671:
679:
750:
the unique geology of the Hetch Hetchy watershed, which consists of shallow soils underlain by solid granite bedrock, water that flows into the reservoir is exceptionally clear and of very high quality. This quality is further maintained by stringent protection of the watershed; boating and swimming are prohibited at Hetch Hetchy
Reservoir (although fishing is permitted at the reservoir and in the rivers which feed it). As a result, San Francisco tap water is some of the cleanest in the United States, without even the need for filtration, and is said to be of better quality than most bottled water.
47:
662:
years after groundbreaking of the Hetch Hetchy project. O'Shaughnessy Dam had been designed with adequate foundations and a unique stepped face in order to make possible a future increase in the dam height. This was done in anticipation of rapid growth in the demand for water and hydroelectricity. Indeed, between 1935 and 1938, the dam was raised by 85 feet (26 m); a new spillway and outlet channels were constructed to accommodate the increased height and storage capacity, which helped to increase summer generation at downstream powerhouses.
1004:
687:
feet (94 m) at the base. Altogether, the structure contains 662,605 cu yd (506,598 m) of concrete and 700,000 pounds (320,000 kg) of steel. Aside from normal water flows through the Canyon Tunnel to the Hetch Hetchy
Aqueduct, water is released from the reservoir through eleven jet-flow gates on the dam face and an unlined side spillway controlled by three 65 ft (20 m) wide steel drum gates. With gates lowered, the spillway has a capacity of 48,600 cubic feet per second (1,380 m/s).
373:
455:
1029:
1057:
927:
34:
952:(PG&E) since 1925. Dam removal advocates have stated that San Francisco's utilization of Yosemite National Park for water and power is unfair because of the damage to tourism and the local environment caused by the dam and reservoir. By draining the reservoir, removing the dam and restoring the valley to its original state, visitors to the park would once again be able to enjoy the natural beauty of Hetch Hetchy – once compared to that of
633:
964:
must be technologically feasible and affordable and must assure a dependable supply of water to both San
Francisco and all affected California communities. The report was peer-reviewed by academic experts and information for the report was provided by the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission, the Bay Area Water Supply and Conservation Agency, and the Turlock and Modesto Irrigation Districts to help ensure an accurate report.
523:, which permitted San Francisco's development of the Hetch Hetchy project on the terms that water and power derived from the project could only be used for public utilities, not private profit. Though highly controversial, the bill passed the Senate by a vote of 43 for and 25 against. The consensus was that since Hetch Hetchy lay on public land, it was reasonable for its natural resources to be developed for the public benefit.
1043:
552:
54:
710:
527:
over the next ten years. "Dam Hetch Hetchy!" Muir had said – "As well dam for water tanks the peoples' cathedrals and churches, for no holier temple has been consecrated by the heart of man!" The Sierra Club argued that it was not necessary for San
Francisco to destroy the valley for its water supply, pointing out the availability of other sites with reasonable proximity – including the
997:, which would have ordered the city to study the removal of O'Shaughnessy Dam and draft a plan to replace Hetch Hetchy water, by a vote of 77 percent against. Proposition F would have allocated $ 8 million to create a feasibility study by 2016; new water delivery and filtration systems would have to be in place by 2025 and Hetch Hetchy Reservoir would have to be drained by 2035.
686:
Completed to its final dimensions in 1938, O'Shaughnessy Dam now stands 312 feet (95 m) above the riverbed and 430 feet (130 m) above bedrock. The crest spans 900 feet (270 m) with a 17-foot (5.2 m) wide roadway crossing the top; the thickness of the dam wall reaches a maximum 308
971:
Opponents of dam removal state that the estimated demolition cost of $ 3–10 billion is a poor investment, especially in regards of the resulting loss of renewable hydroelectric power, which would have to be replaced by polluting fossil fuel generation. Although there are several options available to
972:
replace San
Francisco's water, none are of the purity currently supplied by Hetch Hetchy. There is also no guarantee that the valley can be successfully restored, as the original valley floor was actually the product of thousands of years of intensive controlled burning and management by the native
967:
In 2006, researchers from the
University of California, Davis published an article in a peer-reviewed journal looking at the implications of removing O'Shaughnessy Dam. The study modeled water availability based on increased water demands and the effects of warmer/dryer hydrologic conditions to the
963:
In 2004, a feasibility report was developed which identified alternatives to O'Shaughnessy Dam. The report provides a planning-level analysis for replacing the water and hydropower benefits that the Hetch Hetchy
Reservoir and O’Shaughnessy Dam provide. The report strove to ensure that all solutions
749:
Water diverted at O'Shaughnessy Dam feeds into the Hetch Hetchy
Aqueduct, which provides 85 percent of the municipal water for 2.4 million people in the San Francisco Bay Area. The firm water yield is 265,000 acre-feet (0.327 km) per year, or 237 million gallons (895,000 m) per day. Because of
661:
The first hydropower was delivered in 1925 with the completion of the
Moccasin Powerhouse, fed by Hetch Hetchy water through the Canyon and Mountain Tunnels. However, the first water deliveries did not reach San Francisco until 1934, eleven years after the completion of O'Shaughnessy Dam and twenty
649:
construction material for the dam. Beginning in
September 1921, the concrete was hoisted up a 375-foot (114 m) tower on the south side of the gorge, from which it could flow down movable chutes by gravity to the construction site. A total of 398,516 cu yd (304,687 m) of concrete
616:
Actual groundbreaking on O'Shaughnessy Dam was on August 1, 1919, when Utah Construction Company of San Francisco began preparing the dam site for construction. Workers began clearing the trees in Hetch Hetchy Valley to prepare it for receiving waters of the future reservoir. A 20-foot (6.1 m)
526:
Muir, the Sierra Club and other groups were outraged by the federal government's permission for development at Hetch Hetchy. However, on December 24, 1914, with construction on the dam barely underway, Muir died, leaving his Sierra Club to fight a protracted battle against the Hetch Hetchy Project
486:
valley, visited intermittently by gold seekers and sheepherders. However, since 1890, Hetch Hetchy Valley and the surrounding lands had been part of Yosemite National Park and thus off-limits to utility development, let alone at the grand scale proposed by the city. Even though the valley was not
502:
responded to San Francisco's appeal, granting the city rights to development at Hetch Hetchy, stating that "Hetch Hetchy was not unique, a lake would be even more beautiful than its meadow floor and the hydroelectric power generated could eventually pay for the costs of construction." One of the
968:
year 2100. The study found that dam removal in combination with other water infrastructure changes had few effects on the Hetch Hetchy water delivery system and delivery of water to San Francisco. The study identified water filtration as one of the major cost factors in removal of the dam.
