1950:
45:
1891:
196:
2288:(EIS) were prepared for each reactor to extend the operational period from 40 to 60 years. One study examined the EISs and found significant flaws, included failure to consider significant issues of concern. It also found that the NRC management had significantly underestimated the risk and consequences posed by a severe reactor accident such as a full-scale nuclear meltdown. NRC management asserted, without scientific evidence, that the risk of such accidents were so "Small" that the impacts could be dismissed and therefore no analysis of human and environmental was even performed. Such a conclusion is scientifically indefensible given the experience of the
27:
844:
1883:
36:
1858:
1818:
1048:
1838:
1778:
2082:. INPO refers to NANT as "our National Academy for Nuclear Training" on its website. NANT integrates and standardizes the training programs of INPO and US nuclear energy companies, offers training scholarships and interacts with the 'National Nuclear Accrediting Board'. This Board is closely related to the National Academy for Nuclear Training, not a government body, and referred to as independent by INPO, the Nuclear Energy Institute, and nuclear utilities. but not by the NRC, all of whom are represented on the board.
1798:
1718:
974:
2275:. In the late 1980s, the NRC 'created a policy' of non-enforcement by asserting its discretion not to enforce license conditions; between September 1989 and 1994, the 'NRC has either waived or chosen not to enforce regulations at nuclear power reactors over 340 times'. Finally, critics charge that the NRC has ceded important aspects of regulatory authority to the industry's own Institute for Nuclear Power Operations (INPO), an organization formed by utilities in response to the Three Mile Island Accident.
2060:
2258:
within 28 days, the NRC mailed the license to the West
Virginia postal box. Upon receipt of the license, GAO officials were able to easily modify its stipulations and remove a limit on the amount of radioactive material they could buy. A spokesman for the NRC said that the agency considered the radioactive devices a "lower-level threat"; a bomb built with the materials could have contaminated an area about the length of a city block but would not have presented an immediate health hazard.
1758:
997:
3010:
895:
1598:
1638:
1578:
2554:
1020:
946:
2123:. However, the case for widespread nuclear plant construction was eroded due to abundant natural gas supplies. Many license applications for proposed new reactors were suspended or cancelled. These will not be the cheapest energy options available, therefore not an attractive investment. In 2013, four reactors were permanently closed: San Onofre 2 and 3 in California, Crystal River 3 in Florida, and Kewaunee in Wisconsin.
640:
2215:
1738:
1618:
923:
2663:
the NRC and the lead author of the leaked report, filed a complaint with the agency's
Inspector General, asserting that NRC staff had improperly redacted information from the public version of his report "to prevent the disclosure of this safety information to the public because it will embarrass the agency." Perkins wrote. "Concurrently, the NRC concealed the information from the public."
2705:
seven of the 12 safety recommendations put forward by a federal task force in July 2011. The recommendations include "new standards aimed at strengthening operators' ability to deal with a complete loss of power, ensuring plants can withstand floods and earthquakes and improving emergency response capabilities". The new safety standards will take up to five years to fully implement.
2409:, saying "I cannot support issuing this license as if Fukushima never happened". In July 2011, Mark Cooper said that the Nuclear Regulatory Commission is "on the defensive to prove it is doing its job of ensuring safety". In October 2011, Jaczko described "a tension between wanting to move in a timely manner on regulatory questions, and not wanting to go too fast".
2701:(EIS). Yet this conflicts with NRC's internal analyses which concluded that flooding presented a serious human and environmental risk. Critics charge that if these relicensing EISs failed to evaluate the risks of flooding, then how can the public be confident that NRC did not mislead stakeholders concerning other risks such as the potential for a nuclear meltdown.
2401:. For example, he supported the requirement that new plants be able to withstand an aircraft crash. On February 9, 2012, Jaczko cast the lone dissenting vote on plans to build the first new nuclear power plant in more than 30 years when the NRC voted 4–1 to allow Atlanta-based Southern Co to build and operate two new nuclear power reactors at its existing
1903:
Licensing Board Panel, as well as eight commission staff offices (Office of
Commission Appellate Adjudication, Office of Congressional Affairs, Office of the General Counsel, Office of International Programs, Office of Public Affairs, Office of the Secretary, Office of the Chief Financial Officer, Office of the Executive Director for Operations).
1917:, specifically the Allegations Program, Office of Investigations, Office of Nuclear Security and Incident Response, Region I, Region II, Region III, Region IV, Office of the Chief Information Officer, Office of Administration, Office of the Chief Human Capital Officer, and Office of Small Business and Civil Rights.
2047:
licensees. It was upgraded in
October 2010 and is now web-based. Of documents from 1980 to 1999 only some have abstracts and/or full text; most are citations. Documents from before 1980 are available in paper or microfiche formats. Copies of these older documents or classified documents can be applied for with a
2696:
This raised a second and potentially larger issue. NRC recently completed its license renewal program which extended the operating licenses of the nation's fleet of nuclear reactors for an additional 20 years. NRC stated that the probability of a severe accident is so incredible that the consequences
2266:
Twelve years into NRC operations, a 1987 congressional report entitled "NRC Coziness with
Industry" concluded, that the NRC "has not maintained an arms length regulatory posture with the commercial nuclear power industry ... has, in some critical areas, abdicated its role as a regulator altogether".
254:
in 2011, the NRC developed a guidance strategy known as "Diverse and
Flexible Coping Strategies (FLEX)" which requires licensee nuclear power plants to account for beyond-design-basis external events (seismic, flooding, high-winds, etc.) that are most impactful to reactor safety through loss of power
2662:
This criticism is collaborated by two NRC whistleblowers who accused their management of deliberately covering up information concerning the vulnerability of flooding, and of failing to take corrective actions despite being aware of these risks for years. Richard
Perkins, a second risk engineer with
2257:
set up a false company and obtained a license from the
Nuclear Regulatory Commission that would have allowed them to buy the radioactive materials needed for a dirty bomb. According to the GAO report, NRC officials did not visit the company or attempt to personally interview its executives. Instead,
2183:
Nuclear power regulation is a textbook example of the problem of "regulatory capture" — in which an industry gains control of an agency meant to regulate it. Regulatory capture can be countered only by vigorous public scrutiny and
Congressional oversight, but in the 32 years since Three Mile Island,
2097:
In 1999, NRC issued a final rule on operator initial licensing examination, that allows companies to prepare, proctor, and grade their own operator initial licensing examinations. Facilities can "upon written request" continue to have the examinations prepared and administered by NRC staff, but if a
2093:
In 1993, NRC endorsed the industry's approach to training that had been used for nearly a decade through its 'Training Rule'. In
February 1994, NRC passed the 'Operator Requalification Rule' 59 FR 5938, Feb. 9, 1994, allowing each nuclear power plant company to conduct the operator licensing renewal
2046:
NRC has a library, which also contains online document collections. In 1984 it started an electronic repository called ADAMS, the Agencywide Documents Access and Management System, for its public inspection reports, correspondence, and other technical documents written by NRC staff, contractors, and
793:
2721:
Oregon's NuScale Power signed an agreement with the Polish mining and processing firm KGHM to deploy NuScale's innovative small modular nuclear reactors (SMRs) in Poland by 2029. At the U.N.'s Glasgow Climate Change Conference in November, NuScale contracted with a Romanian energy company to deploy
2688:
NRC's 2011 leaked report notes that "dam failure incidents are common". NRC estimated the odds that dams constructed like Jocassee will fail is about 1 in 3,600 failures per year. Oconee is licensed to operate for another 20 years. The odds of the Jocassee Dam failing over that period are 1 in 180.
2650:
Following the Fukushima disaster, the NRC prepared a report in 2011 to examine the risk that dam failures posed on the nation's fleet of nuclear reactors. A redacted version of NRC's report on dam failures was posted on the NRC website on March 6. The original, un-redacted version was leaked to the
2089:
directed NRC in Section 306 to issue regulations or "other appropriate regulatory guidance" on training of nuclear plant personnel. Since the nuclear industry already had developed training and accreditation, NRC issued a policy statement in 1985, endorsing the INPO program. NRC has a memorandum of
321:
The NRC's mission is to regulate the nation's civilian use of byproduct, source, and special nuclear materials to ensure adequate protection of public health and safety, to promote the common defense and security, and to protect the environment. The NRC's regulatory mission covers three main areas:
2704:
NRC officials stated in June 2011 that US nuclear safety rules do not adequately weigh the risk of a single event that would knock out electricity from the grid and from emergency generators, as a quake and tsunami did in Japan. In October 2011, and NRC instructed agency staff to move forward with
1902:
The NRC consists of the commission on the one hand and offices of the executive director for Operations on the other. The commission is divided into two committees (Advisory Committee on Reactor Safeguards and Advisory Committee on the Medical Uses of Isotopes) and one Board, the Atomic Safety and
2304:
be assessed (40 Code of Federal Regulations §1508.7). By disregarding this basic requirement, NRC effectively misrepresented the risk posed to the nation by approximately two orders of magnitude (i.e., the true risk is about 100 greater than NRC represented). These findings were corroborated in a
2147:
Byrne and Hoffman wrote in 1996, that since the 1980s the NRC has generally favored the interests of nuclear industry, and been unduly responsive to industry concerns, while failing to pursue tough regulation. The NRC has often sought to hamper or deny public access to the regulatory process, and
2658:
The leaked version of the report concluded that one-third of the U.S. nuclear fleet (34 plants) may face flooding hazards greater than they were designed to withstand. It also shows that NRC management was aware of some aspects of this risk for 15 years and yet it had done nothing to effectively
2692:
NRC identified 34 reactors that lie downstream from a total of more than 50 dams. More than half of these dams are roughly the size of the Jocassee dam. Assuming the NRC's failure rate applies to all of these dams, the chance that one will fail over the next 40 years is about one in four or 25
2204:
in Connecticut kept warning management, that the spent fuel rods were being put too quickly into the spent storage pool and that the number of rods in the pool exceeded specifications. Management ignored him, so he went directly to the NRC, which eventually admitted that it knew of both of the
4735:
The Nuclear Regulatory Commission: Policy and Governance Challenges: Joint Hearing before the Subcommittee on Energy and Power and the Subcommittee on Environment and the Economy of the Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives, One Hundred Thirteenth Congress, First Session,
3478:
In accordance with its memorandum of agreement with the Institute of Nuclear Power Operations (INPO), the NRC monitors INPO accreditation activities as part of its assessment of the effectiveness of the industry's training programs. (The NRC also monitors the selected performance areas of its
742:
2712:
The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission has also been criticized for its reluctance to allow for innovation and experimentation, even controlled for and purportedly safe methods of deploying nuclear power that countries such as Poland are approving before the United States. As reported by
872:
691:
770:
668:
719:
821:
2654:
The un-redacted version which was leaked to the public highlights the threat that flooding poses to nuclear power plants located near large dams and substantiates claims that NRC management has intentionally misled the public for years about the severity of the flooding.
