogenous seeding
6654:Chain of infection
6578:Injection drug use
6489:Vaccination status
6372:Case fatality rate
6290:infectious disease
6118:Indoor air quality
6022:Diving regulations
5939:Hazard elimination
5758:Safety engineering
5143:Vitamin K reaction
4836:Glasgow Coma Scale
4787:Intravenous fluids
4667:Screening cultures
4635:Arterial blood gas
4600:Refeeding syndrome
4517:Neonatal infection
4478:Vasodilatory shock
4453:Distributive shock
4378:Coronary care unit
4161:Financial toxicity
4015:External resources
3733:on 8 December 2015
3617:, 17 January 2007
3567:RĂ©seau REA-Raisin
3525:Volume 2 â Annexes
3396:10.1586/eri.11.166
3261:. 17 October 2021.
3197:The New York Times
3020:(5 Suppl): S31-5.
2750:10.4037/ccn2017694
2659:on 6 December 2018
2538:J. Clin. Microbiol
1978:10.2147/IDR.S51388
1673:The New York Times
1259:rates of infection
1257:. He compared the
1228:
747:selection pressure
647:indoor air quality
631:
571:endotracheal tubes
475:
383:
120:, also known as a
109:Infectious disease
7972:
7971:
7962:Tropical medicine
7903:Synthetic biology
7804:
7803:
7763:Social distancing
7716:Outbreak response
7337:
7336:
7164:Agent-based model
7150:
7149:
7146:
7145:
7142:
7141:
6689:Natural reservoir
6679:Infectious period
6669:Incubation period
6626:
6625:
6582:Natural disaster
6551:Tropical diseases
6534:Biodiversity loss
6471:Risk of infection
6461:Microbiome health
6454:Immunosuppression
6255:
6254:
6168:Safety data sheet
5981:Operations manual
5862:Bangladesh Accord
5850:
5849:
5660:Biological hazard
5358:
5357:
5354:
5353:
5260:Drug-induced acne
5210:Eczema vaccinatum
5138:Warfarin necrosis
4979:
4978:
4939:Internal medicine
4685:Airway management
4623:
4622:
4463:Obstructive shock
4448:Cardiogenic shock
4284:
4283:
4250:Iatrogenic anemia
4197:Physician gag law
4038:
4037:
2398:(3): 457â71, vi.
1732:(10): 4726â4732.
1397:. 10 January 2018
1313:Infection control
1192:respiratory tract
834:Propionibacterium
741:after discharge.
727:hydrogen peroxide
579:urinary catheters
514:
513:
470:
469:
195:, where hospital
114:
113:
70:Medical condition
66:
65:
16:(Redirected from
8017:
7957:Tropical disease
7893:Reverse zoonosis
7880:One Health Model
7709:Health education
7698:Community health
7617:Cordon sanitaire
7590:Ring vaccination
7560:Repurposed drugs
7447:
7446:
7366:Gastrointestinal
7209:Machine learning
7013:Gastrointestinal
6964:Intravenous line
6901:
6900:
6815:/Cross-infection
6802:Reverse zoonosis
6775:
6774:
6732:
6731:
6637:
6636:
6618:War and conflict
6486:Nutrition status
6449:Immunodeficiency
6306:
6305:
6282:
6275:
6268:
6259:
6258:
6243:
6242:
6214:
6213:
5909:Contingency plan
5904:Code of practice
5776:
5775:
5570:Metal fume fever
5385:
5378:
5371:
5362:
5361:
5240:
5239:
5148:Texier's disease
5049:Red man syndrome
5006:
4999:
4992:
4983:
4982:
4700:Cardiac devices
4554:Decubitus ulcers
4468:Neurogenic shock
4402:
4401:
4311:
4304:
4297:
4288:
4287:
4228:Related concerns
4081:
4074:
4067:
4058:
4057:
4046:
3968:
3967:
3956:
3955:
3953:
3951:
3942:. Archived from
3903:
3897:
3896:
3878:
3872:
3871:
3835:
3829:
3823:
3817:
3816:
3806:
3796:
3772:
3766:
3765:
3763:
3761:
3749:
3743:
3742:
3740:
3738:
3732:
3725:
3717:
3708:
3707:
3687:
3681:
3680:
3678:
3666:
3660:
3659:
3627:
3621:
3620:
3608:
3602:
3598:
3592:
3587:Vasselle, Alain
3585:
3579:
3565:
3559:
3552:
3546:
3506:
3500:
3474:
3468:
3442:
3436:
3433:
3427:
3424:
3418:
3417:
3407:
3375:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3364:
3353:
3347:
3346:
3321:(6): 1109â1115.
3310:
3304:
3303:
3293:
3269:
3263:
3262:
3255:
3249:
3248:
3238:
3214:
3208:
3207:
3205:
3203:
3194:
3186:
3173:
3172:
3162:
3152:
3128:
3122:
3121:
3085:
3079:
3078:
3068:
3044:
3038:
3037:
3009:
3003:
3002:
2992:
2974:
2950:
2944:
2941:
2935:
2934:
2924:
2914:
2890:
2884:
2881:
2875:
2874:
2842:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2820:
2814:
2813:
2803:
2793:
2769:
2763:
2762:
2752:
2728:
2722:
2721:
2711:
2702:(9): 1037â1043.
