423:
343:
present a different appearance in different cytoblasts. Sometimes only the external sharply-defined circle of this ring can be distinguished, with a dark point in the centre,—occasionally, and indeed most frequently, only a sharply circumscribed spot. In other instances this spot is very small, and sometimes cannot be recognized at all. As it will frequently be necessary to speak of this body in the following treatise, I will for brevity’s sake name it the “nucleolus,” (Kernkorperchen, ‘nucleus-corpuscle.”)
40:
73:
488:
425:
429:
428:
424:
430:
427:
367:
generated increasing interest in the function and detailed structure of the nucleolus. They found that 25% of the frog eggs had no nucleolus, and that such eggs were not capable of life. Half of the eggs had one nucleolus and 25% had two. They concluded that the nucleolus had a function necessary for
342:
In addition to these peculiarities of the cytoblast, already made known by Brown and Meyen, Schleiden has discovered in its interior a small corpuscle (see plate I, fig. 1, 4,) which, in the fully-developed cytoblast, looks like a thick ring, or a thick-walled hollow globule. It appears, however, to
606:). Once the rRNA subunits are processed, they are ready to be assembled into larger ribosomal subunits. However, an additional rRNA molecule, the 5S rRNA, is also necessary. In yeast, the 5S rDNA sequence is localized in the intergenic spacer and is transcribed in the nucleolus by RNA polymerase.
442:
Another structure identified within many nucleoli (particularly in plants) is a clear area in the center of the structure referred to as a nucleolar vacuole. Nucleoli of various plant species have been shown to have very high concentrations of iron in contrast to human and animal cell nucleoli.
625:
on cytoplasmic ribosomes). The mature r-proteins are then imported into the nucleus and, finally, the nucleolus. Association and maturation of rRNA and r-proteins result in the formation of the 40S (small) and 60S (large) subunits of the complete ribosome. These are exported through the
426:
621:. The genes encoding these r-proteins are transcribed by Pol II in the nucleoplasm by a "conventional" pathway of protein synthesis (transcription, pre-mRNA processing, nuclear export of mature mRNA, and
338:
had identified small corpuscleus in nuclei, and names the structure "Kernkörperchen". In a 1947 translation of the work to
English, the structure receives the name of "nucleolus".
407:
However, it has been proposed that this particular organization is only observed in higher eukaryotes and that it evolved from a bipartite organization with the transition from
388:
Three major components of the nucleolus are recognized: the fibrillar center (FC), the dense fibrillar component (DFC), and the granular component (GC). Transcription of the
2566:
1136:
Birnstiel ML, Wallace H, Sirlin JL, Fischberg M (December 1966). "Localization of the ribosomal DNA complements in the nucleolar organizer region of
Xenopus laevis".
653:
In addition to its role in ribosomal biogenesis, the nucleolus is known to capture and immobilize proteins, a process known as nucleolar detention. Proteins that are
590:(ETS). Further processing is needed to generate the 18S RNA, 5.8S, and 28S RNA molecules. In eukaryotes, the RNA-modifying enzymes are brought to their respective
1036:"Mikroskopische Untersuchungen über die Uebereinstimmung in der Struktur und dem Wachsthum der Thiere und Pflanzen / Von Th. Schwann. Mit vier Kupfertafeln"
951:
Woods SJ, Hannan KM, Pearson RB, Hannan RD (July 2015). "The nucleolus as a fundamental regulator of the p53 response and a new target for cancer therapy".
348:
Theodor
Schwann, translated by Henry Smith, Microscopical Researches Into the Accordance in the Structure and Growth of Animals and Plants, page 3
311:
means that nucleocid is the cause of several human conditions called "nucleolopathies" and the nucleolus is being investigated as a target for
617:, after which it finds its way into the nucleolus to participate in the ribosome assembly. This assembly not only involves the rRNA, but also
1701:
706:
496:
1281:
463:
645:, a network of nucleolar channels is sometimes formed. The origin and function of this network have not yet been clearly identified.