353:
for five-year terms. One of them is designated by the president to be the chairman and official spokesperson of the commission. The chairman is the principal executive officer of the NRC, who exercise all of the executive and administrative functions of the commission.
2708:
In November 2011, Jaczko warned power companies against complacency and said the agency must "push ahead with new rules prompted by the nuclear crisis in Japan, while also resolving long-running issues involving fire protection and a new analysis of earthquake risks".
3367:
2348:
released a study critical of the NRC's 2010 performance as a regulator. The UCS said that over the years, it had found the NRC's enforcement of safety rules has not been "timely, consistent, or effective" and it cited 14 "near-misses" at U.S. plants in 2010 alone.
4593:
2666:
Larry Criscione, a second NRC risk engineer also raised concerns about the NRC withholding information concerning the risk of flooding. He stated that assertions by NRC's management that plants are "currently able to mitigate flooding events," was false.
3447:
The independent National Nuclear Accrediting Board evaluates operator and technical training programs for nuclear plants throughout the industry, ensuring that accredited training programs meet the highest standards for excellence and incorporate best
4451:
285:
2725:
This kind of advanced energy technology will likely be powering homes and businesses in Europe before the first reactor is completed in the United States. That's because the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) is in no hurry to help.
2689:
NRC requires risks to be investigated if they have a frequency of more than 1 in 10,000 years. For a reactor operating over a period of 40 years, these risks must be evaluated if they have a chance greater than a 1 in 250 of occurring.
2138:
units 3 and 4, the first time NRC had extended licenses to 80 years total lifetime. Similar extensions for about 20 reactors are planned or intended, with more expected in the future. This will reduce demand for replacement new builds.
1498:
2427:
In 2011, a total of 45 groups and individuals from across the nation formally asked the NRC to suspend all licensing and other activities at 21 proposed nuclear reactor projects in 15 states until the NRC completed a thorough
1923:
NRC's proposed FY 2015 budget is $ 1,059.5 million, with 3,895.9 full-time equivalents (FTE), 90 percent of which is recovered by fees. This is an increase of $ 3.6 million, including 65.1 FTE, compared to FY 2014.
207:
was in charge of matters regarding radionuclides. The AEC was dissolved, because it was perceived as unduly favoring the industry it was charged with regulating. The NRC was formed as an independent commission to oversee
5047:
2352:
In April 2011, Reuters reported that diplomatic cables showed NRC sometimes being used as a sales tool to help push American technology to foreign governments, when "lobbying for the purchase of equipment made by
2078:(INPO) within 9 months to establish personnel training and qualification. The industry through INPO created the 'National Academy for Nuclear Training Program' either as early as 1980 or in September 1985 per the
4601:
1262:
3292:
3430:
309:
4519:
4767:
4571:
4261:
1518:
1458:
1438:
1698:
1678:
1538:
1398:
1340:
1280:
1658:
1360:
1202:
1162:
1380:
1242:
1558:
1478:
1142:
1122:
2305:
final report prepared by a special Washington State Legislature Nuclear Power Task Force, titled, "Doesn't NRC Address Consequences of Severe Accidents in EISs for re-licensing?"
1300:
1182:
1320:
1102:
3787:
1222:
4740:
3293:
US Congress. House Committee on Science and Technology. Subcommittee on Energy Research and Production, US President's Commission on the Accident at Three Mile Island (1980).
1418:
2722:
its SMR technology in that country by 2028. NuScale has signed similar memoranda of understanding with electric power companies in Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, and Ukraine.
5421:
4509:
NRC's July 2011 report on dam failures say that the 2009 letter is not publicly available; this quote here is taken from the unredacted version of the NRC's July 2011 report
4914:
5349:
2524:
The petitioners asked the NRC to supplement its own investigation by establishing an independent commission comparable to that set up in the wake of the less severe 1979
3728:
3479:
licensees as part of its assessment.) The NRC monitors INPO activities by observing accreditation team visits and the monthly National Nuclear Accrediting Board meetings.
2300:
accidents. Another finding was that NRC had concealed the risk posed to the public at large by disregarding one of the most important EIS requirements, mandating that
3844:
4854:
1703:
1683:
1543:
1523:
564:
4175:
4106:
1949:
1247:
2271:
A 1986 Congressional report found that NRC staff had provided valuable technical assistance to the utility seeking an operating license for the controversial
5155:
3683:
1285:
735:
4452:"Fukushima Fallout: 45 Groups and Individuals Petition NRC to Suspend All Nuclear Reactor Licensing and Conduct a "Credible" Three Mile Island-Style Review"
2284:
One example involves the license renewal program that NRC initiated to extend the operating licenses for the nation's fleet of commercial nuclear reactors.
5061:
4992:
4847:
3746:
2795:
2772:
2756:
2685:
is a credible event". It goes on to state that "NRC staff expressed concerns that Duke has not demonstrated that the units will be adequately protected."
1663:
160:
2659:
address the problem. Some flooding events are so serious that they could result in a "severe" nuclear accident, up to, and including, a nuclear meltdown.
2357:
and other domestic manufacturers". This gives the appearance of a regulator which is acting in a commercial capacity, "raising concerns about a potential
4794:
1403:
1325:
763:
4907:
3870:
4526:
2767:
to license such a temporary storage facility that is not at a nuclear power station or federal site, nullifying the purported license. Another CISF in
1107:
661:
5441:
5274:
5010:
4828:
3967:
2537:
2505:
1227:
1147:
1127:
712:
5446:
5109:
4948:
4133:
2790:
2030:, namely 94 power-producing reactors, and 31 non-power-producing, or research and test reactors. Oversight is done on several levels. For example:
1483:
4579:
5132:
4884:
3915:
5244:
4898:
4053:
2693:
percent chance. This dam failure rate does not include risks posed by earthquakes or terrorism. Thus, the true probability may be much higher.
2571:
224:
5436:
2618:
2387:
led to an uncontrolled release of radioactive contamination, and forced the Japanese Government to evacuate approximately 100,000 citizens.
5426:
2165:
The NRC has been accused of having conflicting roles as regulator and "salesman" in a 2011 Reuters article, doing an inadequate job by the
1944:
4552:
2590:
5416:
5281:
5102:
5054:
2815:
2115:
Between 2007 and 2009, 13 companies applied to the Nuclear Regulatory Commission for construction and operating licenses to build 25 new
4107:
U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, Subcommittee on General, Oversight and Investigations (1987).
5024:
4964:
4206:
3100:
3036:
2048:
1909:
is the chairman of the NRC. There are 14 Executive Director for Operations offices: Office of Nuclear Material Safety and Safeguards,
5431:
5294:
2597:
2517:
2501:
2469:
2155:
2067:
NRC conducts audits and training inspections, observes the National Nuclear Accrediting Board meetings, and nominates some members.
4930:
4729:
4109:"NRC' COZINESS- WITH" INDUSTRY" Nuclear Regulatory Commission Fails to Maintain Arms Length Relationship with the Nuclear Industry"
2805:
2110:
1993:
244:
255:
and loss of ultimate heat sink. FLEX Strategies have been implemented at all operating nuclear power plants in the United States.
5363:
4957:
4937:
4787:
3664:
2497:
2477:
2192:
stated that many forms of NRC regulatory failure exist, including regulations ignored by the common consent of NRC and industry:
2135:
2007:
1979:
4409:
2379:. The subsequent loss of offsite power and flooding of onsite emergency diesel generators led to loss of coolant and subsequent
2074:
recommended that the nuclear energy industry "set and police its own standards of excellence". The nuclear industry founded the
5411:
5326:
5319:
5086:
4978:
4812:
2735:
In September 2021 the NRC issued a license for a privately operated temporary consolidated interim storage facility (CISF) for
2604:
2493:
1965:
341:– Transportation, storage, and disposal of nuclear materials and waste, and decommissioning of nuclear facilities from service.
258:
The origins and development of NRC regulatory processes and policies are explained in five volumes of history published by the
204:
168:
81:
4287:
239:, was split into the Office of Nuclear Energy, Science & Technology within ERDA by the same act. In 1977, ERDA became the
5187:
4642:
3805:
2485:
2461:
2441:
2376:
2075:
3621:
2372:
2314:
5356:
5139:
5116:
4891:
4033:
2509:
2457:
2272:
2205:
forbidden practices, which happened at many plants, but chose to ignore them. The whistleblower was fired and blacklisted.
1910:
329:– Commercial reactors for generating electric power and research and test reactors used for research, testing, and training
4492:
2586:
5093:
2810:
2465:
2090:
agreement with INPO and "monitors INPO activities by observing accreditation team visits and the monthly NNAB meetings".
