Nuclear arms race - Knowledge

2092: 2185: 2073:

increased, Kennedy eventually ordered U.S. military forces to DEFCON 2. This was the closest the world has been to a nuclear war. While the U.S. military had been ordered to DEFCON 2, the theory of mutually assured destruction suggests that entry into nuclear war is an unlikely possibility. While the public perceived the Cuban Missile Crisis as a time of near mass destruction, the leaders of the United States and the Soviet Union were working confidentially in order to allow the crisis to come to a peaceful conclusion. Soviet First Secretary Khrushchev wrote to President Kennedy in a telegram on October 26, 1962, saying that, "Consequently, if there is no intention to tighten that knot and thereby to doom the world to the catastrophe of thermonuclear war, then let us not only relax the forces pulling on the ends of the rope, let us take measures to untie that knot."

2147:

Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty (ABM Treaty) and the Interim Agreement on the Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms. The ABM treaty limited each country to two ABM sites, while the Interim Agreement froze each country's number of intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) and submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs) at current levels for five years. This treaty significantly reduced nuclear-related costs as well as the risk of nuclear war. However, SALT I failed to address how many nuclear warheads could be placed on a single missile. A new technology, known as multiple-independently targetable re-entry vehicle (MIRV), allowed single missiles to hold and launch multiple nuclear missiles at targets while in mid-air. Over the next 10 years, the Soviet Union and U.S. added 12,000 nuclear warheads to their already built arsenals.

2711: 2347: 736: 335: 2129:

in 1962. It was felt by American and Soviet leaders that something had to be done to ease the significant tensions between these two countries, so on October 10, 1963, the Limited Test Ban Treaty (LTBT) was signed. This was an agreement between the U.S., the Soviet Union, and the U.K., which significantly restricted nuclear testing. All atmospheric, underwater, and outer space nuclear testing were agreed to be halted, but testing was still allowed underground. An additional 113 countries have signed this treaty since 1963.

880: 1421:, a Hungarian-American nuclear physicist. It created a cloud 100 miles (160 km) wide and 25 miles (40 km) high, killing all life on the surrounding islands. Again, the Soviets surprised the world by exploding a deployable thermonuclear device in August 1953, although it was not a true multi-stage hydrogen bomb. However, it was small enough to be dropped from an airplane, making it ready for use. The development of these two Soviet bombs was greatly aided by the Russian spies Harry Gold and Klaus Fuchs. 545: 534: 523: 512: 501: 490: 2247: 910: 476: 465: 454: 443: 432: 421: 410: 399: 678: 312: 634: 279: 58: 65: 2053: 572: 266: 1908:, off the coast of Australia. Following this successful test, under the leadership of Churchill, Britain decided to develop and test a hydrogen bomb. The first successful hydrogen bomb test occurred on November 8, 1957, which had a yield of 1.8 megatons. An amendment to the Atomic Energy Act in 1958 allowed nuclear cooperation once again, and British-U.S. nuclear programs resumed. During the Cold War, British nuclear deterrence came from submarines and nuclear-armed aircraft. The 2216:" by its critics; simultaneously, missile defense was also being researched in the Soviet Union. However, the SDI would require technology that had not yet been developed, or even researched. This system proposed both space- and earth-based laser battle stations. It would also need sensors on the ground, in the air, and in space with radar, optical, and infrared technology to detect incoming missiles. Simultaneously, however, Reagan initiated negotiations with 2442: 6280: 1960:). France began making plans for a nuclear-weapons program shortly after the Second World War, but the program did not begin until the late 1950s. Eight years later, France conducted its first thermonuclear test above Fangatuafa Atoll. It had a yield of 2.6 megatons. This bomb significantly contaminated the atoll with radiation for six years, making it off-limits to humans. During the Cold War, the French nuclear deterrent was centered around the 76: 766: 358: 2284: 655: 291: 6268: 2838: 790: 373: 83: 6292: 2259:

50% reduction of nuclear weapons for both the U.S and Soviet Union at the meeting in Reykjavik, Iceland in October 1986. However, the proposal was refused due to disagreements over Reagan's SDI. Instead, the Intermediate Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty was signed on December 8, 1987, in Washington, which eliminated an entire class of nuclear weapons.

1513:, who put missile accuracy into doubt to encourage the development of new bombers. Other critics pointed out that it was a single test which could be an anomaly; that it was a lower-altitude SLBM and therefore was subject to different conditions than an ICBM; and that significant modifications had been made to its warhead before testing. 3534:"Document 65 – Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961–1963, Volume VI, Kennedy-Khrushchev Exchanges – Historical Documents – Office of the Historian." Document 65 – Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961–1963, Volume VI, Kennedy-Khrushchev Exchanges – Historical Documents – Office of the Historian. Accessed October 30, 2014. 1429:

exposed residents up to 300 miles (480 km) away to significant amounts of radiation. They were eventually evacuated, but most experienced radiation poisoning; one person was killed, a crew member on a Japanese fishing boat which was 90 miles (140 km) from the bomb test site when the explosion occurred.

2077:

threatened the Soviets. Information that the U.S. had withdrawn their Jupiter Missiles from Turkey remained confidential for decades, causing the result of the negotiations between the two nations to appear to the world as a major U.S. victory. This ultimately led to the downfall of Soviet leader Khrushchev.

3247:"More accurate than the "race" metaphor is the observation that if it was a contest at all, the Americans walked while the Soviets trotted. There was race-but to the extent that there was an arms competition, it was almost entirely on the Soviets side, first to catch up and then to surpass the Americans." -- 1249:. Despite their wartime military alliance, the United States and Britain had not trusted the Soviets enough to keep knowledge of the Manhattan Project safe from German spies; there were also concerns that, as an ally, the Soviet Union would request and expect to receive technical details of the new weapon. 1331:. This plan proposed that there should be an international authority that controls all dangerous atomic activities. The Soviet Union disagreed with this proposal and rejected it. The Soviets' proposal involved universal nuclear disarmament. Both the American and Soviet proposals were refused by the UN. 2258:

During the mid-1980s, the U.S-Soviet relations significantly improved, Mikhail Gorbachev assumed control of the Soviet Union after the deaths of several former Soviet leaders and announced a new era of "perestroika" and "glasnost," meaning restructuring and openness respectively. Gorbachev proposed a

2128:

In 1958, both the U.S. and Soviet Union informally agreed to suspend nuclear testing. However, this agreement was ended when the Soviets resumed testing in 1961, followed by a series of nuclear tests conducted by the U.S. These events led to much political fallout, as well as the Cuban Missile Crisis

2150:

Throughout the 1970s, both the Soviet Union and United States replaced older warheads and missiles with newer, more powerful and effective ones. On June 18, 1979, the SALT II treaty was signed in Vienna. This treaty limited both sides' nuclear arsenals and technology. However, in light of the Soviet

2146:

In November 1969, Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) begun. This was primarily due to the economic impact that nuclear testing and production had on both U.S. and Soviet economies. The SALT I Treaty, which was signed in May 1972, produced an agreement on two significant documents. These were the

2115:

This period included negotiation of a number of arms control agreements, building with the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty in the 1950s, but with significant new treaties negotiated in the 1970s. These treaties were only partially successful. Although both states continued to hold massive numbers of nuclear

1428:

test, which tested another hydrogen bomb on Bikini Atoll. Scientists significantly underestimated the size of the bomb, thinking it would yield 5 megatons. However, it yielded 14.8 megatons, the highest yield ever achieved by an American nuclear device. The explosion was so large the nuclear fallout

2624:

in 1972 which ran for many years since the first Indian weapon was detonated. After the 1974 test, the pace of Pakistan's atomic bomb program significantly accelerated, culminating in successfully building its own atomic weapons. In the last few decades of the 20th century, India and Pakistan began

1488:

Some in the United States during the early 1960s pointed out that although all of the individual components of nuclear missiles had been tested separately (warheads, navigation systems, rockets), it was infeasible to test them all combined. Critics charged that it was not really known how a warhead

1256:

In fact, Stalin had long been aware of the program, despite the Manhattan Project's having a secret classification so high that, even as vice president, Truman did not know about it or the development of the weapons (Truman was not informed until shortly after he became president). A ring of spies

1252:

When President Truman informed Stalin of the weapons, he was surprised at how calmly Stalin reacted to the news and thought that Stalin had not understood what he had been told. Other members of the United States and British delegations who closely observed the exchange formed the same conclusion.

2366:

After the Cold War ended, large inventories of nuclear weapons and facilities remained. Some are being recycled, dismantled, or recovered as valuable substances. Large amounts of money and resources – which would have been spent on developing nuclear weapons in the Soviet Union, had the arms race

2072:

President Kennedy immediately called a series of meetings for a small group of senior officials to debate the crisis. The group was split between a militaristic solution and a diplomatic one. President Kennedy ordered a naval blockade around Cuba and all military forces to DEFCON 3. As tensions

2068:

into power. The communist Soviet Union supported and praised Castro and his resistance, and the revolutionary government was recognized by the Soviet Union on January 10. When the United States began boycotting Cuban sugar, the Soviet Union began purchasing large quantities to support the Cuban

2747:

First the United States announced on September 27, 1991, that they would be destroying the ground-launched short-range nuclear weapons. Mikhail Gorbachev, who was the President of the Soviet Union at that time, removed nuclear warheads from air defense missiles and nuclear artillery munitions.

2566:

reported that "a new nuclear arms race draws closer", as the U.S. is considering increasing its nuclear forces in response to escalating threats and rapid nuclear expansions by China and Russia, as well as North Korea's advancements in missile technology and Iran's advancement as a "threshold"

2076:

Eventually, on October 28, through much discussion between U.S and Soviet officials, Khrushchev announced that the Soviet Union would withdraw all missiles from Cuba. Shortly afterwards, the U.S. withdrew all their nuclear missiles from Turkey in secret – the presence of the missiles having

1800:

By the mid-1960s both the United States and the Soviet Union had enough nuclear power to obliterate their opponent. Both sides developed a capability to launch a devastating attack even after sustaining a full assault from the other side (especially by means of submarines), called a

2107:

By the 1970s, with the Cold War's entering its 30th year with no direct conflict between the United States and the Soviet Union, the superpowers entered a period of reduced conflict, in which the two powers engaged in trade and exchanges with each other. This period was known as

2069:

economy in return for fuel and eventually placing nuclear ballistic missiles on Cuban soil. These missiles would be capable of reaching the United States very quickly. On October 14, 1962, an American spy plane discovered these nuclear missile sites under construction in Cuba.

2457:

that "the United States must greatly strengthen and expand its nuclear capability until such time as the world comes to its senses regarding nukes," effectively challenging the world to re-engage in a race for nuclear dominance. The next day, Trump reiterated his position to

2013:

in the late 1950s developed problems between China and the Soviet Union. This caused the Soviets to cease helping China develop nuclear weapons. However, China continued developing nuclear weapons without Soviet support and made remarkable progress in the 1960s. Owing to

1484:

were also developed. By the mid-1960s, the "triad" of nuclear weapon delivery was established, with each side deploying bombers, ICBMs, and SLBMs, in order to ensure that even if a defense was found against one delivery method, the other methods would still be available.

2486:

In 2019, Russian Deputy Foreign Minister Sergey Ryabkov warned about the risk of nuclear war, as negative dynamics had been noticeable over the previous year. He urged the nuclear states to build channels on forestalling potential incidents in order to lower the risks.

2018:, the Chinese might have used nuclear weapons against either the United States or the Soviet Union in the event of a nuclear war between the United States and the Soviet Union. During the Cold War, the Chinese nuclear deterrent consisted of gravity bombs carried aboard 2358:

With the end of the Cold War, the United States and Russia cut down on nuclear weapons spending. Fewer new systems were developed, and both arsenals were reduced, although both countries maintain significant stocks of nuclear missiles. In the United States,

2557:. According to Russian military analysts, it would be extremely difficult to distinguish between a conventionally armed missile and a missile carrying a nuclear warhead, and Russia could respond by deploying longer-range nuclear systems targeting Germany. 4443:, Boston, October 12, 2009. Four panels: "The Race to Build the Bomb and the Decision to Use It", "Cuban Missile Crisis and the First Nuclear Test Ban Treaty", "The Cold War and the Nuclear Arms Race", and "Nuclear Weapons, Terrorism, and the Presidency". 1358:

In the years immediately after the Second World War, the United States had a monopoly on specific knowledge of and raw materials for nuclear weaponry. American leaders hoped that their exclusive ownership of nuclear weapons would be enough to draw

1903:

regarding post-war sharing of nuclear technology and led to Britain's developing its nuclear weapons. Britain did not begin planning the development of its nuclear weapon until January 1947. Because of Britain's small size, they decided to

1265:) had kept Stalin well informed of American progress. They provided the Soviets with detailed designs of the implosion bomb and the hydrogen bomb. Fuchs' arrest in 1950 led to the arrests of many other suspected Russian spies, including 1489:

would react to the gravity forces and temperature differences encountered in the upper atmosphere and outer space, and Kennedy was unwilling to run a test of an ICBM with a live warhead. The closest event to an actual test was 1962's

2367:

continued – were instead used for repairing the environmental damage produced by the nuclear arms race, and almost all former production sites are now major cleanup sites. In the United States, the plutonium production facility at

2266:, the Soviet Union was unable to impose its will on its satellite states and so its sphere of influence slowly diminished. By December 16, 1991, all of the republics had declared independence from the Union. The Soviet leader, 2382:

Military policies and strategies have been modified to reflect the increasing intervals without major confrontation. In 1995, United States policy and strategy regarding nuclear proliferation was outlined in the document

1374:

in the Pacific on 95 ships, including German and Japanese ships that were captured during World War II. One plutonium implosion-type bomb was detonated over the fleet, while the other one was detonated underwater.

2227:

Owing to high costs and complex technology for its time, the scope of the SDI project was reduced from defense against a massive attack to a system for defending against limited attacks, transitioning into the

4196: 2504:. Roughly 99% of the people in the US, Europe, Russia and China would starve to death if they did not die of something else sooner with 95% of the fatalities being in countries not initially involved. 3861:

Xia et al.(2022, esp. Tables 1 and 2); 5 billion = 80% of the 6.7 billion 2010 population in the countries included in the study; the difference between the 6.7 billion included in the study and the

2760:

Since this has been an ongoing endeavor, a lot of the non-nuclear states are fighting to get the states that do have nuclear weapons to abide by what they believe to be the most recent obligations.

2741:

Nuclear disarmament is one of four different norms in the aid of getting rid of nuclear weapons. This norm can include arms control, arms reduction to elimination, prohibition, and stigmatization.

1835:

Both sides were unaware of the details of the capacity of the enemy's arsenal of nuclear weapons. The Americans suffered from a lack of confidence, and in the 1950s they believed in a non-existing

3801:

Xia, Lili; Robock, Alan; Scherrer, Kim; Harrison, Cheryl S.; Bodirsky, Benjamin Leon; Weindl, Isabelle; Jägermeyr, Jonas; Bardeen, Charles G.; Toon, Owen B.; Heneghan, Ryan (15 August 2022).

1432:

The Soviet Union detonated its first "true" hydrogen bomb on November 22, 1955, which had a yield of 1.6 megatons. On October 30, 1961, the Soviets detonated a hydrogen bomb with a yield of

1899:, which prohibited multi-national cooperation on nuclear projects. The Atomic Energy Act fueled resentment from British scientists and Winston Churchill, as they believed that there were 7670: 5043: 2822: 2500:, which together hold more than 90% of the world's nuclear weapons, would kill 360 million people directly and more than 5 billion (80% of humanity) indirectly by starvation during a 2158:

was negotiated between the U. S. and the Soviet Union, to reduce the number and limit the capabilities of limitation of strategic offensive arms. This was eventually succeeded by the

1382:

provided a steady supply while the Soviets developed a domestic source. While American experts had predicted that the Soviet Union would not have nuclear weapons until the mid-1950s,

1378:

In secrecy, the Soviet government was working on building its own atomic weapons. During the war, Soviet efforts had been limited by a lack of uranium, but new supplies discovered in

2754:

A lot of debate has occurred about nuclear disarmament. Debates over treaties in reducing and getting rid of nuclear weapons all together have been ongoing since the Cold War ended.

2139:

limited the size of the U.S. arsenal. Bans on nuclear testing, anti-ballistic missile systems, and weapons in space all attempted to limit the expansion of the arms race through the

4346:

Boughton, G. J. (1974). Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs (16th ed.). Miami, United States of America: Center for Latin American Studies at the University of Miami.

2751:

In 2017, the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons Treaty gives the representation of self-empowerment. This treaty did not involve the states or their allies that had nuclear weapons.

1895:

on October 3, 1952, which had a yield of 25 kilotons. Despite major contributions to the Manhattan Project by both Canadian and British governments, the U.S. Congress passed the

2151:

Union's invasion of Afghanistan in December 1979, the United States Senate never ratified the SALT II treaty. This ended the treaty negotiations as well as the era of détente.