594:
by interaction with guide RNAs, which bind these specific sequences. These guide RNAs belong to the class of small nucleolar RNAs (
527:. In order for this transcription to occur, several pol I-associated factors and DNA-specific trans-acting factors are required. In
613:
and plants, the situation is more complex, for the 5S DNA sequence lies outside the NOR and is transcribed by RNA Pol III in the
662:
1582:
1473:
1448:
1421:
794:
466:). Antibodies against the PAF49 protein can also be used as a marker for the nucleolus in immunofluorescence experiments.
544:
2130:
1694:
686:
1763:
654:
96:
2609:
666:
1865:
658:
1687:
1653:
304:
117:
635:
587:
583:
288:
101:
1631:
2500:
532:
470:
373:
1252:
Thiry M, Lafontaine DL (April 2005). "Birth of a nucleolus: the evolution of nucleolar compartments".
2584:
2338:
284:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2108:
1860:
1667:
1299:"The organization of ribosomal RNA processing correlates with the distribution of nucleolar snRNAs"
335:
17:
1382:
853:"Effects of Human Nucleolus Upon Guest Viral-Life, Focusing in COVID-19 Infection: A Mini- Review"
547:(PIC), which is in turn recognized by RNA polymerase. In humans, a similar PIC is assembled with
327:
31:
1658:
1825:
1800:
1063:
Microscopical researches into the accordance in the structure and growth of animals and plants
2123:
2064:
1850:
1743:
631:
622:
552:
473:(NORs) and could have more nucleoli. Most often multiple NORs participate in each nucleolus.
353:
Little was known about the function of the nucleolus until 1964, when a study of nucleoli by
1673:
1332:
Roschzttardtz H, Grillet L, Isaure MP, Conéjéro G, Ortega R, Curie C, Mari S (August 2011).
1278:
575:
rRNA subunit (component of the 60S ribosomal subunit) is transcribed by RNA polymerase III.
2097:
1163:
Wallace H, Birnstiel ML (February 1966). "Ribosomal cistrons and the nucleolar organizer".
1090:
627:
536:
287:, which is the synthesis of ribosomes. The nucleolus also participates in the formation of
1663:
1524:"Immobilization of proteins in the nucleolus by ribosomal intergenic spacer noncoding RNA"
8:
2604:
1723:
1298:
1061:
540:
504:
482:
451:
401:
1094:
786:
2261:
1617:
1395:
von Knebel
Doeberitz M, Wentzensen N (2008). "The Cell: Basic Structure and Function".
1360:
1333:
1229:
1204:
1012:
987:
877:
852:
754:
730:"The nucleolus: a raft adrift in the nuclear sea or the keystone in nuclear structure?"
729:
690:
568:
548:
516:
1679:
1113:
1078:
2047:
1885:
1768:
1609:
1578:
1545:
1469:
1444:
1417:
1365:
1314:
1269:
1234:
1180:
1176:
1145:
1118:
1017:
968:
933:
882:
833:
790:
759:
694:
618:
599:
564:
560:
519:) are required, and these function in a coordinated manner. In an initial stage, the
416:
1621:
469:
Although usually only one or two nucleoli can be seen, a diploid human cell has ten
2152:
2116:
1601:
1535:
1502:
1355:
1345:
1306:
1261:
1224:
1216:
1172:
1108:
1098:
1007:
999:
960:
923:
913:
872:
864:
823:
782:
749:
741:
657:
are unable to diffuse and to interact with their binding partners. Targets of this
591:
572:
524:
512:
369:
258:
174:
868:
2355:
2144:
1748:
1540:
1523:
1411:
1285:
964:
918:
901:
828:
811:
358:
331:
308:
106:
1907:
1079:"Absence of ribosomal rna synthesis in the anucleolate mutant of xenopus laevis"
1035:
1003:
419:, an original fibrillar component would have separated into the FC and the DFC.