2687:
2681:
2675:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2645:
2639:
2638:
2602:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2580:
2574:
2573:
2563:
2553:
2529:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2518:
2504:
2498:
2497:
2479:
2473:
2472:
2444:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2422:
2416:
2415:
2387:
2381:
2380:
2370:
2346:
2340:
2339:
2299:
2293:
2292:
2268:
2262:
2261:
2259:
2257:
2248:
2239:
2233:
2232:
2222:
2204:
2180:
2174:
2173:
2163:
2145:
2121:
2115:
2114:
2104:
2086:
2061:
2052:
2051:
2041:
2031:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1990:
1980:
1956:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1913:
1895:
1871:
1854:
1853:
1835:
1829:
1828:
1818:
1800:
1776:
1770:
1769:
1759:
1741:
1717:
1711:
1710:
1698:
1692:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1670:
1662:
1656:
1655:
1645:
1635:
1611:
1602:
1601:
1591:
1573:
1549:
1543:
1542:
1541:
1539:
1516:
1507:
1506:
1496:
1472:
1466:
1465:
1447:
1437:
1413:
1407:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1387:
1381:
1380:
1354:
1344:
1244:medical students
1232:Ignaz Semmelweis
698:agents, such as
641:measures to the
561:critical illness
478:
474:
386:
382:
334:Escherichia coli
298:Candida albicans
129:
124:(from the Greek
93:
73:
72:
54:under discussion
50:
38:
37:
30:
21:
8025:
8024:
8020:
8019:
8018:
8016:
8015:
8014:
8000:Medical hygiene
7975:
7974:
7973:
7968:
7912:
7825:Antigenic shift
7820:Antigenic drift
7811:
7800:
7664:Barrier nursing
7612:Contact tracing
7603:
7596:
7441:
7439:
7432:
7343:
7333:
7234:
7228:
7219:Serial interval
7138:
7122:
7113:Cervico-vaginal
7108:
7099:Trans-placental
7094:
7078:
7046:
7008:
6944:Vascular system
6943:
6937:
6892:
6880:
6874:
6814:
6806:
6766:
6723:
6641:
6622:
6513:
6444:Immune response
6410:
6389:Drug resistance
6333:Infectious dose
6297:
6286:
6256:
6251:
6202:
6183:Toxic workplace
6163:Risk management
6056:
6010:
5991:Risk assessment
5887:
5846:
5800:
5771:
5762:
5716:
5670:Physical hazard
5665:Chemical hazard
5646:
5639:
5404:
5401:
5394:
5389:
5359:
5350:
5329:
5231:
5183:
5152:
5119:
5081:
5058:
5015:
5010:
4980:
4975:
4922:
4896:
4860:
4817:
4777:Antithrombotics
4755:
4739:Enteral feeding
4721:Kidney dialysis
4671:
4619:
4595:Oxygen toxicity
4573:
4531:
4393:
4348:
4320:
4315:
4285:
4280:
4259:
4223:
4175:Political abuse
4170:
4156:Balance billing
4139:
4088:
4085:
4039:
4034:
4033:
4010:
4009:
3979:
3965:
3960:
3959:
3949:
3947:
3946:on 4 April 2008
3904:
3900:
3893:
3879:
3875:
3836:
3832:
3824:
3820:
3773:
3769:
3759:
3757:
3750:
3746:
3736:
3734:
3730:
3723:
3719:
3718:
3711:
3688:
3684:
3676:
3668:
3667:
3663:
3628:
3624:
3618:
3613:, Ăric Jozsef,
3609:
3605:
3599:
3595:
3586:
3582:
3576:Wayback Machine
3566:
3562:
3553:
3549:
3543:Wayback Machine
3532:Wayback Machine
3521:Wayback Machine
3507:
3503:
3497:Wayback Machine
3486:Wayback Machine
3475:
3471:
3465:Wayback Machine
3454:Wayback Machine
3443:
3439:
3434:
3430:
3425:
3421:
3376:
3372:
3362:
3360:
3355:
3354:
3350:
3311:
3307:
3270:
3266:
3257:
3256:
3252:
3215:
3211:
3201:
3199:
3187:
3176:
3129:
3125:
3086:
3082:
3045:
3041:
3010:
3006:
2951:
2947:
2942:
2938:
2891:
2887:
2882:
2878:
2843:
2839:
2829:
2827:
2822:
2821:
2817:
2784:(8): CD003325.
2770:
2766:
2729:
2725:
2688:
2684:
2676:
2672:
2662:
2660:
2647:
2646:
2642:
2603:
2599:
2589:
2587:
2582:
2581:
2577:
2530:
2526:
2516:
2514:
2506:
2505:
2501:
2480:
2476:
2445:
2441:
2431:
2429:
2424:
2423:
2419:
2388:
2384:
2347:
2343:
2300:
2296:
2277:Med. Sci. Monit
2269:
2265:
2255:
2253:
2246:
2240:
2236:
2181:
2177:
2122:
2118:
2062:
2055:
2008:
2004:
1957:
1953:
1943:
1941:
1932:
1931:
1927:
1872:
1857:
1850:
1838:Hunt J (2022).
1836:
1832:
1777:
1773:
1718:
1714:
1699:
1695:
1685:
1683:
1663:
1659:
1612:
1605:
1550:
1546:
1537:
1535:
1517:
1510:
1473:
1469:
1414:
1410:
1400:
1398:
1389:
1388:
1384:
1352:
1345:
1341:
1336:
1303:Cubicle curtain
1299:
1263:Dublin, Ireland
1240:puerperal fever
1220:
1208:
1184:
1176:
1167:
1159:
1143:mucous membrane
1123:
1114:
1105:
982:
923:immunodeficient
919:Micro-organisms
916:
890:
838:Corynebacterium
785:
769:
763:
755:
676:
624:
595:
527:glucocorticoids
519:
367:
362:
357:
277:
272:
263:Puerperal fever
258:Gastroenteritis
236:
173:
156:skin microbiota
71:
62:
46:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8023:
8013:
8012:
8007:
8002:
7997:
7992:
7987:
7970:
7969:
7967:
7966:
7965:
7964:
7954:
7949:
7944:
7939:
7934:
7931:
7926:
7920:
7918:
7914:
7913:
7911:
7910:
7905:
7900:
7895:
7890:
7887:
7882:
7877:
7872:
7867:
7862:
7857:
7855:Emergent virus
7852:
7847:
7842:
7837:
7836:
7835:
7827:
7822:
7816:
7814:
7806:
7805:
7802:
7801:
7799:
7798:
7795:
7790:
7788:Vector control
7785:
7780:
7775:
7770:
7765:
7760:
7755:
7750:
7745:
7744:
7743:
7738:
7733:
7731:N95 respirator
7723:
7718:
7713:
7712:
7711:
7706:
7701:
7690:
7685:
7684:
7683:
7673:
7668:
7667:
7666:
7656:
7655:
7654:
7649:
7644:
7634:
7629:
7624:
7619:
7614:
7608:
7606:
7604:pharmaceutical
7598:
7597:
7595:
7594:
7593:
7592:
7587:
7582:
7577:
7572:
7562:
7557:
7552:
7547:
7542:
7537:
7536:
7535:
7525:
7520:
7515:
7510:
7505:
7500:
7495:
7494:
7493:
7483:
7482:
7481:
7471:
7466:
7465:
7464:
7453:
7451:
7450:Pharmaceutical
7444:
7434:
7433:
7431:
7430:
7427:
7422:
7417:
7412:
7407:
7402:
7401:Cardiovascular
7399:
7394:
7389:
7386:
7381:
7380:Nervous system
7378:
7375:
7374:
7373:
7363:
7362:
7361:
7356:
7347:
7345:
7339:
7338:
7335:
7334:
7332:
7331:
7326:
7321:
7316:
7311:
7306:
7301:
7296:
7291:
7286:
7281:
7276:
7271:
7266:
7265:
7264:
7259:
7249:
7244:
7238:
7236:
7230:
7229:
7227:
7226:
7221:
7216:
7211:
7206:
7204:Infection rate
7201:
7196:
7191:
7186:
7181:
7176:
7171:
7166:
7160:
7158:
7152:
7151:
7148:
7147:
7144:
7143:
7140:
7139:
7137:
7136:
7130:
7128:
7124:
7123:
7121:
7120:
7116:
7114:
7110:
7109:
7107:
7106:
7102:
7100:
7096:
7095:
7093:
7092:
7086:
7084:
7080:
7079:
7077:
7076:
7070:
7065:
7060:
7054:
7052:
7048:
7047:
7045:
7044:
7039:
7034:
7029:
7028:
7027:
7016:
7014:
7010:
7009:
7007:
7006:
7005:
7004:
6999:
6991:
6990:
6989:
6984:
6976:
6975:
6974:
6969:
6966:
6961:
6959:Injection site
6953:
6947:
6945:
6939:
6938:
6936:
6935:
6930:
6928:Dental aerosol
6925:
6924:
6923:
6913:
6907:
6905:
6898:
6894:
6893:
6891:
6890:
6884:
6882:
6876:
6875:
6873:
6872:
6867:
6866:
6865:
6860:
6859:
6858:
6853:
6850:
6839:
6838:
6837:
6832:
6824:
6818:
6816:
6812:Human-to-human
6808:
6807:
6805:
6804:
6799:
6794:
6789:
6783:
6781:
6772:
6768:
6767:
6765:
6764:
6758:
6755:
6752:
6747:
6742:
6738:
6736:
6729:
6725:
6724:
6722:
6721:
6716:
6711:
6709:Super-spreader
6706:
6704:Superinfection
6701:
6696:
6691:
6686:
6681:
6676:
6671:
6666:
6661:
6656:
6651:
6645:
6643:
6634:
6628:
6627:
6624:
6623:
6621:
6620:
6615:
6613:Vector control
6610:
6605:
6600:
6595:
6590:
6589:
6588:
6580:
6575:
6570:
6565:
6560:
6555:
6554:
6553:
6548:
6542:Climate zones
6540:
6538:Climate change
6535:
6532:
6529:
6523:
6521:
6515:
6514:
6512:
6511:
6510:
6509:
6506:
6503:
6502:
6501:
6493:
6490:
6487:
6484:
6481:
6473:
6468:
6463:
6458:
6457:
6456:
6451:
6441:
6436:
6431:
6426:
6420:
6418:
6412:
6411:
6409:
6408:
6403:
6402:
6401:
6396:
6391:
6381:
6380:
6379:
6374:
6369:
6364:
6354:
6352:Quorum sensing
6349:
6348:
6347:
6337:
6336:
6335:
6325:
6320:
6314:
6312:
6303:
6299:
6298:
6285:
6284:
6277:
6270:
6262:
6253:
6252:
6250:
6249:
6237:
6236:
6235:
6230:
6225:
6207:
6204:
6203:
6201:
6200:
6195:
6190:
6185:
6180:
6175:
6173:Source control
6170:
6165:
6160:
6155:
6150:
6148:Process safety
6145:
6140:
6135:
6130:
6125:
6120:
6115:
6110:
6108:Health physics
6105:
6100:
6095:
6090:
6085:
6080:
6075:
6070:
6064:
6062:
6058:
6057:
6055:
6054:
6049:
6039:
6029:
6024:
6018:
6016:
6012:
6011:
6009:
6008:
6003:
5998:
5996:Safety culture
5993:
5988:
5983:
5978:
5976:Permit To Work
5973:
5971:Lockout-tagout
5968:
5963:
5962:
5961:
5956:
5951:
5946:
5941:
5931:
5926:
5921:
5916:
5911:
5906:
5901:
5895:
5893:
5889:
5888:
5886:
5885:
5880:
5874:
5869:
5864:
5858:
5856:
5852:
5851:
5848:
5847:
5845:
5844:
5838:
5833:
5827:
5821:
5815:
5808:
5806:
5802:
5801:
5799:
5798:
5793:
5788:
5782:
5780:
5773:
5764:
5763:
5761:
5760:
5755:
5750:
5745:
5740:
5735:
5730:
5724:
5722:
5718:
5717:
5715:
5714:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5678:
5677:
5672:
5667:
5662:
5651:
5649:
5641:
5640:
5638:
5637:
5635:Writer's cramp
5632:
5627:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5590:Pneumoconiosis
5587:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5555:Lead poisoning
5552:
5547:
5542:
5537:
5532:
5530:Golfer's elbow
5527:
5522:
5517:
5515:Fiddler's neck
5512:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5470:Chronic stress
5467:
5462:
5457:
5455:Cardiovascular
5452:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5411:
5409:
5396:
5395:
5388:
5387:
5380:
5373:
5365:
5356:
5355:
5352:
5351:
5349:
5348:
5343:
5337:
5335:
5331:
5330:
5328:
5327:
5322:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5246:
5244:
5237:
5233:
5232:
5230:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5213:
5212:
5202:
5197:
5191:
5189:
5185:
5184:
5182:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5160:
5158:
5154:
5153:
5151:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5129:
5127:
5125:Anticoagulants
5121:
5120:
5118:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5091:
5089:
5083:
5082:
5080:
5079:
5074:
5068:
5066:
5060:
5059:
5057:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5025:
5023:
5017:
5016:
5009:
5008:
5001:
4994:
4986:
4977:
4976:
4974:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4957:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4936:
4934:Anesthesiology
4930:
4928:
4924:
4923:
4921:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4904:
4902:
4898:
4897:
4895:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4868:
4866:
4862:
4861:
4859:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4831:APACHE II
4827:
4825:
4819:
4818:
4816:
4815:
4810:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4763:
4761:
4757:
4756:
4754:
4753:
4748:
4747:
4746:
4741:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4712:
4711:
4706:
4698:
4697:
4696:
4681:
4679:
4673:
4672:
4670:
4669:
4664:
4662:Blood cultures
4659:
4658:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4637:
4631:
4629:
4625:
4624:
4621:
4620:
4618:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4583:
4581:
4575:
4574:
4572:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4539:
4537:
4533:
4532:
4530:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4513:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4481:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4438:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4411:Shock sequence
4408:
4406:
4399:
4395:
4394:
4392:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4375:
4369:
4363:
4356:
4354:
4350:
4349:
4347:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4329:Health science
4325:
4322:
4321:
4314:
4313:
4306:
4299:
4291:
4282:
4281:
4279:
4278:
4271:Drug pollution
4267:
4265:
4261:
4260:
4258:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4231:
4229:
4225:
4224:
4222:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4178:
4176:
4172:
4171:
4169:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4147:
4145:
4141:
4140:
4138:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4125:Adverse effect
4122:
4117:
4115:Patient safety
4112:
4107:
4102:
4096:
4094:
4090:
4089:
4084:
4083:
4076:
4069:
4061:
4055:
4054:
4036:
4035:
4032:
4031:
4029:article/967022
4019:
4018:
4016:
4012:
4011:
4008:
4007:
3996:
3980:
3975:
3974:
3972:
3971:Classification
3964:
3963:External links
3961:
3958:
3957:
3912:Infect Control
3898:
3891:
3873:
3830:
3818:
3787:(2): 160â166.