5629: 2982: 9005: 1994: 2696:– successfully tested its Prithvi Air Defense (PAD) anti-ballistic missile, followed by testing of the Advanced Air Defense (AAD) anti-ballistic missile in December 2007. 1852: 5823: 2262:

Owing to the dramatic economic and social changes occurring within the Soviet Union, many of its constituent republics began to declare their independence. With the

1473:, into an orbit around the Earth, demonstrating that Soviet ICBMs were capable of reaching any point on the planet. The United States launched its first satellite, 1457:

Missiles had long been regarded the ideal platform for nuclear weapons and were potentially a more effective delivery system than bombers. Starting in the 1950s,

4204: 4031: 2091: 7856: 5231: 9160: 7287: 2184: 2601:

have also engaged in a technological nuclear arms race since the 1970s. The nuclear competition started in 1974 with India detonating a device, codenamed

4758: 4454: 4174: 4391:"Global food insecurity and famine from reduced crop, marine fishery and livestock production due to climate disruption from nuclear war soot injection" 3977: 3803:"Global food insecurity and famine from reduced crop, marine fishery and livestock production due to climate disruption from nuclear war soot injection" 1465:("IRBM"s) were developed for delivery of tactical nuclear weapons, and the technology developed to the progressively longer ranges, eventually becoming 7335: 5053: 1323:

was founded. During the United Nation's first General Assembly in London in January 1946, they discussed the future of nuclear weapons and created the

1042: 2620:

This test generated great concern and doubts in Pakistan, with fear it would be at the mercy of its long-time arch-rival. Pakistan had its own covert

9170: 2983:

Mike Fisk, Chief Information Officer, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Operated Los Alamos National Security, LLC, for the U.S. Department of Energy.

1393:

Both governments spent massive amounts to increase the quality and quantity of their nuclear arsenals. Both nations quickly began the development of

3750: 780: 8990: 8517: 7267: 5934: 3002: 2757:

In 2010, there was a debate over the New Strategic Arms Reduction (START) treaty. This treaty was negotiated between the United States and Russia.

2445:

Large stockpile with global range (dark blue), smaller stockpile with global range (medium blue), small stockpile with regional range (light blue).

2744:

This has been a hard norm to implement. Most of the conditions, the weight, strategy, timing, conditionality, and compliance have been contested.

6834: 6079: 4440: 3641: 1114: 4368:

Joyce, A., Bates Graber, R., Hoffman, T. J., Paul Shaw, R., & Wong, Y. (1989, February). The Nuclear Arms Race: An Evolutionary Perspective.

9180: 9076: 6585: 6394: 2294: 1809:: both sides knew that any attack upon the other would be devastating to themselves, thus in theory restraining them from attacking the other. 1851:

between the Soviets and the Americans. On the other side, the Soviet government exaggerated the power of Soviet weapons to the leadership and

1327:. The goal of this assembly was to eliminate the use of all Nuclear weapons. The United States presented their solution, which was called the 9155: 4738: 3880: 2961: 2537:-style missile crisis and threatened to deploy long-range missiles within striking distance of the West. US weapons in Germany would include 1843:

game with their bombers in their military parades, flying them in large circles, making it appear they had far more than they truly did. The

1048: 3672: 9066: 5060: 4491: 2715: 1109: 2652:

in August 2022, a nuclear war between India and Pakistan could kill more than 2 billion indirectly by starvation during a nuclear winter.

9040: 7927: 4464: 4126: 2944: 2009:. In the late 1950s, China began developing nuclear weapons with substantial Soviet assistance in exchange for uranium ore. However, the 1098: 95: 3995: 2434:, which called for a fifty percent reduction of strategic nuclear missile launchers and a curtailment of deployed nuclear warheads. The 9030: 4826: 2807: 2693: 2384: 1119: 3351: 2864: 1812:

Both Soviet and American experts hoped to use nuclear weapons for extracting concessions from the other, or from other powers such as

9119: 5329: 3176: 1281: 1150: 5568: 754: 9071: 7104: 2689:. Chinese state media has also announced that China has tested anti-ballistic missiles, though specific information is not public. 2621: 2580: 2480: 2419:

responded to the withdrawal by ordering a build-up of Russia's nuclear capabilities, designed to counterbalance U.S. capabilities.

2251: 1093: 857: 4049: 3710: 3690: 8507: 7151: 5779: 5619: 5558: 1324: 5699: 4371:

Maloney, S. M. (2007). Learning to love the bomb: Canada's nuclear weapons during the Cold War. Washington, D.C.: Potomac Books.

3918: 2200:

Despite détente, both sides continued to develop and introduce not only more accurate weapons, but weapons with more warheads ("

9000: 7272: 5524: 2229: 1888: 1063: 1053: 3954: 9175: 8995: 6930: 6617: 6595: 4753: 4013: 3765: 3655: 3361: 2576: 1079: 1068: 1058: 8018: 7837: 7762: 7422: 7022: 5575: 3428: 1481: 1462: 983: 9035: 7442: 6575: 6296: 5492: 5038: 5003: 3901:"World Nuclear war between the U.S. and Russia would kill more than 5 billion people – just from starvation, study finds" 3731: 2686: 2675: 1844: 1032: 830: 6684: 6612: 2116:

weapons and research more effective technology, the growth in number of warheads was first limited, and later, with the

9124: 8477: 7572: 6550: 6435: 6389: 6384: 6330: 6190: 5774: 3783: 2682: 1466: 725: 218: 2902: 2533:

starting in 2026 that could hit Russian territory within 10 minutes. In response, Russian President Putin warned of a

8209: 7772: 7042: 6983: 4854: 4733: 3900: 3885: 3207: 2797: 2584: 2518:

treaty with the United States, saying that Russia would not allow the US and NATO to inspect its nuclear facilities.

2323: 2270:

resigned as the country's president on December 25 and the Soviet Union was declared non-existent the following day.

1985: 1905: 1370:. The purpose of this operation was to test the effect of nuclear explosions on ships. These tests were performed at 347: 6780: 4461:, 37:2, 2002. pp. 115–36. – the arms race between the superpowers explained through the concept of recognition. 1518:

Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles (ICBMs), warheads and throw-weights of United States and Soviet Union, 1964–1982

9145: 7912: 7907: 7402: 7365: 7094: 6540: 6084: 5949: 4484: 7590: 7452: 7136: 8632: 8013: 7942: 7842: 7720: 7492: 7482: 7069: 6456: 6027: 5861: 5463: 5341: 4998: 4859: 4375: 2388: 7407: 7294: 7282: 4147: 1187:. During this same period, in addition to the American and Soviet nuclear stockpiles, other countries developed 8063: 7832: 7412: 7314: 7047: 6491: 6486: 6017: 5866: 5324: 2666:

From the beginning of the Cold War, The United States, Russia, and other nations have all attempted to develop

1458: 1239: 709: 7732: 7462: 6973: 6745: 4166: 2549:. The United States' decision to deploy long-range missiles in Germany has been compared to the deployment of 1366:

Just six months after the UN General Assembly, the United States conducted its first post-war nuclear tests —

9165: 9010: 8025: 7978: 7742: 7665: 7397: 5791: 5624: 5048: 4976: 2408: 1877: 1813: 1386:

was detonated on August 29, 1949. The bomb, named "First Lightning" by the West, was more or less a copy of "

1143: 961: 665: 559: 7457: 7166: 7089: 6760: 3862: 9185: 8043: 8003: 7973: 7922: 7782: 7700: 7696: 7567: 7497: 7262: 7079: 6845: 6740: 6672: 6134: 5871: 5580: 5334: 4831: 2546: 2209: 2179: 623: 17: 9015: 8487: 8482: 8199: 7877: 7605: 7350: 7309: 7253: 7156: 7037: 6995: 6900: 6425: 6379: 6284: 6197: 6169: 6126: 6091: 5929: 5756: 5694: 5519: 5423: 5309: 4777: 4477: 4381:

Van, C. M. (1993). Nuclear proliferation and the future of conflict. New York, United States: Free Press.

1124: 4100: 8852: 8073: 8058: 8048: 7902: 7502: 6990: 6793: 6560: 6118: 5977: 5656: 5174: 5131: 4983: 3647: 2634: 2610: 1945: 1909: 1806: 1795: 1494: 1274: 1220: 1084: 929: 4350: 2625:

to develop nuclear-capable rockets and nuclear military technologies. Finally, in 1998, India – under

98: 9081: 8957: 8902: 8722: 7710: 7417: 6978: 6590: 6507: 6272: 5954: 5563: 5346: 2842: 2542: 1896: 845: 39: 3394: 1973: 9150: 8707: 8274: 7537: 7427: 7181: 6725: 6202: 6044: 5944: 5856: 5065: 4951: 4911: 4723: 2614: 2241: 2057: 1348: 1344: 1136: 949: 800: 8447: 2969: 2056:

More than 100 US-built missiles having the capability to strike Moscow with nuclear warheads were

7937: 7882: 7867: 7807: 7615: 7595: 7355: 7032: 6637: 6107: 6074: 6049: 5663: 5440: 5246: 5169: 5126: 5109: 5070: 4993: 4465:

Annotated bibliography on the nuclear arms race from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues

4436: 2827: 2667: 2522: 2337: 2140: 1443:

developed, with the Soviet Union attempting first to catch up and then to surpass the Americans.

978: 944: 776: 6840: 6032: 2763:

Both the United States and Russian Presidents agreed to destroy nuclear weapons they contained.

1948:

became the fourth nation to possess nuclear weapons on February 13, 1960, when the atomic bomb "

8727: 8231: 7625: 7299: 6775: 6535: 6530: 6323: 5939: 5226: 4770: 2710: 2472:, stating: "Let it be an arms race. We will outmatch them at every pass and outlast them all." 2412: 2305: 1246: 669: 8937: 3622: 3604: 3586: 3568: 3544: 3517: 3481: 3445: 3408: 2941: 2346: 8962: 8246: 8241: 8008: 7897: 7852: 7812: 7747: 7691: 7610: 7392: 7206: 7084: 7002: 6910: 6875: 6785: 6730: 6627: 6468: 6233: 5969: 5924: 5386: 5314: 5241: 5236: 5201: 4988: 4956: 4743: 4670: 3230: 3132: 3016: 2538: 2360: 1867: 1816:, but the risk connected with using these weapons was so grave that they refrained from what 1192: 1018: 1003: 939: 721: 403: 3111: 3090: 3069: 3034: 8502: 8269: 8124: 8078: 7993: 7988: 7787: 7686: 7635: 7630: 7522: 7477: 7432: 7370: 7201: 7176: 7126: 7054: 6968: 6818: 6420: 6399: 6144: 5919: 5904: 5221: 5179: 5015: 4921: 4849: 4362:

Doty, P., Carnesale, A., & Nacht, M. (1976, October). The Race to Control Nuclear Arms.

4356: 3367: 2626: 2301: 2047: 1394: 1367: 966: 954: 867: 591: 587: 538: 414: 209: 199: 4081: 3463: 8: 8947: 8862: 8857: 8757: 8620: 8417: 8301: 8216: 8104: 7957: 7952: 7932: 7917: 7827: 7822: 7727: 7660: 7650: 7562: 7557: 7547: 7447: 7387: 7360: 7186: 7171: 7141: 7119: 6905: 6895: 6622: 6545: 6515: 6499: 6243: 6054: 5839: 5433: 5301: 5279: 5104: 4961: 4728: 4690: 4523: 3270: 3150: 2882: 2817: 2705: 2515: 2263: 1957: 1892: 1340: 1008: 644: 627: 179: 7802: 7715: 3055: 9101: 8897: 8882: 8807: 8787: 8782: 8767: 8614: 8362: 8114: 7998: 7752: 7655: 7640: 7552: 7542: 7517: 7512: 7277: 7231: 7146: 7131: 7074: 6890: 6813: 6689: 6580: 6570: 6223: 5959: 5796: 5723: 5534: 5184: 5154: 5138: 5121: 4765: 4655: 4603: 4553: 4500: 4365:

Jones, R. W. (1998). Pakistan's Nuclear Posture: Arms Race Instabilities in South Asia.

4326: 4250: 3936: 3844: 3382: 3213: 2613:", but according to independent sources, it was actually part of an accelerated covert 2526: 2064:

On January 1, 1959, the Cuban government fell to communist revolutionaries, propelling

2035: 2002: 1965: 1817: 1469:(ICBMs). On October 4, 1957, the Soviet Union launched the first artificial satellite, 1297: 1235: 228: 8797: 8626: 4229:"Nuclear Disarmament without the Nuclear-Weapon States: The Nuclear Weapon Ban Treaty" 3499: 9114: 8967: 8912: 8887: 8842: 8772: 8747: 8712: 8702: 8558: 8442: 8412: 8149: 8139: 8053: 7947: 7792: 7507: 7304: 7161: 7114: 7012: 6963: 6937: 6915: 6755: 6735: 6679: 6667: 6481: 6316: 5291: 5084: 4971: 4884: 4841: 4685: 4680: 4675: 4518: 4410: 4390: 4254: 4057: 3848: 3836: 3651: 3357: 3203: 2996: 2812: 2787: 2782: 2476: 2376: 2267: 2217: 2015: 2010: 1891:

became the third nation to test a nuclear weapon when it detonated an atomic bomb in

1855: 1825: 1490: 1451: 1227: 1013: 998: 993: 924: 648: 615: 603: 583: 549: 505: 436: 325: 193: 9091: 8762: 4384: 4330: 3732:"'Let it be an arms race': Donald Trump appears to double down on nuclear expansion" 2387:", produced by the Policy Subcommittee of the Strategic Advisory Group (SAG) of the 8877: 8802: 8732: 8717: 8697: 8644: 8427: 8422: 8402: 8352: 8342: 8169: 8134: 8119: 8068: 7797: 7737: 7577: 7236: 7216: 6925: 6867: 6861: 6828: 6808: 6798: 6647: 6448: 6440: 6139: 5194: 5159: 4916: 4906: 4794: 4782: 4623: 4618: 4608: 4598: 4593: 4418: 4402: 4318: 4286: 4240: 3866: 3826: 3816: 2671: 2431: 1997:

became the fifth nuclear power on October 16, 1964, when it detonated a 25 kiloton

1977: 1900: 1840: 1270: 619: 599: 447: 118: 110: 9096: 8952: 8942: 8927: 8907: 8892: 8867: 8812: 8577: 8545: 8437: 8397: 8159: 8154: 8094: 8035: 7767: 7645: 7472: 7437: 7345: 7340: 7064: 6958: 6632: 6565: 6555: 6520: 6476: 6463: 6415: 6037: 5997: 5451: 5265: 5189: 5164: 5010: 4803: 4705: 4695: 4660: 4538: 4528: 3751:"Gorbachev says Trump's nuclear treaty withdrawal 'not the work of a great mind'" 3432: 2948: 2906: 2777: 2661: 2534: 2497: 2483:

is "not the work of a great mind" and that "a new arms race has been announced".