2531:
2201:
2157:
1711:
1438:
1083:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
559:(upstream binding factor). RNA polymerase I transcribes most rRNA transcripts (
508:
459:
447:
434:
Nucleus from a cell line. Fibrillarin in red. Transcription regulatory protein
363:
280:
1605:
1572:
1568:
1265:
1220:
2598:
1994:
1954:
1929:
1845:
1758:
1733:
1592:
Tiku V, Antebi A (August 2018). "Nucleolar
Function in Lifespan Regulation".
1491:"Origin and fate of the nucleolar channel system of normal human endometrium"
900:
Quin JE, Devlin JR, Cameron D, Hannan KM, Pearson RB, Hannan RD (June 2014).
520:
389:
377:
156:
122:
39:
1350:
2385:
2165:
2140:
1974:
1946:
1924:
1917:
1897:
1837:
1753:
1738:
1613:
1549:
1369:
1310:
1273:
1238:
1202:
1122:
1060:
Schwann, Theodor; Schwann, Theodor; Smith, Henry; Schleiden, M. J. (1847).
1021:
972:
937:
886:
837:
777:
Olson MO, Dundr M (16 February 2015). "Nucleolus: Structure and
Function".
763:
579:
315:
273:
112:
85:
53:
44:
1318:
1203:
Sirri V, Urcuqui-Inchima S, Roussel P, Hernandez-Verdun D (January 2008).
1184:
1149:
1103:
745:
2537:
2400:
2390:
2273:
2171:
2076:
2042:
1969:
1964:
1855:
1165:
Biochimica et
Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis
642:
614:
455:
393:
354:
62:
291:
and plays a role in the cell's response to stress. Nucleoli are made of
2478:
2291:
2071:
2011:
2004:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1934:
1880:
1870:
1820:
1815:
1805:
1507:
1490:
928:
630:
to the cytoplasm, where they remain free or become associated with the
408:
151:
2431:
2380:
2092:
2054:
1999:
1892:
1875:
1810:
1783:
1715:
728:
O'Sullivan JM, Pai DA, Cridge AG, Engelke DR, Ganley AR (June 2013).
610:
396:, which is important in rRNA processing. The GC contains the protein
277:
140:
136:
2138:
1632:"The Thing Inside Your Cells That Might Determine How Long You Live"
1297:
Beven AF, Lee R, Razaz M, Leader DJ, Brown JW, Shaw PJ (June 1996).
2360:
2037:
1793:
1778:
1773:
1437:
Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K, Walter P (2002).
146:
90:
1331:
598:), which are complexed with proteins and exist as small-nucleolar-
2409:
2059:
1959:
1912:
1788:
412:
292:
132:
127:
953:
Biochimica et
Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Regulatory Mechanisms
906:
Biochimica et
Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease
2461:
2451:
2441:
2436:
2348:
2331:
2266:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
1902:
1135:
603:
595:
523:
genes are transcribed as a single unit within the nucleolus by
487:
312:
1394:
727:
192:
72:
2551:
2456:
2446:
2419:
2414:
2343:
2326:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
682:
674:
528:
454:, while the organization and dynamics can be studied through
435:
216:
180:
1059:
2516:
2511:
2488:
2483:
2471:
2466:
2424:
1443:(4th ed.). New York: Garland Science. pp. 331–3.
850:
678:
670:
556:
492:
397:
264:
237:
231:
225:
201:
195:
213:
177:
2032:
400:, (B23 in the external image), which is also involved in
300:
296:
30:
For the solution concept in cooperative game theory, see
950:
578:
Transcription of rRNA yields a long precursor molecule (
1709:
1436:
899:
851:
Bahadori, M; Azizi, MH; Dabiri, S; Bahadori, N (2022).
551:, the promoter selectivity factor (composed of TBP and
1676: – Histology Learning System at Boston University
1654:
Nucleolus under electron microscope II at uni-mainz.de
697:
of the nucleolus are responsible for this phenomenon.