44:
5260:
5228:
5180:
4780:
4762:
4229:
4159:
3703:
2800:
2785:
2533:
2489:
2453:
2417:
2394:
2384:
2322:
2297:
2079:
240:
209:
3541:
2179:
in Pennsylvania, the NRC has often been too timid in ensuring that America's commercial reactors are operated safely:
1957:
The NRC territory is broken down into four geographical regions; until the late 1990s, there was a Region V office in
5237:
4744:
4071:
3321:
2820:
2637:
2473:
2341:
Natural Resources and Energy Committee had asked the NRC about the pipes and the NRC also did not know they existed.
2189:
1497:
894:
164:
4182:
5305:
2674:: "The redacted information shows that the NRC is lying to the American public about the safety of U.S. reactors,"
2402:
2338:
2254:
3680:
3294:
2094:
examination every six years, eliminating the requirement of NRC-administered written requalification examination.
335:– Uses of nuclear materials in medical, industrial, and academic settings and facilities that produce nuclear fuel
4877:
4870:
4863:
2481:
2027:
4089:
3896:
5267:
3568:
2698:
2575:
2285:
2037:
Numerous special inspection teams, with many different specialties, routinely conduct inspections at each site.
346:
259:
3939:
3461:
2962:
2368:, said in 2011 that instead of being a watchdog, the NRC too often rules in favor of nuclear plant operators.
1890:
5031:
3878:
2671:
2354:
2345:
2318:
2201:
2166:
1969:
172:
5451:
5125:
5017:
4332:
3646:
2611:
1914:
3187:
2935:
26:
5379:
5038:
4821:
4705:
3495:
2437:
2246:
2019:
217:
2253:
in further attacks in the United States and elsewhere. In March 2007, undercover investigators from the
5388:
5312:
4719:
2525:
2449:
2429:
2406:
2289:
2176:
2128:
2071:
1987:
1973:
1920:
Of these operations offices, NRC's major program components are the first two offices mentioned above.
251:
4470:
3079:
195:
5340:
5203:
4803:
2760:
2445:
2326:
4050:
3227:
2508:, SC);a construction permit decision (Bellefonte Units 1 and 2); and an operating license decision (
4390:
3058:
2764:
2397:
occurred in Japan. Jaczko looked for lessons for the US, and strengthened security regulations for
2365:
2086:
2001:
1958:
1928:
94:
4305:
1931:(although the mailing address for two of the three main buildings in the complex list the city as
5333:
5079:
4921:
3944:
3173:
2564:
2158:
in 2007, said that the five-member NRC had become "captive of the industries that it regulates".
232:
4668:
4594:"NRC chair warns nuclear industry against complacency, says it must resolve long-running issues"
3595:
843:
5210:
5194:
3514:
3148:
2984:
2681:
has been shown to be at particular risk from flooding. An NRC letter dated 2009 states that "a
2678:
1895:
2512:, TN). In addition, the petition asks the NRC to halt proceedings to approve the standardized
1913:, Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research, Office of Enforcement, which investigates reports by
541:
has nominated the following to fill a seat on the commission. They await Senate confirmation.
163:
tasked with protecting public health and safety related to nuclear energy. Established by the
4985:
4616:
2740:
2034:
Each power-producing reactor site has resident inspectors, who monitor day-to-day operations.
2015:
1906:
1823:
1305:
1041:
402:
358:
293:
The Road to Yucca Mountain: The Development of Radioactive Waste Policy in the United States
176:
123:
3998:
3765:
3333:
2358:
2238:
2098:
company volunteers to prepare the examination, NRC continues to approve and administer it.
350:
3871:"Preventing Nuclear Meltdown: Assessing Regulatory Failure in Japan and the United States"
2101:
Since 2000 meetings between NRC and applicants or licensees have been open to the public.
8:
2398:
2219:
2172:
1882:
1463:
1345:
1261:
837:
786:
4772:
4493:"Leaked Report Suggests Long-Known Flood Threat To Nuclear Plants, Safety Advocates Say"
4002:
3337:
167:, the NRC began operations on January 19, 1975, as one of two successor agencies to the
5217:
5171:
4371:
4014:
3916:"Japanese Nuclear Reactors, U.S. Safety to Take Center Stage on Capitol Hill This Week"
2736:
2301:
2293:
2162:
1723:
1443:
1167:
967:
4428:
4247:
Preparing NEPA Environmental Assessments: A Users Guide to Best Professional Practices
2888:
2337:
had denied under oath even existed. At a hearing in 2009 Tony Klein, chairman of the
35:
5164:
4375:
4225:
4200:
4155:
4127:
4018:
2714:
2364:
San Clemente Green, an environmental group opposed to the continued operation of the
1817:
1643:
1365:
1207:
1047:
1013:
684:
231:. Research and promotion of civil uses of radioactive materials, such as for nuclear
3267:
3241:
2543:
2460:, NH); 13 new reactor combined construction permit and operating license decisions (
1857:
5148:
4971:
4709:
4363:
4006:
3462:"The United States of America National Report for the Convention on Nuclear Safety"
3345:
3341:
2936:"NRC: A Short History of Nuclear Regulation, 1946–2009 (NUREG/BR-0175, Revision 2)"
2752:
2413:
2380:
2234:
2011:
1983:
1763:
990:
213:
3122:
2906:
2843:
2329:
voted overwhelmingly to deny an extension. The plant had been found to be leaking
2127:, in Vernon, was shut down on December 29, 2014. New York state eventually closed
4351:
4108:
4057:
3687:
2436:
The petition seeks suspension of six existing reactor license renewal decisions (
1997:
1863:
1837:
1803:
1797:
1777:
1717:
1563:
973:
865:
804:
489:
431:
362:
307:, a former academic, is the NRC historian. Before joining the NRC, Wellock wrote
4520:"Union of Concerned Scientists, Dam Failures and Flooding at U.S. Nuclear Plant"
3431:"PG&E Senior Vice President Appointed to National Nuclear Accrediting Board"
2755:
in the state, petitioned for a court review of the license. In August 2023 the
2748:
2730:
2529:
2390:
2197:
2124:
1603:
1583:
1187:
939:
906:
304:
228:
4724:
3986:
3188:"Congressional Budget Justification: Fiscal Year 2015 (NUREG-1100, Volume 30)"
2059:
5405:
4757:
4367:
4262:"Democrats step up pressure on nuclear regulators over disaster preparedness"
4010:
3515:"Renewal of Licenses and Requalification Requirements for Licensed Operators"
2230:
2120:
2116:
1932:
1623:
916:
753:
236:
3410:
1757:
996:
279:
Permissible Dose: A History of Radiation Protection in the Twentieth Century
273:
Containing the Atom: Nuclear Regulation in a Changing Environment, 1963–1971
3573:
NRC Regulations (10 CFR) PART 55—Operators licenses, § 55.40 Implementation
2682:
2330:
2151:
1843:
1783:
1503:
1031:
957:
888:
855:
702:
460:
180:
3788:"Nuclear Plants, Old and Uncompetitive, Are Closing Earlier Than Expected"
3213:
1457:
4835:
4608:
3747:"Experts: Even higher costs and more headaches for nuclear power in 2012"
1437:
651:
633:
4312:. United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation
1697:
1677:
1537:
1517:
1397:
4714:
2768:
2759:
ruled that the NRC does not have the authority from Congress under the
2578: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2250:
1743:
1423:
814:
583:
247:
was created as a subcomponent of DOE, responsible for nuclear weapons.
184:
183:
safety, and managing the storage, security, recycling, and disposal of
2161:
Numerous different observers have criticized the NRC as an example of
1339:
1279:
792:
4734:
3412:
1657:
1597:
1059:
538:
365:
designated Hanson as chairman of the NRC effective January 20, 2021.
310:
Critical Masses: Opposition to Nuclear Power in California, 1958–1978
175:
and security, administering reactor licensing and renewal, licensing
4222:
The EIS Book: Managing and Preparing Environmental Impact Statements
4152:
The EIS Book: Managing and Preparing Environmental Impact Statements
2907:"DIVERSE AND FLEXIBLE COPING STRATEGIES (FLEX) IMPLEMENTATION GUIDE"
2553:
2169:, and the agency approval process has been called a "rubber stamp".
1637:
1577:
1359:
1201:
1161:
1019:
945:
267:
Controlling the Atom: The Beginnings of Nuclear Regulation 1946–1962
4749:
2226:
1894:
The three building that comprise NRC's North Bethesda campus, with
1379:
1241:
741:
4669:"Appeal from the Nuclear Regulatory Commission Agency No. 72-1050"
2416:, Democrat of Massachusetts, criticized the NRC's response to the
2249:, have prompted fears that extremist groups might use radioactive
1557:
1477:
1141:
1121:
871:
3268:"FAQ About the Agencywide Documents Access and Management System"
2697:
can be dismissed from the analysis of impacts in its relicensing
2544:
Intentionally concealing reports concerning the risks of flooding
2334:
1181:
690:
639:
4553:"U.S. Reactors Unprepared for Total Power Loss, Report Suggests"
2670:
David Lochbaum, a nuclear engineer and safety advocate with the
2405:
in Georgia. He cited safety concerns stemming from Japan's 2011
2134:
In 2019 the NRC approved a second 20-year license extension for
1319:
1299:
1101:
769:
667:
2838:
2836:
2513:
2421:
2242:
2214:
2131:, in Buchanan, 30 miles from New York City, on April 30, 2021.
1961:
which was absorbed into Region IV, and Region V was dissolved.
1221:
718:
2744:
1737:
1617:
1417:
922:
820:
286:
Three Mile Island: A Nuclear Crisis in Historical Perspective
227:(ERDA) in 1975, responsible for development and oversight of
3897:"Exclusive: U.S. nuclear regulator a policeman or salesman?"