2465: 2427: 2100: 1981: 1961: 1935: 1932: 1928: 1916: 1502: 1242: 1172: 934: 879: 516: 425: 7059: 5529: 3425: 1872:

In addition to the United States and the Soviet Union, three other nations, the

1839:. Aerial photography later revealed that the Soviets had been playing a sort of 1360: 1207:

The first nuclear weapon was created by the United States of America during the

8922: 8847: 8837: 8832: 8692: 8432: 8221: 8144: 7872: 7777: 7527: 7467: 7099: 7017: 6920: 6880: 6850: 6750: 6705: 5992: 5987: 5982: 5732: 5639: 5608: 5590: 5114: 5020: 4966: 4931: 4864: 4811: 4665: 4558: 4543: 4533: 4406: 3821: 3802: 3333: 2602: 2508: 2501: 2416: 2400: 2246: 1949: 1924: 1873: 1402: 1379: 1320: 1188: 1023: 971: 901: 871: 849: 729: 717: 639: 458: 284: 159: 114: 6012: 3881:"Nowhere to hide: How a nuclear war would kill you — and almost everyone else" 3315: 3217: 2984: 2921: 2553:

launchers in Western Europe in 1979. Critics say the move would trigger a new

2196:

against the nuclear arms race between the U.S./NATO and the Soviet Union, 1981

9139: 9086: 8932: 8827: 8792: 8777: 8737: 8279: 8109: 7847: 7757: 7620: 7600: 7487: 7248: 7226: 7191: 6770: 6765: 6720: 6642: 6602: 6351: 6177: 5468: 4874: 4715: 4414: 4061: 2562: 2372: 2205: 2096: 1802: 1418: 1410: 1262: 1231: 1176: 883: 595: 577: 527: 494: 480: 475: 464: 453: 442: 431: 420: 409: 398: 271: 148: 57: 4422: 3919:"Putin pulls back from last remaining nuclear arms control pact with the US" 3673:"Russia's Nuclear Weapons Buildup Is Aimed at Beating U.S. Missile Defenses" 2052: 64: 8872: 8822: 8752: 8742: 8596: 8584: 8571: 8377: 8204: 7705: 6953: 6803: 6662: 6657: 6652: 6358: 5743: 4879: 4821: 4748: 4700: 4570: 4275:"Nuclear disarmament and the end of chemical weapons 'system of restraint'" 4032:"Thanks to Putin, the U.S. will again place long-range missiles in Germany" 3840: 3297: 2899: 2450: 2423: 2368: 2193: 2065: 1821: 1510: 1425: 1371: 1216: 1208: 1180: 887: 705: 683: 544: 533: 522: 511: 500: 489: 469: 317: 302: 256: 203: 154: 121: 102: 3643:

The nuclear borderlands: the Manhattan Project in post-Cold War New Mexico

8917: 8522: 8492: 8347: 8337: 8236: 8099: 7892: 7381: 7211: 7196: 7007: 6855: 6823: 6710: 6525: 6430: 6369: 6154: 5801: 5391: 4898: 4869: 4386: 4322: 4245: 4228: 3831: 3807: 3248: 2550: 2492: 2460: 2435: 2341: 2250:

Soviet General Secretary Gorbachev and U.S. President Reagan signing the

1998: 1920: 1848: 1328: 1258: 1212: 840: 746: 611: 4290: 2441: 8676: 8387: 8357: 8311: 8226: 8194: 8186: 8129: 7817: 7532: 7221: 7109: 6715: 5507: 2865:"Key Issues: Nuclear Weapons: History: Pre Cold War: Manhattan Project" 2792: 2630: 2590: 1969: 1836: 1829: 1506: 1474: 1433: 1397:, which can achieve vastly greater explosive yields. The United States 1285: 1266: 1196: 804: 750: 713: 234: 225: 7330: 2633:. Domestic pressure within Pakistan began to build and Prime Minister 2109: 2086: 75: 8972: 8817: 8666: 8639: 8452: 8407: 8316: 8284: 8264: 8256: 7585: 7375: 6149: 5512: 5502: 4630: 4583: 4548: 4469: 3940: 3695: 3356:. Australian Institute of Criminology. 2018-10-21. pp. 235–253. 2772: 2642: 2606: 2554: 2512: 2351: 2213: 2167: 2163: 1470: 1440: 1306: 1289: 1168: 607: 6007: 4274: 3426:

Chapitre II, Les premiers essais Français au Sahara : 1960–1966

2363:

programs have taken over the role of maintaining the aging arsenal.

1390:", one of the bombs the United States had dropped on Japan in 1945. 192:

The Soviet Union begins researching nuclear arms in response to the

8551: 8392: 8289: 8164: 7983: 7887: 7027: 6885: 6339: 6238: 5881: 5876: 5816: 5485: 5413: 5396: 5381: 5356: 5099: 4588: 4309:

Knopf, Jeffery (2012). "Nuclear Disarmament and Nonproliferation".

3715: 2802: 2638: 2598: 2159: 2019: 1454:

were the primary delivery method at the beginning of the Cold War.

1414: 1398: 1312: 1184: 771: 363: 213: 175: 43: 7671:

Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union

3869:

is not likely to make a substantive difference in this percentage.

2823:

Historical nuclear weapons stockpiles and nuclear tests by country

2438:

ratified the treaty in December 2010 by a three-quarter majority.

8497: 8382: 8372: 8321: 7862: 6607: 6207: 6159: 6022: 6002: 5401: 5376: 4816: 4647: 4635: 4613: 4578: 3978:"Putin warns US against deploying long-range missiles in Germany" 2530: 2454: 2221: 2155: 2136: 2117: 2006: 1953: 1387: 1293: 1277:; the latter two were tried and executed for espionage in 1951. 8565: 8367: 8306: 7241: 5811: 5806: 5786: 5766: 5751: 5634: 5371: 5351: 5319: 4127:"India-Pakistan nuclear war could kill 2 billion people: Study" 2404: 2132: 1939: 1881: 891: 701: 660: 296: 167: 82: 3996:"Russia says US missiles in Germany signal return of Cold War" 3711:"Trump's call for an 'arms race' flabbergasts nuclear experts" 2173: 1439:

With both sides in the Cold War having nuclear capability, an

9050: 9006:

American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation

8512: 8295: 6374: 6228: 6185: 5848: 5704: 5497: 5361: 3955:"A new arms race in Europe? US long-range weapons in Germany" 3202:, Britain’s Pacific H-bomb tests, ANU Press, pp. 55–68, 2594: 2469: 2038:. On June 14, 1967, China detonated its first hydrogen bomb. 1505:

over 1,000 miles (1,600 km) to the nuclear test site at

1406: 1383: 909: 795: 741: 697: 693: 689: 378: 340: 171: 163: 4197:"Akash Missile Achieves Direct-Hit, Destroys Banshee Target" 3353:

A toxic legacy: British nuclear weapons testing in Australia

2922:"Atomic Bomb: Decision – Truman Tells Stalin, July 24, 1945" 2648:

According to a peer-reviewed study published in the journal

2490:

According to a peer-reviewed study published in the journal

8590: 8472: 6364: 6308: 5709: 5598: 5408: 5366: 4131: 4014:"Germany split on US stationing long-range cruise missiles" 3198:

Oishi, Matashichi; MACLELLAN, NIC (2017), "The fisherman",

2681:

Russia has also developed ABM missiles, in the form of the

2201: 2189: 2031: 2027: 2023: 1884:

developed nuclear weapons during the early cold war years.

1319:

Shortly after the end of the Second World War in 1945, the

1301: 140:(45 years, 2 months, 1 week and 3 days) 106: 2212:, a space-based anti-ballistic missile system derided as " 208:

The United States conducts the first full-scale test of a

9045: 9025: 9020: 5682: 5546: 3800: 4082:"India's Nuclear Weapons Program – Smiling Buddha: 1974" 3285:

Studies in Russian and East European History and Society

2937: 2935: 2692:

In November 2006, India – with an initiative called the

3937:"Putin defends Ukraine invasion, warns West in address" 1919:

provided the sea deterrent, while aircraft such as the

4351:

Reform, Coup and Collapse: The End of the Soviet State

4092: 4359:. (n.d.). Atomic Archive. Retrieved November 16, 2012 3267:, The Simon & Schuster Guide to the World Today, 2932: 4455:

The Recognition Game: Soviet Russia Against the West

3972: 3970: 3968: 2411:. This led to the eventual creation of the American 2350:

Dmitry Medvedev with Barack Obama after signing the

1363:

from the Soviet Union, but this proved ineffective.

1226:

The Soviet Union was not informed officially of the

3283:Edwin Bacon, Mark Sandle, "Brezhnev Reconsidered", 3056:"United States Relations with Russia: The Cold War" 1828:, argued nuclear weapons should be used during the 1789: 1257:operating within the Manhattan Project, (including 1219:were aware of the potential of nuclear weapons and 5232:Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future 4389:; Kim J N Scherrer; et al. (15 August 2022). 3988: 3766:"Trump stokes debate about new Cold War arms race" 3729: 3177:"Castle Bravo: The Largest U.S. Nuclear Explosion" 2655: 2264:wave of revolutions sweeping across Eastern-Europe 3965: 2407:notice of the United States' withdrawal from the 2394: 1956:, then still a French colony (formally a part of 9137: 8991:List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States 4148:"China 'successfully tests missile interceptor'" 3191: 2637:ordered a test, detonating six nuclear weapons ( 2498:nuclear war between the United States and Russia 2208:proposed a missile defense programme tagged the 1861: 1282:two atomic bombs were dropped on Japanese cities 233:The United States and the Soviet Union sign the 7428:North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972 6835:On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences 3730:Pilkington, Ed; Pengelly, Martin (2016-12-24). 2034:, and in the later stages of the Cold War, the 1832:, both Truman and Eisenhower opposed the idea. 1195:production on nearly the same scale as the two 4222: 4220: 4218: 4216: 4214: 4167:"India successfully tests missile interceptor" 4145: 4050:"America prepares for a new nuclear-arms race" 3197: 1221:had also been conducting research in the field 6324: 5935:Small sealed transportable autonomous (SSTAR) 4485: 4304: 4302: 4300: 4268: 4266: 4264: 2291:The examples and perspective in this article 1968:bombers carrying such nuclear weapons as the 1247:the first successful test of a nuclear weapon 1144: 9067:Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War 6618:Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council 3784:"Russia warns about nuclear war possibility" 3001:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2900:The Potsdam Conference between allied forces 2716:Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons 2645:) in retaliation and to act as a deterrent. 2609:. The Indian government called this test a " 9161:Nuclear weapons program of the Soviet Union 7928:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre 4376:John F Kennedy and the Cuban Missile Crisis 4211: 3878: 2174:Reagan and the Strategic Defense Initiative 9031:United States involvement in regime change 6586:1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine 6331: 6317: 4492: 4478: 4378:. BBC History. Retrieved November 22, 2012 4353:. BBC History. Retrieved November 22, 2012 4297: 4261: 2694:Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme 2674:in the 1950s in order to destroy incoming 2475:In October 2018, the former Soviet leader 2235: 1151: 1137: 908: 27:Part of the Post-WWII era and the Cold War 4244: 3879:Diaz-Maurin, François (20 October 2022). 3830: 3820: 3633: 2324:Learn how and when to remove this message 1942:gravity bomb provided the air deterrent. 1906:test their bomb on the Montebello Islands 1424:On March 1, 1954, the U.S. conducted the 1211:and was developed to be used against the 1183:, and their respective allies during the 5847: 3670: 3174: 2709: 2631:test detonated five more nuclear weapons 2581:Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction 2511:suspended Russia's participation in the 2507:On February 21, 2023, Russian President 2479:commented that U.S. withdrawal from the 2440: 2345: 2245: 2183: 2090: 2051: 1991:armed with strategic nuclear missiles. 878: 858:1983 Soviet nuclear false alarm incident 7157:Transition to the New Order (Indonesia) 3763: 3748: 3691:"What's the arms race? A short history" 2156:START (Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty) 2041: 1325:United Nations Atomic Energy Commission 14: 9138: 9001:Russian espionage in the United States 7273:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 5862:Liquid-fluoride thorium reactor (LFTR) 4499: 4226: 3058:. U.S. Department of State. June 2007. 2916: 2914: 2808:Essentials of Post–Cold War Deterrence 2699: 2385:Essentials of Post–Cold War Deterrence 2230:Ballistic Missile Defense Organization 1509:. It was challenged by, among others, 1353: 9181:Foreign relations of the Soviet Union 8996:Soviet espionage in the United States 7152:Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966 6931:Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution 6596:1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight 6312: 6104: 5867:Molten-Salt Reactor Experiment (MSRE) 5276: 5263: 4473: 4308: 4272: 3639: 3175:Rowberry, Ariana (30 November 2001). 2577:India and weapons of mass destruction 2570: 2449:On December 22, 2016, U.S. President 2379:, are among the most polluted sites. 1847:saw accusations of a wholly spurious 1482:submarine-launched ballistic missiles 1463:intermediate-range ballistic missiles 1191:, though no other country engaged in 138:September 28, 1942 – December 8, 1987 9171:Soviet Union–United States relations 9156:Nuclear weapons of the United States 9072:Soviet Union–United States relations 7423:1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China 6291: 5264: 2883:"The Soviet Nuclear Weapons Program" 2277: 2036:Type 092 ballistic missile submarine 1446: 1280:In August 1945, on Truman's orders, 801:Operation Smiling Buddha (Pokhran-I) 9036:Soviet involvement in regime change 5872:Integral Molten Salt Reactor (IMSR) 4164: 2911: 2687:A-135 anti-ballistic missile system 1913:-class ballistic missile submarines 1845:1960 American presidential election 1467:intercontinental ballistic missiles 219:Intercontinental ballistic missiles 24: 9077:Soviet Union–United States summits 6551:1947 Polish parliamentary election 6436:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states 5681: 4832:Positron-emission tomography (PET) 4430: 4177:from the original on 10 March 2009 3749:Ellyatt, Holly (22 October 2018). 3482:"Chinese Becomes A Nuclear Nation" 2683:A-35 anti-ballistic missile system 2670:. The United States developed the 2525:announced its intention to deploy 2295:include all significant viewpoints 25: 9197: 7838:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency 7773:United States invasion of Grenada 7043:Guinea-Bissau War of Independence 6984:Expulsion of Soviets from Albania 4855:Neutron capture therapy of cancer 4754:Radioisotope thermoelectric (RTG) 4447: 4098: 3886:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 2959: 2798:Artificial intelligence arms race 2585:Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts 2422:On April 8, 2010, U.S. President 1399:detonated the first hydrogen bomb 1334: 7913:United States invasion of Panama 7763:1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War 7403:1971 Turkish military memorandum 7366:Communist insurgency in Thailand 7336:Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty 7268:Communist insurgency in Malaysia 7095:Assassination of John F. Kennedy 7023:Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation 6541:Restatement of Policy on Germany 6290: 6279: 6278: 6266: 5955:Fast Breeder Test Reactor (FBTR) 3764:Swanson, Ian (27 October 2018). 3035:"The Beginnings of the Cold War" 2836: 2282: 2273: 2224:on reducing nuclear stockpiles. 1964:, a nuclear triad consisting of 1790:Mutual assured destruction (MAD) 788: 764: 734: 676: 653: 632: 570: 543: 532: 521: 510: 499: 488: 474: 463: 452: 441: 430: 419: 408: 397: 371: 356: 333: 310: 289: 277: 264: 81: 74: 63: 56: 8633:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 8014:Dissolution of the Soviet Union 7943:Fall of the inner German border 7843:1988 Black Sea bumping incident 7493:Strategic Arms Limitation Talks 7483:Spanish transition to democracy 7443:1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency 7070:Communist insurgency in Sarawak 6576:Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948 6457:Occupation of the Baltic states 5044:Historical stockpiles and tests 4437:"Presidency in the Nuclear Age" 4189: 4158: 4139: 4119: 4074: 4042: 4024: 4006: 3947: 3929: 3911: 3893: 3872: 3855: 3794: 3776: 3757: 3742: 3723: 3703: 3683: 3671:Majumdar, Dave (1 March 2018). 3664: 3615: 3597: 3579: 3561: 3537: 3528: 3510: 3492: 3474: 3456: 3438: 3419: 3401: 3344: 3326: 3308: 3298:"United Kingdom Nuclear Forces" 3290: 3277: 3258: 3253:Thinking about the Unthinkable, 3241: 3223: 3168: 3143: 3125: 3104: 3083: 3062: 3048: 2656:Defense against nuclear attacks 2605:, at the Pokhran region of the 2389:United States Strategic Command 2222:Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty 1459:medium-range ballistic missiles 1202: 7413:Four Power Agreement on Berlin 7048:Mozambican War of Independence 6487:Indonesian National Revolution 5945:Energy Multiplier Module (EM2) 4827:Single-photon emission (SPECT) 4439:, conference and forum at the 3027: 3009: 2976: 2953: 2893: 2875: 2857: 2395:21st century nuclear arms race 2220:, ultimately resulting in the 2099:with Soviet General Secretary 2022:, missile systems such as the 1995:The People's Republic of China 1915:armed with the American-built 1805:. This policy became known as 13: 1: 9011:CIA and the Cultural Cold War 8026:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia 7979:Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident 7701:1984 Summer Olympics boycotts 7666:Seven Days to the River Rhine 7398:Corrective Revolution (Egypt) 6685:March 1949 Syrian coup d'état 6613:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état 6273:Nuclear technology portal 4340: 4146:Tania Branigan (2010-01-12). 2843:Nuclear technology portal 2496:in August 2022, a full-scale 2409:Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty 2011:Sino-Soviet ideological split 1862:Initial nuclear proliferation 1171:competition for supremacy in 805:Operation Shakti (Pokhran-II) 8004:Fall of communism in Albania 7974:Mongolian Revolution of 1990 7923:Polish Round Table Agreement 7263:1968 Polish political crisis 7080:Eritrean War of Independence 6846:Hungarian Revolution of 1956 6741:East German uprising of 1953 6673:Chinese Communist Revolution 6338: 6135:Field-reversed configuration 5745:Uranium Naturel Graphite Gaz 4171:International Herald Tribune 4105:Nuclear Age Peace Foundation 2962:"Klaus Fuchs: Atom Bomb Spy" 2210:Strategic Defense Initiative 2180:Strategic Defense Initiative 2058:deployed in Italy and Turkey 1984:ballistic missiles, and the 624:Strategic Defense Initiative 7: 7878:Korean Air Lines Flight 007 7606:Korean Air Lines Flight 902 7351:Corrective Movement (Syria) 7315:New People's Army rebellion 7310:Sino-Soviet border conflict 7038:Angolan War of Independence 6901:Second Taiwan Strait Crisis 6781:1954 Guatemalan coup d'état 6426:Jamaican political conflict 6092:Aircraft Reactor Experiment 5277: 5039:States with nuclear weapons 2766: 2714:UN vote on adoption of the 2123: 1824:. While some, like General 628:LGM-118 Peacekeeper program 224:The Soviet Union tests the 221:are developed by both sides 198:The United States conducts 10: 9202: 8074:Sino-Indian border dispute 7903:First Nagorno-Karabakh War 7833:1987–1989 JVP insurrection 7591:1976 Argentine coup d'état 7503:Turkish invasion of Cyprus 7453:1973 Uruguayan coup d'état 7137:1964 Brazilian coup d'état 7105:Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964 6794:First Taiwan Strait Crisis 6561:Asian Relations Conference 6105: 5930:Liquid-metal-cooled (LMFR) 5054:Tests in the United States 4459:Cooperation & Conflict 4407:10.1038/S43016-022-00573-0 3822:10.1038/s43016-022-00573-0 3648:Princeton University Press 3287:(Palgrave Macmillan, 2003) 2703: 2659: 2611:peaceful nuclear explosion 2574: 2335: 2239: 2177: 2084: 2080: 2045: 1976:stand-off attack missile, 1878:People's Republic of China 1865: 1807:Mutual Assured Destruction 1796:Mutual assured destruction 1793: 1417:", the project was led by 1338: 1275:Ethel and Julius Rosenberg 33:Cold War nuclear arms race 9110: 9059: 8981: 8958:William Appleman Williams 8903:Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. 8685: 8657: 8606: 8538: 8531: 8465: 8330: 8255: 8185: 8178: 8087: 8034: 7966: 7679: 7418:Bangladesh Liberation War 7408:1971 Sudanese coup d'état 7323: 7295:1969 Sudanese coup d'état 7283:1968 Peruvian coup d'état 6946: 6721:Arab Cold War (1952–1979) 6698: 6408: 6346: 6260: 6216: 6168: 6125: 6115: 6067: 6055:Stable Salt Reactor (SSR) 5968: 5950:Reduced-moderation (RMWR) 5915: 5898: 5838: 5765: 5757:Advanced gas-cooled (AGR) 5731: 5722: 5674: 5654: 5607: 5589: 5545: 5450: 5432: 5300: 5287: 5272: 5259: 5214: 5147: 5092: 5083: 5031: 4939: 4930: 4897: 4840: 4802: 4793: 4714: 4646: 4569: 4511: 4507: 4357:Cold War: A Brief History 3623:"The End of the Cold War" 3545:"Limited Test Ban Treaty" 3500:"Theater Missile Systems" 3464:"China's Nuclear Weapons" 2001:bomb in a test codenamed 1897:Atomic Energy Act of 1946 1532: 1529: 1526: 1523: 1493:, in which the submarine 1434:approximately 58 megatons 894:nuclear weapon stockpiles 866: 846:1961 Goldsboro B-52 crash 836: 829: 818: 813: 565: 558: 392: 387: 252: 247: 186: 144: 134: 129: 49: 37: 32: 9176:India–Pakistan relations 7733:1980 Turkish coup d'état 7568:Cambodian–Vietnamese War 7538:1978 Somali coup attempt 7498:Second Iraqi–Kurdish War 7463:1973 Chilean coup d'état 7288:Revolutionary Government 7182:South African Border War 6974:1960 Turkish coup d'état 6891:Iraqi 14 July Revolution 6746:1953 Iranian coup d'état 6726:1952 Egyptian revolution 5960:Dual fluid reactor (DFR) 5576:Steam-generating (SGHWR) 4912:Electron-beam processing 4107:. Nuclear files archives 4086:nuclearweaponarchive.org 3468:nuclearweaponarchive.org 3155:nuclearweaponarchive.org 3112:"The Soviet Atomic Bomb" 2942:Potsdam Note (Animation) 2887:nuclearweaponarchive.org 2851: 2375:fabrication facility at 1401:on November 1, 1952, on 620:LGM-30 Minuteman program 9146:Weapons of the Cold War 7938:Fall of the Berlin Wall 7883:People Power Revolution 7868:Central American crisis 7808:1986 Black Sea incident 7458:1973 Afghan coup d'état 7356:Western Sahara conflict 7167:1966 Syrian coup d'état 7090:1963 Syrian coup d'état 7033:Portuguese Colonial War 6996:First Iraqi–Kurdish War 6761:1954 Syrian coup d'état 6638:Annexation of Hyderabad 6581:1947–1949 Palestine war 6075:Organic nuclear reactor 5247:Nuclear power phase-out 5170:Nuclear decommissioning 5110:Reactor-grade plutonium 4860:Targeted alpha-particle 4739:Accidents and incidents 4227:Muller, Harald (2020). 3587:"The Arms Race Resumes" 3446:"France Joins the Club" 3334:"France Nuclear Forces" 3200:Grappling with the Bomb 3179:. Brookings Institution 2828:Brinkmanship (Cold War) 2668:anti-ballistic missiles 2338:Effects of the Cold War 2236:The end of the Cold War 2141:Partial Test Ban Treaty 2016:Soviet/Chinese tensions 1477:, on January 31, 1958. 