337:
361:
310:
583:
380:
687:, applied for U.S. citizenship in 1953 after having lived in the United States for fourteen years. When asked if he would bear arms and perform noncombatant military service as required by the Oath, Huxley answered in the negative and was summoned before a judge. Huxley explained that his objection was based on philosophical convictions about the evil of war rather than religious beliefs. The judge adjourned proceedings and postponed a decision on Huxley's application in order to report to Washington. Huxley never received U.S. citizenship.
451:
of
America against all enemies, foreign and domestic; that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the same; that I will bear arms on behalf of the United States when required by the law; that I will perform noncombatant service in the Armed Forces of the United States when required by the law; that I will perform work of national importance under civilian direction when required by the law; and that I take this obligation freely without any mental reservation or purpose of evasion; so help me God.
268:
36:
1443:
396:
674:, had written that she was an "uncompromising pacifist" with "no sense of nationalism, only a cosmic consciousness of belonging to the human family". The Court found that persons holding such views were "liable to be incapable of the attachment for and devotion to the principles of our Constitution" that are required for naturalization.
538:
my power, support, maintain and defend the said United States against the said King George the Third, his heirs and successors, and his or their abettors, assistants and adherents, and will serve the said United States in the office of
Lieutenant which I now hold, with fidelity, according to the best of my skill and understanding.
738:
This judgement was used in 2013 to reverse a denial of citizenship to
Margaret Doughty, a 65-year-old British atheist who had lived in the United States for 30 years, unless she could show proof of membership in a church with pacifist beliefs to support her claim that she was a conscientious objector
647:
Solemnly, freely, and without mental reservation, I hereby renounce under oath all allegiance to any foreign state. My fidelity and allegiance from this day forward is to the United States of
America. I pledge to support, honor, and be loyal to the United States, its Constitution, and its laws. Where
537:
the UNITED STATES of AMERICA to be Free, Independent and
Sovereign States, and declare that the people thereof owe no allegiance or obedience to George the Third, King of Great Britain; and I renounce, refuse and abjure any allegiance or obedience to him; and I do Swear that I will, to the utmost of
450:
I hereby declare, on oath, that I absolutely and entirely renounce and abjure all allegiance and fidelity to any foreign prince, potentate, state, or sovereignty of whom or which I have heretofore been a subject or citizen; that I will support and defend the
Constitution and laws of the United States
491:
Qualifying for this modification may require supporting documentation from the applicant's religious organization. The applicant is not required to belong to a specific religious group, but must have "a sincere and meaningful belief that has a place in the applicant's life that is equivalent to that
567:
Known as the "Old Law" Era (1790 - 1906), this period had no official document or "oath" as is the case today. The process of naturalization, thus, was a process that was taken up by an individual and a local court, of which thousands existed throughout the states at the time. With intercontinental
513:
The requirement to take and subscribe to the Oath of
Allegiance of the United States is waived for children under 14 years of age at the time of naturalization. The requirement may also be waived for any person unable to understand or communicate an understanding of said Oath due to a physical
727:
contravenes the
Establishment Clause of the First Amendment by exempting those whose conscientious objection claims are founded on a theistic belief, while not exempting those whose claims are based on a secular belief. To comport with that clause, an exemption must be "neutral" and include those
575:
But even with these changes, the
Certificate of Naturalization still lacked an actual "oath". Incoming citizens prior to 1906 would be deemed worthy only by the opinion of their judges. It wasn't until 1929 that a written "pledge" of sorts was added to the application, and not until 1950 that the
571:
It wasn't until the early nineteenth century, which saw a large increase in immigrants to the U.S. until a formal application was created. Congress enacted the Basic
Naturalization Act of 1906 which saw the first filed form for naturalization in the U.S. and was the first time that the Federal
704:), being "repulsed by no particular war, but by all killing." The court, finding that her stance was "based on a personal moral code and not on religious training and belief" and that she did not recognize anything "tantamount to a God or a Supreme Being", denied her petition.
648:
and if lawfully required, I further commit myself to defend the Constitution and laws of the United States against all enemies, foreign and domestic, either by military, noncombatant, or civilian service. This I do solemnly swear, so help me God.
723:, determined in respect to the provision in the Universal Military Training and Service Act that exempts from military service persons who by reason of "religious training and belief" are conscientiously opposed to war, that the Act:
479:, if the prospective citizen is unable or unwilling to promise to bear arms or perform noncombatant military service because of "religious training and belief", he or she may request to leave out those clauses. The law specifies:
572:
government oversaw the process. Form 2207 would be the first form of identification that would go along with the process of naturalization, which was updated progressively as technology like photographs were more accessible.
797:
provides that "an eligible court ... shall have authority to administer such oath of allegiance to persons residing within the jurisdiction of the court." Section 310(b)(5) defines "eligible court" for this purposes as "a
670:(1929), the U.S. Supreme Court upheld the denial of citizenship to an applicant who declared not to be willing to "take up arms personally" in defense of the United States. The applicant, Hungarian-born female suffragist
594:
of 1950 added the text about bearing arms and performing noncombatant service in the armed forces of the United States. The section about performing work of national importance under civilian direction was added by the
568:
travel being limited at the time, along with the United States being a relatively young country, the list of incoming nationalities was very short. This gave no need to have an extensive process for naturalization.