407:
Construction of the dam started in 1919 and was finished in 1923, with the first water delivered in 1934 after numerous delays. From 1935 to 1938, the dam was raised to increase its capacity for water supply and power generation. The dam, aqueduct and appurtenant hydroelectric systems are
980:
peoples that once lived in the area. Without this intervention, a forest would grow in the place of the valley's renowned meadows. Finally, the increased pressure of new tourism could cause its own environmental damage, as has been demonstrated in the crowded Yosemite Valley.
650:
was poured to form a dam standing 226 feet (69 m) above the riverbed and 344 feet (105 m) above foundations. The last concrete was placed in February 1922 and the dam was completed in May 1923. At the time, it was the second tallest dam in the United States, after
694:. At maximum capacity, the reservoir stores 360,400 acre-feet (444,500,000 m), covering 1,972 acres (798 ha). The dam and reservoir receive water from the upper 459 square miles (1,190 km) of the Tuolumne River watershed, and are supplied with water by
579:
would oversee the construction and design details of the Hetch Hetchy project. The dam in Hetch Hetchy Valley would subsequently be named in his honor. Before construction of O'Shaughnessy Dam could commence, the city completed a 70-foot (21 m) high dam at
745:
lower on the Tuolumne River, has a capacity of 110 MW from two Pelton turbines. Moccasin generates 427 million KWh per year, and is fed by Hetch Hetchy water through the Mountain Tunnel, which provides a maximum head of 1,300 feet (400 m).
543:.) By this point, however, San Francisco had become "obsessed" with developing Hetch Hetchy, and "dismissed or discarded other rivers and valleys that would have served them better ... as if it was created for their purpose."
1922:
600:
line that followed the narrow canyon of the Tuolumne River to the remote dam site. Built from 1915 to 1918 by a workforce of roughly 900, the railway allowed for supplies to be shipped directly from San Francisco along the
2698:"On Hetch Hetchy, John Muir was wrong: California's revered naturalist wrote a poetic diatribe against the drowning of the great valley. But the reservoir has spared it some of the indignities of Yosemite Valley"
984:
Despite the hotly contested status of O'Shaughnessy Dam in the environmental field, and occasional federal money set aside for studying alternatives to Hetch Hetchy – such as $ 7 million provided by President
591:
issued by the city of San Francisco. To transport workers and materials, the city hired Frederick Rolandi, a San Francisco engineer who had previous experience designing railways, to oversee construction the
624:
diverted the waters of the Tuolumne River into the tunnel during construction. The riverbed on the site of the future dam was excavated over 100 ft (30 m) before hitting the granite bedrock. A
644:
in the Hetch Hetchy valley. This was mixed with cement shipped in on the Hetch Hetchy Railroad and local boulders ranging from 1 ft (0.30 m) to several yards (metres) in diameter to produce a
2074:
431:
In the late 19th century, the city of San Francisco was rapidly outgrowing its limited water supply, which depended on intermittent local springs and streams. The city looked east to the
1930:
2956:
2211:
948:. Although the Raker Act explicitly stated that power and water from the Hetch Hetchy Project could be used only for public purposes, San Francisco has sold Hetch Hetchy power to
439:
proposed to build a dam and aqueduct on the Tuolumne River, one of the largest southern Sierra rivers, as a way to increase and stabilize the city's water supply. In 1900, a
2529:
Bowe, Rebecca (2011-08-09). "Ecological rewind: Environmentalists want to tear down O'Shaughnessy Dam and restore the Hetch Hetchy Valley, but does their plan hold water?".
629:
was poured on the upstream side to prevent water seepage into the foundation hole, and the granite was scoured and artificially roughened to prepare for receiving concrete.
361:. The dam and reservoir are the source for the Hetch Hetchy Aqueduct, which provides water for over two million people in San Francisco and other municipalities of the west
2961:
2941:
2641:
419:
Hetch Hetchy represented the first great environmental controversy in the US, and debate over the dam and reservoir continues today. Preservationist groups such as the
1356:
658:. On May 24, 1923, the reservoir filled for the first time. A peak labor force of five hundred worked on the project, which claimed the lives of 67 men and one woman.
690:
Behind the dam, Hetch Hetchy Reservoir stretches for 8 miles (13 km) along the Tuolumne River, submerging Hetch Hetchy Valley and the lowermost section of the
2616:
1444:
994:
401:
2901:
1010:
956:. There are other rivers and reservoirs available for San Francisco to replace the water supply, such as the city's currently unused share of water in
86:
2931:
2081:
617:
diameter tunnel, later expanded to 23-by-25-foot (7.0 m × 7.6 m), was dug around the south side of the O'Shaughnessy Dam site, and a
2976:
2936:
423:
lobby for the restoration of the valley, while others argue that leaving the dam in place would be the better economic and environmental decision.
940:
O'Shaughnessy Dam has been controversial since its original construction both for its environmental impact and claims regarding violations of the
640:
The concrete for the dam was processed in a plant located shortly upstream from the construction site, with sand and rock excavated from abundant
46:
758:
Statistical information of the first construction installment of the O'Shaughnessy Dam is available at the site of the O'Shaughnessy Dam itself.
702:
in addition to the main stem of the Tuolumne. Hetch Hetchy is accessed by the Evergreen/Hetch Hetchy Road, which runs 14 miles (23 km) from
447:
for the Tuolumne River in 1901, his appeals to the federal government for development of the Hetch Hetchy Valley were unsuccessful. But when the
2697:
1003:
495:, the Sierra Club adamantly opposed the city of San Francisco as it sought permission from the federal government to build a dam in the valley.