852:accidental false alarm 8232:Neoclassical economics 7743:Gulf of Sidra incident 7300:1969 Libyan revolution 6991:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict 6776:1954 Geneva Conference 6536:Turkish straits crisis 6531:Corfu Channel incident 4311:International Security 4201:The New Indian Express 3646:(paperback ed.). 3640:Masco, Joseph (2006). 3518:"Cuban Missile Crisis" 3409:"Britain Goes Nuclear" 3316:"China Nuclear Forces" 3070:"Operation Crossroads" 2738: 2627:Atal Bihari Vajpayee's 2516:nuclear arms reduction 2446: 2426:and Russian President 2413:Missile Defense Agency 2355: 2354:treaty in Prague, 2010 2255: 2204:"). The presidency of 2197: 2104: 2061: 1853:Soviet first secretary 1491:Operation Frigate Bird 895: 718:R-14 Chusovaya program 388:Commanders and leaders 202:soon after the end of 117:explosion of the test 9082:Russia–NATO relations 8963:Jonathan Reed Winkler 8247:Democratic capitalism 8242:Supply-side economics 8210:American conservatism 8009:Breakup of Yugoslavia 7898:Bougainville conflict 7813:South Yemen civil war 7748:Martial law in Poland 7611:Nicaraguan Revolution 7586:Dirty War (Argentina) 7393:1971 JVP insurrection 7207:Years of Lead (Italy) 7085:North Yemen civil war 7003:Berlin Crisis of 1961 6979:Albanian–Soviet split 6911:1959 Tibetan uprising 6876:Syrian Crisis of 1957 6731:Iraqi Intifada (1952) 6591:1948 Arab–Israeli War 5237:Anti-nuclear movement 4279:International Affairs 4273:Wirtz, James (2019). 4207:on November 23, 2014. 3677:The National Interest 3627:www.atomicarchive.com 3609:www.atomicarchive.com 3591:www.atomicarchive.com 3573:www.atomicarchive.com 3569:"Easing The Tensions" 3549:www.atomicarchive.com 3522:www.atomicarchive.com 3486:www.atomicarchive.com 3450:www.atomicarchive.com 3413:www.atomicarchive.com 3235:www.atomicarchive.com 3231:"The Soviet Response" 3137:www.atomicarchive.com 3021:www.atomicarchive.com 2713: 2575:Further information: 2444: 2399:On 13 December 2001, 2377:Rocky Flats, Colorado 2361:stockpile stewardship 2349: 2249: 2187: 2094: 2055: 1972:gravity bomb and the 1868:Nuclear proliferation 1395:thermonuclear weapons 1384:the first Soviet bomb 1238:on July 24, 1945, by 882: 404:Franklin D. Roosevelt 348:South Asian Arms Race 9166:Geopolitical rivalry 8503:Non-Aligned Movement 8125:Peaceful coexistence 8079:North Borneo dispute 7994:German reunification 7989:Min Ping Yu No. 5202 7687:Salvadoran Civil War 7636:Grand Mosque seizure 7631:Yemenite War of 1979 7523:Mozambican Civil War 7478:Carnation Revolution 7433:Yemenite War of 1972 7371:1970 Polish protests 7202:1967 Hong Kong riots 7177:Argentine Revolution 7127:Guatemalan Civil War 7055:Cuban Missile Crisis 6969:Bay of Pigs Invasion 6841:1956 Poznań protests 6819:Geneva Summit (1955) 6421:Hukbalahap Rebellion 6400:Non-Aligned Movement 6145:Reversed field pinch 5940:Traveling-wave (TWR) 5424:Supercritical (SCWR) 4922:Gemstone irradiation 4323:10.1162/ISEC_a_00109 4246:10.1162/daed_a_01796 4101:"1974 Nuclear files" 3605:"Reagan's Star Wars" 3435:Senat.fr (in French) 3271:Simon & Schuster 2622:atomic bomb projects 2545:cruise missiles and 2523:Biden administration 2415:. Russian President 2242:Cold War (1985–1991) 2048:Cuban Missile Crisis 2042:Cuban Missile Crisis 1368:Operation Crossroads 1349:Cold War (1953–1962) 1345:Cold War (1947–1953) 1215:. Scientists of the 1033:Nuclear-armed states 868:Cuban Missile Crisis 822:Est. $ 5.5 trillion 706:R-7 Semyorka program 592:Operation Greenhouse 588:Operation Crossroads 539:Konstantin Chernenko 415:Dwight D. Eisenhower 210:thermonuclear device 200:Operation Crossroads 9186:Technological races 8948:Alex von Tunzelmann 8938:Vladimir Tismăneanu 8863:Thomas J. McCormick 8858:Jack F. Matlock Jr. 8758:Robert Hugh Ferrell 8621:Crusade for Freedom 8418:Illiberal democracy 8302:Ho Chi Minh Thought 8105:Eisenhower Doctrine 7958:Peaceful Revolution 7953:Romanian Revolution 7933:Revolutions of 1989 7918:1988 Polish strikes 7828:Operation INFEKTION 7823:1987 Lieyu massacre 7728:Eritrean Civil Wars 7711:Peruvian Revolution 7661:1979 Herat uprising 7651:Sino-Vietnamese War 7616:Uganda–Tanzania War 7596:Egyptian–Libyan War 7563:Third Indochina War 7558:Sino-Albanian split 7548:Ethiopian Civil War 7448:Eritrean Civil Wars 7388:Ping-pong diplomacy 7361:Cambodian Civil War 7187:Korean DMZ Conflict 7172:Cultural Revolution 7142:Dominican Civil War 7120:Tlatelolco massacre 6906:1959 Mosul uprising 6896:1958 Lebanon crisis 6623:Al-Wathbah uprising 6546:First Indochina War 6516:Iran crisis of 1946 5310:Aqueous homogeneous 5105:Reprocessed uranium 4778:Safety and security 4374:May, E. R. (n.d.). 3943:. 21 February 2023. 3925:. 21 February 2023. 3719:. 23 December 2016. 3273:, 1987), p. 82 2972:on 9 February 2015. 2889:. 12 December 1997. 2818:Nuclear disarmament 2706:Nuclear disarmament 2700:Nuclear disarmament 2527:long-range missiles 2369:Hanford, Washington 2302:improve the article 2020:H-6 bomber aircraft 1958:Metropolitan France 1952:" was detonated in 1893:Operation Hurricane 1520: 1354:Warhead development 1341:Massive retaliation 1245:, eight days after 1234:was briefed at the 645:Operation Hurricane 612:PGM-17 Thor program 180:atmosphere of Earth 9102:Russian Revolution 8898:Mary Elise Sarotte 8883:William B. Pickett 8808:Patrick J. Hearden 8788:Gabriel Gorodetsky 8783:Timothy Garton Ash 8768:Anneli Ute Gabanyi 8363:Ethnic nationalism 8115:Hallstein Doctrine 7999:Yemeni unification 7788:1985 Geneva Summit 7753:Casamance conflict 7656:New Jewel Movement 7641:Iranian Revolution 7626:Chadian–Libyan War 7573:Cambodian conflict 7553:Lebanese Civil War 7543:Western Sahara War 7518:June 1976 protests 7513:Cambodian genocide 7278:17 July Revolution 7232:Nigerian Civil War 7147:Rhodesian Bush War 7132:Colombian conflict 7075:Ramadan Revolution 6814:Bandung Conference 6690:Operation Valuable 6571:Partition of India 6224:Dense plasma focus 5139:Actinide chemistry 4604:Isotope separation 4501:Nuclear technology 4333:– via JSTOR. 4056:. 12 August 2024. 3431:2017-07-01 at the 3151:"Operation Castle" 3017:"Atomic Espionage" 2947:2007-11-16 at the 2905:2007-10-24 at the 2739: 2736: Did not vote 2571:India and Pakistan 2547:hypersonic weapons 2521:In July 2024, the 2481:INF nuclear treaty 2447: 2356: 2256: 2198: 2105: 2062: 1966:Dassault Mirage IV 1931:and several other 1818:John Foster Dulles 1516: 1503:Polaris A2 missile 1236:Potsdam Conference 896: 777:Kirana-I operation 229:thermonuclear bomb 9133: 9132: 9120:List of conflicts 8968:Rudolph Winnacker 8913:Giles Scott-Smith 8888:Ronald E. Powaski 8843:Melvyn P. Leffler 8773:John Lewis Gaddis 8748:Robert D. English 8713:Warren H. Carroll 8703:Michael Beschloss 8672:Nuclear arms race 8653: 8652: 8559:Neues Deutschland 8461: 8460: 8443:White nationalism 8413:Liberal democracy 8150:Ulbricht Doctrine 8140:Brezhnev Doctrine 7948:Velvet Revolution 7692:Soviet–Afghan War 7508:Angolan Civil War 7305:Goulash Communism 7162:ASEAN Declaration 7115:Mexican Dirty War 7013:Annexation of Goa 6964:1960 U-2 incident 6938:Sino-Soviet split 6916:Laotian Civil War 6756:Bricker Amendment 6736:Mau Mau rebellion 6680:Malayan Emergency 6668:Chinese Civil War 6628:Tito–Stalin split 6482:Division of Korea 6306: 6305: 6256: 6255: 6252: 6251: 6203:Magnetized-target 6100: 6099: 6063: 6062: 5894: 5893: 5890: 5889: 5834: 5833: 5718: 5717: 5650: 5649: 5255: 5254: 5210: 5209: 5079: 5078: 5066:Weapon-free zones 4893: 4892: 4885:Radiopharmacology 4291:10.1093/ia/iiz108 4135:. 16 August 2022. 3907:. 16 August 2022. 3657:978-0-691-12077-5 3363:978-0-642-14605-2 2845: 2813:Deterrence theory 2788:Nuclear terrorism 2783:Nuclear holocaust 2477:Mikhail Gorbachev 2334: 2333: 2326: 2306:discuss the issue 2268:Mikhail Gorbachev 2218:Mikhail Gorbachev 1856:Nikita Khrushchev 1826:Douglas MacArthur 1787: 1786: 1452:Strategic bombers 1447:Delivery vehicles 1228:Manhattan Project 1165:nuclear arms race 1161: 1160: 925:Nuclear explosion 877: 876: 831:Near catastrophes 781:Chagai operations 694:RDS-4 ("Tatyana") 649:Operation Grapple 616:Operation Dominic 608:Nike Zeus program 604:Operation Plumbob 584:Manhattan Project 550:Mikhail Gorbachev 506:Nikita Khrushchev 437:Lyndon B. Johnson 330: 326:Sino-Soviet split 306:(primary parties) 260:(primary parties) 243: 242: 194:Manhattan Project 96:nuclear bomb test 16:(Redirected from 9193: 8878:David S. Painter 8803:John Earl Haynes 8733:Nicholas J. Cull 8718:Adrian Cioroianu 8698:Thomas A. Bailey 8645:Voice of America 8536: 8535: 8448:White separatism 8428:Social democracy 8423:Guided democracy 8403:Authoritarianism 8353:Ultranationalism 8343:Anti-imperialism 8270:Marxism–Leninism 8183: 8182: 8170:Kinmen Agreement 8135:Johnson Doctrine 8120:Kennedy Doctrine 8036:Frozen conflicts 8019:1991 August Coup 7908:Afghan Civil War 7803:Reykjavík Summit 7798:Somali Rebellion 7738:Ugandan Bush War 7716:Gdańsk Agreement 7237:Protests of 1968 7217:War of Attrition 6926:Cuban Revolution 6862:We will bury you 6829:Cyprus Emergency 6809:Kashmir Princess 6799:Jebel Akhdar War 6648:Western betrayal 6333: 6326: 6319: 6310: 6309: 6294: 6293: 6282: 6281: 6271: 6270: 6269: 6181: 6140:Levitated dipole 6110: 6102: 6101: 6050:Helium gas (GFR) 5913: 5912: 5908: 5845: 5844: 5729: 5728: 5679: 5678: 5672: 5671: 5667: 5666: 5448: 5447: 5444: 5443: 5282: 5274: 5273: 5266:Nuclear reactors 5261: 5260: 5160:High-level (HLW) 5090: 5089: 4937: 4936: 4917:Food irradiation 4907:Atomic gardening 4800: 4799: 4783:Nuclear meltdown 4609:Nuclear material 4599:Fissile material 4594:Fertile material 4509: 4508: 4494: 4487: 4480: 4471: 4470: 4426: 4335: 4334: 4306: 4295: 4294: 4270: 4259: 4258: 4248: 4224: 4209: 4208: 4203:. Archived from 4193: 4187: 4186: 4184: 4182: 4162: 4156: 4155: 4143: 4137: 4136: 4123: 4117: 4116: 4114: 4112: 4096: 4090: 4089: 4078: 4072: 4071: 4069: 4068: 4046: 4040: 4039: 4028: 4022: 4021: 4010: 4004: 4003: 3992: 3986: 3985: 3974: 3963: 3962: 3951: 3945: 3944: 3933: 3927: 3926: 3915: 3909: 3908: 3897: 3891: 3890: 3876: 3870: 3867:world population 3859: 3853: 3852: 3834: 3824: 3798: 3792: 3791: 3780: 3774: 3773: 3761: 3755: 3754: 3746: 3740: 3739: 3727: 3721: 3720: 3707: 3701: 3700: 3687: 3681: 3680: 3668: 3662: 3661: 3637: 3631: 3630: 3619: 3613: 3612: 3601: 3595: 3594: 3583: 3577: 3576: 3565: 3559: 3558: 3556: 3555: 3541: 3535: 3532: 3526: 3525: 3514: 3508: 3507: 3496: 3490: 3489: 3478: 3472: 3471: 3460: 3454: 3453: 3442: 3436: 3423: 3417: 3416: 3405: 3399: 3398: 3392: 3388: 3386: 3378: 3376: 3375: 3366:. Archived from 3348: 3342: 3341: 3330: 3324: 3323: 3312: 3306: 3305: 3294: 3288: 3281: 3275: 3262: 3256: 3245: 3239: 3238: 3227: 3221: 3220: 3195: 3189: 3188: 3186: 3184: 3172: 3166: 3165: 3163: 3161: 3147: 3141: 3140: 3133:"The BRAVO Test" 3129: 3123: 3122: 3120: 3118: 3108: 3102: 3101: 3099: 3097: 3087: 3081: 3080: 3078: 3076: 3066: 3060: 3059: 3052: 3046: 3045: 3043: 3041: 3031: 3025: 3024: 3013: 3007: 3006: 3000: 2992: 2980: 2974: 2973: 2968:. Archived from 2960:Aiuto, Russell. 2957: 2951: 2939: 2930: 2929: 2918: 2909: 2897: 2891: 2890: 2879: 2873: 2872: 2869:nuclearfiles.org 2861: 2841: 2840: 2839: 2834: 2735: 2729: 2723: 2672:LIM-49 Nike Zeus 2560:In August 2024, 2453:proclaimed in a 2432:New START Treaty 2329: 2322: 2318: 2315: 2309: 2286: 2285: 2278: 1989:-class submarine 1841:Potemkin village 1521: 1515: 1507:Christmas Island 1499: (SSBN-608) 1271:David Greenglass 1209:Second World War 1153: 1146: 1139: 1090: 984:Target selection 912: 898: 897: 794: 792: 791: 770: 768: 767: 740: 738: 737: 722:Operation Chagan 682: 680: 679: 659: 657: 656: 638: 636: 635: 600:Operation Castle 576: 574: 573: 560:Major operations 548: 547: 537: 536: 526: 525: 515: 514: 504: 503: 493: 492: 479: 478: 468: 467: 457: 456: 448:Richard M. Nixon 446: 445: 435: 434: 424: 423: 413: 412: 402: 401: 377: 375: 374: 362: 360: 359: 339: 337: 336: 322: 316: 314: 313: 295: 293: 292: 283: 281: 280: 270: 268: 267: 132: 131: 111:LGM-30 Minuteman 99:Crossroads Baker 94:Left to right, 85: 78: 67: 60: 30: 29: 21: 9201: 9200: 9196: 9195: 9194: 9192: 9191: 9190: 9151:Nuclear weapons 9136: 9135: 9134: 9129: 9106: 9097:Second Cold War 9055: 8983: 8977: 8953:Odd Arne Westad 8943:Patrick Vaughan 8928:Athan Theoharis 8908:Ellen Schrecker 8893:Yakov M. Rabkin 8868:Timothy Naftali 8813:Tvrtko Jakovina 8798:Jussi Hanhimäki 8681: 8659: 8649: 8627:Paix et Liberté 8602: 8546:Active measures 8527: 8457: 8438:White supremacy 8398:Totalitarianism 8326: 8251: 8174: 8160:Reagan Doctrine 8155:Carter Doctrine 8095:Truman Doctrine 8083: 8030: 7962: 7857:Soviet reaction 7768:Ndogboyosoi War 7675: 7646:Saur Revolution 7473:1973 oil crisis 7438:Munich massacre 7346:Alcora Exercise 7341:Black September 7319: 7065:Sino-Indian War 6959:Simba rebellion 6942: 6786:Capture of the 6694: 6633:Berlin Blockade 6566:May 1947 crises 6556:Truman Doctrine 6521:Greek Civil War 6510:Blacklist Forty 6477:Gouzenko Affair 6464:Cursed soldiers 6416:Morgenthau Plan 6404: 6342: 6337: 6307: 6302: 6267: 6265: 6248: 6212: 6179: 6164: 6121: 6111: 6106: 6096: 6059: 5964: 5909: 5902: 5901: 5886: 5830: 5761: 5736: 5714: 5686: 5668: 5661: 5660: 5659: 5646: 5612: 5603: 5585: 5550: 5541: 5455: 5438: 5437: 5436: 5428: 5342:Natural fission 5296: 5295: 5283: 5278: 5268: 5251: 5227:Nuclear weapons 5206: 5165:Low-level (LLW) 5143: 5075: 5027: 4926: 4889: 4836: 4789: 4710: 4642: 4565: 4503: 4498: 4453:Erik Ringmar, " 4450: 4433: 4431:Further reading 4343: 4338: 4307: 4298: 4271: 4262: 4225: 4212: 4195: 4194: 4190: 4180: 4178: 4163: 4159: 4144: 4140: 4125: 4124: 4120: 4110: 4108: 4097: 4093: 4080: 4079: 4075: 4066: 4064: 4048: 4047: 4043: 4038:. 12 July 2024. 4030: 4029: 4025: 4020:. 11 July 2024. 4012: 4011: 4007: 4002:. 11 July 2024. 3994: 3993: 3989: 3984:. 28 July 2024. 3976: 3975: 3966: 3961:. 13 July 2024. 3953: 3952: 3948: 3935: 3934: 3930: 3917: 3916: 3912: 3899: 3898: 3894: 3877: 3873: 3860: 3856: 3799: 3795: 3782: 3781: 3777: 3762: 3758: 3747: 3743: 3728: 3724: 3709: 3708: 3704: 3689: 3688: 3684: 3669: 3665: 3658: 3638: 3634: 3621: 3620: 3616: 3603: 3602: 3598: 3585: 3584: 3580: 3567: 3566: 3562: 3553: 3551: 3543: 3542: 3538: 3533: 3529: 3516: 3515: 3511: 3498: 3497: 3493: 3480: 3479: 3475: 3462: 3461: 3457: 3444: 3443: 3439: 3433:Wayback Machine 3424: 3420: 3407: 3406: 3402: 3390: 3389: 3380: 3379: 3373: 3371: 3364: 3350: 3349: 3345: 3332: 3331: 3327: 3314: 3313: 3309: 3296: 3295: 3291: 3282: 3278: 3263: 3259: 3246: 3242: 3229: 3228: 3224: 3210: 3196: 3192: 3182: 3180: 3173: 3169: 3159: 3157: 3149: 3148: 3144: 3131: 3130: 3126: 3116: 3114: 3110: 3109: 3105: 3095: 3093: 3091:"The Mike Test" 3089: 3088: 3084: 3074: 3072: 3068: 3067: 3063: 3054: 3053: 3049: 3039: 3037: 3033: 3032: 3028: 3015: 3014: 3010: 2994: 2993: 2981: 2977: 2958: 2954: 2949:Wayback Machine 2940: 2933: 2920: 2919: 2912: 2907:Wayback Machine 2898: 2894: 2881: 2880: 2876: 2863: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2837: 2835: 2778:Nuclear warfare 2769: 2737: 2733: 2731: 2727: 2725: 2721: 2719: 2718:on July 7, 2017 2708: 2702: 2664: 2662:Missile defense 2658: 2615:nuclear program 2607:Rajasthan state 2587: 2573: 2567:nuclear state. 