3894:
2833:
2751:, which had passed a law in 2022 prohibiting the storage of
2731:
Exceeding powers licensing off-site interim storage facility
3596:"Staff Meetings Open to the Public: Final Policy Statement"
2184:
interest in nuclear regulation has declined precipitously.
2321:, the NRC approved a 20-year extension for the license of
2279:
5032:
Federal Election Campaign Act Amendments of 1974 and 1976
4802:
3393:
Pate, Zack T. (Autumn 1986). "INPO's impact in the USA".
575:
524:
505:
500:
476:
471:
447:
442:
418:
413:
345:
The NRC is headed by five commissioners appointed by the
3437:. Pacific Gas and Electric Corporation. 11 February 2013
2142:
561:
399:
4699:
4333:"U.S. approves first new nuclear plant in a generation"
3647:"U.S. approves first new nuclear plant in a generation"
1927:
NRC headquarters offices are located in unincorporated
580:
3940:"Is the Government's Nuclear Regulator Up to the Job?"
3895:
Ben Berkowitz & Roberta Rampton (April 18, 2011).
138:
4410:"U.S. Regulator Says Fukushima Lessons Can Percolate"
4113:
An Investigative Report 100th" Congress First Session
3622:"MIT: Cheap gas, not renewables, caused nuclear woes"
3411:
Institute of Nuclear Power Operations (INPO) (2012).
2420:
and the decision-making on the proposed Westinghouse
2319:
damaged Japan's Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant
5422:
Independent agencies of the United States government
4993:
Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States
4676:
United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit
4145:
4143:
3569:"Subpart E—Written Examinations and Operating Tests"
3542:"Initial Licensed Operator Examination Requirements"
2965:. Nuclear Engineering International. 28 January 2021
2796:
List of canceled nuclear plants in the United States
2773:
United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit
2757:
United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit
2026:
In these four regions NRC oversees the operation of
373:
The current commissioners as of September 24, 2024:
4352:"The implications of Fukushima: The US perspective"
4750:Technical Report Archive and Image Library (TRAIL)
4306:"FUKUSHIMA DAIICHI NUCLEAR POWER STATION ACCIDENT"
486:
428:
161:independent agency of the United States government
5275:Energy Conservation Program for Consumer Products
5062:Vietnam Era Veterans' Readjustment Assistance Act
4140:
3806:"Turkey Point licensed for 80 years of operation"
3029:
2991:. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. November 6, 2023
2506:William States Lee III Nuclear Generating Station
2209:
5403:
4755:
4643:"Court annuls licence for Texas used fuel store"
4569:
4090:"A Nuclear Ruse Uncovers Holes in U.S. Security"
4069:
3965:
2375:led to unprecedented damage and flooding of the
4741:The future of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission
4661:
4407:
3868:
3838:
3836:
3419:. Institute of Nuclear Power Operations (INPO).
3368:"National Academy for Nuclear Training Program"
457:
301:A Short History of Nuclear Regulation 1946–2009
5245:Energy Research and Development Administration
3987:"Fukushima and the inevitability of accidents"
3984:
3933:
3931:
3929:
3913:
3842:
3093:
2957:
2955:
2333:through a network of underground pipes, which
2148:created new barriers to public participation.
2070:The 1980 Kemeny Commission's report after the
225:Energy Research and Development Administration
4788:
4486:
4484:
4426:
4330:
4288:"Anti-nuclear protest planned at NRC meeting"
4285:
4259:
3937:
3644:
2791:International Nuclear Regulators' Association
2054:
4720:NRC list of power-producing nuclear reactors
4635:
4550:
4388:
4132:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3833:
3798:
3785:
3726:
3704:"10 Reasons Not to Invest in Nuclear Energy"
3397:. International Atomic Energy Agency: 60–62.
3011:"Quick Search Nuclear Regulatory Commission"
2261:
2225:Terrorist attacks such as those executed by
2104:
1945:Regions of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission
316:
303:, which outlines key issues in NRC history.
5103:National Mass Transportation Assistance Act
4468:
4446:
4444:
4442:
4349:
3926:
3763:
3395:International Atomic Energy Agency Bulletin
2952:
2816:Title 10 of the Code of Federal Regulations
2175:wrote in March 2011, that despite the 1979
153:United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission
5025:Education for All Handicapped Children Act
4965:Vladivostok Summit Meeting on Arms Control
4795:
4781:
4481:
3890:
3888:
3845:"Ex-regulator flacking for pro-nuke lobby"
3781:
3779:
43:
4253:
4031:
3985:Charles Perrow (November–December 2011).
3826:John Byrne and Steven M. Hoffman (1996).
3319:
2868:John Byrne and Steven M. Hoffman (1996).
2638:Learn how and when to remove this message
2518:Economic Simplified Boiling Water Reactor
2502:Alvin W. Vogtle Electric Generating Plant
2470:Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Generating Station
1886:NRC Organizational Chart in February 2019
5442:1974 establishments in the United States
4766:) is being considered for deletion. See
4730:Canceled Nuclear Units Ordered in the US
4725:NRC list of non-power-producing reactors
4439:
4100:
3828:Governing the Atom: The Politics of Risk
3729:"Atomic Power's Green Light or Red Flag"
3301:. U.S. Govt. Print. Off. pp. 40–129
3228:"Map of Research and Test Reactor Sites"
2870:Governing the Atom: The Politics of Risk
2864:
2862:
2860:
2806:Nuclear renaissance in the United States
2213:
2111:Nuclear renaissance in the United States
2058:
1948:
1935:), and there are four regional offices.
1889:
1881:
1067:
368:
245:National Nuclear Security Administration
194:
5447:Government agencies established in 1974
5364:Water Resources Development Act of 1976
4044:
3885:
3776:
3496:"Related Documents and Other Resources"
3406:
3404:
3295:"Kemeny Commission findings: Oversight"
3072:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2498:Turkey Point Nuclear Generating Station
2478:Enrico Fermi Nuclear Generating Station
2280:Nuclear Reactor License Renewal Program
2041:
5404:
5327:Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
5320:Hazardous Materials Transportation Act
5087:Federal-Aid Highway Amendments of 1974
4979:National Security Study Memorandum 200
4614:
4572:"Nuke regulators toughen safety rules"
4490:
4205:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
3489:
3487:
3180:
2494:South Texas Nuclear Generating Station
2393:was chairman of the NRC when the 2011
169:United States Atomic Energy Commission
16:Government agency of the United States
5188:Municipal Securities Rulemaking Board
4829:VP confirmation of Nelson Rockefeller
4776:
3808:. World Nuclear News. 6 December 2019
3600:Federal Register Volume 65 Number 183
3546:Federal Register Volume 64, Number 78
3519:Federal Register Volume 59, Number 27
3051:
2857:
2771:is similarly being challenged in the
2486:North Anna Nuclear Generating Station
2462:Bellefonte Nuclear Generating Station
2377:Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant
2143:Controversy, concerns, and criticisms
2076:Institute of Nuclear Power Operations
5437:Nuclear history of the United States
5357:Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976
5140:Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation
5117:Commodity Futures Trading Commission
4082:
4025:
3638:
3401:
3392:
3386:
2875:
2576:adding citations to reliable sources
2547:
2510:Watts Bar Nuclear Generating Station
2458:Seabrook Station Nuclear Power Plant
1911:Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation
171:. Its functions include overseeing
5427:Nuclear energy in the United States
5094:Federal Bridge Gross Weight Formula
4063:
3665:Entergy says nuclear remains costly
3593:
3566:
3539:
3512:
3484:
3459:
3365:
3320:Lanouette, William (January 1980).
3313:
3115:
2886:
2811:Nuclear safety in the United States
2466:Callaway Nuclear Generating Station
594:
13:
5417:Governmental nuclear organizations
5261:Energy Policy and Conservation Act
5181:Securities Acts Amendments of 1975
4600:. 11 November 2011. Archived from
4070:Nicholas Kristof (10 March 2004).
3966:Frank Von Hippel (23 March 2011).
3657:
3374:. Nuclear Energy Institute nei.org
3286:
2801:Nuclear power in the United States
2786:International Atomic Energy Agency
2534:Southern Alliance for Clean Energy
2490:Shearon Harris Nuclear Power Plant
2454:Pilgrim Nuclear Generating Station
2418:Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster
2385:Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster
2323:Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Plant
2315:2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami
2080:International Atomic Energy Agency
241:United States Department of Energy
14:
5463:
5238:Energy Reorganization Act of 1974
4770:to help reach a consensus. ›
4745:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
4693:
4408:Matthew L. Wald (July 28, 2011).
4356:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
3991:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
3869:Daniel Kaufmann (April 1, 2011).
3830:, Transaction Publishers, p. 160.
3770:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
3326:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
2872:, Transaction Publishers, p. 163.
2821:Atomic Safety and Licensing Board
2474:Comanche Peak Nuclear Power Plant
2442:Davis–Besse Nuclear Power Station
2308:
2190:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
165:Energy Reorganization Act of 1974
5432:Nuclear regulatory organizations
5306:Federal Noxious Weed Act of 1974
4491:Zeller, Tom (October 19, 2012).
4471:"Anti nuclear movement gears up"
4427:Peter Fairley (March 15, 2011).
4389:Matthew Wald (October 4, 2011).
4286:Onell R. Soto (April 28, 2011).
4260:Jia Lynn Yang (March 18, 2011).
3914:Hannah Northey (28 March 2011).
3843:Justin Elliott (17 March 2011).
3766:"Nuclear aging: Not so graceful"
2963:"Biden appoints new head of NRC"
2747:. However a group including the
2552:
2403:Vogtle Electric Generating Plant
2255:Government Accountability Office
1856:
1836:
1816:
1796:
1776:
1756:
1736:
1716:
1696:
1676:
1656:
1636:
1616:
1596:
1576:
1556:
1536:
1516:
1496:
1476:
1456:
1436:
1416:
1396:
1378:
1358:
1338:
1318:
1298:
1278:
1260:
1240:
1220:
1200:
1180:
1160:
1140:
1120:
1100:
1046:
1018:
995:
972:
944:
921:
893:
870:
842:
819:
791:
768:
740:
717:
689:
666:
638:
299:The NRC has produced a booklet,
34:
25:
4586:
4570:Andrew Restuccia (2011-10-20).