3767:
3756:. Daily Mirror
3744:
3709:
3682:
3661:
3642:(2): 141â148.
3622:
3603:
3593:
3580:
3560:
3547:
3501:
3469:
3437:
3428:
3419:
3370:
3348:
3305:
3264:
3250:
3236:10.1086/653049
3209:
3174:
3123:
3080:
3039:
3004:
2945:
2936:
2885:
2876:
2857:(3): 445â454.
2837:
2815:
2764:
2723:
2682:
2670:
2640:
2613:(5): 357â363.
2597:
2575:
2524:
2499:
2474:
2439:
2417:
2382:
2341:
2320:10.1086/513120
2294:
2283:(3): SR17â23.
2263:
2234:
2175:
2136:(5): 627â635.
2116:
2053:
2002:
1951:
1940:. 19 July 2017
1925:
1886:(3): 457â469.
1855:
1848:
1830:
1771:
1712:
1693:
1657:
1626:(2): 160â166.
1603:
1564:(1): 141â173.
1544:
1508:
1467:
1408:
1382:
1363:(5): 396â407.
1338:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1298:
1295:
1287:microorganisms
1234:, a Hungarian
1219:
1216:
1207:
1204:
1183:
1182:United Kingdom
1180:
1175:
1172:
1166:
1163:
1158:
1155:
1147:intensive care
1122:
1119:
1113:
1110:
1104:
1101:
1041:infections in
981:
978:
932:Staphylococcus
915:
912:
889:
886:
784:
781:
765:Main article:
762:
759:
754:
751:
690:and/or use of
675:
672:
623:
620:
594:
591:
590:
589:
582:
567:
545:
518:
515:
512:
511:
504:
500:
499:
490:
486:
485:
482:
468:
467:
464:
458:
457:
450:
446:
445:
417:
411:
410:
406:
402:
401:
398:
394:
393:
390:
366:
363:
361:
358:
356:
355:
350:
342:
337:
330:
323:
316:
308:
301:
294:
286:
278:
276:
273:
271:
270:
265:
260:
255:
250:
249:
248:
237:
235:
232:
181:microorganisms
172:
169:
112:
111:
106:
100:
99:
95:
94:
86:
85:
82:
78:
77:
69:
64:
63:
60:
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8022:
8011:
8008:
8006:
8003:
8001:
7998:
7996:
7993:
7991:
7988:
7986:
7983:
7982:
7980:
7963:
7960:
7959:
7958:
7955:
7953:
7950:
7948:
7945:
7943:
7940:
7938:
7935:
7932:
7930:
7927:
7925:
7922:
7921:
7919:
7915:
7909:
7906:
7904:
7901:
7899:
7896:
7894:
7891:
7888:
7886:
7883:
7881:
7878:
7876:
7873:
7871:
7868:
7866:
7863:
7861:
7858:
7856:
7853:
7851:
7848:
7846:
7843:
7841:
7838:
7834:
7831:
7830:
7828:
7826:
7823:
7821:
7818:
7817:
7815:
7813:
7807:
7796:
7794:
7791:
7789:
7786:
7784:
7781:
7779:
7776:
7774:
7771:
7769:
7768:Sterilization
7766:
7764:
7761:
7759:
7756:
7754:
7751:
7749:
7746:
7742:
7739:
7737:
7736:Surgical mask
7734:
7732:
7729:
7728:
7727:
7724:
7722:
7719:
7717:
7714:
7710:
7707:
7705:
7702:
7699:
7696:
7695:
7694:
7693:Public health
7691:
7689:
7686:
7682:
7679:
7678:
7677:
7674:
7672:
7669:
7665:
7662:
7661:
7660:
7657:
7653:
7650:
7648:
7645:
7643:
7640:
7639:
7638:
7635:
7633:
7630:
7628:
7625:
7623:
7620:
7618:
7615:
7613:
7610:
7609:
7607:
7605:
7599:
7591:
7588:
7586:
7583:
7581:
7578:
7576:
7573:
7571:
7568:
7567:
7566:
7563:
7561:
7558:
7556:
7553:
7551:
7548:
7546:
7545:Phage therapy
7543:
7541:
7538:
7534:
7531:
7530:
7529:
7528:Immunotherapy
7526:
7524:
7521:
7519:
7516:
7514:
7511:
7509:
7506:
7504:
7501:
7499:
7496:
7492:
7489:
7488:
7487:
7486:Antimicrobial
7484:
7480:
7477:
7476:
7475:
7472:
7470:
7467:
7463:
7460:
7459:
7458:
7455:
7454:
7452:
7448:
7445:
7443:
7435:
7428:
7426:
7423:
7421:
7418:
7416:
7413:
7411:
7408:
7406:
7403:
7400:
7398:
7395:
7393:
7390:
7387:
7385:
7382:
7379:
7377:Genitourinary
7376:
7372:
7369:
7368:
7367:
7364:
7360:
7357:
7355:
7352:
7351:
7349:
7348:
7346:
7340:
7330:
7327:
7325:
7322:
7320:
7317:
7315:
7312:
7310:
7307:
7305:
7302:
7300:
7297:
7295:
7292:
7290:
7287:
7285:
7282:
7280:
7277:
7275:
7272:
7270:
7267:
7263:
7260:
7258:
7255:
7254:
7253:
7250:
7248:
7245:
7243:
7240:
7239:
7237:
7235:in population
7231:
7225:
7222:
7220:
7217:
7215:
7212:
7210:
7207:
7205:
7202:
7200:
7199:Herd immunity
7197:
7195:
7192:
7190:
7187:
7185:
7182:
7180:
7177:
7175:
7172:
7170:
7167:
7165:
7162:
7161:
7159:
7157:
7153:
7135:
7132:
7131:
7129:
7125:
7118:
7117:
7115:
7111:
7104:
7103:
7101:
7097:
7091:
7088:
7087:
7085:
7083:Genitourinary
7081:
7075:
7071:
7069:
7066:
7064:
7061:
7059:
7056:
7055:
7053:
7049:
7043:
7040:
7038:
7035:
7033:
7030:
7026:
7025:Contamination
7023:
7022:
7021:
7018:
7017:
7015:
7011:
7003:
7000:
6998:
6995:
6994:
6993:Vector-borne
6992:
6988:
6985:
6983:
6980:
6979:
6977:
6973:
6970:
6967:
6965:
6962:
6960:
6957:
6956:
6954:
6952:
6949:
6948:
6946:
6940:
6934:
6931:
6929:
6926:
6922:
6919:
6918:
6917:
6914:
6912:
6909:
6908:
6906:
6902:
6899:
6895:
6889:
6886:
6885:
6883:
6877:
6871:
6868:
6864:
6861:
6857:
6854:
6851:
6848:
6847:
6846:
6843:
6842:
6840:
6836:
6833:
6831:
6828:
6827:
6825:
6823:
6820:
6819:
6817:
6813:
6809:
6803:
6800:
6798:
6795:
6793:
6790:
6788:
6785:
6784:
6782:
6780:
6779:Cross-species
6776:
6773:
6769:
6762:
6759:
6756:
6753:
6751:
6748:
6746:
6743:
6740:
6739:
6737:
6733:
6730:
6726:
6720:
6719:Window period
6717:
6715:
6712:
6710:
6707:
6705:
6702:
6700:
6697:
6695:
6692:
6690:
6687:
6685:
6684:Latent period
6682:
6680:
6677:
6675:
6672:
6670:
6667:
6665:
6662:
6660:
6657:
6655:
6652:
6650:
6647:
6646:
6644:
6638:
6635:
6633:
6629:
6619:
6616:
6614:
6611:
6609:
6606:
6604:
6601:
6599:
6596:
6594:
6591:
6587:
6584:
6583:
6581:
6579:
6576:
6574:
6571:
6569:
6566:
6564:
6563:Deforestation
6561:
6559:
6556:
6552:
6549:
6547:
6544:
6543:
6541:
6539:
6536:
6533:
6530:
6528:
6525:
6524:
6522:
6520:
6516:
6508:Stress levels
6507:
6504:
6500:
6497:
6496:
6494:
6491:
6488:
6485:
6482:
6479:
6478:
6477:
6474:
6472:
6469:
6467:
6464:
6462:
6459:
6455:
6452:
6450:
6447:
6446:
6445:
6442:
6440:
6437:
6435:
6432:
6430:
6427:
6425:
6422:
6421:
6419:
6417:
6413:
6407:
6404:
6400:
6397:
6395:
6392:
6390:
6387:
6386:
6385:
6382:
6378:
6375:
6373:
6370:
6368:
6365:
6363:
6360:
6359:
6358:
6355:
6353:
6350:
6346:
6343:
6342:
6341:
6340:Pathogenicity
6338:
6334:
6331:
6330:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6319:
6316:
6315:
6313:
6311:
6307:
6304:
6300:
6295:
6291:
6283:
6278:
6276:
6271:
6269:
6264:
6263:
6260:
6248:
6247:
6238:
6234:
6233:Organizations
6231:
6229:
6226:
6224:
6221:
6220:
6219:
6218:
6209:
6208:
6205:
6199:
6196:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6176:
6174:
6171:
6169:
6166:
6164:
6161:
6159:
6156:
6154:
6153:Public health
6151:
6149:
6146:
6144:
6141:
6139:
6136:
6134:
6131:
6129:
6126:
6124:
6121:
6119:
6116:
6114:
6111:
6109:
6106:
6104:
6101:
6099:
6096:
6094:
6091:
6089:
6086:
6084:
6081:
6079:
6076:
6074:
6071:
6069:
6066:
6065:
6063:
6059:
6053:
6050:
6047:
6046:United States
6043:
6040:
6037:
6036:United States
6033:
6030:
6028:
6025:
6023:
6020:
6019:
6017:
6013:
6007:
6004:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5987:
5984:
5982:
5979:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5964:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5940:
5937:
5936:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5922:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5914:Diving safety
5912:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5896:
5894:
5890:
5884:
5881:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5859:
5857:
5853:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5831:
5828:
5825:
5822:
5819:
5816:
5813:
5810:
5809:
5807:
5803:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5783:
5781:
5779:International
5777:
5774:
5772:organizations
5769:
5765:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5725:
5723:
5719:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5658:
5657:
5656:
5653:
5652:
5650:
5648:
5645:Occupational
5642:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5615:Sports injury
5613:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5560:Low back pain
5558:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5510:Farmer's lung
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5412:
5410:
5408:
5403:
5400:Occupational
5397:
5393:
5386:
5381:
5379:
5374:
5372:
5367:
5366:
5363:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5338:
5336:
5332:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5247:
5245:
5241:
5238:
5234:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5222:Halogenoderma
5220:
5218:
5215:
5211:
5208:
5207:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5192:
5190:
5186:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5161:
5159:
5155:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5130:
5128:
5126:
5122:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5092:
5090:
5088:
5084:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5069:
5067:
5065:
5061:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5026:
5024:
5022:
5018:
5014:
5007:
5002:
5000:
4995:
4993:
4988:
4987:
4984:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4941:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4931:
4929:
4925:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4905:
4903:
4901:Organisations
4899:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4869:
4867:
4863:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4851:SAPS III
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4828:
4826:
4824:
4820:
4814:
4811:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4764:
4762:
4758:
4752:
4749:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4736:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4701:
4699:
4695:
4692:
4691:
4690:
4686:
4683:
4682:
4680:
4678:
4674:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4645:Arterial line
4643:
4642:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4632:
4630:
4626:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4590:
4585:
4584:
4582:
4580:
4576:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4544:
4541:
4540:
4538:
4536:Complications
4534:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4514:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4485:Organ failure
4483:
4482:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4440:
4439:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4425:Severe sepsis
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4410:
4409:
4407:
4403:
4400:
4396:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4379:
4376:
4373:
4370:
4367:
4364:
4361:
4358:
4357:
4355:
4353:General terms
4351:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4326:
4323:
4319:
4312:
4307:
4305:
4300:
4298:
4293:
4292:
4289:
4276:
4272:
4269:
4268:
4266:
4262:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4232:
4230:
4226:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4204:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4179:
4177:
4173:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4148:
4146:
4142:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4130:Patient abuse
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4110:Medical error
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4097:
4095:
4091:
4082:
4077:
4075:
4070:
4068:
4063:
4062:
4059:
4053:at Wiktionary
4052:
4051:
4045:
4041:
4040:
4030:
4026:
4025:
4021:
4020:
4017:
4013:
4006:
4002:
4001:
3997:
3995:
3991:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3981:
3978:
3973:
3969:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3918:(5): 367â70.