1809:
City Commercial, City Beautiful, City Practical: The San Francisco Visions of William C. Ralston, James D. Phelan, And Michael M. O'Shaughnessy
443:(USGS) report also described the Tuolumne River as "the best source of sustainable water for San Francisco". Although Phelan managed to secure
2404:
1082:
699:
2728:
1411:
584:
to provide water for the Early Intake Powerhouse, which was necessary to provide electricity for the construction site of the larger dam.
2215:
2991:
706:
along the Tuolumne River and terminates at the crest of the dam. The road is open seasonally as it is not plowed in the winter months.
400:
generated controversy. An act of Congress was required to circumvent federal protection of the Tuolumne River, with the reasoning that
2237:
1228:
1092:
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Although San Francisco had sought Tuolumne River water as early as the 1890s, this project did not move forward until the disastrous
175:
1125:
1072:
2180:
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and subsequent fire razed the city, the dangerous inadequacies of the city's water supply system were brought to national light.
416:, the Hetch Hetchy supply is some of the cleanest municipal water in the US, requiring only primary filtration and disinfection.
2130:
2025:
1670:
2648:
2873:
2850:
2827:
2808:
1976:
491:
treasured it for its spectacular beauty, often compared to that of Yosemite Valley itself. Led by naturalist and mountaineer
2050:
1364:
741:(KWh). A new powerhouse was built to replace the old Moccasin Powerhouse in 1969. The new Moccasin Powerhouse, located near
478:
Rivers – Hetch Hetchy was considered superior for its excellent dam site, abundant sediment-free water, lower cost and
1077:
836:
Following the height increase of 86 feet which was implemented in 1938, the structural statistical information changed to:
670:
2986:
1116:
1703:
703:
2946:
2777:
540:
2569:
2155:
1881:
2427:
1448:
587:
Initial construction of the dam cost $ 6,121,000 ($ 109 million in 2023 dollars), and was largely financed by
2971:
1284:
1121:
440:
1529:
559:
Work on the Hetch Hetchy project began in early 1914 shortly after the passage of the Raker Act. The city hired
388:, which underscored the insufficiency of the existing water supply. The Hetch Hetchy Valley – then compared to
2898:
2951:
2910:
448:
385:
691:
532:
508:
1595:
725:
Powerhouses located downstream along the Tuolumne River. Kirkwood Powerhouse came online in 1967 with two
435:, where snowmelt fed the headwaters for many of California's largest rivers. In 1890, San Francisco mayor
2926:
1884:. Bureau of Engineering of the Department of Public Works – City and County of San Francisco, California.
1749:
535:
reported in 1913 as "a better and cheaper source than Hetch Hetchy". (The Mokelumne was later dammed, in
336:
73:
2594:
2545:
2261:
1728:
2981:
2966:
2841:
The Battle Over Hetch Hetchy: America's Most Controversial Dam and the Birth of Modern Environmentalism
1305:
990:
1264:"Chapter 9: Impact of restoration on hydropower production and revenues". Environmental Defense Fund.
949:
602:
358:
2458:
1330:
737:
of 1,450 feet (440 m) through the Canyon Tunnel, and produces an annual average of 549 million
2570:"Frequently Asked Questions About Hetch Hetchy Reservoir and the Regional Water & Power System"
2412:
695:
576:
366:
2885:
Hetch Hetchy: the story of San Francisco's struggle to provide a water supply for her future needs
2672:
2473:
1062:
993:
budget – local support for its removal is relatively low. In 2012, San Francisco voters rejected
977:
678:
572:
512:
2673:"Alternatives for Restoration of Hetch Hetchy Valley Following Removal of the Dam and Reservoir"
2105:
1804:
1159:
935:
409:
2353:
1160:"Dams Within the Jurisdiction of the State of California: Listed Alphabetically By Name of Dam"
467:
362:
354:
247:
1385:
2445:
2426:
Rosekrans, Spreck; Ryan, Nancy E.; Hayden, Ann H.; Graff, Thomas J.; Balbus, John M. (2004).
593:
2004:
2488:
2378:
2286:
432:
413:
1235:
8:
1087:
957:
742:
560:
2492:
1844:
1193:
2504:
2500:
1649:
The Greening of Paradise Valley: The First 100 Years of the Modesto Irrigation District
1570:
536:
301:
2187:
1908:
2869:
2846:
2839:
2823:
2804:
2752:
2331:
1972:
1965:
1034:
761:
Before the height increase installment (pre-1938) the statistical measurements were:
609:
lines which connected to the Hetch Hetchy line. The railroad principally used geared
499:
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2134:
2029:
377:
2508:
2496:
479:
471:
393:
332:
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2862:
2797:
973:
953:
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units, with a third added in 1987, bringing the total generating capacity to 124
610:
606:
528:
504:
436:
389:
1644:
462:
Out of fourteen potential water sources considered by the city – which included
2911:
Daily storage and release data for O'Shaughnessy Dam and Hetch Hetchy Reservoir
2354:"Western Water Wars: Efforts to Take Over San Francisco's Hetch Hetchy Systems"
1111:
986:
734:
726:
626:
597:
588:
516:
340:
314:
291:
262:
200:
372:
2920:
2310:
2159:
945:
738:
655:
568:
397:
320:
285:
101:
88:
1707:
2428:"Paradise Regained, Solutions for Restoring Yosemite's Hetch Hetchy Valley"
1048:
722:
581:
444:
350:
344:
2729:"San Francisco vote to study draining Hetch Hetchy Reservoir is defeated"
2573:
1412:"Hetch Hetchy controversy: Could Yosemite's 'second valley' be restored?"
488:
420:
1496:
454:
682:
On top of the O’Shaughnessy Dam at Hetch Hetchy reservoir in California
463:
926:
613:
to negotiate its dangerous winding curves and steep 4 percent grades.