303:, and form around specific chromosomal regions called
240:
219:
210:
204:
186:
1468:(4th ed.). Sinauer Associates. pp. 371–9.
261:
234:
222:
198:
189:
27:
Largest structure in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells
1659:
Nuclear Protein Database – search under compartment
1577:(2nd ed.). Sunderland MA: Sinauer Associates.
1409:
1296:
228:
183:
1630:
812:"Role of the nucleolus in human diseases. Preface"
555:, or TAFs), transcription initiation factors, and
2567:transcription factors and intracellular receptors
902:"Targeting the nucleolus for cancer intervention"
543:(CBF), which bind promoter elements and form the
476:
415:. Reflecting the substantial increase in the DNA
2596:
1162:
1251:
392:occurs in the FC. The DFC contains the protein
376:experiments that DNA within nucleoli codes for
1413:Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews: Biochemistry
2124:
1695:
1521:
1488:
1463:
1334:"Plant cell nucleolus as a hot spot for iron"
707:Differential interference contrast microscopy
1628:
1070:
648:
1156:
1129:
1076:
944:
893:
803:
2131:
2117:
1702:
1688:
1591:
1522:Audas TE, Jacob MD, Lee S (January 2012).
992:Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology
776:
723:
721:
689:, among many others. It is now known that
1666:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
1539:
1506:
1410:Champe PC, Harvey RA, Ferrier DR (2005).
1359:
1349:
1228:
1205:"Nucleolus: the fascinating nuclear body"
1112:
1102:
1011:
979:
927:
917:
876:
827:
753:
495:cell. The image is a screen capture from
1457:
1198:
1196:
1194:
985:
486:
421:
38:
844:
718:
659:post-translational regulatory mechanism
14:
2597:
1566:
1066:. London: Sydenham Society. p. 3.
809:
2112:
1683:
1430:
1416:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
1191:
77:Components of a typical animal cell:
1385:. Genetex.com. Retrieved 2019-07-18.
1077:Brown DD, Gurdon JB (January 1964).
499:, which shows a Z-stack of the cell.
334:in his 1939 treatise describes that
1489:Wang T, Schneider J (1 July 1992).
1338:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
1138:National Cancer Institute Monograph
787:10.1002/9780470015902.a0005975.pub3
779:Encyclopedia of Life Sciences (eLS)
249:
24:
1559:
283:. It is best known as the site of
272:) is the largest structure in the
25:
2621:
1647:
491:Electron micrograph of part of a
539:(TATA-box binding protein), and
326:The nucleolus was identified by
257:
173:
71:
1515:
1482:
1403:
1388:
1376:
1325:
1290:
1245:
1209:Histochemistry and Cell Biology
531:, the most important are: UAF (
458:and fluorescent recovery after
43:Nucleolus contained within the
1574:The Cell: A Molecular Approach
1466:The Cell: A Molecular Approach
1464:Cooper GM, Hausman RE (2007).
1053:
1028:
770:
507:, two of the three eukaryotic
477:Function and ribosome assembly
438:in green. Nuclear DNA in blue.
13:
1:
1866:Microtubule organizing center
1440:Molecular Biology of the Cell
869:10.30699/IJP.2021.540305.2744
816:Biochimica et Biophysica Acta
712:
372:and collaborators showed via
1629:JoAnna Klein (20 May 2018).
1541:10.1016/j.molcel.2011.12.012
1383:PAF49 antibody | GeneTex Inc
1305:. 109 ( Pt 6) (6): 1241–51.