563:
added the section of the oath requiring new citizens to defend the Constitution and laws of the United States of America against all enemies, foreign and domestic; and bear true faith and allegiance to the same.
611:, CIS could theoretically change the text of the oath at any time, so long as the new text reasonably meets the "five principles" mandated by the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1953. These principles are:-
289:
1237:
504:
I further renounce the title of (give title or titles) which I have heretofore held; or I further renounce the order of nobility (give the order of nobility) to which I have heretofore belonged.
579:
The Oath acquired a standard text in 1929. Prior to then, spoken oaths were adapted from naturalization law, and each court could develop its own procedures for administering the oath.
487:
involving duties superior to those arising from any human relation, but does not include essentially political, sociological, or philosophical views, or a merely personal moral code.
936:
1262:
1212:
1137:
296:
700:
who had refused to take the part of the Oath requiring her to serve in the Armed Forces. She expressed a total "objection to warfare and the bearing of arms" (
764:
1187:
1162:
715:
607:
The current text of the Oath of Citizenship is established only in the form of an administrative regulation promulgated by the executive branch. Under the
1447:
696:, a U.S. district court considered the naturalization petition of Brenda Weitzman, a 25-year-old mother of two children from South Africa and religious
740:
431:
152:
90:
978:
555:, which required applicants to take an oath or affirmation "to support the constitution of the United States", but did not provide a text. The
608:
131:
111:
65:
834:
364:
246:
1463:
136:
189:
157:
85:
596:
282:
241:
237:
60:
1424:
964:
336:
1360:
774:
640:
794:
483:
The term "religious training and belief" as used in this section shall mean an individual's belief in a relation to a
877:
868:
853:
427:
55:
1052:
360:
744:
116:
50:
19:
This article is about the oath used in U.S. naturalization ceremonies. For the oath spoken to the U.S. flag, see
806:
in any State having a seal, a clerk, and jurisdiction in actions in law or equity, or law and equity, in which
591:
326:
968:, Vol. 12 (Citizenship & Naturalization), Part J (Oath of Allegiance), Chapter 2 (The Oath of Allegiance).
888:
or (B) a person who, though not a citizen of the United States, owes permanent allegiance to the United States
1377:
748:
653:
256:
205:
173:
1468:
799:
309:
461:
435:
75:
1299:
1028:
666:
629:
616:
560:
556:
552:
523:
368:
318:
194:
1425:"Margaret Doughty Approved For Citizenship As USCIS Backs Down In Flap Over Atheist Opposition To War"
582:
1286:
892:
622:
renunciation of allegiance to any foreign country to which the immigrant has had previous allegiances
1321:
500:
New citizens who hold foreign titles must also renounce those titles by adding the following phrase:
199:
80:
1070:
1003:
709:
251:
216:
1337:
701:
476:
211:
126:
927:
769:
420:
322:
807:
272:
121:
20:
8:
943:
875:("Certificates of citizenship or U.S. non-citizen national status; procedure"); see also
1395:
530:, pursuant to a Congressional resolution of February 3, 1778. An example appears below.
1119:
416:
379:
232:
881:
719:(1970), the Supreme Court, having noted the case factually similar and controlled by
1356:
885:("The term 'national of the United States' means (A) a citizen of the United States,
656:
Judiciary Subcommittee on Immigration, Border Security, and Claims on April 1, 2004.
384:
341:
951:
932:
910:
671:
527:
837:
939:
895:
at p.87 (9th ed., 2009) (defining the term "permanent allegiance" as "he lasting
872:
857:
803:
683:
383:
15 people from ten countries taking and subscribing to the Oath of Allegiance on
635:
promise to perform civilian duties of "national importance" when required by law
340:
U.S. military personnel taking and subscribing to the Oath of Allegiance at the
692:
639:
In the fall of 2003, CIS planned to change the oath of citizenship in time for
1457:
678:
1110:
Glentworth, James (1877). "The Oath Taken by the Officers at Valley Forge".
728:
whose belief emanates from a purely moral, ethical, or philosophical source.
419:
that must be taken and subscribed by every immigrant who wishes to become a
399:
U.S. military personnel taking and subscribing to the Oath of Allegiance in
35:
1238:"Naturalization Oath of Allegiance to the United States of America | USCIS"
697:
559:
added renunciation of the new citizen's former sovereign to the oath. The
388:
918:
914:
330:
1123:
1097:
Some of the Earliest Oaths of Allegiance to the United States of America
896:
353:
70:
544:
Sworn at the Valley Forge Camp this 11th day of May, 1778, before me
349:
551:
The Oath of Allegiance for prospective citizens originated with the
946:, that is, the s it connects are to be given separate meanings.");
446:
The current Oath of Allegiance of the United States is as follows:
1188:"History of the Certificate of Naturalization (1906-1956) | USCIS"
1163:"History of the Certificate of Naturalization (1906-1956) | USCIS"
1004:"Chapter 3 - Oath of Allegiance Modifications and Waivers | USCIS"
625:
defense of the Constitution against enemies "foreign and domestic"
922:
400:
372:
1442:
534:
I James Glentworth, Lieut, of 6th Pennya. Reg. do acknowledge
576:
addition of bearing arms for the U.S. was officially added.