33:
941:
646:
632:
621:
618:
520:
492:
483:
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potential. At the time, Hetch Hetchy was an isolated, seldom visited
1056:
2474:"Reassembling Hetch Hetchy: Water Supply without O'Shaughnessy Dam"
730:
714:
641:
511:, who pushed a policy of "conservation through use", promoting the
307:
551:
1042:
753:
515:
of natural resources in the U.S. On December 19, 1913, President
2753:"Proposition F Water and Environment Plan, San Francisco County"
2080:. California Department of Water Resources. 2006. Archived from
458:
The site of O'Shaughnessy Dam before construction began, c. 1914
564:
187:
709:
1879:
1671:"The Hetch Hetchy Story, Part II: PG&E and the Raker Act"
1596:"John Muir, Gifford Pinchot, and the Battle for Hetch Hetchy"
674:
View looking down the O’Shaughnessy Dam at the Tuolumne River
651:
392:
for its scenic beauty – was chosen for its water quality and
2799:
Unquenchable: America's Water Crisis and What To Do About It
487:
well known to the general public, organizations such as the
2572:. San Francisco Public Utilities Commission. Archived from
2158:. San Francisco Public Utilities Commission. Archived from
563:, who had previously worked on the water supply systems of
1985:
1822:
1467:
1465:
1278:
53:
2899:
Historic images of the dam during and after construction
2543:
2425:
2379:"Hetch Hetchy Power Debacle: Continuing Yosemite Threat"
412:. Deriving from a largely wild and pristine area of the
2957:
Buildings and structures in Tuolumne County, California
2186:. Bay Area Economic Forum. October 2002. Archived from
1510:
1477:
1462:
721:
Hetch Hetchy water drives turbines in the Kirkwood and
2708:
1888:
1422:
402:
public land should be developed for the public benefit
2864:
Endangered Dreams: The Great Depression in California
1967:
Endangered Dreams: The Great Depression in California
1613:
1547:
1530:"October 1, 1890: Yosemite National Park established"
539:
to the Hetch Hetchy project, to provide water to the
503:
strongest supporters of the Hetch Hetchy project was
2133:. Tuolumne County Historical Society. Archived from
2028:. Tuolumne County Historical Society. Archived from
1944:
1784:
1772:
1760:
1684:
1625:
1499:. History Matters: The U.S. Survey Course on the Web
1024:
2481:
Journal of the American Water Resources Association
2238:"Hetch Hetchy an invaluable source of water, power"
2069:
2067:
1445:"The Hetch Hetchy Dam Controversy: An Introduction"
1357:"Hetch Hetchy water goes through ultraviolet rinse"
2962:Reservoirs and dams in National Park Service areas
2942:Buildings and structures in Yosemite National Park
2861:
2838:
2796:
1964:
1845:"Timeline of the Ongoing Battle over Hetch Hetchy"
2642:"Three Square Miles of Open Space: Is It Enough?"
2614:
2402:
2007:. Bay Area Water Supply & Conservation Agency
1704:"Hetch Hetchy: Time to Redeem a Historic Mistake"
16:Dam in Tuolumne County, California, United States
2918:
2647:. University of California Davis. Archived from
2064:
1191:
1169:. California Department of Water Resources. 2012
1875:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1861:
960:, the biggest reservoir on the Tuolumne River.
936:Proposed restoration of the Hetch Hetchy Valley
930:Hetch Hetchy Valley before the damming, c. 1908
596:. The railway would be a 68-mile (109 km)
61:Location of the O'Shaughnessy Dam in California
2778:"San Francisco-Hetch Hetchy Valley Connection"
2284:
2235:
1802:
1439:
1437:
754:Structural statistics of the O'Shaughnessy Dam
665:
2528:
2181:"Hetch Hetchy Water and the Bay Area Economy"
1906:
1568:
1497:"Giving a Dam: Congress Debates Hetch Hetchy"
1335:Hetch Hetchy: Preservation or Public Utility?
1083:List of the tallest dams in the United States
2726:
2695:
2639:
2617:"Putting Bay Area's Water Sources to a Vote"
2376:
1962:
1858:
1409:
1354:
2546:"Hodel Would Tear Down Dam in Hetch Hetchy"
2313:. San Francisco Public Utilities Commission
1839:
1837:
1668:
1434:
1013:Hetch Hetchy Reservoir as seen from the dam
555:Construction work on the dam in August 1922
2913:– California Department of Water Resources
2112:. California Department of Water Resources
2106:"Hetch Hetchy (HTH) Reservoir Information"
2051:"O'Shaughnessy Dam in Hetch Hetchy Valley"
1880:O'Shaughnessy, Michael M. (October 1925).
1645:"The Battle for the Tuolumne - Chapter 11"
1593:
1589:
1587:
1306:"The O'Shaughnessy Dam Debate: Transcript"
1223:
1221:
1219:
1217:
636:The dam as initially completed in May 1923
331:is a 430-foot-high (131 m) concrete
296:2 x Pelton turbines at Moccasin Powerhouse
32:
2822:. Images of America. Arcadia Publishing.
2817:
2544:Morain, Dan; Houston, Paul (1987-08-07).
2351:
1991:
1828:
1729:"The Hetch Hetchy Restoration Task Force"
1483:
1471:
1428:
1093:San Francisco Public Utilities Commission
257:360,400 acre⋅ft (444,500,000 m)
2932:Hydroelectric power plants in California
2471:
2332:"Hetch Hetchy and the O'Shaughnessy Dam"
2267:. U.S. National Park Service. March 2007
2214:. Aquafornia. 2008-08-19. Archived from
1834:
1564:
1562:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1144:
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1126:United States Department of the Interior
1073:List of largest reservoirs of California
925:
708:
677:
669:
631:
550:
453:
371:
357:, about 160 miles (260 km) east of
2977:Energy infrastructure completed in 1923
2937:United States local public utility dams
2836:
2794:
2714:
2595:"Worth a Dam? Hetch Hetchy in Yosemite"
1894:
1766:
1584:
1553:
1214:
1187:
1185:
1183:
921:
396:potential, but the location within the
2919:
2882:
2775:
2562:
2287:"Tap water remains best choice for SF"
1778:
1631:
1619:
1516:
1273:
1271:
2859:
2472:Null, Sarah E.; Lund, Jay R. (2006).