1177:10.1016/0005-2787(66)90311-x
965:10.1016/j.bbagrm.2014.10.007
919:10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.12.009
857:Iranian Journal of Pathology
829:10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.03.004
582:), which still contains the
383:
305:nucleolar organizing regions
289:signal recognition particles
118:Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
7:
1397:Comprehensive Cytopathology
1004:10.1101/cshperspect.a000638
700:
636:rough endoplasmic reticulum
588:external transcribed spacer
584:internal transcribed spacer
471:nucleolus organizer regions
456:fluorescent protein tagging
361:in the African clawed frog
102:Rough endoplasmic reticulum
10:
2626:
2501:Transition nuclear protein
533:upstream activating factor
480:
374:nucleic acid hybridization
321:
29:
2580:
2560:
2547:
2527:
2499:
2399:
2376:
2369:
2339:Perinucleolar compartment
2282:
2151:
2085:
2020:
1945:
1836:
1722:
1674:Histology image: 20104loa
1606:10.1016/j.tcb.2018.03.007
1266:10.1016/j.tcb.2005.02.007
1221:10.1007/s00418-007-0359-6
986:Pederson T (March 2011).
655:detained in the nucleolus
649:Sequestration of proteins
70:
61:
52:
1861:Prokaryotic cytoskeleton
1668:Medical Subject Headings
1284:17 December 2008 at the
139:; with which, comprises
1351:10.1074/jbc.C111.269720
1303:Journal of Cell Science
450:can be seen through an
328:bright-field microscopy
32:Nucleolus (game theory)
1594:Trends in Cell Biology
1311:10.1242/jcs.109.6.1241
1254:Trends in Cell Biology
810:Hetman M (June 2014).
628:nuclear pore complexes
553:TBP-associated factors
500:
439:
351:
307:. Malfunction of the
47:
2610:Nuclear substructures
1851:Intermediate filament
1744:Endoplasmic reticulum
1104:10.1073/pnas.51.1.139
746:10.1515/bmc-2012-0043
734:Biomolecular Concepts
632:endoplasmic reticulum
545:preinitiation complex
490:
433:
340:
135:(fluid that contains
42:
2098:Extracellular matrix
2292:Cajal (coiled) body
2153:Envelope (membrane)
1801:Cytoplasmic granule
1095:1964PNAS...51..139B
1040:Wellcome Collection
691:long noncoding RNAs
541:core binding factor
505:ribosome biogenesis
483:Ribosome biogenesis
452:electron microscope
402:ribosome biogenesis
285:ribosome biogenesis
93:(dots as part of 5)
64:Animal cell diagram
2139:Structures of the
1826:Weibel–Palade body
1710:Structures of the
1637:The New York Times
1567:Cooper GM (2000).
1508:10.1038/cr.1992.10
695:intergenic regions
619:ribosomal proteins
600:ribonucleoproteins
501:
440:
330:during the 1830s.
48:
2592:
2591:
2576:
2575:
2106:
2105:
1886:Spindle pole body
1584:978-0-87893-106-4
1475:978-0-87893-220-7
1450:978-0-8153-3218-3
1423:978-0-7817-2265-0
1399:(third ed.).
796:978-0-470-01617-6
693:originating from
643:endometrial cells
592:recognition sites
431:
417:intergenic region
165:
164:
16:(Redirected from
2617:
2585:nucleus diseases
2534:(Nucleoskeleton)
2374:
2373:
2133:
2126:
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2110:
2109:
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880:
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831:
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774:
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767:
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725:
525:RNA polymerase I
432:
370:Max L. Birnstiel
349:
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109:(or, Golgi body)
75:
65:
56:
50:
49:
21:
2625:
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2588:
2572:
2556:
2543:
2523:
2495:
2395:
2365:
2278:
2156:
2147:
2145:nuclear protein
2137:
2107:
2102:
2081:
2016:
1941:
1832:
1749:Golgi apparatus
1725:
1718:
1708:
1650:
1645:
1585:
1569:"The Nucleolus"
1562:
1560:Further reading
1557:
1520:
1516:
1487:
1483:
1476:
1462:
1458:
1451:
1435:
1431:
1424:
1408:
1404:
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1381:
1377:
1344:(32): 27863–6.