4563:
4544:
4512:
4503:
4462:
4420:
4401:
4382:
4343:
4324:
4298:
4279:
4238:
4213:
4168:
3978:
3959:
3938:Kate Sheppard (17 March 2011).
3907:
3862:
3820:
3757:
3739:
3720:
3696:
3673:
3614:
3587:
3560:
3533:
3506:
3493:
3453:
3423:
3359:
3260:
3234:
3220:
3206:
3166:
3141:
3103:. Nuclear Regulatory Commission
3080:"Chairman Kristine L. Svinicki"
3039:. Nuclear Regulatory Commission
2699:environmental impact statements
2587:"Nuclear Regulatory Commission"
2563:needs additional citations for
2482:Levy County Nuclear Power Plant
2313:In Vermont, the day before the
2286:Environmental impact statements
1877:
4617:"America's Nuclear Reluctance"
4615:Bailey, Ronald (23 May 2022).
4551:Matthew Wald (June 15, 2011).
4429:"Fukushima's Spreading Impact"
3786:Matthew Wald (June 14, 2013).
3727:Matthew Wald (June 11, 2013).
3681:AmerenUE pulls plug on project
3346:10.1080/00963402.1980.11458680
3322:"The Kemeny Commission Report"
3123:"Organization & Functions"
3003:
2977:
2928:
2899:
2464:Units 3 and 4, AL, Bell Bend,
2210:Terrorism concerns and threats
532:
347:president of the United States
260:University of California Press
1:
5412:Nuclear Regulatory Commission
5252:Nuclear Regulatory Commission
4706:Nuclear Regulatory Commission
4700:Nuclear Regulatory Commission
4469:Carly Nairn (14 April 2011).
4331:Ayesha Rascoe (Feb 9, 2012).
3645:Ayesha Rascoe (Feb 9, 2012).
2851:Nuclear Regulatory Commission
2827:
2672:Union of Concerned Scientists
2373:Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami
2355:Westinghouse Electric Company
2346:Union of Concerned Scientists
2202:Millstone Nuclear Power Plant
2167:Union of Concerned Scientists
1970:King of Prussia, Pennsylvania
20:Nuclear Regulatory Commission
5126:Home Mortgage Disclosure Act
5018:Equal Credit Opportunity Act
3764:Mark Cooper (18 June 2013).
3708:Center for American Progress
3602:. Government Printing Office
3548:. Government Printing Office
3521:. Government Printing Office
2383:of three reactor cores. The
1915:nuclear power whistleblowers
199:The commission meets in 2021
7:
5282:Strategic Petroleum Reserve
5039:Federal Election Commission
4032:Jay Davis (25 March 2008).
2778:
2528:. The petitioners included
2438:Columbia Generating Station
218:nuclear safety and security
10:
5468:
5313:Forestry Incentive Program
4915:Presidential Proclamations
4678:. 25 August 2023. 21-60743
4475:San Francisco Bay Guardian
3242:"NRC Document Collections"
3101:"Former NRC Commissioners"
2916:. Nuclear Energy Institute
2526:Three Mile Island accident
2450:Indian Point Energy Center
2430:Fukushima nuclear disaster
2407:Fukushima nuclear disaster
2177:Three Mile Island accident
2129:Indian Point Energy Center
2108:
2072:Three Mile Island accident
2055:Training and accreditation
1942:
1938:
1898:in the right bottom corner
252:Fukushima nuclear disaster
190:
5373:
5341:Maximum contaminant level
5293:
5227:
5204:Tax Reduction Act of 1975
5071:
5002:
4947:
4811:
4804:Presidency of Gerald Ford
4763:Presidency of Gerald Ford
4752:from technicalreports.org
4350:Mark Cooper (July 2011).
3594:NRC (20 September 2000).
2446:Diablo Canyon Power Plant
2327:Vermont state legislature
2262:1987 congressional report
2218:NRC headquarters outside
2105:Prospective nuclear units
1058:
1030:
956:
905:
854:
803:
752:
701:
650:
624:
621:
618:
615:
612:
317:Mission and commissioners
133:
116:
108:
100:
90:
74:
56:
51:
42:
33:
24:
4892:Supreme Court candidates
4768:templates for discussion
4391:"The N.R.C. Goes Social"
4368:10.1177/0096340211414840
4011:10.1177/0096340211426395
3513:NRC (February 9, 1994).
2765:Nuclear Waste Policy Act
2366:San Onofre Nuclear Plant
2087:Nuclear Waste Policy Act
1959:Walnut Creek, California
1929:North Bethesda, Maryland
357:The current chairman is
235:, nuclear medicine, and
223:The U.S. AEC became the
205:Atomic Energy Commission
95:North Bethesda, Maryland
82:Atomic Energy Commission
5389:Carter administration →
5334:Safe Drinking Water Act
5080:Fair Credit Billing Act
4842:Assassination attempts
3129:. NRC. 27 November 2013
2267:To cite three examples:
2239:September 11, 2001
2063:Commission headquarters
1986:, oversees most of the
233:non-destructive testing
5380:← Nixon administration
5211:Tax Reform Act of 1976
5195:National Market System
5048:Rockefeller Commission
4034:"After A Nuclear 9/11"
3968:"It Could Happen Here"
3691:Columbia Daily Tribune
3460:NRC (September 2001).
2728:
2679:Oconee Nuclear Station
2536:, and San Luis Obispo
2522:
2277:
2222:
2207:
2186:
2064:
1954:
1953:Map of the NRC regions
1899:
1896:North Bethesda station
1887:
212:matters, oversight of
200:
62:; 49 years ago
4986:Executive Order 11905
4885:Judicial appointments
4532:on September 26, 2019
3567:NRC (23 April 1999).
3540:NRC (23 April 1999).
3468:. NRC. pp. 11–15
3192:NUREG-1100, Volume 30
3149:"NRC: The Commission"
3037:"Former NRC Chairman"
3017:. Library of Congress
2719:
2434:
2331:radioactive materials
2269:
2217:
2194:
2181:
2062:
1952:
1907:Christopher T. Hanson
1893:
1885:
1824:Christopher T. Hanson
1704:William C. Ostendorff
1684:William D. Magwood IV
1544:Jeffrey S. Merrifield
1524:Edward McGaffigan Jr.
1306:Frederick M. Bernthal
1068:List of commissioners
1042:Christopher T. Hanson
565:Matthew James Marzano
403:Christopher T. Hanson
369:Current commissioners
359:Christopher T. Hanson
349:and confirmed by the
198:
177:radioactive materials
124:Christopher T. Hanson
112:$ 879 million (2021)
60:January 19, 1975
5350:Magnuson–Stevens Act
5172:Fast track authority
4051:Averting Catastrophe
3176:. NRC. 28 June 2013.
2683:Jocassee Dam failure
2572:improve this article
2399:nuclear power plants
2359:conflict of interest
2042:Recordkeeping system
2020:south central states
1248:Nunzio J. Palladiono
584:Jeffrey Martin Baran
351:United States Senate
243:(DOE). In 2000, the
5452:Rockville, Maryland
5055:1975 VRA Amendments
4958:International trips
4266:The Washington Post
4224:. CRC Press. 2014.
4154:. CRC Press. 2014.
4003:2011BuAtS..67f..44P
3753:. 28 December 2011.
3338:1980BuAtS..36a..20L
2344:In March 2011, the
2220:Rockville, Maryland
2173:Frank N. von Hippel
2154:, when running for
2028:US nuclear reactors
1988:southeastern states
1974:northeastern states
1464:Shirley Ann Jackson
1346:Kenneth Monroe Carr
1286:James K. Asselstine
838:Shirley Ann Jackson
787:Kenneth Monroe Carr
736:Nunzio J. Palladino
21:
5218:Whip Inflation Now
4931:Halloween Massacre
4702:(official website)
4647:World Nuclear News
4604:on 27 August 2016.
4249:. CRC Press. 2012.
4056:2010-06-07 at the
3686:2012-07-13 at the
3059:"Stephen G. Burns"
2737:spent nuclear fuel
2395:Fukushima disaster
2302:cumulative impacts
2223:
2188:An article in the
2163:regulatory capture
2065:
1955:
1900:
1888:
1731:December 31, 2014
1724:Allison Macfarlane
1664:George Apostolakis
1531:September 2, 2007
1488:February 15, 1996
1448:December 16, 1991
1444:E. Gail de Planque
1267:Thomas M. Roberts
1168:Richard T. Kennedy
982:December 31, 2014
968:Allison Macfarlane
203:Prior to 1975 the
201:
19:
5399:
5398:
5165:Trade Act of 1974
4938:Carter transition
4878:1977 SOTU Address
4871:1976 SOTU Address
4864:1975 SOTU Address
4736:February 28, 2013
4458:. April 14, 2011.
4433:Technology Review
3881:on April 6, 2011.
3693:, April 23, 2009.
3194:. NRC. March 2014
2844:"NRC at a glance"
2761:Atomic Energy Act
2648:
2647:
2640:
2622:
2538:Mothers for Peace
2290:Three Mile Island
2247:July 7, 2005
1875:
1874:
1768:November 4, 2014
1748:October 14, 2014
1651:January 20, 2021
1644:Kristine Svinicki
1608:January 25, 2005
1588:January 21, 2005
1568:October 29, 1999
1548:October 23, 1998
1408:December 1, 1989
1404:Forrest J. Remick
1388:October 20, 1988
1385:James R. Curtiss
1366:Kenneth C. Rogers
1326:Lando W. Zech Jr.