2466:Mika Brzezinski 2428:Dmitry Medvedev 2397: 2344: 2336:Main articles: 2330: 2319: 2313: 2310: 2299: 2287: 2283: 2276: 2244: 2238: 2182: 2176: 2126: 2101:Leonid Brezhnev 2095:U.S. President 2089: 2083: 2050: 2044: 1962:Force de frappe 1936:strike aircraft 1933:Royal Air Force 1929:Panavia Tornado 1917:Polaris missile 1870: 1864: 1820:referred to as 1798: 1792: 1449: 1356: 1351: 1339:Main articles: 1337: 1296:was dropped on 1288:was dropped on 1243:Harry S. Truman 1205: 1189:nuclear weapons 1173:nuclear warfare 1157: 1108: 1088: 1078: 1047: 902:Nuclear weapons 870: 862: 861: 854: 848: 844: 825: 824: 809: 808: 803: 799: 789: 787: 784: 779: 775: 765: 763: 759: 758: 757: 753: 749: 745: 735: 733: 732: 728: 724: 720: 716: 712: 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 688: 677: 675: 672: 668: 664: 654: 652: 651: 647: 643: 633: 631: 630: 626: 622: 618: 614: 610: 606: 602: 598: 594: 590: 586: 582: 571: 569: 554: 553: 542: 541: 531: 530: 520: 519: 517:Leonid Brezhnev 509: 508: 498: 497: 487: 484: 473: 472: 462: 461: 451: 450: 440: 439: 429: 428: 426:John F. Kennedy 418: 417: 407: 406: 396: 383: 382: 372: 370: 367: 357: 355: 351: 345: 344: 343: 334: 332: 331: 321: 311: 309: 307: 299: 290: 288: 287: 278: 276: 275: 265: 263: 261: 139: 130: 125: 91: 90: 89: 88: 87: 86: 79: 70: 69: 68: 61: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9199: 9189: 9188: 9183: 9178: 9173: 9168: 9163: 9158: 9153: 9148: 9131: 9130: 9128: 9127: 9122: 9117: 9111: 9108: 9107: 9105: 9104: 9099: 9094: 9089: 9084: 9079: 9074: 9069: 9063: 9061: 9057: 9056: 9054: 9053: 9048: 9043: 9038: 9033: 9028: 9023: 9018: 9013: 9008: 9003: 8998: 8993: 8987: 8985: 8979: 8978: 8976: 8975: 8970: 8965: 8960: 8955: 8950: 8945: 8940: 8935: 8930: 8925: 8923:Timothy Snyder 8920: 8915: 8910: 8905: 8900: 8895: 8890: 8885: 8880: 8875: 8870: 8865: 8860: 8855: 8853:Vojtech Mastny 8850: 8848:Geir Lundestad 8845: 8840: 8838:Walter Laqueur 8835: 8833:Walter LaFeber 8830: 8825: 8820: 8815: 8810: 8805: 8800: 8795: 8790: 8785: 8780: 8775: 8770: 8765: 8763:André Fontaine 8760: 8755: 8750: 8745: 8740: 8735: 8730: 8725: 8720: 8715: 8710: 8705: 8700: 8695: 8693:Gar Alperovitz 8689: 8687: 8683: 8682: 8680: 8679: 8674: 8669: 8663: 8661: 8655: 8654: 8651: 8650: 8648: 8647: 8642: 8636: 8635: 8630: 8623: 8618: 8610: 8608: 8604: 8603: 8601: 8600: 8593: 8588: 8581: 8574: 8569: 8562: 8555: 8548: 8542: 8540: 8533: 8529: 8528: 8526: 8525: 8520: 8515: 8510: 8505: 8500: 8495: 8490: 8485: 8480: 8475: 8469: 8467: 8463: 8462: 8459: 8458: 8456: 8455: 8450: 8445: 8440: 8435: 8433:Third-Worldism 8430: 8425: 8420: 8415: 8410: 8405: 8400: 8395: 8390: 8385: 8380: 8375: 8370: 8365: 8360: 8355: 8350: 8345: 8340: 8334: 8332: 8328: 8327: 8325: 8324: 8319: 8314: 8309: 8304: 8299: 8292: 8287: 8282: 8277: 8272: 8267: 8261: 8259: 8253: 8252: 8250: 8249: 8244: 8239: 8234: 8229: 8224: 8222:Libertarianism 8219: 8214: 8213: 8212: 8202: 8200:Chicago school 8197: 8191: 8189: 8180: 8176: 8175: 8173: 8172: 8167: 8162: 8157: 8152: 8147: 8145:Nixon Doctrine 8142: 8137: 8132: 8127: 8122: 8117: 8112: 8107: 8102: 8097: 8091: 8089: 8088:Foreign policy 8085: 8084: 8082: 8081: 8076: 8071: 8066: 8061: 8056: 8051: 8046: 8040: 8038: 8032: 8031: 8029: 8028: 8023: 8022: 8021: 8011: 8006: 8001: 7996: 7991: 7986: 7981: 7976: 7970: 7968: 7964: 7963: 7961: 7960: 7955: 7950: 7945: 7940: 7935: 7930: 7925: 7920: 7915: 7910: 7905: 7900: 7895: 7890: 7885: 7880: 7875: 7873:Operation RYAN 7870: 7865: 7860: 7850: 7845: 7840: 7835: 7830: 7825: 7820: 7815: 7810: 7805: 7800: 7795: 7790: 7785: 7780: 7778:Able Archer 83 7775: 7770: 7765: 7760: 7755: 7750: 7745: 7740: 7735: 7730: 7725: 7724: 7723: 7713: 7708: 7703: 7694: 7689: 7683: 7681: 7677: 7676: 7674: 7673: 7668: 7663: 7658: 7653: 7648: 7643: 7638: 7633: 7628: 7623: 7618: 7613: 7608: 7603: 7598: 7593: 7588: 7583: 7575: 7570: 7565: 7560: 7555: 7550: 7545: 7540: 7535: 7530: 7528:Oromo conflict 7525: 7520: 7515: 7510: 7505: 7500: 7495: 7490: 7485: 7480: 7475: 7470: 7468:Yom Kippur War 7465: 7460: 7455: 7450: 7445: 7440: 7435: 7430: 7425: 7420: 7415: 7410: 7405: 7400: 7395: 7390: 7385: 7378: 7373: 7368: 7363: 7358: 7353: 7348: 7343: 7338: 7333: 7327: 7325: 7321: 7320: 7318: 7317: 7312: 7307: 7302: 7297: 7292: 7291: 7290: 7280: 7275: 7270: 7265: 7260: 7251: 7246: 7245: 7244: 7234: 7229: 7224: 7219: 7214: 7209: 7204: 7199: 7194: 7189: 7184: 7179: 7174: 7169: 7164: 7159: 7154: 7149: 7144: 7139: 7134: 7129: 7124: 7123: 7122: 7112: 7107: 7102: 7100:Aden Emergency 7097: 7092: 7087: 7082: 7077: 7072: 7067: 7062: 7057: 7052: 7051: 7050: 7045: 7040: 7030: 7025: 7020: 7018:Papua conflict 7015: 7010: 7005: 7000: 6999: 6998: 6988: 6987: 6986: 6976: 6971: 6966: 6961: 6956: 6950: 6948: 6944: 6943: 6941: 6940: 6935: 6934: 6933: 6923: 6921:Kitchen Debate 6918: 6913: 6908: 6903: 6898: 6893: 6888: 6883: 6881:Sputnik crisis 6878: 6873: 6865: 6858: 6853: 6851:Polish October 6848: 6843: 6838: 6831: 6826: 6821: 6816: 6811: 6806: 6801: 6796: 6791: 6783: 6778: 6773: 6768: 6763: 6758: 6753: 6751:Pact of Madrid 6748: 6743: 6738: 6733: 6728: 6723: 6718: 6713: 6708: 6706:Bamboo Curtain 6702: 6700: 6696: 6695: 6693: 6692: 6687: 6682: 6677: 6676: 6675: 6665: 6660: 6655: 6650: 6645: 6640: 6635: 6630: 6625: 6620: 6615: 6610: 6605: 6600: 6599: 6598: 6593: 6588: 6578: 6573: 6568: 6563: 6558: 6553: 6548: 6543: 6538: 6533: 6528: 6523: 6518: 6513: 6505: 6497: 6489: 6484: 6479: 6474: 6466: 6461: 6460: 6459: 6454: 6446: 6433: 6428: 6423: 6418: 6412: 6410: 6406: 6405: 6403: 6402: 6397: 6392: 6387: 6382: 6377: 6372: 6367: 6362: 6355: 6347: 6344: 6343: 6336: 6335: 6328: 6321: 6313: 6304: 6303: 6301: 6300: 6288: 6276: 6261: 6258: 6257: 6254: 6253: 6250: 6249: 6247: 6246: 6241: 6236: 6234:Muon-catalyzed 6231: 6226: 6220: 6218: 6214: 6213: 6211: 6210: 6205: 6200: 6195: 6194: 6193: 6183: 6174: 6172: 6166: 6165: 6163: 6162: 6157: 6152: 6147: 6142: 6137: 6131: 6129: 6123: 6122: 6116: 6113: 6112: 6098: 6097: 6095: 6094: 6089: 6088: 6087: 6082: 6071: 6069: 6065: 6064: 6061: 6060: 6058: 6057: 6052: 6047: 6042: 6041: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6020: 6015: 6010: 6005: 6000: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5974: 5972: 5966: 5965: 5963: 5962: 5957: 5952: 5947: 5942: 5937: 5932: 5927: 5925:Integral (IFR) 5922: 5916: 5910: 5899: 5896: 5895: 5892: 5891: 5888: 5887: 5885: 5884: 5879: 5874: 5869: 5864: 5859: 5853: 5851: 5842: 5836: 5835: 5832: 5831: 5829: 5828: 5827: 5826: 5821: 5820: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5789: 5784: 5783: 5782: 5771: 5769: 5763: 5762: 5760: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5740: 5738: 5734: 5726: 5720: 5719: 5716: 5715: 5713: 5712: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5691: 5689: 5684: 5676: 5669: 5655: 5652: 5651: 5648: 5647: 5645: 5644: 5643: 5642: 5637: 5632: 5627: 5616: 5614: 5610: 5605: 5604: 5602: 5601: 5595: 5593: 5587: 5586: 5584: 5583: 5578: 5573: 5572: 5571: 5566: 5555: 5553: 5548: 5543: 5542: 5540: 5539: 5538: 5537: 5532: 5527: 5522: 5517: 5516: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5495: 5490: 5489: 5488: 5483: 5480: 5477: 5474: 5460: 5458: 5453: 5445: 5430: 5429: 5427: 5426: 5421: 5420: 5419: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5405: 5404: 5399: 5389: 5384: 5379: 5374: 5369: 5364: 5359: 5354: 5344: 5339: 5338: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5312: 5306: 5304: 5298: 5297: 5289: 5288: 5285: 5284: 5270: 5269: 5257: 5256: 5253: 5252: 5250: 5249: 5244: 5242:Uranium mining 5239: 5234: 5229: 5224: 5218: 5216: 5212: 5211: 5208: 5207: 5205: 5204: 5199: 5198: 5197: 5192: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5151: 5149: 5145: 5144: 5142: 5141: 5136: 5135: 5134: 5124: 5119: 5118: 5117: 5115:Minor actinide 5112: 5107: 5096: 5094: 5087: 5081: 5080: 5077: 5076: 5074: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5058: 5057: 5056: 5051: 5041: 5035: 5033: 5029: 5028: 5026: 5025: 5024: 5023: 5013: 5008: 5007: 5006: 5001: 4991: 4986: 4981: 4980: 4979: 4969: 4964: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4943: 4941: 4934: 4928: 4927: 4925: 4924: 4919: 4914: 4909: 4903: 4901: 4895: 4894: 4891: 4890: 4888: 4887: 4882: 4877: 4872: 4867: 4862: 4857: 4852: 4846: 4844: 4838: 4837: 4835: 4834: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4814: 4812:Autoradiograph 4808: 4806: 4797: 4791: 4790: 4788: 4787: 4786: 4785: 4775: 4774: 4773: 4763: 4762: 4761: 4751: 4746: 4741: 4736: 4731: 4726: 4720: 4718: 4712: 4711: 4709: 4708: 4703: 4698: 4693: 4688: 4683: 4678: 4673: 4668: 4663: 4658: 4652: 4650: 4644: 4643: 4641: 4640: 4639: 4638: 4633: 4628: 4627: 4626: 4621: 4606: 4601: 4596: 4591: 4586: 4581: 4575: 4573: 4567: 4566: 4564: 4563: 4562: 4561: 4556: 4546: 4541: 4536: 4534:Atomic nucleus 4531: 4526: 4521: 4515: 4513: 4505: 4504: 4497: 4496: 4489: 4482: 4474: 4468: 4467: 4462: 4449: 4448:External links 4446: 4445: 4444: 4432: 4429: 4428: 4427: 4401:(8): 586–596. 4382: 4379: 4372: 4369: 4366: 4363: 4360: 4354: 4347: 4342: 4339: 4337: 4336: 4296: 4285:(4): 785–799. 4260: 4239:(2): 171–189. 4210: 4188: 4165:Ratliff, Ben. 4157: 4138: 4118: 4091: 4073: 4041: 4023: 4018:Deutsche Welle 4005: 3987: 3964: 3959:Deutsche Welle 3946: 3928: 3910: 3892: 3871: 3854: 3815:(8): 586–596. 3793: 3775: 3756: 3741: 3722: 3702: 3682: 3663: 3656: 3650:. p. 78. 3632: 3614: 3596: 3578: 3560: 3536: 3527: 3509: 3491: 3473: 3455: 3437: 3418: 3400: 3391:|journal= 3362: 3343: 3325: 3307: 3289: 3276: 3257: 3255:Horizon Press. 3240: 3222: 3218:j.ctt1ws7w90.9 3208: 3190: 3167: 3142: 3124: 3103: 3082: 3061: 3047: 3026: 3008: 2975: 2952: 2931: 2910: 2892: 2874: 2855: 2853: 2850: 2849: 2848: 2830: 2825: 2820: 2815: 2810: 2805: 2800: 2795: 2790: 2785: 2780: 2775: 2768: 2765: 2732: 2726: 2720: 2704:Main article: 2701: 2698: 2685:and the later 2660:Main article: 2657: 2654: 2603:Smiling Buddha 2572: 2569: 2509:Vladimir Putin 2502:nuclear winter 2417:Vladimir Putin 2401:George W. Bush 2396: 2393: 2332: 2331: 2290: 2288: 2281: 2275: 2272: 2240:Main article: 2237: 2234: 2178:Main article: 2175: 2172: 2125: 2122: 2085:Main article: 2082: 2079: 2046:Main article: 2043: 2040: 1950:Gerboise Bleue 1925:SEPECAT Jaguar 1889:United Kingdom 1874:United Kingdom 1866:Main article: 1863: 1860: 1794:Main article: 1791: 1788: 1785: 1784: 1781: 1778: 1775: 1772: 1769: 1766: 1762: 1761: 1758: 1755: 1752: 1749: 1746: 1743: 1739: 1738: 1735: 1732: 1729: 1726: 1723: 1720: 1716: 1715: 1712: 1709: 1706: 1703: 1700: 1697: 1693: 1692: 1689: 1686: 1683: 1680: 1677: 1674: 1670: 1669: 1666: 1663: 1660: 1657: 1654: 1651: 1647: 1646: 1643: 1640: 1637: 1634: 1631: 1628: 1624: 1623: 1620: 1617: 1614: 1611: 1608: 1605: 1601: 1600: 1597: 1594: 1591: 1588: 1585: 1582: 1578: 1577: 1574: 1571: 1568: 1565: 1562: 1559: 1555: 1554: 1551: 1550:United States 1548: 1545: 1544:United States 1542: 1539: 1538:United States 1535: 1534: 1531: 1528: 1525: 1448: 1445: 1413:. Code-named " 1380:Eastern Europe 1355: 1352: 1336: 1335:Early Cold War 1333: 1321:United Nations 1316:respectively. 1304:bombers named 1240:U.S. President 1204: 1201: 1159: 1158: 1156: 1155: 1148: 1141: 1133: 1130: 1129: 1128: 1127: 1122: 1117: 1112: 1102: 1101: 1096: 1091: 1082: 1072: 1071: 1066: 1061: 1059:United Kingdom 1056: 1051: 1036: 1035: 1029: 1028: 1027: 1026: 1021: 1016: 1011: 1006: 1001: 996: 991: 986: 981: 975: 974: 969: 964: 958: 957: 952: 947: 942: 937: 932: 927: 919: 918: 914: 913: 905: 904: 875: 874: 872:Able Archer 83 864: 863: 855: 850:Yom Kippur War 838: 837: 834: 833: 827: 826: 820: 819: 816: 815: 811: 810: 785: 761: 760: 698:RDS-6s (Joe 4) 673: 666:Gerboise Bleue 640:United Kingdom 567: 566: 563: 562: 556: 555: 485: 459:Gerald R. Ford 394: 393: 390: 389: 385: 384: 368: 353: 352: 300: 285:United Kingdom 254: 253: 250: 249: 245: 244: 241: 240: 239: 238: 231: 222: 216: 206: 196: 188: 184: 183: 160:United Kingdom 146: 142: 141: 136: 127: 126: 115:mushroom cloud 92: 80: 73: 72: 71: 62: 55: 54: 53: 52: 51: 50: 47: 46: 35: 34: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9198: 9187: 9184: 9182: 9179: 9177: 9174: 9172: 9169: 9167: 9164: 9162: 9159: 9157: 9154: 9152: 9149: 9147: 9144: 9143: 9141: 9126: 9123: 9121: 9118: 9116: 9113: 9112: 9109: 9103: 9100: 9098: 9095: 9093: 9090: 9088: 9087:War on terror 9085: 9083: 9080: 9078: 9075: 9073: 9070: 9068: 9065: 9064: 9062: 9058: 9052: 9049: 9047: 9044: 9042: 9039: 9037: 9034: 9032: 9029: 9027: 9024: 9022: 9019: 9017: 9014: 9012: 9009: 9007: 9004: 9002: 8999: 8997: 8994: 8992: 8989: 8988: 8986: 8982:Espionage and 8980: 8974: 8971: 8969: 8966: 8964: 8961: 8959: 8956: 8954: 8951: 8949: 8946: 8944: 8941: 8939: 8936: 8934: 8933:Andrew Thorpe 8931: 8929: 8926: 8924: 8921: 8919: 8916: 8914: 8911: 8909: 8906: 8904: 8901: 8899: 8896: 8894: 8891: 8889: 8886: 8884: 8881: 8879: 8876: 8874: 8871: 8869: 8866: 8864: 8861: 8859: 8856: 8854: 8851: 8849: 8846: 8844: 8841: 8839: 8836: 8834: 8831: 8829: 8828:Gabriel Kolko 8826: 8824: 8821: 8819: 8816: 8814: 8811: 8809: 8806: 8804: 8801: 8799: 8796: 8794: 8793:Fred Halliday 8791: 8789: 8786: 8784: 8781: 8779: 8778:Lloyd Gardner 8776: 8774: 8771: 8769: 8766: 8764: 8761: 8759: 8756: 8754: 8751: 8749: 8746: 8744: 8741: 8739: 8738:Norman Davies 8736: 8734: 8731: 8729: 8726: 8724: 8723:John Costello 8721: 8719: 8716: 8714: 8711: 8709: 8706: 8704: 8701: 8699: 8696: 8694: 8691: 8690: 8688: 8684: 8678: 8675: 8673: 8670: 8668: 8665: 8664: 8662: 8658:Technological 8656: 8646: 8643: 8641: 8638: 8637: 8634: 8631: 8629: 8628: 8624: 8622: 8619: 8617: 8616: 8612: 8611: 8609: 8605: 8599: 8598: 8594: 8592: 8589: 8587: 8586: 8582: 8580: 8579: 8575: 8573: 8570: 8568: 8567: 8563: 8561: 8560: 8556: 8554: 8553: 8549: 8547: 8544: 8543: 8541: 8539:Pro-communist 8537: 8534: 8530: 8524: 8521: 8519: 8516: 8514: 8511: 8509: 8506: 8504: 8501: 8499: 8496: 8494: 8491: 8489: 8486: 8484: 8481: 8479: 8476: 8474: 8471: 8470: 8468: 8466:Organizations 8464: 8454: 8451: 8449: 8446: 8444: 8441: 8439: 8436: 8434: 8431: 8429: 8426: 8424: 8421: 8419: 8416: 8414: 8411: 8409: 8406: 8404: 8401: 8399: 8396: 8394: 8391: 8389: 8386: 8384: 8381: 8379: 8376: 8374: 8371: 8369: 8366: 8364: 8361: 8359: 8356: 8354: 8351: 8349: 8346: 8344: 8341: 8339: 8336: 8335: 8333: 8329: 8323: 8320: 8318: 8315: 8313: 8310: 8308: 8305: 8303: 8300: 8298: 8297: 8293: 8291: 8288: 8286: 8283: 8281: 8280:Eurocommunism 8278: 8276: 8273: 8271: 8268: 8266: 8263: 8262: 8260: 8258: 8254: 8248: 8245: 8243: 8240: 8238: 8235: 8233: 8230: 8228: 8225: 8223: 8220: 8218: 8215: 8211: 8208: 8207: 8206: 8203: 8201: 8198: 8196: 8193: 8192: 8190: 8188: 8184: 8181: 8177: 8171: 8168: 8166: 8163: 8161: 8158: 8156: 8153: 8151: 8148: 8146: 8143: 8141: 8138: 8136: 8133: 8131: 8128: 8126: 8123: 8121: 8118: 8116: 8113: 8111: 