1330:
1326:
1295:
1291:
1286:Wayback Machine
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1157:
1134:
1130:
1075:
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1054:
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1034:
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1029:
988:"The nucleolus"
984:
980:
949:
945:
898:
894:
849:
845:
808:
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797:
775:
771:
726:
719:
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703:
651:
509:RNA polymerases
485:
479:
422:
386:
368:life. In 1966,
350:
347:
332:Theodor Schwann
324:
309:Golgi apparatus
260:
256:
209:
176:
172:
161:
107:Golgi apparatus
63:
54:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
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5:
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2535:
2532:Nuclear matrix
2528:
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2397:
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2386:Dot (PML body)
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2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2169:
2162:
2160:
2158:nuclear lamina
2149:
2148:
2136:
2135:
2128:
2121:
2113:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2100:
2095:
2089:
2087:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2068:
2067:
2062:
2052:
2051:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2030:
2024:
2022:
2021:Other internal
2018:
2017:
2015:
2014:
2009:
2008:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1957:
1951:
1949:
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1939:
1938:
1937:
1932:
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1920:
1915:
1910:
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1863:
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1720:
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1707:
1706:
1699:
1692:
1684:
1678:
1677:
1671:
1664:Cell+Nucleolus
1661:
1656:
1649:
1648:External links
1646:
1644:
1643:
1642:
1641:
1600:(8): 662–672.
1589:
1583:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1555:
1528:Molecular Cell
1514:
1481:
1474:
1456:
1449:
1429:
1422:
1402:
1387:
1375:
1324:
1289:
1244:
1190:
1171:(2): 296–310.
1155:
1128:
1069:
1052:
1027:
998:(3): a000638.
978:
943:
892:
843:
802:
795:
769:
716:
714:
711:
710:
709:
702:
699:
650:
647:
634:, forming the
481:Main article:
478:
475:
460:photobleaching
448:ultrastructure
446:The nucleolus
385:
382:
364:Xenopus laevis
345:
323:
320:
163:
162:
160:
159:
154:
149:
144:
130:
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59:
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26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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2255:
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2250:
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2240:
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2223:
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2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2174:
2173:
2170:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2134:
2129:
2127:
2122:
2120:
2115:
2114:
2111:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2084:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2057:
2056:
2053:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2019:
2013:
2010:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1995:Proteinoplast
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1955:Mitochondrion
1953:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1947:Endosymbionts
1944:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1930:Lamellipodium
1928:
1927:
1926:
1923:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1846:Microfilament
1844:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1835:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
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1803:
1802:
1799:
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1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1766:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1759:Autophagosome
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1734:Cell membrane
1732:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1724:Endomembrane
1721:
1717:
1713:
1705:
1700:
1698:
1693:
1691:
1686:
1685:
1682:
1675:
1672:
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1651:
1638:
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1627:
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1619:
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1611:
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1599:
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1590:
1586:
1580:
1576:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1564:
1551:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1534:(2): 147–57.
1533:
1529:
1525:
1518:
1509:
1504:
1501:(2): 97–102.
1500:
1496:
1495:Cell Research
1492:
1485:
1477:
1471:
1467:
1460:
1452:
1446:
1442:
1441:
1433:
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1419:
1415:
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1406:
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1391:
1384:
1379:
1371:
1367:
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1357:
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1240:
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1218:
1214:
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1206:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1159:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1132:
1124:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1089:(1): 139–46.
1088:
1084:
1080:
1073:
1065:
1064:
1056:
1041:
1037:
1031:
1023:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
982:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
947:
939:
935:
930:
925:
920:
915:
912:(6): 802–16.
911:
907:
903:
896:
888:
884:
879:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
847:
839:
835:
830:
825:
821:
817:
813:
806:
798:
792:
788:
784:
780:
773:
765:
761:
756:
751:
747:
743:
740:(3): 277–86.