3917:
3913:
3909:
3902:
3894:
3892:9781449647964
3888:
3884:
3877:
3869:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3834:
3827:
3822:
3814:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3771:
3755:
3748:
3729:
3722:
3716:
3714:
3705:
3701:
3698:(in French).
3697:
3693:
3686:
3675:
3671:
3665:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3626:
3616:
3612:
3607:
3597:
3590:
3584:
3577:
3573:
3570:
3564:
3557:
3551:
3544:
3540:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3515:
3511:
3505:
3498:
3494:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3480:
3473:
3466:
3462:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3448:
3441:
3432:
3423:
3415:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3390:(2): 185â95.
3389:
3385:
3381:
3374:
3358:
3352:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3309:
3301:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3268:
3260:
3254:
3246:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3213:
3198:
3193:
3185:
3183:
3181:
3179:
3170:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3127:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3096:(4): 424â31.
3095:
3091:
3084:
3076:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3043:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3008:
3000:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2949:
2940:
2932:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2889:
2880:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2841:
2825:
2819:
2811:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2768:
2760:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2727:
2719:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2686:
2679:
2674:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2644:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2601:
2585:
2579:
2571:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2528:
2513:
2509:
2503:
2495:
2494:
2489:
2487:
2478:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2443:
2427:
2421:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2386:
2378:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2345:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2298:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2267:
2252:
2245:
2238:
2230:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2189:Critical Care
2186:
2179:
2171:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2120:
2112:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2071:Critical Care
2068:
2060:
2058:
2049:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2022:(7): 1097â9.
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1300:
1294:
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1284:
1280:
1277:proposed the
1276:
1275:Louis Pasteur
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
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1252:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1224:
1215:
1213:
1206:United States
1203:
1201:
1197:
1196:urinary tract
1193:
1189:
1186:In 2012, the
1179:
1171:
1162:
1154:
1150:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1127:
1118:
1109:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1090:urinary tract
1085:
1083:
1082:ciprofloxacin
1079:
1073:
1071:
1070:Rising Plague
1067:
1063:
1059:
1058:urinary tract
1055:
1051:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1035:
1030:
1029:New York City
1025:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1014:Acinetobacter
1011:
1010:Acinetobacter
1007:
1003:
1002:
998:
997:Gram-negative
994:
993:
987:
986:Gram-positive
977:
973:
971:
967:
963:
958:
956:
952:
948:
947:
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822:
817:
811:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
780:
778:
774:
768:
758:
753:Sterilization
750:
748:
742:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
715:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
696:antimicrobial
693:
689:
685:
684:sterilization
681:
671:
668:
664:
658:
656:
653:infection, a
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
628:
619:
617:
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243:
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239:
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231:
229:
224:
222:
218:
214:
210:
209:urinary tract
206:
202:
201:gram-negative
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
168:
166:
161:
160:opportunistic
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
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128:
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119:
110:
107:
105:
101:
96:
92:
87:
83:
79:
74:
68:
58:
56:
55:
51:
49:
41:
32:
31:
19:
7676:Notification
7647:Hand washing
7642:Food hygiene
7627:Disinfection
7523:Immunization
7474:Anthelmintic
7462:prophylactic
7350:Respiratory
7274:Hyperendemic
7224:WAIFW matrix
6879:Environment-
6829:
6632:Transmission
6608:Urbanization
6406:Host tropism
6302:Determinants
6288:Concepts in
6244:
6215:
6042:Right to sit
6032:Potty parity
5625:Tennis elbow
5620:Surfer's ear
5565:Mesothelioma
5539:
5535:Hearing loss
5157:Immunologics
5087:Chemotherapy
5072:Steroid acne
4971:Traumatology
4872:Hemodynamics
4846:SAPS II
4813:Vasopressors
4731:Induced coma
4588:
4579:Iatrogenesis
4569:Stress ulcer
4473:Spinal shock
4430:Septic shock
4255:Hand washing
4244:
4201:
4182:Drapetomania
4151:Medical debt
4100:Iatrogenesis
4087:Medical harm
4049:
4022:
3998:
3983:
3948:. Retrieved
3944:the original
3915:
3911:
3901:
3882:
3876:
3846:(1): 26â39.
3843:
3839:
3833:
3821:
3784:
3780:
3770:
3758:. Retrieved
3747:
3735:. Retrieved
3728:the original
3704:the original
3699:
3695:
3685:
3674:the original
3664:
3639:
3635:
3625:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3596:
3583:
3563:
3555:
3550:
3509:
3504:
3472:
3440:
3431:
3422:
3387:
3383:
3373:
3361:. Retrieved
3351:
3318:
3314:
3308:
3281:
3277:
3267:
3253:
3226:
3222:
3212:
3200:. Retrieved
3196:
3140:
3136:
3126:
3093:
3089:
3083:
3056:
3052:
3042:
3017:
3013:
3007:
2962:
2958:
2948:
2939:
2905:(1): 86â93.