1208:Peter A. Bradford
1172:January 19, 1975
1152:January 19, 1975
1135:January 15, 1977
1132:January 19, 1975
1112:January 19, 1975
1065:
1064:
1053:January 20, 2021
1028:January 20, 2021
1025:January 23, 2017
1014:Kristine Svinicki
1005:January 23, 2017
877:October 29, 1999
764:Lando W. Zech Jr.
724:December 7, 1979
699:December 7, 1979
685:Joseph M. Hendrie
676:January 15, 1977
673:January 19, 1975
645:January 19, 1975
592:
591:
530:
529:
149:
148:
5459:
5392:
5383:
5366:
5359:
5352:
5343:
5336:
5329:
5322:
5315:
5308:
5284:
5277:
5270:
5263:
5254:
5247:
5240:
5220:
5213:
5206:
5197:
5190:
5183:
5174:
5167:
5158:
5151:
5149:Net capital rule
5142:
5135:
5128:
5119:
5112:
5110:CFTC Act of 1974
5105:
5096:
5089:
5082:
5064:
5057:
5050:
5041:
5034:
5027:
5020:
5013:
4995:
4988:
4981:
4974:
4972:Helsinki Accords
4967:
4960:
4940:
4933:
4924:
4917:
4910:
4908:Executive Orders
4901:
4894:
4887:
4880:
4873:
4866:
4857:
4850:
4843:
4838:
4831:
4824:
4797:
4790:
4783:
4774:
4773:
4710:Federal Register
4688:
4687:
4685:
4683:
4673:
4665:
4659:
4658:
4656:
4654:
4649:. 30 August 2023
4639:
4633:
4632:
4630:
4628:
4612:
4606:
4605:
4590:
4584:
4583:
4578:. Archived from
4567:
4561:
4560:
4548:
4542:
4541:
4539:
4537:
4531:
4525:. Archived from
4524:
4516:
4510:
4507:
4501:
4500:
4488:
4479:
4478:
4466:
4460:
4459:
4448:
4437:
4436:
4424:
4418:
4417:
4405:
4399:
4398:
4386:
4380:
4379:
4347:
4341:
4340:
4328:
4322:
4321:
4319:
4317:
4302:
4296:
4295:
4283:
4277:
4276:
4274:
4272:
4257:
4251:
4250:
4242:
4236:
4235:
4217:
4211:
4210:
4204:
4196:
4194:
4193:
4187:
4181:. Archived from
4180:
4172:
4166:
4165:
4147:
4138:
4137:
4131:
4123:
4121:
4119:
4104:
4098:
4097:
4086:
4080:
4079:
4072:"A Nuclear 9/11"
4067:
4061:
4048:
4042:
4041:
4029:
4023:
4022:
3982:
3976:
3975:
3963:
3957:
3956:
3954:
3952:
3935:
3924:
3923:
3911:
3905:
3904:
3892:
3883:
3882:
3877:. Archived from
3866:
3860:
3859:
3857:
3855:
3840:
3831:
3824:
3818:
3817:
3815:
3813:
3802:
3796:
3795:
3783:
3774:
3773:
3761:
3755:
3754:
3743:
3737:
3736:
3724:
3718:
3717:
3715:
3714:
3700:
3694:
3677:
3671:
3663:Eileen O'Grady.
3661:
3655:
3654:
3642:
3636:
3635:
3633:
3632:
3618:
3612:
3611:
3609:
3607:
3591:
3585:
3584:
3582:
3580:
3564:
3558:
3557:
3555:
3553:
3537:
3531:
3530:
3528:
3526:
3510:
3504:
3503:
3491:
3482:
3481:
3475:
3473:
3457:
3451:
3450:
3444:
3442:
3427:
3421:
3420:
3408:
3399:
3398:
3390:
3384:
3383:
3381:
3379:
3363:
3357:
3356:
3354:
3352:
3317:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3306:
3299:Committee Report
3290:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3279:
3264:
3258:
3257:
3255:
3253:
3238:
3232:
3231:
3224:
3218:
3217:
3214:"Power Reactors"
3210:
3204:
3203:
3201:
3199:
3184:
3178:
3177:
3170:
3164:
3163:
3161:
3159:
3145:
3139:
3138:
3136:
3134:
3119:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3108:
3097:
3091:
3090:
3088:
3086:
3076:
3070:
3069:
3067:
3065:
3055:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3044:
3033:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3022:
3007:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2996:
2985:"The Commission"
2981:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2970:
2959:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2946:
2932:
2926:
2925:
2923:
2921:
2911:
2903:
2897:
2896:
2884:
2873:
2866:
2855:
2854:
2848:
2840:
2753:high-level waste
2643:
2636:
2632:
2629:
2623:
2621:
2580:
2556:
2548:
2424:reactor design.
2414:Edward J. Markey
2381:Nuclear meltdown
2235:Washington, D.C.
2196:A worker (named
2119:reactors in the
2014:, oversees the
2012:Arlington, Texas
1984:Atlanta, Georgia
1868:August 26, 2022
1860:
1840:
1820:
1800:
1780:
1764:Stephen G. Burns
1760:
1740:
1720:
1700:
1691:August 31, 2014
1680:
1660:
1640:
1620:
1600:
1580:
1560:
1540:
1528:August 28, 1996
1520:
1508:August 23, 1996
1500:
1480:
1460:
1440:
1420:
1400:
1382:
1362:
1350:August 14, 1986
1342:
1322:
1302:
1282:
1264:
1244:
1224:
1212:August 15, 1977
1204:
1184:
1164:
1144:
1124:
1108:Marcus A. Rowden
1104:
1083:
1082:
1080:
1079:
1075:
1050:
1022:
1002:January 1, 2015
999:
991:Stephen G. Burns
976:
948:
925:
897:
874:
846:
823:
795:
772:
744:
721:
693:
670:
662:Marcus A. Rowden
642:
610:
609:
607:
606:
602:
595:List of chairmen
588:
587:
586:
577:
569:
568:
567:
544:
543:
526:
507:
502:
494:
493:
492:
478:
473:
465:
464:
463:
449:
444:
436:
435:
434:
420:
415:
407:
406:
405:
376:
375:
214:nuclear medicine
145:
142:
140:
117:Agency executive
75:Preceding agency
70:
68:
63:
47:
38:
29:
22:
18:
5467:
5466:
5462:
5461:
5460:
5458:
5457:
5456:
5402:
5401:
5400:
5395:
5386:
5377:
5369:
5362:
5355:
5348:
5339:
5332:
5325:
5318:
5311:
5304:
5296:
5289:
5280:
5273:
5266:
5259:
5250:
5243:
5236:
5223:
5216:
5209:
5202:
5193:
5186:
5179:
5170:
5163:
5154:
5147:
5138:
5131:
5124:
5115:
5108:
5101:
5092:
5085:
5078:
5072:Economic policy
5067:
5060:
5053:
5046:
5037:
5030:
5023:
5016:
5011:Cannabis policy
5009:
5003:Domestic policy
4998:
4991:
4984:
4977:
4970:
4963:
4956:
4943:
4936:
4929:
4920:
4913:
4906:
4897:
4890:
4883:
4876:
4869:
4862:
4853:
4846:
4841:
4834:
4827:
4820:
4807:
4801:
4771:
4715:NRC public blog
4696:
4691:
4681:
4679:
4671:
4667:
4666:
4662:
4652:
4650:
4641:
4640:
4636:
4626:
4624:
4613:
4609:
4598:Washington Post
4592:
4591:
4587:
4568:
4564:
4549:
4545:
4535:
4533:
4529:
4522:
4518:
4517:
4513:
4508:
4504:
4489:
4482:
4467:
4463:
4450:
4449:
4440:
4425:
4421:
4406:
4402:
4387:
4383:
4348:
4344:
4329:
4325:
4315:
4313:
4304:
4303:
4299:
4284:
4280:
4270:
4268:
4258:
4254:
4244:
4243:
4239:
4232:
4219:
4218:
4214:
4198:
4197:
4191:
4189:
4185:
4178:
4176:"Archived copy"
4174:
4173:
4169:
4162:
4149:
4148:
4141:
4125:
4124:
4117:
4115:
4105:
4101:
4096:. 12 July 2012.
4088:
4087:
4083:
4068:
4064:
4058:Wayback Machine
4049:
4045:
4038:Washington Post
4030:
4026:
3983:
3979:
3964:
3960:
3950:
3948:
3936:
3927:
3912:
3908:
3893:
3886:
3867:
3863:
3853:
3851:
3841:
3834:
3825:
3821:
3811:
3809:
3804:
3803:
3799:
3784:
3777:
3762:
3758:
3745:
3744:
3740:
3725:
3721:
3712:
3710:
3702:
3701:
3697:
3688:Wayback Machine
3678:
3674:
3670:, May 25, 2010.
