334:
22:
49:
709:
288:, which must date from before 410 AD, when the Empire lost the island. In consequence, there is substantial duplication, with the same unit often listed under different commands. It is impossible to ascertain whether these were detachments of the same unit in different places simultaneously, or the same whole unit at different times. Also, it is likely that some units were merely nominal or minimally staffed. According to
329:
of units, the late 4th century AD army may, at one extreme, have equalled the size of the 2nd century AD force, i. e., over 400,000 men; and at the other extreme, it may have been far smaller. For example, the forces deployed in
Britain circa 400 AD may have been merely 18,000 against circa 55,000 in the 2nd century AD.
328:
does not record the number of personnel. Given that and the paucity of other evidence of unit sizes at that time, the size of individual units and the various commands cannot be ascertained. In turn, this makes it impossible to assess accurately the total size of the army. Depending on the strength
272:
AD and that for the
Western Empire from circa 420 AD. Further, each section is probably not a contemporaneous "snapshot", but relies on data pre-dating it by as many as 20 years. The Eastern section may contain data from as early as 379 AD, the beginning of the reign of Emperor
101:. It is usually considered to be accurate for the Western Roman Empire in the 420s AD and for the Eastern or Byzantine Empire in the 390s AD. However, the text itself is not dated (nor is its author named), and omissions complicate ascertaining its date from its content.
316:
within sections. This is doubtless due to accumulated textual losses and copying errors, because it was repeatedly copied over the centuries: the earliest manuscript possessed today dates from the 15th century. The
109:
There are several extant 15th- and 16th-century copies of the document, plus a colour-illuminated iteration of 1542. All the known, extant copies are derived, either directly or indirectly, from
305:
AD, whose unreliability is demonstrated by "the supposed existence of traditional (Roman military) units in
Britain and Spain at a time when other evidence shows they were not there."
377:
had a shield design which corresponds to the dynamic, clockwise version of the symbol, albeit with red dots, instead of dots of the opposite colour. The emblem of the
93:. It is unique as one of very few surviving documents of Roman government, and describes several thousand offices from the imperial court to provincial governments,
625:
694:
381:, another Western Roman infantry regiment, featured a pattern of concentric circles comparable to its static version. The Roman patterns predate the earliest
129:
was the final and largest, occupying 164 pages, that brought together several previous documents of which one was of the 9th century. The
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enumerates all the major "dignities", i. e., offices, that it could bestow, often with the location and specific
148:, was revised with "illustrations more faithful to the originals added at a later date", and is preserved by the
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782:
797:
404:
145:
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713:
189:("staff") enumerated, except for the most junior members, for each. The dignities are ordered by:
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versions by almost seven hundred years, but there is no evidence for a relation between the two.
265:
It was compiled at two different times. The section for the
Eastern Empire apparently dates from
185:
756:
747:
690:
149:
81:
for 'List of all dignities and administrations both civil and military') is a document of the
792:
208:
422:
86:
560:
Isabelle
Robinet: "Taiji tu. Diagram of the Great Ultimate", in: Fabrizio Pregadio (ed.):
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8:
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at the end of the 4th century AD. Therefore, its development from the structure of the
194:
94:
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21:
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565:
410:
681:
343:
218:
168:
118:
90:
41:
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The Later Roman Empire, 284–602. A Social, Economic and
Administrative Survey
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285:
212:
160:
32:
697:− full online scan of the 1542 manuscript with its modernised illustrations
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in 1542, but which was lost before 1672 and has not been rediscovered. The
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Notitia dignitatum et administrationum omnium tam civilium quam militarium
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contains symbols similar to the diagram which later came to be known as
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cannot therefore provide a comprehensive list of all units that existed.
739:
259:
255:
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428:
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708:
448:
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presents four primary problems as a source for the Empire's army:
449:"Publication of Offices - Notitia Dignitatum (Sammelhandschrift)"
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is thought to copy or imitate only that illustrated in the lost
382:
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Court officials, including the most senior dignitaries such as
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is largely conjectural because of the lack of other evidence.
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known to have existed in the library of the
Chapter of
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The "Yin-Yang" among the
Insignia of the Roman Empire?
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from
Pelagios/Pleiades. 1505 toponyms. 1164 matches.