8110:Domino theory 8108: 8106: 8103: 8101: 8098: 8096: 8093: 8092: 8090: 8086: 8080: 8077: 8075: 8072: 8070: 8067: 8065: 8064:South Ossetia 8062: 8060: 8057: 8055: 8052: 8050: 8047: 8045: 8042: 8041: 8039: 8037: 8033: 8027: 8024: 8020: 8017: 8016: 8015: 8012: 8010: 8007: 8005: 8002: 8000: 7997: 7995: 7992: 7990: 7987: 7985: 7982: 7980: 7977: 7975: 7972: 7971: 7969: 7965: 7959: 7956: 7954: 7951: 7949: 7946: 7944: 7941: 7939: 7936: 7934: 7931: 7929: 7926: 7924: 7921: 7919: 7916: 7914: 7911: 7909: 7906: 7904: 7901: 7899: 7896: 7894: 7891: 7889: 7886: 7884: 7881: 7879: 7876: 7874: 7871: 7869: 7866: 7864: 7861: 7858: 7854: 7851: 7849: 7848:8888 Uprising 7846: 7844: 7841: 7839: 7836: 7834: 7831: 7829: 7826: 7824: 7821: 7819: 7816: 7814: 7811: 7809: 7806: 7804: 7801: 7799: 7796: 7794: 7793:Iran–Iraq War 7791: 7789: 7786: 7784: 7781: 7779: 7776: 7774: 7771: 7769: 7766: 7764: 7761: 7759: 7758:Falklands War 7756: 7754: 7751: 7749: 7746: 7744: 7741: 7739: 7736: 7734: 7731: 7729: 7726: 7722: 7719: 7718: 7717: 7714: 7712: 7709: 7707: 7704: 7702: 7698: 7695: 7693: 7690: 7688: 7685: 7684: 7682: 7678: 7672: 7669: 7667: 7664: 7662: 7659: 7657: 7654: 7652: 7649: 7647: 7644: 7642: 7639: 7637: 7634: 7632: 7629: 7627: 7624: 7622: 7621:NDF Rebellion 7619: 7617: 7614: 7612: 7609: 7607: 7604: 7602: 7601:German Autumn 7599: 7597: 7594: 7592: 7589: 7587: 7584: 7582: 7581: 7576: 7574: 7571: 7569: 7566: 7564: 7561: 7559: 7556: 7554: 7551: 7549: 7546: 7544: 7541: 7539: 7536: 7534: 7531: 7529: 7526: 7524: 7521: 7519: 7516: 7514: 7511: 7509: 7506: 7504: 7501: 7499: 7496: 7494: 7491: 7489: 7488:Metapolitefsi 7486: 7484: 7481: 7479: 7476: 7474: 7471: 7469: 7466: 7464: 7461: 7459: 7456: 7454: 7451: 7449: 7446: 7444: 7441: 7439: 7436: 7434: 7431: 7429: 7426: 7424: 7421: 7419: 7416: 7414: 7411: 7409: 7406: 7404: 7401: 7399: 7396: 7394: 7391: 7389: 7386: 7384: 7383: 7379: 7377: 7374: 7372: 7369: 7367: 7364: 7362: 7359: 7357: 7354: 7352: 7349: 7347: 7344: 7342: 7339: 7337: 7334: 7332: 7329: 7328: 7326: 7322: 7316: 7313: 7311: 7308: 7306: 7303: 7301: 7298: 7296: 7293: 7289: 7286: 7285: 7284: 7281: 7279: 7276: 7274: 7271: 7269: 7266: 7264: 7261: 7259: 7257: 7252: 7250: 7249:Prague Spring 7247: 7243: 7240: 7239: 7238: 7235: 7233: 7230: 7228: 7227:Al-Wadiah War 7225: 7223: 7220: 7218: 7215: 7213: 7210: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7200: 7198: 7195: 7193: 7192:12-3 incident 7190: 7188: 7185: 7183: 7180: 7178: 7175: 7173: 7170: 7168: 7165: 7163: 7160: 7158: 7155: 7153: 7150: 7148: 7145: 7143: 7140: 7138: 7135: 7133: 7130: 7128: 7125: 7121: 7118: 7117: 7116: 7113: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7103: 7101: 7098: 7096: 7093: 7091: 7088: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7049: 7046: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7036: 7035: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7026: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7016: 7014: 7011: 7009: 7006: 7004: 7001: 6997: 6994: 6993: 6992: 6989: 6985: 6982: 6981: 6980: 6977: 6975: 6972: 6970: 6967: 6965: 6962: 6960: 6957: 6955: 6952: 6951: 6949: 6945: 6939: 6936: 6932: 6929: 6928: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6919: 6917: 6914: 6912: 6909: 6907: 6904: 6902: 6899: 6897: 6894: 6892: 6889: 6887: 6884: 6882: 6879: 6877: 6874: 6872: 6871: 6866: 6863: 6859: 6857: 6854: 6852: 6849: 6847: 6844: 6842: 6839: 6836: 6832: 6830: 6827: 6825: 6822: 6820: 6817: 6815: 6812: 6810: 6807: 6805: 6802: 6800: 6797: 6795: 6792: 6790: 6789: 6784: 6782: 6779: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6771:Domino theory 6769: 6767: 6766:Petrov Affair 6764: 6762: 6759: 6757: 6754: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6744: 6742: 6739: 6737: 6734: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6724: 6722: 6719: 6717: 6714: 6712: 6709: 6707: 6704: 6703: 6701: 6697: 6691: 6688: 6686: 6683: 6681: 6678: 6674: 6671: 6670: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6659: 6656: 6654: 6651: 6649: 6646: 6644: 6643:Madiun Affair 6641: 6639: 6636: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6626: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6603:Marshall Plan 6601: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6584: 6583: 6582: 6579: 6577: 6574: 6572: 6569: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6511: 6506: 6504: 6503: 6498: 6496: 6495: 6490: 6488: 6485: 6483: 6480: 6478: 6475: 6473: 6472: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6458: 6455: 6453: 6452: 6447: 6445: 6444: 6439: 6438: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6413: 6411: 6407: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6360: 6356: 6354: 6353: 6352:United States 6349: 6348: 6345: 6341: 6334: 6329: 6327: 6322: 6320: 6315: 6314: 6311: 6299: 6298: 6289: 6287: 6286: 6277: 6275: 6274: 6263: 6262: 6259: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6221: 6219: 6215: 6209: 6206: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6192: 6191:electrostatic 6189: 6188: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6176: 6175: 6173: 6171: 6167: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6132: 6130: 6128: 6124: 6120: 6114: 6109: 6103: 6093: 6090: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6077: 6076: 6073: 6072: 6070: 6066: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5980: 5979: 5976: 5975: 5973: 5971: 5970:Generation IV 5967: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5920:Breeder (FBR) 5918: 5917: 5914: 5911: 5906: 5897: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5875: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5855: 5854: 5852: 5850: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5837: 5825: 5822: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5799: 5798: 5795: 5794: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5781: 5778: 5777: 5776: 5773: 5772: 5770: 5768: 5764: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5746: 5742: 5741: 5739: 5737: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5721: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5692: 5690: 5688: 5680: 5677: 5673: 5670: 5665: 5658: 5653: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5622: 5621: 5618: 5617: 5615: 5613: 5606: 5600: 5597: 5596: 5594: 5592: 5588: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5574: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5561: 5560: 5557: 5556: 5554: 5552: 5544: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5518: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5500: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5487: 5484: 5481: 5478: 5475: 5472: 5471: 5470: 5467: 5466: 5465: 5462: 5461: 5459: 5457: 5449: 5446: 5442: 5435: 5431: 5425: 5422: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5394: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5349: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5317: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5307: 5305: 5303: 5299: 5294: 5293: 5286: 5281: 5275: 5271: 5267: 5262: 5258: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5222:Nuclear power 5220: 5219: 5217: 5213: 5203: 5202:Transmutation 5200: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5187: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5152: 5150: 5146: 5140: 5137: 5133: 5130: 5129: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5120: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5102: 5101: 5098: 5097: 5095: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5082: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5046: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5036: 5034: 5030: 5022: 5019: 5018: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4999:high-altitude 4997: 4996: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4989:Proliferation 4987: 4985: 4982: 4978: 4975: 4974: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4944: 4942: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4929: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4904: 4902: 4900: 4896: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4875:Brachytherapy 4873: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4847: 4845: 4843: 4839: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4818: 4815: 4813: 4810: 4809: 4807: 4805: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4792: 4784: 4781: 4780: 4779: 4776: 4772: 4769: 4768: 4767: 4764: 4760: 4757: 4756: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4740: 4737: 4735: 4732: 4730: 4727: 4725: 4722: 4721: 4719: 4717: 4713: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4674: 4672: 4671:Cross section 4669: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4653: 4651: 4649: 4645: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4625: 4622: 4620: 4617: 4616: 4615: 4612: 4611: 4610: 4607: 4605: 4602: 4600: 4597: 4595: 4592: 4590: 4587: 4585: 4582: 4580: 4577: 4576: 4574: 4572: 4568: 4560: 4557: 4555: 4552: 4551: 4550: 4547: 4545: 4542: 4540: 4537: 4535: 4532: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4517: 4516: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4495: 4490: 4488: 4483: 4481: 4476: 4475: 4472: 4466: 4463: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4451: 4442: 4438: 4435: 4434: 4424: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4383: 4380: 4377: 4373: 4370: 4367: 4364: 4361: 4358: 4355: 4352: 4348: 4345: 4344: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4305: 4303: 4301: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4269: 4267: 4265: 4256: 4252: 4247: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4223: 4221: 4219: 4217: 4215: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4192: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4161: 4153: 4149: 4142: 4134: 4133: 4128: 4122: 4106: 4102: 4095: 4087: 4083: 4077: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4054:The Economist 4051: 4045: 4037: 4033: 4027: 4019: 4015: 4009: 4001: 3997: 3991: 3983: 3979: 3973: 3971: 3969: 3960: 3956: 3950: 3942: 3938: 3932: 3924: 3920: 3914: 3906: 3902: 3896: 3888: 3887: 3882: 3875: 3868: 3864: 3858: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3833: 3832:11250/3039288 3828: 3823: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3809: 3804: 3797: 3789: 3788:www.aa.com.tr 3785: 3779: 3771: 3767: 3760: 3752: 3745: 3737: 3733: 3726: 3718: 3717: 3712: 3706: 3698: 3697: 3692: 3686: 3678: 3674: 3667: 3659: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3644: 3636: 3628: 3624: 3618: 3610: 3606: 3600: 3592: 3588: 3582: 3574: 3570: 3564: 3550: 3546: 3540: 3531: 3523: 3519: 3513: 3505: 3501: 3495: 3487: 3483: 3477: 3469: 3465: 3459: 3451: 3447: 3441: 3434: 3430: 3427: 3422: 3414: 3410: 3404: 3396: 3384: 3370:on 2008-07-28 3369: 3365: 3359: 3355: 3354: 3347: 3339: 3335: 3329: 3321: 3317: 3311: 3303: 3299: 3293: 3286: 3280: 3274: 3272: 3266: 3261: 3254: 3250: 3244: 3236: 3232: 3226: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3209:9781760461379 3205: 3201: 3194: 3178: 3171: 3156: 3152: 3146: 3138: 3134: 3128: 3113: 3107: 3092: 3086: 3071: 3065: 3057: 3051: 3036: 3030: 3022: 3018: 3012: 3004: 2998: 2990: 2986: 2985:"Our History" 2979: 2971: 2967: 2966:Crime Library 2963: 2956: 2950: 2946: 2943: 2938: 2936: 2927: 2923: 2917: 2915: 2908: 2904: 2901: 2896: 2888: 2884: 2878: 2870: 2866: 2860: 2856: 2847: 2846: 2844: 2831: 2829: 2826: 2824: 2821: 2819: 2816: 2814: 2811: 2809: 2806: 2804: 2801: 2799: 2796: 2794: 2791: 2789: 2786: 2784: 2781: 2779: 2776: 2774: 2771: 2770: 2764: 2761: 2758: 2755: 2752: 2749: 2745: 2742: 2717: 2712: 2707: 2697: 2695: 2690: 2688: 2684: 2679: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2663: 2653: 2651: 2646: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2629:government – 2628: 2623: 2618: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2568: 2565: 2564: 2563:The Economist 2558: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2519: 2517: 2514: 2510: 2505: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2494: 2488: 2484: 2482: 2478: 2473: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2462: 2456: 2452: 2443: 2439: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2420: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2392: 2390: 2386: 2380: 2378: 2374: 2373:plutonium pit 2370: 2364: 2362: 2353: 2348: 2343: 2339: 2328: 2325: 2317: 2314:December 2016 2307: 2303: 2297: 2296: 2289: 2280: 2279: 2274:Post–Cold War 2271: 2269: 2265: 2260: 2253: 2248: 2243: 2233: 2231: 2225: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2206:Ronald Reagan 2203: 2195: 2191: 2186: 2181: 2171: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2154:In 1991, the 2152: 2148: 2144: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2121: 2119: 2113: 2111: 2102: 2098: 2097:Richard Nixon 2093: 2088: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2067: 2059: 2054: 2049: 2039: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1990: 1988: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1941: 1938:carrying the 1937: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1912: 1907: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1887:In 1952, the 1885: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1869: 1859: 1857: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1833: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1810: 1808: 1804: 1803:second strike 1797: 1782: 1779: 1776: 1773: 1770: 1767: 1764: 1763: 1759: 1756: 1753: 1750: 1747: 1744: 1741: 1740: 1736: 1733: 1730: 1727: 1724: 1721: 1718: 1717: 1713: 1710: 1707: 1704: 1701: 1698: 1695: 1694: 1690: 1687: 1684: 1681: 1678: 1675: 1672: 1671: 1667: 1664: 1661: 1658: 1655: 1652: 1649: 1648: 1644: 1641: 1638: 1635: 1632: 1629: 1626: 1625: 1621: 1618: 1615: 1612: 1609: 1606: 1603: 1602: 1598: 1595: 1592: 1589: 1586: 1583: 1580: 1579: 1575: 1572: 1569: 1566: 1563: 1560: 1557: 1556: 1553:Soviet Union 1552: 1549: 1547:Soviet Union 1546: 1543: 1541:Soviet Union 1540: 1537: 1536: 1522: 1519: 1514: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1498: 1492: 1486: 1483: 1478: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1455: 1453: 1444: 1442: 1437: 1435: 1430: 1427: 1422: 1420: 1419:Edward Teller 1416: 1412: 1411:Pacific Ocean 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1391: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1376: 1373: 1369: 1364: 1362: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1332: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1317: 1315: 1314: 1309: 1308: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1278: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1263:Theodore Hall 1260: 1254: 1250: 1248: 1244: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1224: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1200: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1177:United States 1174: 1170: 1166: 1154: 1149: 1147: 1142: 1140: 1135: 1134: 1132: 