2131:"Hetch Hetchy Water and Power System"
2053:. American Society of Civil Engineers
2026:"Hetch Hetchy Water and Power System"
1971:. Oxford University Press. p. .
1950:
1790:
1690:
1559:
1298:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1139:
2043:
1447:. Assumption College. Archived from
1386:"Hetch Hetchy Environmental Debates"
1201:U.C. Davis Environmental Law Society
1180:
1078:List of power stations in California
1390:The Center for Legislative Archives
1337:. In Time & Place. January 2011
1268:
1117:Geographic Names Information System
1104:
267:459 sq mi (1,190 km)
13:
2501:10.1111/j.1752-1688.2006.tb03846.x
1252:
733:(MW). Kirkwood is serviced with a
498:In 1908 Secretary of the Interior
376:Hetch Hetchy Reservoir watershed (
14:
3003:
2992:1923 establishments in California
2892:
1194:"Hetch Hetchy: Facts and Figures"
339:, United States. It impounds the
2615:Onishi, Norimitsu (2012-09-09).
2403:Nash, J. Madeline (2005-07-11).
2075:"Hetch Hetchy Restoration Study"
1280:USGS Topo Maps for United States
1203:. University of California Davis
1055:
1041:
1027:
1002:
369:, who oversaw its construction.
365:. The dam is named for engineer
52:
45:
2795:Glennon, Robert Jerome (2009).
2745:
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2587:
2537:
2522:
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2419:
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2278:
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2229:
2204:
2173:
2148:
2123:
2110:California Data Exchange Center
2098:
2018:
1997:
1956:
1915:
1900:
1796:
1742:
1721:
1696:
1662:
1637:
1522:
1489:
1403:
1378:
1285:United States Geological Survey
1122:United States Geological Survey
546:
441:United States Geological Survey
2776:Davies, Leslie T. (May 2006).
2769:
1600:Ithaca College History Journal
1348:
1323:
571:, to plan the complex dam and
1:
2285:Torres, Elissa (2013-05-12).
2236:Wunderman, Jim (2012-01-22).
1706:. Sierra Club. Archived from
1651:. Modesto Irrigation District
1098:
449:1906 San Francisco earthquake
426:
2597:. Earth Island Journal. 2012
2156:"Clean Hydroelectric Energy"
1907:Polson, Craig (2013-05-25).
1750:"A National Park Threatened"
885:117,300,000,000 U.S. gallons
692:Grand Canyon of the Tuolumne
533:U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
509:United States Forest Service
226:3,812 ft (1,162 m)
223:Elevation at crest
7:
2868:. Oxford University Press.
2845:. Oxford University Press.
2837:Righter, Robert W. (2005).
2818:Hennessey, Beverly (2012).
2783:. Humboldt State University
2727:Rogers, Paul (2012-11-12).
2696:Klein, Karin (2012-08-15).
2377:Redmond, Tim (2004-05-26).
2212:"The Hetch Hetchy Aqueduct"
2005:"Hetch Hetchy Water System"
1923:"The Hetch Hetchy Railroad"
1909:"The Hetch Hetchy Railroad"
1882:"Hetch Hetchy Water Supply"
1571:"Lessons From Hetch Hetchy"
1410:Rogers, Paul (2012-09-30).
1355:Worth, Katie (2011-07-18).
1018:
800:66,000,000,000 U.S. gallons
666:The dam and reservoir today
386:earthquake and fire of 1906
337:Tuolumne County, California
74:Tuolumne County, California
10:
3008:
2987:Dams on the Tuolumne River
2531:San Francisco Bay Guardian
2334:. Round The World Magazine
1805:"Michael M. O'Shaughnessy"
1167:Division of Safety of Dams
950:Pacific Gas & Electric
933:
408:collectively known as the
1192:Bolin, Leslie K. (1987).
470:, and tributaries of the
313:
300:
284:
279:
275:1,972 acres (798 ha)
271:
261:
253:
243:
238:
230:
222:
214:
206:
196:
186:
181:
171:
153:
135:
127:
117:
80:
69:
40:
31:
26:
2947:History of San Francisco
2755:. SmartVoter. 2012-11-06
852:Height above foundation
842:Height above stream bed
787:Initial crest elevation
777:Bottom valves elevation
507:, Chief Forester of the
218:900 ft (270 m)
210:430 ft (130 m)
2883:Taylor, Ray W. (1926).
2487:(April 2006): 395–408.
2242:San Francisco Chronicle
1803:Cherny, Robert (1994).
1229:"Tuolumne River System"
1063:Renewable energy portal
575:system. Civil engineer
513:sustainable development
302:Installed capacity
234:308 ft (94 m)
159:; 101 years ago
141:; 105 years ago
136:Construction began
21:Dam in California, U.S.
2972:Dams completed in 1923
2453:Cite journal requires
2405:"Is This Worth a Dam?"
1361:San Francisco Examiner
1283:(Map). Cartography by
931:
718:
683:
675:
637:
556:
459:
381:
355:Yosemite National Park
346:Hetch Hetchy Reservoir
315:Annual generation
294:at Kirkwood Powerhouse
248:Hetch Hetchy Reservoir
102:37.94750°N 119.78833°W
2860:Starr, Kevin (1997).
2262:"Hetch Hetchy Valley"
1963:Starr, Kevin (1996).
1573:. Balboa Park History
1416:San Jose Mercury News
991:National Park Service
929:
767:Foundation elevation
712:
698:, Tiltill Creek, and
681:
673:
635:
594:Hetch Hetchy Railroad
577:Michael O'Shaughnessy
554:
457:
375:
367:Michael O'Shaughnessy
192:Concrete arch gravity
188:Type of dam
2952:Hetch Hetchy Project
1331:"O'Shaughnessey Dam"
922:Proposed Dam Removal
895:10 imperial gallons
810:10 imperial gallons
717:at O'Shaughnessy Dam
410:Hetch Hetchy Project
349:at the lower end of
107:37.94750; -119.78833
2493:2006JAWRA..42..395N
2385:. Clovis Free Press
2359:. Reason Foundation
1534:This Day in History
1392:. National Archives
1112:"O'Shaughnessy Dam"
1088:Pulgas Water Temple
903:458 sq mi
351:Hetch Hetchy Valley
263:Catchment area
254:Total capacity
139:August 1, 1919
98: /
2927:Dams in California
2904:2013-04-10 at the
2640:De Carion, Denis.