2902:
2898:
2888:
2879:
2854:
2850:
2840:
2828:. Retrieved
2818:
2781:
2777:
2767:
2743:(3): e1âe8.
2740:
2736:
2726:
2699:
2695:
2685:
2673:
2661:. Retrieved
2657:the original
2652:
2643:
2610:
2606:
2600:
2588:. Retrieved
2578:
2544:(1): 205â7.
2541:
2537:
2527:
2515:. Retrieved
2511:
2502:
2492:
2485:
2477:
2455:(2): 104â8.
2452:
2448:
2442:
2430:. Retrieved
2420:
2395:
2391:
2385:
2361:(7): 671â6.
2358:
2354:
2344:
2314:(4): 423â9.
2311:
2307:
2303:
2297:
2280:
2276:
2266:
2254:. Retrieved
2251:European CDC
2250:
2237:
2192:
2188:
2178:
2133:
2129:
2119:
2074:
2070:
2019:
2015:
2005:
1968:
1964:
1954:
1942:. Retrieved
1937:
1928:
1883:
1879:
1839:
1833:
1788:
1784:
1774:
1729:
1725:
1715:
1706:
1696:
1684:. Retrieved
1672:
1660:
1623:
1619:
1561:
1557:
1547:
1536:, retrieved
1524:
1484:
1480:
1470:
1425:
1421:
1411:
1399:. Retrieved
1394:
1385:
1360:
1356:
1342:
1323:Phototherapy
1318:Iatrogenesis
1271:hand-washing
1267:hypothesized
1236:obstetrician
1229:
1209:
1185:
1177:
1168:
1160:
1151:
1128:
1124:
1115:
1106:
1103:Epidemiology
1098:
1086:
1074:
1069:
1061:
1047:
1038:
1032:
1026:
1013:
1009:
1005:
999:
991:
983:
974:
959:
955:Enterococcus
954:
950:
946:Enterococcus
945:
938:
930:
927:
917:
891:
883:
875:
870:
867:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
819:
812:
786:
770:
756:
743:
738:
734:
730:
722:
716:
711:
707:
703:
692:alcohol rubs
688:hand washing
682:, equipment
677:
659:
655:hand hygiene
632:
596:
520:
495:patient-care
484:Description
471:
431:
425:
392:Description
373:
368:
365:Transmission
347:Enterococcus
346:
340:Tuberculosis
332:
325:
318:
310:
303:
296:
290:
281:
225:
183:, including
174:
164:
148:nursing home
143:
121:
117:
115:
67:
45:
43:
7929:Eradication
7840:Biosecurity
7565:Vaccination
7540:Inoculation
7518:Drug safety
7513:Combination
7440:and Control
7388:Soft tissue
7342:Anatomical
7309:Seasonality
7289:Mesoendemic
7269:Holoendemic
7262:Farr's laws
7174:Attack rate
6972:Animal bite
6968:Insect bite
6904:Respiratory
6531:Air quality
6519:Environment
6429:Comorbidity
6345:Attack rate
6328:Infectivity
6078:Drug policy
6015:Legislation
5721:Professions
5545:Indium lung
5440:Brucellosis
5435:Berylliosis
5188:Other drugs
5021:Antibiotics
4954:Pulmonology
4877:Hypotension
4772:Antibiotics
4615:Dialytrauma
4458:Anaphylaxis
4135:Never event
3950:28 November
3737:28 November
3619:(in French)
3284:(1): 9â29.
3229:: S48âS53.
3059:(1): 1â73.
2355:Can. Vet. J
1791:: 631â639.
1686:15 November
1174:Switzerland
1135:pneumopathy
988:strains of
846:Pittosporum
842:Dermabacter
830:Micrococcus
800:body fluids
788:Handwashing
783:Handwashing
700:antibiotics
643:health care
213:bloodstream
158:, becoming
127:nosokomeion
81:Other names
59:do not move
7979:Categories
7812:infections
7753:Sanitation
7721:Quarantine
7580:resistance
7498:Antiseptic
7479:Ascaricide
7469:Antifungal
7457:Antibiotic
7438:Prevention
7371:Intestinal
7304:Prevalence
7284:Inequality
7233:Occurrence
7032:Breastmilk
6916:Bioaerosol
6888:Sapronosis
6863:Horizontal
6735:Endogenous
6714:Viral load
6674:Index case
6178:Toxic tort
6128:Job strain
6098:Ergonomics
6073:Break room
5595:Radium jaw
5585:Phossy jaw
5460:Chalicosis
5430:Barotrauma
5420:Asbestosis
5217:Bromoderma
4961:Pediatrics
4944:Cardiology
4865:Physiology
4767:Analgesics
4716:Chest tube
4545:/ myopathy
4522:Polytrauma
4398:Conditions
4050:nosocomial
3760:2 December
3696:Swiss-NOSO
3615:Libération
3202:27 October
2826:. Osha.gov
2663:6 December
2590:20 January
2077:(1): 236.
1971:: 343â63.
1944:13 January
1538:1 February
1525:StatPearls
1487:: 100291.
1401:13 January
1334:References
1094:pneumonias
1050:Gram stain
1039:Klebsiella
970:germicides
808:excretions
804:secretions
674:Sanitation
622:Prevention
427:Legionella
140:healthcare
18:Nosocomial
7924:Discovery
7850:Disease X
7810:Emerging
7758:Screening
7659:Isolation
7503:Antiviral
7329:Twindemic
7279:Incidence
7156:Modelling
7119:Perinatal
7051:Cutaneous
6942:Linked to
6852:Perinatal
6771:Exogenous
6763:formation
6505:Pregnancy
6362:Endotoxin
6357:Virulence
5899:Checklist
5867:ISO 45001
5855:Standards
5605:Silicosis
5415:Acrodynia
5227:Iododerma
4949:Neurology
4802:Sedatives
4782:Inotropes
4628:Diagnosis
4024:eMedicine
2981:2052-0492
2627:0924-8579
2517:21 August
2256:15 August
2211:1364-8535
2195:(1): 25.
2152:0342-4642
2093:1364-8535
1902:2076-0817
1880:Pathogens
1807:1178-6973
1748:0095-1137
1681:0362-4331
1580:1098-6618
1503:252640995
1462:253556197
1428:(1): 35.