3662:
3658:
3643:
3639:
3630:
3628:
3620:
3619:
3615:
3605:
3603:
3592:
3588:
3578:
3576:
3565:
3561:
3551:
3549:
3538:
3534:
3524:
3522:
3511:
3507:
3492:
3485:
3471:
3469:
3458:
3454:
3440:
3438:
3429:
3428:
3424:
3409:
3402:
3391:
3387:
3377:
3375:
3364:
3360:
3350:
3348:
3318:
3314:
3304:
3302:
3291:
3287:
3277:
3275:
3266:
3265:
3261:
3251:
3249:
3240:
3239:
3235:
3226:
3225:
3221:
3212:
3211:
3207:
3197:
3195:
3186:
3185:
3181:
3172:
3171:
3167:
3157:
3155:
3147:
3146:
3142:
3132:
3130:
3121:
3120:
3116:
3106:
3104:
3099:
3098:
3094:
3084:
3082:
3078:
3077:
3073:
3063:
3061:
3057:
3056:
3052:
3042:
3040:
3035:
3034:
3030:
3020:
3018:
3009:
3008:
3004:
2994:
2992:
2983:
2982:
2978:
2968:
2966:
2961:
2960:
2953:
2944:
2942:
2934:
2933:
2929:
2919:
2917:
2914:NEI 12-06 Rev 4
2909:
2905:
2904:
2900:
2885:
2876:
2867:
2858:
2846:
2842:
2841:
2834:
2830:
2825:
2781:
2733:
2715:Reason magazine
2644:
2633:
2627:
2624:
2581:
2579:
2569:
2557:
2546:
2325:, although the
2311:
2282:
2264:
2212:
2145:
2113:
2107:
2057:
2044:
2000:, oversees the
1998:Lisle, Illinois
1972:, oversees the
1947:
1941:
1880:
1864:Bradley Crowell
1848:August 9, 2022
1804:David A. Wright
1771:April 30, 2019
1708:March 29, 2010
1688:March 29, 2010
1668:March 29, 2010
1648:March 28, 2008
1631:March 29, 2010
1571:March 31, 2003
1564:Richard Meserve
1370:August 7, 1987
1310:August 4, 1983
1270:August 3, 1981
1228:John F. Ahearne
1215:March 12, 1982
1192:August 9, 1977
1148:Victor Gilinsky
1128:Edward A. Mason
1115:April 20, 1977
1081:
1077:
1073:
1071:
1070:
880:March 31, 2003
866:Richard Meserve
805:George H.W Bush
713:John F. Ahearne
648:April 20, 1976
622:Term of office
608:
604:
600:
598:
597:
582:
581:
563:
562:
535:
501:August 26, 2022
490:Bradley Crowell
488:
487:
459:
458:
432:David A. Wright
430:
429:
401:
400:
371:
363:President Biden
319:
229:nuclear weapons
193:
137:
129:
86:
66:
64:
61:
52:Agency overview
17:
12:
11:
5:
5465:
5455:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5397:
5396:
5394:
5393:
5384:
5374:
5371:
5370:
5368:
5367:
5360:
5353:
5346:
5345:
5344:
5330:
5323:
5316:
5309:
5301:
5299:
5291:
5290:
5288:
5287:
5286:
5285:
5278:
5271:
5268:CAFE standards
5257:
5256:
5255:
5248:
5233:
5231:
5225:
5224:
5222:
5221:
5214:
5207:
5200:
5199:
5198:
5191:
5177:
5176:
5175:
5161:
5160:
5159:
5145:
5144:
5143:
5129:
5122:
5121:
5120:
5106:
5099:
5098:
5097:
5083:
5075:
5073:
5069:
5068:
5066:
5065:
5058:
5051:
5044:
5043:
5042:
5028:
5021:
5014:
5006:
5004:
5000:
4999:
4997:
4996:
4989:
4982:
4975:
4968:
4961:
4953:
4951:
4949:Foreign policy
4945:
4944:
4942:
4941:
4934:
4927:
4926:
4925:
4911:
4904:
4903:
4902:
4895:
4881:
4874:
4867:
4860:
4859:
4858:
4851:
4839:
4832:
4825:
4817:
4815:
4809:
4808:
4800:
4799:
4792:
4785:
4777:
4754:
4753:
4747:
4738:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4703:
4695:
4694:External links
4692:
4690:
4689:
4660:
4634:
4607:
4585:
4582:on 2012-01-14.
4562:
4557:New York Times
4543:
4511:
4502:
4480:
4461:
4438:
4419:
4414:New York Times
4400:
4395:New York Times
4381:
4342:
4323:
4297:
4292:SignOnSanDiego
4278:
4252:
4237:
4231:978-1466583634
4230:
4212:
4167:
4161:978-1466583634
4160:
4139:
4099:
4081:
4062:
4043:
4024:
3977:
3972:New York Times
3958:
3925:
3920:New York Times
3906:
3884:
3861:
3832:
3819:
3797:
3792:New York Times
3775:
3756:
3738:
3733:New York Times
3719:
3695:
3672:
3656:
3637:
3613:
3586:
3559:
3532:
3505:
3483:
3452:
3422:
3400:
3385:
3358:
3312:
3285:
3259:
3233:
3219:
3205:
3179:
3165:
3140:
3114:
3092:
3071:
3050:
3028:
3002:
2976:
2951:
2927:
2898:
2874:
2856:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2749:State of Texas
2741:Andrews County
2732:
2729:
2646:
2645:
2560:
2558:
2551:
2545:
2542:
2530:Public Citizen
2391:Gregory Jaczko
2310:
2309:Post-Fukushima
2307:
2281:
2278:
2273:Seabrook plant
2263:
2260:
2211:
2208:
2198:George Galatis
2144:
2141:
2125:Vermont Yankee
2109:Main article:
2106:
2103:
2056:
2053:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2038:
2035:
2024:
2023:
2005:
1991:
1977:
1943:Main article:
1940:
1937:
1879:
1876:
1873:
1872:
1869:
1866:
1861:
1853:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1841:
1833:
1832:
1829:
1826:
1821:
1813:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1801:
1793:
1792:
1791:June 30, 2021
1789:
1786:
1781:
1773:
1772:
1769:
1766:
1761:
1753:
1752:
1751:June 30, 2023
1749:
1746:
1741:
1733:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1721:
1713:
1712:
1711:June 30, 2016
1709:
1706:
1701:
1693:
1692:
1689:
1686:
1681:
1673:
1672:
1671:June 30, 2014
1669:
1666:
1661:
1653:
1652:
1649:
1646:
1641:
1633:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1621:
1613:
1612:
1611:June 30, 2009
1609:
1606:
1604:Peter B. Lyons
1601:
1593:
1592:
1589:
1586:
1584:Gregory Jaczko
1581:
1573:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1561:
1553:
1552:
1551:June 30, 2007
1549:
1546:
1541:
1533:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1521:
1513:
1512:
1511:June 30, 2006
1509:
1506:
1501:
1493:
1492:
1491:June 30, 2003
1489:
1486:
1484:Greta J. Dicus
1481:
1473:
1472:
1471:June 30, 1999
1469:
1466:
1461:
1453:
1452:
1451:June 30, 1995
1449:
1446:
1441:
1433:
1432:
1431:June 30, 1995
1429:
1426:
1421:
1413:
1412:
1411:June 30, 1994
1409:
1406:
1401:
1393:
1392:
1391:June 30, 1993
1389:
1386:
1383:
1375:
1374:
1373:June 30, 1997
1371:
1368:
1363:
1355:
1354:
1353:June 30, 1991
1351:
1348:
1343:
1335:
1334:
1333:June 30, 1989
1331:
1328:
1323:
1315:
1314:
1313:June 30, 1988
1311:
1308:
1303:
1295:
1294:
1293:June 30, 1987
1291:
1288:
1283:
1275:
1274:
1273:June 30, 1990
1271:
1268:
1265:
1257:
1256:
1255:June 30, 1986
1253:
1250:
1245:
1237:
1236:
1235:June 30, 1983
1233:
1232:July 31, 1978
1230:
1225:
1217:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1205:
1197:
1196:
1195:June 30, 1981
1193:
1190:
1188:Joseph Hendrie
1185:
1177:
1176:
1175:June 30, 1980
1173:
1170:
1165:
1157:
1156:
1155:June 30, 1984
1153:
1150:
1145:
1137:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1125:
1117:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1105:
1097:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1044:
1039:
1035:
1034:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1016:
1011:
1007:
1006:
1003:
1000:
993:
988:
984:
983:
980:
977:
970:
965:
961:
960:
955:
952:
949:
942:
940:Gregory Jaczko
937:
933:
932:
929:
926:
919:
914:
910:
909:
907:George W. Bush
904:
903:June 30, 2006
901:
900:April 1, 2003
898:
891:
886:
882:
881:
878:
875:
868:
863:
859:
858:
853:
852:June 30, 1999
850:
847:
840:
835:
831:
830:
829:June 30, 1995
827:
824:
817:
812:
808:
807:
802:
801:June 30, 1991
799:
796:
789:
784:
780:
779:
776:
773:
766:
761:
757:
756:
751:
750:June 30, 1986
748:
745:
738:
733:
729:
728:
727:March 2, 1981
725:
722:
715:
710:
706:
705:
700:
697:
696:March 3, 1977
694:
687:
682:
678:
677:
674:
671:
664:
659:
655:
654:
649:
646:
643:
636:
631:
627:
626:
623:
620:
617:
614:
596:
593:
590:
589:
578:
573:
570:
558:
557:
554:
551:
548:
534:
531:
528:
527:
522:
520:
518:
513:
509:
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503:
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484:
480:
479:
474:
472:August 9, 2022
469:
466:
455:
451:
450:
445:
440:
437:
426:
422:
421:
416:
411:
408:
397:
393:
392:
389:
386:
383:
380:
370:
367:
343:
342:
336:
330:
318:
315:
305:Thomas Wellock
297:
296:
290:
282:
276:
270:
250:Following the
210:nuclear energy
192:
189:
173:reactor safety
147:
146:
135:
131:
130:
128:
127:
120:
118:
114:
113:
110:
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58:
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49:
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40:
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31:
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15:
9:
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2:
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5331:
5328:
5324:
5321:
5317:
5314:
5310:
5307:
5303:
5302:
5300:
5298:
5295:Environmental
5292:
5283:
5279:
5276:
5272:
5269:
5265:
5264:
5262:
5258:
5253:
5249:
5246:
5242:
5241:
5239:
5235:
5234:
5232:
5230:
5229:Energy policy
5226:
5219:
5215:
5212:
5208:
5205:
5201:
5196:
5192:
5189:
5185:
5184:
5182:
5178:
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5162:
5157:
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5146:
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5118:
5114:
5113:
5111:
5107:
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5100:
5095:
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5084:
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5070:
5063:
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5033:
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5019:
5015:
5012:
5008:
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5005:
5001:
4994:
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4987:
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4939:
4935:
4932:
4928:
4923:
4919:
4918:
4916:
4912:
4909:
4905:
4900:
4899:controversies
4896:
4893:
4889:
4888:
4886:
4882:
4879:
4875:
4872:
4868:
4865:
4861:
4856:
4855:San Francisco
4852:
4849:
4845:
4844:
4840:
4837:
4833:
4830:
4826:
4823:
4819:
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4779:
4778:
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4759:
4751:
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4713:
4711:
4707:
4704:
4701:
4698:
4697:
4677:
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4603:
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4457:
4453:
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4423:
4415:
4411:
4404:
4396:
4392:
4385:
4377:
4373:
4369:
4365:
4361:
4357:
4353:
4346:
4338:
4334:
4327:
4311:
4307:
4301:
4293:
4289:
4282:
4267:
4263:
4256:
4248:
4241:
4233:
4227:
4223:
4216:
4208:
4202:
4188:on 2017-02-20
4184:
4177:
4171:
4163:
4157:
4153:
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4144:
4135:
4129:
4114:
4110:
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4077:
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4066:
4059:
4055:
4052:
4047:
4039:
4035:
4028:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3981:
3973:
3969:
3962:
3947:
3946:
3941:
3934:
3932:
3930:
3921:
3917:
3910:
3902:
3898:
3891:
3889:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3865:
3850:
3846:
3839:
3837:
3829:
3823:
3807:
3801:
3793:
3789:
3782:
3780:
3771:
3767:
3760:
3752:
3748:
3742:
3734:
3730:
3723:
3709:
3705:
3699:
3692:
3689:
3685:
3682:
3679:Terry Ganey.