2291:Golden Gate XPress
1911:. Abandoned Rails.
1569:Amero, Richard W.
932:
719:
684:
676:
638:
557:
460:
382:
2982:Dam controversies
2967:Arch-gravity dams
2875:978-0-19-511802-5
2852:978-0-19-514947-0
2829:978-0-7385-9322-7
2810:978-1-59726-639-0
2702:Los Angeles Times
2550:Los Angeles Times
2415:on July 14, 2005.
1994:, pp. 78–79.
1978:978-0-19992-356-4
1831:, pp. 34–35.
1669:Carlsson, Chris.
1312:. PBS. 2005-08-12
1035:California portal
919:
918:
882:Storage capacity
834:
833:
820:119,000 hectares
797:Storage capacity
642:alluvial deposits
500:James R. Garfield
329:O'Shaughnessy Dam
326:
325:
272:Surface area
231:Width (base)
182:Dam and spillways
176:San Francisco PUC
157:July 7, 1923
154:Opening date
27:O'Shaughnessy Dam
2999:
2888:
2879:
2867:
2856:
2844:
2833:
2814:
2803:. Island Press.
2802:
2791:
2789:
2788:
2782:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2760:
2749:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2739:
2724:
2718:
2712:
2706:
2705:
2693:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2683:
2677:
2669:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2659:
2653:
2646:
2637:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2627:
2612:
2606:
2605:
2603:
2602:
2591:
2585:
2584:
2582:
2581:
2566:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2556:
2541:
2535:
2534:
2526:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2515:
2478:
2469:
2463:
2462:
2456:
2451:
2449:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2432:
2423:
2417:
2416:
2411:. Archived from
2400:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2390:
2374:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2364:
2358:
2349:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2339:
2328:
2322:
2321:
2319:
2318:
2307:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2297:
2282:
2276:
2275:
2273:
2272:
2266:
2258:
2252:
2251:
2249:
2248:
2233:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2223:
2208:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2198:
2192:
2185:
2177:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2167:
2152:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2142:
2127:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2117:
2102:
2096:
2095:
2093:
2092:
2086:
2079:
2071:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2058:
2047:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2037:
2022:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2012:
2001:
1995:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1970:
1960:
1954:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1938:
1929:. Archived from
1927:Yosemite Gazette
1919:
1913:
1912:
1904:
1898:
1892:
1886:
1885:
1877:
1856:
1855:
1853:
1852:
1841:
1832:
1826:
1820:
1819:
1817:
1816:
1800:
1794:
1788:
1782:
1776:
1770:
1764:
1758:
1757:
1746:
1740:
1739:
1737:
1736:
1725:
1719:
1718:
1716:
1715:
1700:
1694:
1688:
1682:
1681:
1679:
1678:
1666:
1660:
1659:
1657:
1656:
1641:
1635:
1629:
1623:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1608:
1607:
1602:. Ithaca College
1594:Manetta, Brian.
1591:
1582:
1581:
1579:
1578:
1566:
1557:
1551:
1545:
1544:
1542:
1541:
1526:
1520:
1519:, p. 37–44.
1514:
1508:
1507:
1505:
1504:
1493:
1487:
1481:
1475:
1469:
1460:
1459:
1457:
1456:
1441:
1432:
1426:
1420:
1419:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1398:
1397:
1382:
1376:
1375:
1373:
1372:
1363:. Archived from
1352:
1346:
1345:
1343:
1342:
1327:
1321:
1320:
1318:
1317:
1302:
1296:
1295:
1293:
1292:
1275:
1266:
1265:
1261:
1250:
1249:
1247:
1246:
1240:
1234:. Archived from
1233:
1225:
1212:
1211:
1209:
1208:
1198:
1189:
1178:
1177:
1175:
1174:
1164:
1156:
1137:
1136:
1134:
1133:
1108:
1065:
1060:
1059:
1051:
1046:
1045:
1037:
1032:
1031:
1030:
1006:
894:
890:
862:Crest elevation
839:
838:
809:
805:
764:
763:
611:Shay locomotives
603:Southern Pacific
537:a similar scheme
333:arch-gravity dam
167:
165:
160:
149:
147:
142:
123:Hydroelectricity
113:
112:
110:
109:
108:
103:
99:
96:
95:
94:
91:
56:
55:
49:
36:
24:
23:
3007:
3006:
3002:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2997:
2996:
2917:
2916:
2906:Wayback Machine
2895:
2876:
2853:
2830:
2811:
2786:
2784:
2780:
2772:
2767:
2758:
2756:
2751:
2750:
2746:
2737:
2735:
2725:
2721:
2713:
2709:
2694:
2690:
2681:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2670:
2666:
2657:
2655:
2651:
2644:
2638:
2634:
2625:
2623:
2613:
2609:
2600:
2598:
2593:
2592:
2588:
2579:
2577:
2568:
2567:
2563:
2554:
2552:
2542:
2538:
2527:
2523:
2513:
2511:
2476:
2470:
2466:
2454:
2452:
2443:
2442:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2424:
2420:
2401:
2397:
2388:
2386:
2375:
2371:
2362:
2360:
2356:
2352:Browne, Brian.