1248:midwifery
1230:In 1841,
1133:(30.3%),
1054:pneumonia
1018:polymyxin
980:Treatment
761:Isolation
667:pneumonia
651:rotavirus
444:viruses.
442:varicella
275:Organisms
221:treatment
205:pneumonia
138:or other
132:infection
104:Specialty
57:. Please
7833:EARS-Net
7748:Safe sex
7700:services
7671:Lockdown
7442:measures
7344:location
7324:Syndemic
7319:Sporadic
7299:Pandemic
7294:Outbreak
7252:Epidemic
7105:Prenatal
6997:Mosquito
6881:to-human
6856:Neonatal
6849:Prenatal
6797:Zoonosis
6642:concepts
6573:Humidity
6558:Commerce
6434:Diabetes
6367:Exotoxin
6228:Journals
6217:Category
6143:Overwork
6061:See also
5814:(Canada)
5805:National
5768:Agencies
5630:Tinnitus
5500:Erethism
5407:injuries
5402:diseases
5064:Hormones
4640:Catheter
4559:Fungemia
4334:Medicine
4093:Concepts
3940:25830725
3868:53567650
3860:30444981
3813:17357358
3656:12818589
3572:Archived
3539:Archived
3528:Archived
3517:Archived
3493:Archived
3482:Archived
3461:Archived
3450:Archived
3414:22339192
3363:1 August
3343:19045707
3335:11395584
3300:18989656
3245:20597672
3169:27131140
3118:23252531
3110:27257798
3075:29487629
3034:23622745
2999:26693023
2931:30579325
2871:16253366
2810:25089848
2759:28572111
2718:11996615
2635:11337221
2570:18971364
2469:15474180
2412:15325713
2377:16898109
2336:25876369
2328:17385148
2289:16501436
2229:33430915
2170:29915941
2111:35922860
2048:16022788
1997:25548523
1920:26131615
1825:35241915
1766:14532211
1707:Webscape
1652:17357358
1598:21233510
1533:28722887
1454:36397098
1377:21908073
1297:See also
1255:cadavers
1251:students
1078:imipenem
1043:Brooklyn
680:uniforms
565:COVID-19
557:HIV/AIDS
436:and the
378:biofilms
185:bacteria
136:hospital
7637:Hygiene
7575:booster
7508:Asepsis
7247:Endemic
7242:Cluster
6826:Source
6761:Biofilm
6598:Poverty
6568:Ecology
6546:El Niño
6499:Smoking
6377:factors
6318:Biofilm
6294:Outline
6246:Commons
5826:(Spain)
5820:(Italy)
5647:hygiene
5445:Burnout
5236:General
4966:Surgery
4005:D003428
3932:6354955
3804:1820440
3405:3292282
3160:7132689
3066:5824029
2990:4676153
2922:6387671
2830:11 July
2801:7163182
2561:2620839
2368:1482439
2220:7797892
2161:6006236
2102:9347163
2039:3371795
1988:4271721
1938:cdc.gov
1911:4584267
1816:8887909
1643:1820440
1589:3021207
1445:9672642
1395:cdc.gov
1291:disease
1283:cholera
1218:History
1157:Finland
1112:Belgium
862:Candida
508:needles
438:rubeola
197:surveys
171:Effects
7845:CRISPR
7797:Zoning
7652:Gloves
7063:Fomite
6897:Routes
6792:Vector
6659:Fomite
6640:Basic
6603:Travel
6483:Gender
5929:Hazard
5892:Safety
5425:Asthma
4441:Other
4420:Sepsis
4374:(PICU)
4368:(NICU)
3938:
3930:
3889:
3866:
3858:
3811:
3801:
3677:(.doc)
3654:
3490:Résumé
3458:Résumé
3412:
3402:
3341:
3333:
3298:
3243:
3167:
3157:
3116:
3108:
3073:
3063:
3032:
2997:
2987:
2979:
2965:: 54.
2929:
2919:
2869:
2808:
2798:
2757:
2716:
2680:. 2009
2633:
2625:
2568:
2558:
2467:
2432:6 July
2410:
2375:
2365:
2334:
2326:
2287:
2227:
2217:
2209:
2168:
2158:
2150:
2109:
2099:
2091:
2046:
2036:
1995:
1985:
1918:
1908:
1900:
1846:
1823:
1813:
1805:
1764:
1757:254321
1754:
1746:
1679:
1650:
1640:
1596:
1586:
1578:
1531:
1501:
1460:
1452:
1442:
1375:
1308:ESKAPE
1265:, and
1121:France
995:, and
968:, and
966:silver
962:copper
908:fomite
894:gloves
888:Gloves
856:, and
852:, and
844:, and
828:, and
710:, and
663:sepsis
535:cancer
481:Route
454:fomite
389:Route
193:Europe
7917:Other
7425:Fetus
7420:Mouth
7415:Tooth
7410:Blood
7397:Joint
7257:Curve
7127:Other
7074:wound
7072:Open
7042:Feces
7037:Water
6728:Modes
6586:Flood
6310:Agent
6068:Break
5334:Other
4809:drugs
4760:Drugs
4443:shock
4380:(CCU)
4362:(ICU)
3936:S2CID
3864:S2CID
3731:(PDF)
3724:(PDF)
3339:S2CID
3114:S2CID
2332:S2CID
2247:(PDF)
1499:S2CID
1458:S2CID
1353:(PDF)
1165:Italy
1080:plus
879:flora
796:blood
360:Cause
234:Types
189:fungi
7681:list
7602:Non-
7392:Bone
7384:Skin
7068:Soil
7058:Burn
7020:Food
7002:Tick
6664:Host
6424:Burn
6416:Host
5879:(US)
5843:(US)
5832:(UK)
5770:and
5405:and
4856:SOFA
4841:PIM2
4687:and
4527:Coma
4415:SIRS
4275:List
4000:MeSH
3952:2015
3928:PMID
3887:ISBN
3856:PMID
3809:PMID
3762:2018
3739:2015
3652:PMID
3410:PMID
3365:2023
3331:PMID
3296:PMID
3241:PMID
3204:2022
3165:PMID
3106:PMID
3071:PMID
3030:PMID
2995:PMID
2977:ISSN
2927:PMID
2867:PMID
2832:2011
2806:PMID
2782:2014
2755:PMID
2714:PMID
2665:2018
2631:PMID
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