277:. The Western section contains data from as early as
759:
Partial
English translation by William Fairley, 1899
489:(London: The Macmillan Press Ltd., 1991), pp. 89–90.
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that details the administrative organization of the
513:
An Imperial Possession: Britain in the Roman Empire
764:
623:Klaus-Peter Johne, 'Notitia dignitatum', in:
39:, a late Roman register of military commands.
636:, The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986.
284:AD: for example, it shows units deployed in
125:was a collection of documents, of which the
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662:
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584:Helmut Nickel: "The Dragon and the Pearl",
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57:
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618:Westermann Großer Atlas zur Weltgeschichte
564:, Routledge, Abingdon (Oxfordshire) 2008,
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133:in illuminated manuscript copies of the
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655:The Compilation 'notitia dignitatum'
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14:
819:
788:Coats of arms of the Roman Empire
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237:
179:For each half of the Empire, the
25:Page from a medieval copy of the
16:Document of the Late Roman Empire
773:Military history of ancient Rome
707:
37:Magister Militum Praesentalis II
657:, extensive links and resources
606:, edited by Robert Ireland, in
487:Early Medieval Europe: 300–1000
298:was an archaising text written
155:The most important copy of the
144:The iteration of 1542 made for
778:Government of the Roman Empire
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608:British Archaeological Reports
588:, Bd. 26 (1991), S. 146, Fn. 5
562:The Encyclopedia of Taoism A−Z
505:
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357:Taijitu § Similar symbols
312:has many sections missing and
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695:Notitia Dignitatum Clm 10291
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405:List of Late Roman provinces
371:armigeri defensores seniores
339:armigeri defensores seniores
146:Otto Henry, Elector Palatine
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620:contains many precise maps.
586:Metropolitan Museum Journal
545:September 15, 2008, at the
400:Jublains archeological site
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341:(4th row, third from left).
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163:in 1436 and illuminated by
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824:
808:Maps of Palestine (region)
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686:full scan of 1436 edition
500:Fall of the Roman Empire
105:Copies of the manuscript
31:commissioned in 1436 by
803:Illuminated manuscripts
610:, International Series
373:("shield-bearers") and
35:, depicting shields of
738:, Latin with notes by
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691:Bavarian State Library
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596:Sources and references
541:, Bd. 6, Nr. 2 (2000)
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337:Shield pattern of the
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453:World Digital Library
369:. The infantry units
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224:Comites Rei Militaris
209:praetorian prefecture
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783:Prose texts in Latin
629:8 (2000), 1011–1013.
423:Tabula Peutingeriana
205:provincial governors
91:Eastern Roman Empire
798:Late Roman military
757:Medieval Sourcebook
702:Latin, web versions
572:, pp. 934−936 (934)
531:Giovanni Monastra:
367:yin and yang symbol
195:praetorian prefects
95:diplomatic missions
722:Notitia Dignitatum
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295:Notitia Dignitatum
219:Martial commanders
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59:Notitia Dignitatum
52:Palestine and the
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28:Notitia Dignitatum
712:Works related to
570:978-0-7007-1200-7
411:Notitia Galliarum
159:is that made for
83:Late Roman Empire
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740:Otto Seeck
459:2014-06-21
355:See also:
351:Depictions
303: 425
282: 400
270: 395
260:Principate
256:Roman army
171:, Oxford.
99:army units
752:Europeana
435:Citations
429:Tetrarchy
346:, Oxford.
286:Britannia
44:, Oxford.
742:(1876):
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543:Archived
389:See also
186:officium
175:Contents
131:heraldry
89:and the
379:Thebaei
363:Notitia
326:Notitia
319:Notitia
314:lacunae
310:Notitia
292:, "the
252:Notitia
244:Notitia
213:diocese
181:Notitia
135:Notitia
127:Notitia
87:Western
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568:
539:Sophia
455:. 1542
383:Taoist
227:, and
201:Vicars
97:, and
395:Laeti
230:Duces
215:; and
157:Codex
115:codex
79:Latin
638:ISBN
566:ISBN
361:The
324:The
308:The
250:The
242:The
211:and
203:and
113:, a
69:The
669:GIS
614:.2.
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