2350:
2346:
2337:
2335:
2330:
2329:
2325:
2316:
2314:
2309:
2308:
2304:
2295:
2293:
2283:
2279:
2270:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2259:
2255:
2246:
2244:
2234:
2230:
2221:
2219:
2210:
2209:
2205:
2196:
2194:
2190:
2183:
2179:
2178:
2174:
2165:
2163:
2154:
2153:
2149:
2140:
2138:
2129:
2128:
2124:
2115:
2113:
2104:
2103:
2099:
2090:
2088:
2084:
2077:
2073:
2072:
2065:
2056:
2054:
2049:
2048:
2044:
2035:
2033:
2024:
2023:
2019:
2010:
2008:
2003:
2002:
1998:
1990:
1986:
1979:
1961:
1957:
1949:
1945:
1936:
1934:
1921:
1920:
1916:
1905:
1901:
1893:
1889:
1878:
1859:
1850:
1848:
1843:
1842:
1835:
1827:
1823:
1814:
1812:
1801:
1797:
1789:
1785:
1777:
1773:
1765:
1761:
1748:
1747:
1743:
1734:
1732:
1727:
1726:
1722:
1713:
1711:
1702:
1701:
1697:
1689:
1685:
1676:
1674:
1667:
1663:
1654:
1652:
1643:
1642:
1638:
1630:
1626:
1618:
1614:
1605:
1603:
1592:
1585:
1576:
1574:
1567:
1560:
1552:
1548:
1539:
1537:
1528:
1527:
1523:
1515:
1511:
1502:
1500:
1495:
1494:
1490:
1482:
1478:
1470:
1463:
1454:
1452:
1443:
1442:
1435:
1427:
1423:
1408:
1404:
1395:
1393:
1384:
1383:
1379:
1370:
1368:
1353:
1349:
1340:
1338:
1329:
1328:
1324:
1315:
1313:
1304:
1303:
1299:
1290:
1288:
1277:
1276:
1269:
1263:
1262:
1253:
1244:
1242:
1238:
1231:
1227:
1226:
1215:
1206:
1204:
1196:
1190:
1181:
1172:
1170:
1162:
1158:
1157:
1140:
1131:
1129:
1110:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1069:
1068:
1061:
1054:
1047:
1040:
1033:
1028:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1015:
1014:
1012:
1007:
989:in 2007 in the
954:Yosemite Valley
944:by the city of
938:
924:
914:
910:Reservoir area
904:
900:Watershed area
892:
891:10 liters; 9.77
888:
886:
876:
866:
856:
846:
829:
825:Reservoir area
819:
807:
803:
801:
791:
781:
771:
756:
700:Rancheria Creek
668:
561:John R. Freeman
549:
529:Mokelumne River
505:Gifford Pinchot
437:James D. Phelan
429:
390:Yosemite Valley
378:Interactive map
295:
292:Pelton turbines
163:
161:
158:
145:
143:
140:
122:
106:
104:
100:
97:
92:
89:
87:
85:
84:
65:
64:
63:
62:
59:
58:
57:
22:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3005:
2995:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2915:
2914:
2908:
2894:
2893:External links
2891:
2890:
2889:
2887:. R.J. Orozco.
2880:
2874:
2857:
2851:
2834:
2828:
2815:
2809:
2792:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2765:
2744:
2719:
2717:, p. 121.
2707:
2688:
2664:
2632:
2621:New York Times
2607:
2586:
2561:
2536:
2521:
2464:
2455:|journal=
2418:
2395:
2369:
2344:
2323:
2302:
2277:
2253:
2228:
2203:
2172:
2147:
2122:
2097:
2063:
2042:
2017:
1996:
1992:Hennessey 2012
1984:
1977:
1955:
1953:, p. 287.
1943:
1914:
1899:
1897:, p. 142.
1887:
1857:
1833:
1829:Hennessey 2012
1821:
1795:
1793:, p. 283.
1783:
1771:
1759:
1754:New York Times
1741:
1720:
1695:
1693:, p. 279.
1683:
1661:
1636:
1624:
1622:, p. 143.
1612:
1583:
1558:
1546:
1521:
1509:
1488:
1484:Hennessey 2012
1476:
1472:Hennessey 2012
1461:
1433:
1429:Hennessey 2012
1421:
1402:
1377:
1347:
1322:
1297:
1267:
1251:
1213:
1179:
1138:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1096:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1067:
1066:
1052:
1038:
1023:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1009:
1008:
1001:
1000:
999:
987:George W. Bush
958:Lake Don Pedro
923:
920:
917:
916:
911:
907:
906:
905:1,190 km
901:
897:
896:
883:
879:
878:
873:
869:
868:
863:
859:
858:
853:
849:
848:
843:
832:
831:
826:
822:
821:
816:
815:Drainage area
812:
811:
806:10 liters; 5.5
798:
794:
793:
788:
784:
783:
778:
774:
773:
768:
755:
752:
743:Lake Don Pedro
739:kilowatt hours
735:hydraulic head
667:
664:
627:retaining wall
598:standard gauge
548:
545:
517:Woodrow Wilson
428:
425:
343:, forming the
341:Tuolumne River
324:
323:
317:
311:
310:
304:
298:
297:
288:
282:
281:
277:
276:
273:
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201:Tuolumne River
198:
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44:
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38:
37:
29:
28:
20:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3004:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
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2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
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2958:
2955:
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2950:
2948:
2945:
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2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2903:
2900:
2897:
2896:
2886:
2881:
2877:
2871:
2866:
2865:
2858:
2854:
2848:
2843:
2842:
2835:
2831:
2825:
2821:
2816:
2812:
2806:
2801:
2800:
2793:
2779:
2774:
2773:
2754:
2748:
2734:
2730:
2723:
2716:
2711:
2703:
2699:
2692:
2678:. Sierra Club
2674:
2668:
2654:on 2016-03-03
2650:
2643:
2636:
2622:
2618:
2611:
2596:
2590:
2576:on 2013-08-23
2575:
2571:
2565:
2551:
2547:
2540:
2532:
2525:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2475:
2468:
2460:
2447:
2429:
2422:
2414:
2410:
2409:TIME Magazine
2406:
2399:
2384:
2380:
2373:
2355:
2348:
2333:
2327:
2312:
2306:
2292:
2288:
2281:
2263:
2257:
2243:
2239:
2232:
2218:on 2014-02-22
2217:
2213:
2207:
2193:on 2012-04-25
2189:
2182:
2176:
2162:on 2013-05-31
2161:
2157:
2151:
2137:on 2015-03-18
2136:
2132:
2126:
2111:
2107:
2101:
2087:on 2013-06-05
2083:
2076:
2070:
2068:
2052:
2046:
2032:on 2015-03-18
2031:
2027:
2021:
2006:
2000:
1993:
1988:
1980:
1974:
1969:
1968:
1959:
1952:
1947:
1933:on 2016-03-06
1932:
1928:
1924:
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1903:
1896:
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1847:. Sierra Club
1846:
1840:
1838:
1830:
1825:
1810:
1806:
1799:
1792:
1787:
1781:, p. 12.