1131: 1126: 1123: 1121: 1118: 1116: 1113: 1111: 1107: 1104: 1103: 1100: 1097: 1095: 1092: 1086: 1083: 1081: 1077: 1074: 1073: 1070: 1067: 1065: 1062: 1060: 1057: 1055: 1052: 1050: 1049:United States 1046: 1044: 1040: 1039: 1038: 1037: 1034: 1031: 1030: 1025: 1022: 1020: 1017: 1015: 1012: 1010: 1007: 1005: 1004:Proliferation 1002: 1000: 997: 995: 992: 990: 987: 985: 982: 980: 977: 976: 973: 970: 968: 965: 963: 960: 959: 956: 953: 951: 948: 946: 943: 941: 938: 936: 933: 931: 928: 926: 923: 922: 921: 920: 916: 915: 911: 907: 906: 903: 900: 899: 893: 889: 885: 884:United States 881: 873: 869: 865: 860: 859: 853: 851: 847: 842: 835: 832: 828: 823: 817: 812: 807: 806: 802: 797: 783: 782: 778: 773: 756: 752: 748: 743: 731: 727: 723: 719: 715: 711: 707: 703: 699: 695: 691: 687: 685: 671: 667: 662: 650: 646: 641: 629: 625: 621: 617: 613: 609: 605: 601: 597: 596:Operation Ivy 593: 589: 585: 581: 579: 578:United States 564: 561: 557: 552: 551: 546: 540: 535: 529: 528:Yuri Andropov 524: 518: 513: 507: 502: 496: 495:Joseph Stalin 491: 483: 482: 481:Ronald Reagan 477: 471: 466: 460: 455: 449: 444: 438: 433: 427: 422: 416: 411: 405: 400: 391: 386: 381: 380: 366: 365: 350: 349: 342: 329: 327: 320: 319: 305: 304: 298: 286: 274: 273: 272:United States 259: 258: 251: 246: 236: 232: 230: 227: 223: 220: 217: 215: 211: 207: 205: 201: 197: 195: 191: 190: 189: 185: 182: 181: 177: 173: 169: 165: 161: 156: 153: 150: 149:United States 147: 143: 137: 133: 128: 124: 123: 120: 116: 112: 108: 104: 100: 97: 84: 77: 66: 59: 48: 45: 41: 40:Post-WWII era 36: 31: 19: 9092:Brinkmanship 8984:intelligence 8873:Marius Oprea 8823:Harvey Klehr 8753:Herbert Feis 8743:Willem Drees 8708:Archie Brown 8671: 8625: 8613: 8595: 8585:Trybuna Ludu 8583: 8576: 8572:Radio Moscow 8564: 8557: 8550: 8378:Anti-Zionism 8294: 8217:Keynesianism 8205:Conservatism 8069:Transnistria 8049:China-Taiwan 7706:Gera Demands 7579: 7380: 7255: 7060:El Porteñazo 6954:Congo Crisis 6869: 6804:Algerian War 6787: 6663:Western Bloc 6658:Eastern Bloc 6653:Iron Curtain 6509: 6501: 6493: 6470: 6450: 6442: 6359:Soviet Union 6357: 6350: 6295: 6283: 6264: 6244:Pyroelectric 6198:Laser-driven 5978:Sodium (SFR) 5905:fast-neutron 5744: 5290: 5180:Reprocessing 5061:WMD treaties 4946: 4880:Radiosurgery 4850:Fast-neutron 4822:Scintigraphy 4458: 4398: 4394: 4314: 4310: 4282: 4278: 4236: 4232: 4205:the original 4200: 4191: 4179:. Retrieved 4170: 4160: 4152:the Guardian 4151: 4141: 4130: 4121: 4109:. Retrieved 4104: 4094: 4085: 4076: 4065:. Retrieved 4053: 4044: 4035: 4026: 4017: 4008: 3999: 3990: 3982:The Guardian 3981: 3958: 3949: 3931: 3922: 3913: 3904: 3895: 3884: 3874: 3857: 3812: 3806: 3796: 3787: 3778: 3769: 3759: 3744: 3736:The Guardian 3735: 3725: 3714: 3705: 3694: 3685: 3676: 3666: 3642: 3635: 3626: 3617: 3608: 3599: 3590: 3581: 3572: 3563: 3552:. Retrieved 3548: 3539: 3530: 3521: 3512: 3503: 3494: 3485: 3476: 3467: 3458: 3449: 3440: 3421: 3412: 3403: 3372:. Retrieved 3368:the original 3352: 3346: 3337: 3328: 3319: 3310: 3301: 3292: 3284: 3279: 3268: 3265:Gerald Segal 3264: 3260: 3252: 3243: 3234: 3225: 3199: 3193: 3183:23 September 3181:. Retrieved 3170: 3160:23 September 3158:. Retrieved 3154: 3145: 3136: 3127: 3115:. Retrieved 3106: 3094:. Retrieved 3085: 3073:. Retrieved 3064: 3050: 3038:. Retrieved 3029: 3020: 3011: 2988: 2978: 2970:the original 2965: 2955: 2925: 2895: 2886: 2877: 2868: 2859: 2833: 2832: 2762: 2759: 2756: 2753: 2750: 2746: 2743: 2740: 2691: 2680: 2665: 2649: 2647: 2635:Nawaz Sharif 2619: 2588: 2561: 2559: 2520: 2506: 2491: 2489: 2485: 2474: 2459: 2451:Donald Trump 2448: 2424:Barack Obama 2421: 2398: 2381: 2365: 2357: 2320: 2311: 2292: 2261: 2257: 2226: 2199: 2194:West Germany 2153: 2149: 2145: 2131: 2127: 2120:, reversed. 2114: 2106: 2075: 2071: 2066:Fidel Castro 2063: 1993: 1986: 1944: 1910: 1886: 1871: 1834: 1822:brinkmanship 1811: 1799: 1533:Megatonnage 1517: 1511:Curtis LeMay 1496: 1487: 1479: 1456: 1450: 1438: 1431: 1426:Castle Bravo 1423: 1392: 1377: 1372:Bikini Atoll 1365: 1357: 1318: 1311: 1305: 1279: 1255: 1251: 1225: 1217:Soviet Union 1206: 1203:World War II 1181:Soviet Union 1175:between the 1164: 1162: 1110:South Africa 1105: 1089:(undeclared) 1075: 1041: 988: 888:Soviet Union 856: 839: 821: 786: 762: 730:R-36 program 726:A-35 program 684:Soviet Union 674: 568: 486: 470:Jimmy Carter 395: 369: 354: 346: 323: 318:Soviet Union 308: 303:Eastern Bloc 301: 262: 257:Western Bloc 255: 204:World War II 157: 155:Soviet Union 151: 103:RT-2PM Topol 93: 38:Part of the 18:Nuclear race 8918:Shen Zhihua 8728:Michael Cox 8660:competition 8607:Pro-Western 8597:Soviet Life 8523:Safari Club 8493:Warsaw Pact 8348:Nationalism 8338:Imperialism 8237:Reaganomics 8100:Containment 7893:Perestroika 7382:Realpolitik 7212:Six-Day War 7197:Greek junta 7008:Berlin Wall 6856:Suez Crisis 6824:Vietnam War 6711:McCarthyism 6526:Baruch Plan 6471:Unthinkable 6431:Dekemvriana 6370:Warsaw Pact 6155:Stellarator 6119:confinement 6013:Superphénix 5840:Molten-salt 5792:VHTR (HTGR) 5569:HW BLWR 250 5535:R4 Marviken 5464:Pressurized 5434:Heavy water 5418:many others 5347:Pressurized 5302:Light water 5004:underground 4962:Disarmament 4870:Tomotherapy 4865:Proton-beam 4729:Power plant 4691:Temperature 4524:Engineering 4441:JFK Library 4395:Nature Food 4387:Alan Robock 3808:Nature Food 3249:Herman Kahn 3117:24 November 3096:24 November 3075:24 November 3040:24 November 2650:Nature Food 2551:Pershing II 2493:Nature Food 2461:Morning Joe 2436:U.S. Senate 2430:signed the 2342:Cold War II 2188:Protest in 1999:uranium-235 1921:Avro Vulcan 1849:missile gap 1501:launched a 1497:Ethan Allen 1480:Meanwhile, 1361:concessions 1329:Baruch Plan 1294:second bomb 1259:Klaus Fuchs 1213:Axis powers 1197:superpowers 1099:North Korea 1009:Disarmament 841:Suez Crisis 747:Project 596 248:Competitors 109:; a flying 101:; a Soviet 9140:Categories 8686:Historians 8677:Space Race 8578:Rudé právo 8532:Propaganda 8388:Neo-Nazism 8358:Chauvinism 8312:Trotskyism 8227:Monetarism 8195:Liberalism 8187:Capitalism 8179:Ideologies 8130:Ostpolitik 7853:Solidarity 7818:Toyota War 7721:Solidarity 7578:Operation 7533:Ogaden War 7222:Dhofar War 7110:Shifta War 6868:Operation 6716:Korean War 6508:Operation 6500:Operation 6492:Operation 6469:Operation 6449:Operation 6441:Operation 6180:(acoustic) 5797:PBR (PBMR) 5185:Spent fuel 5175:Repository 5155:Fuel cycle 5122:Activation 4899:Processing 4766:Propulsion 4724:by country 4656:Activation 4423:Q113732668 4385:Lili Xia; 4349:Brown, A. 4341:References 4317:: 92–132. 4181:6 December 4111:14 January 4067:2024-08-13 4000:Al Jazeera 3554:2021-01-17 3374:2007-10-27 2926:dannen.com 2793:Space Race 2617:of India. 2591:South Asia 2371:, and the 2252:INF Treaty 2170:treaties. 1987:Redoutable 1911:Resolution 1901:agreements 1837:bomber gap 1830:Korean War 1527:Launchers 1475:Explorer 1 1292:, and the 1286:first bomb 1267:Harry Gold 1120:Kazakhstan 1045:recognized 1019:Opposition 917:Background 751:Test No. 6 714:Tsar Bomba 235:INF Treaty 226:Tsar Bomba 113:ICBM; the 8973:Ken Young 8818:Tony Judt 8667:Arms race 8640:Red Scare 8508:NN States 8453:Apartheid 8408:Autocracy 8317:Stalinism 8285:Guevarism 8275:Castroism 8265:Communism 8257:Socialism 7783:Star Wars 7376:Koza riot 6502:Beleaguer 6494:Masterdom 6150:Spheromak 5849:Fluorides 5513:IPHWR-700 5508:IPHWR-540 5503:IPHWR-220 5292:Moderator 4972:Explosion 4947:Arms race 4734:Economics 4686:Reflector 4681:Radiation 4676:Generator 4631:Plutonium 4584:Deuterium 4549:Radiation 4519:Chemistry 4415:2662-1355 4255:214612868 4062:0013-0613 3941:NHK World 3863:7 billion 3849:251601831 3696:USA Today 3393:ignored ( 3383:cite book 2773:Arms race 2724: Yes 2643:Chagai-II 2555:arms race 2513:New START 2352:New START 2214:Star Wars 2168:New START 2164:START III 1530:Warheads 1495:USS 1471:Sputnik 1 1441:arms race 1307:Enola Gay 1290:Hiroshima 1169:arms race 1014:Terrorism 999:Espionage 994:Blackmail 989:Arms race 710:K project 9125:Timeline 9115:Category 9060:See also 8552:Izvestia 8393:Islamism 8290:Hoxhaism 8165:Rollback 8044:Abkhazia 7984:Gulf War 7888:Glasnost 7258:incident 7028:Sand War 6886:Ifni War 6395:Rio Pact 6340:Cold War 6285:Category 6239:Polywell 6170:Inertial 6127:Magnetic 5882:TMSR-LF1 5877:TMSR-500 5857:Fuji MSR 5817:THTR-300 5657:Graphite 5520:PHWR KWU 5486:ACR-1000 5414:IPWR-900 5397:ACPR1000 5392:HPR-1000 5382:CPR-1000 5357:APR-1400 5148:Disposal 5100:Actinide 5093:Products 4952:Delivery 4795:Medicine 4624:depleted 4619:enriched 4589:Helium-3 4554:ionizing 4419:Wikidata 4331:57570232 4233:Daedalus 4175:Archived 4036:The Hill 3905:CBS News 3841:37118594 3770:The Hill 3716:NBC News 3429:Archived 2997:cite web 2989:lanl.gov 2945:Archived 2903:Archived 2803:Cold War 2767:See also 2730: No 2639:Chagai-I 2599:Pakistan 2543:Tomahawk 2535:Cold War 2293:may not 2160:START II 2124:Treaties 1415:Ivy Mike 1403:Enewetak 1313:Bockscar 1298:Nagasaki 1185:Cold War 1115:Belarus 1094:Pakistan 979:Arsenals 950:Delivery 772:Pakistan 755:Test #21 364:Pakistan 214:Ivy Mike 176:Pakistan 145:Location 44:Cold War 42:and the 8615:Amerika 8498:Comecon 8383:Fascism 8373:Zionism 8322:Titoism 7863:Contras 7331:Détente 6608:Comecon 6297:Commons 6208:Z-pinch 6178:Bubble 6160:Tokamak 6023:FBR-600 6003:CFR-600 5998:BN-1200 5664:coolant 5591:Organic 5476:CANDU 9 5473:CANDU 6 5441:coolant 5402:ACP1000 5377:CAP1400 5315:Boiling 5280:Fission 5127:Fission 5071:Weapons 5011:Warfare 4994:Testing 4984:History 4977:effects 4932:Weapons 4842:Therapy 4817:RadBall 4804:Imaging 4696:Thermal 4661:Capture 4648:Neutron 4636:Thorium 4614:Uranium 4579:Tritium 4559:braking 4539:Fission 4529:Physics 4512:Science 4099:FIles. 3753:. CNBC. 3504:fas.org 3338:fas.org 3320:fas.org 3302:fas.org 3251:(1962) 2531:Germany 2300:Please 2137:SALT II 2118:START I 2110:détente 2087:Détente 2081:Détente 2060:in 1961 2007:Lop Nur 1954:Algeria 1777:10,000 1774:11,000 1751:10,000 1409:in the 1388:Fat Man 1300:by the 1193:warhead 1167:was an 1125:Ukraine 967:Workers 962:Effects 945:Testing 935:Warfare 930:History 670:Canopus 237:in 1987 105:mobile 8566:Pravda 8368:Racism 8307:Maoism 8059:Kosovo 7580:Condor 7256:Pueblo 7242:May 68 6870:Gladio 6788:Tuapse 6451:Jungle 6443:Priboi 6108:Fusion 6068:Others 6008:Phénix 5993:BN-800 5988:BN-600 5983:BN-350 5812:HTR-PM 5807:HTR-10 5787:UHTREX 5752:Magnox 5747:(UNGG) 5640:Lucens 5635:KS 150 5372:ATMEA1 5352:AP1000 5335:Kerena 5215:Debate 4967:Ethics 4957:Design 4940:Topics 4771:rocket 4749:Fusion 4744:Policy 4706:Fusion 4666:Poison 4544:Fusion 4421: 4413: 4329: 4253: 4060: 3847: 3839: 3679:. USA. 3654: 3360: 3216: 3206: 2734: 2728: 2722: 2583:, and 2405:Russia 2254:, 1987 2166:, and 2133:SALT I 2103:, 1973 2030:, and 1978:Pluton 1946:France 1940:WE.177 1882:France 1880:, and 1876:, the 1783:8,200 1780:4,100 1771:2,490 1768:2,032 1760:6,200 1757:4,000 1754:7,200 1748:2,490 1745:2,042 1737:5,400 1734:3,800 1731:5,200 1728:9,800 1725:2,350 1722:2,058 1714:4,500 1711:3,700 1708:3,200 1705:9,400 1702:2,390 1699:2,100 1691:4,200 1688:3,800 1685:2,400 1682:8,400 1679:2,380 1676:2,180 1668:4,000 1665:4,100 1662:2,100 1659:5,800 1656:2,090 1653:2,230 1645:3,100 1642:4,300 1639:1,800 1636:3,900 1633:1,680 1630:2,230 1622:2,300 1619:5,100 1613:4,500 1610:1,045 1607:2,360 1599:1,200 1596:5,600 1590:5,000 1584:2,396 1576:1,000 1573:7,500 1567:6,800 1561:2,416 1347:, and 1284:. The 1273:, and 1232:Stalin 1230:until 1179:, the 1106:Former 1087: 1085:Israel 1076:Others 1064:France 1054:Russia 1024:Winter 972:Ethics 940:Design 892:Russia 793: 769: 739: 702:RDS-37 681: 661:France 658: 637: 575: 376: 361: 338: 315: 297:France 294: 282: 269: 187:Result 168:France 119:Castle 9051:Stasi 8518:SAARC 8513:ASEAN 8478:SEATO 8331:Other 8296:Juche 8054:Korea 7967:1990s 7680:1980s 7324:1970s 6947:1960s 6699:1950s 6409:1940s 6390:NEATO 6385:SEATO 6375:ANZUS 6229:Migma 6217:Other 6186:Fusor 6085:Piqua 6080:Arbus 6038:PRISM 5780:MHR-T 5775:GTMHR 5705:EGP-6 5700:AMB-X 5675:Water 5620:HWGCR 5559:HWLWR 5498:IPHWR 5469:CANDU 5330:ESBWR 5085:Waste 5049:Tests 5032:Lists 5016:Yield 4759:MMRTG 4716:Power 4327:S2CID 4251:S2CID 3865:2010 3845:S2CID 3214:JSTOR 2852:Notes 2676:ICBMs 2595:India 2470:MSNBC 2464:host 2455:tweet 2403:gave 2202:MIRVs 1982:Hades 1970:AN-22 1814:China 1765:1982 1742:1980 1719:1978 1696:1976 1673:1974 1650:1972 1627:1970 1604:1968 1581:1966 1558:1964 1524:Year 1407:atoll 1405:, an 1080:India 1069:China 955:Yield 843:alarm 814:Costs 796:India 742:China 690:RDS-1 379:India 341:China 172:India 164:China 122:Romeo 8591:TASS 8483:METO 8473:NATO 7699:and 7697:1980 7254:USS 6380:METO 6365:NATO 6045:Lead 6028:CEFR 6018:PFBR 5900:None 5710:RBMK 5695:AM-1 5625:EL-4 5599:WR-1 5581:AHWR 5525:MZFR 5493:CVTR 5482:AFCR 5409:VVER 5367:APWR 5362:APR+ 5325:ABWR 5195:cask 5190:pool 5132:LLFP 5021:TNTe 4701:Fast 4571:Fuel 4411:ISSN 4183:2012 4132:WION 4113:2013 4058:ISSN 3837:PMID 3652:ISBN 3395:help 3358:ISBN 3204:ISBN 3185:2017 3162:2017 3119:2012 3098:2012 3077:2012 3042:2012 3003:link 2641:and 2597:and 2541:and 2539:SM-6 2340:and 2190:Bonn 2135:and 2032:DF-4 2028:DF-3 2024:DF-2 1980:and 1974:ASMP 1616:850 1593:550 1587:435 1570:500 1564:375 1461:and 1310:and 1302:B-29 1261:and 1163:The 886:and 135:Date 107:ICBM 9046:KGB 9041:MVD 9026:MI6 9021:MI5 9016:CIA 8488:EEC 6117:by 6033:PFR 5824:PMR 5802:AVR 5724:Gas 5662:by 5630:KKN 5564:ATR 5479:EC6 5439:by 5387:EPR 5320:BWR 4457:," 4403:doi 4319:doi 4287:doi 4241:doi 4237:149 3923:CNN 3827:hdl 3817:doi 2589:In 2529:in 2468:of 2304:or 2005:at 2003:596 1043:NPT 9142:: 5767:He 5733:CO 5609:CO 5530:R3 4417:. 4409:. 4397:. 4393:. 4325:. 4315:37 4313:. 4299:^ 4283:95 4281:. 4277:. 4263:^ 4249:. 4235:. 4231:. 4213:^ 4199:. 4173:. 4169:. 4150:. 4129:. 4103:. 4084:. 4052:. 4034:. 4016:. 3998:. 3980:. 3967:^ 3957:. 3939:. 3921:. 3903:. 3883:. 3843:. 3835:. 3825:. 3811:. 3805:. 3786:. 3768:. 3734:. 3713:. 3693:. 3675:. 3625:. 3607:. 3589:. 3571:. 3547:. 3520:. 3502:. 3484:. 3466:. 3448:. 3411:. 3387:: 3385:}} 3381:{{ 3336:. 3318:. 3300:. 3233:. 3212:, 3153:. 3135:. 3019:. 2999:}} 2995:{{ 2987:. 2964:. 2934:^ 2924:. 2913:^ 2885:. 2867:. 2678:. 2593:, 2579:, 2391:. 2232:. 2192:, 2162:, 2143:. 2112:. 2026:, 1927:, 1923:, 1858:. 1436:. 1343:, 1269:, 1223:. 1199:. 212:, 178:, 174:, 170:, 166:, 162:, 158:, 152:, 7859:) 7855:( 6864:" 6860:" 6837:" 6833:" 6332:e 6325:t 6318:v 5907:) 5903:( 5735:2 5687:O 5685:2 5683:H 5611:2 5551:O 5549:2 5547:H 5456:O 5454:2 5452:D 4493:e 4486:t 4479:v 4425:. 4405:: 4399:3 4321:: 4293:. 4289:: 4257:. 4243:: 4185:. 4154:. 4115:. 4088:. 4070:. 3889:. 3851:. 3829:: 3819:: 3813:3 3790:. 3772:. 3738:. 3699:. 3660:. 3629:. 3611:. 3593:. 3575:. 3557:. 3524:. 3506:. 3488:. 3470:. 3452:. 3415:. 3397:) 3377:. 3340:. 3322:. 3304:. 3269:( 3237:. 3187:. 3164:. 3139:. 3121:. 3100:. 3079:. 3044:. 3023:. 3005:) 2991:. 2928:. 2871:. 2383:" 2327:) 2321:( 2316:) 2312:( 2308:. 2298:. 1152:e 1145:t 1138:v 890:/ 798:: 774:: 744:: 686:: 663:: 642:: 580:: 328:) 324:( 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index