3676:
3669:
3666:
3660:
3652:
3648:
3641:
3627:
3623:
3617:
3601:
3597:
3590:
3574:
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3563:
3547:
3543:
3536:
3520:
3516:
3509:
3501:
3497:
3490:
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3467:
3463:
3456:
3449:
3436:
3432:
3426:
3418:
3414:
3407:
3405:
3396:
3389:
3373:
3369:
3362:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3316:
3300:
3296:
3289:
3273:
3269:
3263:
3247:
3243:
3237:
3229:
3223:
3215:
3209:
3193:
3189:
3183:
3175:
3174:"Allegations"
3169:
3154:
3150:
3144:
3128:
3124:
3118:
3102:
3096:
3081:
3075:
3060:
3054:
3038:
3032:
3021:September 24,
3016:
3012:
3006:
2995:September 24,
2990:
2986:
2980:
2964:
2958:
2956:
2941:
2937:
2931:
2915:
2908:
2902:
2894:
2890:
2889:"NRC history"
2883:
2881:
2879:
2871:
2865:
2863:
2861:
2852:
2845:
2839:
2837:
2832:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2783:
2776:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2727:
2723:
2718:
2717:in May 2022:
2716:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2700:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2684:
2680:
2675:
2673:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2642:
2639:
2631:
2620:
2617:
2613:
2610:
2606:
2603:
2599:
2596:
2592:
2589: –
2588:
2584:
2583:Find sources:
2577:
2573:
2567:
2566:
2561:This section
2559:
2555:
2550:
2549:
2541:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2521:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2433:
2432:examination:
2431:
2425:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2410:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2371:In 2011, the
2369:
2367:
2362:
2360:
2356:
2350:
2347:
2342:
2340:
2339:Vermont House
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2306:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2276:
2274:
2268:
2259:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2231:New York City
2228:
2221:
2216:
2206:
2203:
2199:
2193:
2191:
2185:
2180:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2168:
2164:
2159:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2140:
2137:
2132:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2121:United States
2118:
2117:nuclear power
2112:
2102:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2088:
2083:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2068:
2061:
2052:
2050:
2036:
2033:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2010:, located in
2009:
2006:
2003:
1999:
1996:, located in
1995:
1992:
1989:
1985:
1982:, located in
1981:
1978:
1975:
1971:
1968:, located in
1967:
1964:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1951:
1946:
1936:
1934:
1933:Rockville, MD
1930:
1925:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1897:
1892:
1884:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1859:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1839:
1835:
1834:
1830:
1828:June 8, 2020
1827:
1825:
1822:
1819:
1815:
1814:
1810:
1808:May 30, 2018
1807:
1805:
1802:
1799:
1795:
1794:
1790:
1788:May 29, 2018
1787:
1785:
1782:
1779:
1775:
1774:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1755:
1754:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1739:
1735:
1734:
1730:
1728:July 9, 2012
1727:
1725:
1722:
1719:
1715:
1714:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1699:
1695:
1694:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1679:
1675:
1674:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1655:
1654:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1635:
1634:
1630:
1628:July 1, 2006
1627:
1625:
1624:Dale E. Klein
1622:
1619:
1615:
1614:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1595:
1594:
1591:July 9, 2012
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1579:
1575:
1574:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1555:
1554:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1539:
1535:
1534:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1519:
1515:
1514:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1495:
1494:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1475:
1474:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1459:
1455:
1454:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1435:
1434:
1430:
1428:July 1, 1991
1427:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1415:
1414:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1395:
1394:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1377:
1376:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1357:
1356:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1341:
1337:
1336:
1332:
1330:July 3, 1984
1329:
1327:
1324:
1321:
1317:
1316:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1297:
1296:
1292:
1290:May 17, 1982
1289:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1277:
1276:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1259:
1258:
1254:
1252:July 1, 1981
1251:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1239:
1238:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1219:
1218:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1199:
1198:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1179:
1178:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1159:
1158:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1139:
1138:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1119:
1118:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1099:
1098:
1094:
1091:
1089:Commissioner
1088:
1085:
1084:
1076:
1061:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1033:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1004:
1001:
998:
994:
992:
989:
986:
985:
981:
979:July 9, 2012
978:
975:
971:
969:
966:
963:
962:
959:
954:July 9, 2012
953:
951:May 13, 2009
950:
947:
943:
941:
938:
935:
934:
931:May 13, 2009
930:
928:July 1, 2006
927:
924:
920:
918:
917:Dale E. Klein
915:
912:
911:
908:
902:
899:
896:
892:
890:
887:
884:
883:
879:
876:
873:
869:
867:
864:
861:
860:
857:
851:
849:July 1, 1995
848:
845:
841:
839:
836:
833:
832:
828:
826:July 1, 1991
825:
822:
818:
816:
813:
810:
809:
806:
800:
798:July 1, 1989
797:
794:
790:
788:
785:
782:
781:
778:June 3, 1989
777:
775:July 1, 1986
774:
771:
767:
765:
762:
759:
758:
755:
754:Ronald Reagan
749:
747:July 1, 1981
746:
743:
739:
737:
734:
731:
730:
726:
723:
720:
716:
714:
711:
708:
707:
704:
698:
695:
692:
688:
686:
683:
680:
679:
675:
672:
669:
665:
663:
660:
657:
656:
653:
647:
644:
641:
637:
635:
632:
629:
628:
625:Appointed by
616:Name (chair)
611:
603:
585:
579:
576:June 30, 2028
574:
571:
566:
560:
559:
555:
552:
549:
546:
545:
542:
540:
525:June 30, 2028
523:
521:
519:
517:
514:
511:
510:
506:June 30, 2027
504:
499:
496:
491:
485:
482:
481:
477:June 30, 2026
475:
470:
467:
462:
456:
453:
452:
448:June 30, 2025
446:
441:
438:
433:
427:
424:
423:
419:June 30, 2029
417:
412:
409:
404:
398:
395:
394:
391:Term expires
390:
387:
384:
381:
378:
377:
374:
366:
364:
360:
355:
352:
348:
340:
337:
334:
331:
328:
325:
324:
323:
314:
312:
311:
306:
302:
294:
291:
288:
287:
283:
280:
277:
274:
271:
268:
265:
264:
263:
262:. These are:
261:
256:
253:
248:
246:
242:
238:
237:nuclear power
234:
230:
226:
221:
219:
215:
211:
206:
197:
188:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
144:
136:
132:
125:
122:
121:
119:
115:
111:
109:Annual budget
107:
103:
99:
96:
93:
89:
83:
80:
79:
77:
73:
59:
55:
50:
46:
41:
37:
32:
28:
23:
5387:
5378:
5251:
4922:Nixon pardon
4822:Inauguration
4761:
4680:. Retrieved
4675:
4663:
4651:. Retrieved
4646:
4637:
4625:. Retrieved
4620:
4610:
4602:the original
4597:
4588:
4580:the original
4575:
4565:
4556:
4546:
4536:September 6,
4534:. Retrieved
4527:the original
4514:
4505:
4496:
4474:
4464:
4455:
4432:
4422:
4413:
4403:
4394:
4384:
4359:
4355:
4345:
4336:
4326:
4314:. Retrieved
4309:
4300:
4291:
4281:
4269:. Retrieved
4265:
4255:
4246:
4240:
4221:
4215:
4190:. Retrieved
4183:the original
4170:
4151:
4116:. Retrieved
4112:
4102:
4093:
4084:
4075:
4065:
4046:
4037:
4027:
3997:(6): 44–52.
3994:
3990:
3980:
3971:
3961:
3949:. Retrieved
3945:Mother Jones
3943:
3919:
3909:
3900:
3879:the original
3874:
3864:
3852:. Retrieved
3848:
3827:
3822:
3810:. Retrieved
3800:
3791:
3769:
3759:
3750:
3741:
3732:
3722:
3711:. Retrieved
3707:
3698:
3690:
3675:
3667:
3659:
3650:
3640:
3629:. Retrieved
3626:Utility Dive
3625:
3616:
3604:. Retrieved
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