739:
735:
731:
724:
722:
717:
708:
705:
704:
698:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
646:
644:
639:
637:
633:
629:
624:
620:
616:
612:
607:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
576:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
498:
494:
489:
484:
474:
472:
467:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
444:
437:
420:
418:
414:
410:
405:
403:
399:
398:nucleophosmin
395:
391:
381:
379:
378:ribosomal RNA
375:
371:
366:
365:
360:
356:
344:
339:
337:
333:
329:
319:
317:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
279:
275:
269:
255:
245:
170:
158:
157:Cell membrane
155:
153:
150:
148:
145:
142:
138:
134:
131:
129:
126:
124:
123:Mitochondrion
121:
119:
116:
114:
111:
108:
105:
103:
100:
98:
95:
92:
89:
87:
84:
82:
79:
78:
74:
69:
66:
60:
57:
51:
46:
41:
37:
33:
19:
2582:
2564:
2283:
2166:Pore complex
2141:cell nucleus
2027:
1975:Gerontoplast
1925:Pseudopodium
1918:Radial spoke
1898:Undulipodium
1838:Cytoskeleton
1754:Parenthesome
1636:
1597:
1593:
1573:
1531:
1527:
1517:
1498:
1494:
1484:
1465:
1459:
1439:
1432:
1412:
1405:
1396:
1390:
1378:
1341:
1337:
1327:
1302:
1292:
1260:(4): 194–9.
1257:
1253:
1247:
1215:(1): 13–31.
1212:
1208:
1168:
1164:
1158:
1141:
1137:
1131:
1086:
1082:
1072:
1062:
1055:
1043:. Retrieved
1039:
1030:
995:
991:
981:
959:(7): 821–9.
956:
952:
946:
909:
905:
895:
860:
856:
846:
819:
815:
805:
778:
772:
737:
733:
652:
640:
608:
580:45S pre-rRNA
577:
502:
468:
445:
441:
406:
387:
362:
359:Donald Brown
352:
341:
325:
316:chemotherapy
253:
168:
166:
113:Cytoskeleton
80:
55:Cell biology
45:cell nucleus
36:
2540:(Nucleosol)
2538:Nucleoplasm
2401:SMC protein
2391:Paraspeckle
2172:Nucleoporin
2077:Magnetosome
2043:Spliceosome
1970:Chromoplast
1965:Chloroplast
1856:Microtubule
929:11343/44176
623:translation
615:nucleoplasm
571:), but the
394:fibrillarin
355:John Gurdon
2605:Organelles
2599:Categories
2479:DNA repair
2072:Proteasome
2065:Inclusions
2012:Nitroplast
2005:Apicoplast
1990:Elaioplast
1985:Amyloplast
1980:Leucoplast
1935:Filopodium
1881:Basal body
1871:Centrosome
1821:Peroxisome
1816:Glyoxysome
1806:Melanosome
1716:organelles
1144:: 431–47.
863:(1): 1–7.
822:(6): 757.
713:References
611:eukaryotes
609:In higher
586:(ITS) and
497:this movie
409:anamniotes
278:eukaryotic
152:Centrosome
137:organelles
2583:see also
2565:see also
2432:Condensin
2381:Chromatin
2284:Nucleolus
2093:Cell wall
2055:Cytoplasm
2028:Nucleolus
2000:Tannosome
1908:Flagellum
1893:Myofibril
1876:Centriole
1811:Microbody
1784:Phagosome
641:In human
384:Structure
336:Schleiden
169:nucleolus
141:cytoplasm
81:Nucleolus
2086:External
2038:Ribosome
1794:Acrosome
1779:Endosome
1774:Lysosome
1622:29167518
1614:29779866
1550:22284675
1370:21719700
1282:Archived
1274:15817375
1239:18046571
1123:14106673
1045:12 March
1022:21106648
973:25464032
938:24389329
887:35096082
838:24631655
764:25436580
701:See also
661:include
413:amniotes
346:—
293:proteins
254:nucleoli
147:Lysosome
91:Ribosome
18:Nucleoli
2410:Cohesin
2060:Cytosol
1960:Plastid
1913:Axoneme
1789:Vacuole
1769:Exosome
1764:Vesicle
1739:Nucleus
1361:3151030
1319:8799814
1230:2137947
1185:5943882
1150:5963987
1091:Bibcode
1013:3039934
878:8794558
755:5100006
638:(RER).