1780:
1775:
1768:
1763:
1756:. 1913-07-12.
1755:
1751:
1745:
1731:. Sierra Club
1730:
1724:
1710:on 2013-05-24
1709:
1705:
1699:
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1633:
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1572:
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1556:, p. 11.
1555:
1550:
1536:. History.com
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1525:
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1513:
1498:
1492:
1486:, p. 23.
1485:
1480:
1474:, p. 17.
1473:
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1450:
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1367:on 2011-11-01
1366:
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1336:
1332:
1326:
1311:
1307:
1301:
1287:. ACME Mapper
1286:
1282:
1281:
1274:
1272:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1241:on 2014-07-02
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943:
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867:1,162 m
865:3,812 ft
864:
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851:
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830:640 hectares
827:
824:
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818:294,000 acres
817:
814:
813:
799:
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795:
792:1,136 m
790:3,726 ft
789:
786:
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782:1,069 m
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433:Sierra Nevada
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2840:
2820:Hetch Hetchy
2819:
2798:
2785:. Retrieved
2757:. Retrieved
2747:
2736:. Retrieved
2733:Mercury News
2732:
2722:
2715:Glennon 2009
2710:
2701:
2691:
2680:. Retrieved
2667:
2656:. Retrieved
2649:the original
2635:
2624:. Retrieved
2620:
2610:
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2589:
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2530:
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2512:. Retrieved
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2434:. Retrieved
2421:
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2100:
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2055:. Retrieved
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2030:the original
2020:
2009:. Retrieved
1999:
1987:
1966:
1958:
1946:
1935:. Retrieved
1931:the original
1926:
1917:
1902:
1895:Righter 2005
1890:
1849:. Retrieved
1824:
1813:. Retrieved
1808:
1798:
1786:
1774:
1769:, p. 8.
1767:Righter 2005
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1723:
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1708:the original
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1599:
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1554:Righter 2005
1549:
1538:. Retrieved
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1524:
1512:
1501:. Retrieved
1491:
1479:
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1449:the original
1431:, p. 9.
1424:
1415:
1405:
1394:. Retrieved
1389:
1380:
1369:. Retrieved
1365:the original
1360:
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1339:. Retrieved
1334:
1325:
1314:. Retrieved
1310:PBS NewsHour
1309:
1300:
1289:. Retrieved
1279:
1243:. Retrieved
1236:the original
1205:. Retrieved
1200:
1171:. Retrieved
1166:
1130:. Retrieved
1128:. 2000-06-14
1115:
1106:
1049:Water portal
983:
970:
966:
962:
939:
835:
760:
757:
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720:
704:Big Oak Flat
689:
685:
660:
639:
615:
586:
582:Lake Eleanor
558:
547:Construction
531:, which the
525:
497:
461:
445:water rights
430:
418:
406:
383:
345:
328:
327:
121:Water supply
18:
2770:Works cited
2311:"Drink Tap"
1779:Davies 2006
1632:Davies 2006
1620:Taylor 1926
1517:Taylor 1926
913:1,872 acres
877:240 m
875:800 ft
857:130 m
855:425 ft
845:312 ft
828:1,590 acres
696:Falls Creek
619:timber crib
519:signed the
489:Sierra Club
476:San Joaquin
421:Sierra Club
131:Operational
105: /
93:119°47′18″W
81:Coordinates
2921:Categories
2787:2013-05-25
2759:2014-04-09
2738:2013-05-25
2682:2013-05-25
2658:2013-05-26
2626:2013-05-26
2601:2013-05-26
2580:2013-05-26
2555:2013-05-25
2514:August 12,
2436:August 12,
2389:2013-05-26
2363:2013-05-26
2338:2017-10-31
2317:2013-05-25
2296:2013-05-25
2271:2013-05-25
2247:2013-05-25
2222:2014-04-12
2197:2013-05-25
2166:2013-05-25
2141:2014-04-09
2116:2013-05-25
2091:2013-05-25
2057:2013-05-25
2036:2013-05-25
2011:2013-05-25
1951:Starr 1997
1937:2013-05-25
1851:2013-05-25
1815:2013-05-25
1791:Starr 1997
1735:2013-05-25
1714:2013-05-25
1691:Starr 1997
1677:2013-05-25
1655:2014-04-12
1606:2013-05-25
1577:2013-05-25
1540:2013-05-25
1503:2013-05-25
1455:2013-05-25
1396:2014-04-12
1371:2014-04-12
1341:2013-05-25
1316:2013-05-25
1291:2013-05-25
1245:2013-05-25
1207:2013-05-25
1173:2013-05-25
1132:2013-05-25
1099:References
934:See also:
847:95 m
472:Sacramento
464:Lake Tahoe
427:Background
164:1923-07-07
146:1919-08-01
90:37°56′51″N
1811:. FoundSF
1673:. FoundSF
942:Raker Act
731:megawatts
647:cyclopean
622:cofferdam
521:Raker Act
493:John Muir
484:subalpine
468:Eel River
319:976
306:234
239:Reservoir
2902:Archived
1019:See also
723:Moccasin
715:spillway
573:aqueduct
541:East Bay
363:Bay Area
286:Turbines
197:Impounds
172:Owner(s)
70:Location
2509:4689117
2489:Bibcode
244:Creates
162: (
144: (
118:Purpose
2872:
2849:
2826:
2807:
2507:
2383:Trails
1975:
974:Paiute
727:Pelton
607:Sierra
565:Boston
466:, the
215:Length
207:Height
128:Status
76:, U.S.
2781:(PDF)
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2652:(PDF)
2645:(PDF)
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978:Miwok
652:Idaho
2870:ISBN
2847:ISBN
2824:ISBN
2805:ISBN
2516:2022
2459:help
2438:2022
1973:ISBN
976:and
887:4.44
713:The
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567:and
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290:3 x
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