604:snoRNPs
596:snoRNAs
517:Pol III
322:History
274:nucleus
133:Cytosol
128:Vacuole
97:Vesicle
86:Nucleus
2462:NCAPH2
2452:NCAPG2
2442:NCAPD3
2437:NCAPD2
2349:CUGBP1
2322:GEMIN7
2317:GEMIN6
2312:GEMIN5
2307:GEMIN4
2302:GEMIN2
2267:NUP214
2262:NUP210
2257:NUP205
2252:NUP188
2247:NUP160
2242:NUP155
2237:NUP153
2232:NUP133
2227:NUP107
1903:Cilium
1726:system
1670:(MeSH)
1620:
1612:
1581:
1548:
1472:
1447:
1420:
1368:
1358:
1317:
1279:as PDF
1272:
1237:
1227:
1183:
1148:
1121:
1114:300879
1111:
1020:
1010:
971:
936:
885:
875:
836:
793:
762:
752:
567:, and
313:cancer
2552:LITAF
2457:NCAPH
2447:NCAPG
2420:SMC1B
2415:SMC1A
2370:Other
2361:ATXN7
2344:PTBP1
2327:DDX20
2222:NUP98
2217:NUP93
2212:NUP88
2207:NUP85
2202:NUP62
2197:NUP54
2192:NUP50
2187:NUP43
2182:NUP37
2177:NUP35
2048:Vault
1618:S2CID
687:hTERT
683:HAND1
675:POLD1
529:yeast
513:Pol I
436:CTCFL
281:cells
2517:TNP2
2512:TNP1
2489:SMC6
2484:SMC5
2472:SMC4
2467:SMC2
2425:SMC3
2356:TCOF
2332:COIL
2274:AAAS
1712:cell
1610:PMID
1579:ISBN
1546:PMID
1470:ISBN
1445:ISBN
1418:ISBN
1366:PMID
1315:PMID
1270:PMID
1235:PMID
1181:PMID
1146:PMID
1119:PMID
1047:2024
1018:PMID
969:PMID
957:1849
934:PMID
910:1842
883:PMID
834:PMID
820:1842
791:ISBN
760:PMID
685:and
679:RelA
671:MDM2
569:5.8S
521:rRNA
515:and
493:HeLa
464:FRAP
390:rDNA
357:and
299:and
167:The
2297:SMN
2033:RNA
1602:doi
1536:doi
1503:doi
1356:PMC
1346:doi
1342:286
1307:doi
1262:doi
1225:PMC
1217:doi
1213:129
1173:doi
1169:114
1109:PMC
1099:doi
1008:PMC
1000:doi
961:doi
924:hdl
914:doi
873:PMC
865:doi
824:doi
783:doi
750:PMC
742:doi
667:PML
663:VHL
565:18S
561:28S
557:UBF
549:SL1
537:TBP
535:),
503:In
411:to
301:RNA
297:DNA
276:of
250:pl.
2601::
2143:/
1714:/
1635:.
1616:.
1608:.
1598:28
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1532:45
1530:.
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1354:.
1340:.
1336:.
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1301:.
1268:.
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1256:.
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1211:.
1207:.
1193:^
1179:.
1167:.
1142:23
1140:.
1117:.
1107:.
1097:.
1087:51
1085:.
1081:.
1038:.
1016:.
1006:.
994:.
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967:.
955:.
932:.
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908:.
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861:17
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