495:
464:, the phrase "so help me God" is optional and that the words
395:
314:
317:
official administering the Oath of Allegiance to a group of
526:, oaths of allegiance were administered to officers of the
404:
484:
1059:. U.S. Department of Homeland Security. 12 USCIS-PM J.3.
743:
retracted their demand after receiving letters from the
739:
entitled to omit the Oath's clause about bearing arms.
765:
Ideological restrictions on naturalization in U.S. law
1419:
1417:
652:
The introduction of the new oath was scrapped by the
659:
367:
taking and subscribing to the Oath of Allegiance at
586:
Guide to Naturalization Records in New Jersey, 1941
1414:
1287:US Citizenship and Immigration Services Fact Sheet
1118:(2). The Historical Society of Pennsylvania: 174.
1112:The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography
829:
827:
741:United States Citizenship and Immigration Services
643:(September 17). The proposed oath was as follows:
632:when required by law (either combat or non-combat)
432:United States Citizenship and Immigration Services
1109:
849:
847:
1455:
824:
91:Deportation of Americans from the United States
1402:. Cornell University Law School. June 15, 1970
1297:
844:
979:"Oath of Allegiance for Naturalized Citizens"
942:concurring) ("The term 'or' is almost always
290:
1071:"Chapter 2 - The Oath of Allegiance | USCIS"
1263:"History of the Oath of Allegiance | USCIS"
1213:"History of the Oath of Allegiance | USCIS"
1138:"History of the Oath of Allegiance | USCIS"
1094:
1047:
1045:
1029:"Chapter 5, A Guide to Naturalization"
66:Effects of immigration to the United States
496:Renunciation of title or order of nobility
297:
283:
247:Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986
29:United States citizenship and immigration
1390:
1388:
1386:
1055:. Citizenship and Immigration Services.
1042:
1034:. Citizenship and Immigration Services.
981:. Citizenship and Immigration Services.
581:
394:
378:
359:
335:
308:
1350:
1038:. U.S. Department of Homeland Security.
597:Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952
238:Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952
61:Immigration policy of the United States
1456:
985:. U.S. Department of Homeland Security
808:the amount in controversy is unlimited
16:Official oath of allegiance in the U.S
1383:
1298:John J. Miller (September 15, 2003),
415:of the United States is the official
1326:, the American Legion, April 1, 2004
971:
775:Pledge of Allegiance (United States)
641:Constitution Day and Citizenship Day
426:The oath may be administered by any
800:district court of the United States
602:
434:(USCIS), including by any eligible
13:
1448:Oath of Allegiance (United States)
795:Immigration and Naturalization Act
14:
1480:
1435:
660:Objections and legal developments
514:disability or mental impairment.
430:or any authorized officer of the
56:Emigration from the United States
1464:Citizenship of the United States
1441:
931:, 583 U.S. ___, ___-___ (2018),
745:Freedom From Religion Foundation
455:
266:
71:Permanent Residency (Green Card)
51:Immigration to the United States
34:
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1088:
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1021:
996:
957:
913:, 493-94 n.3 (3d Cir. 2018) ("
862:
787:
770:Oath of office (United States)
707:The precedent relied upon was
1:
817:
749:American Humanist Association
654:U.S. House of Representatives
257:Child Citizenship Act of 2000
206:United States v. Wong Kim Ark
174:United States nationality law
132:Relinquishment of nationality
1323:Preserve Oath of Citizenship
1095:Waldenmaier, Nellie (1944).
954:, 755 (3d Cir. 1994) (same).
793:Section 310(b)(1)(A) of the
609:Administrative Procedure Act
7:
758:
10:
1485:
1353:Aldous Huxley: A Biography
1338:United States v. Schwimmer
702:conscientious objectorship
667:United States v. Schwimmer
630:United States Armed Forces
617:United States Constitution
561:Naturalization Act of 1906
557:Naturalization Act of 1795
553:Naturalization Act of 1790
517:
508:
369:Grand Canyon National Park
195:Naturalization Act of 1790
18:
1351:Bedford, Sybille (2002).
899:owed to by its citizens
117:U.S. citizens / nationals
1396:"Welsh v. United States"
1304:, National Review Online
780:
628:promise to serve in the
492:of a religious belief."
468:can be substituted with
273:United States portal
200:Civil Rights Act of 1866
190:Colonial nationality law
81:Diversity Immigrant Visa
905:s.") (emphasis added);
751:that objected based on
721:United States v. Seeger
710:United States v. Seeger
441:
252:Immigration Act of 1990
217:Nationality Act of 1940
1367:, p. 531-535, 545-546.
1341:, 279 U.S. 644 (1929).
907:Ricketts v. Att'y Gen.
893:Black's Law Dictionary
891:.") (emphasis added);
841:("Oath of allegiance")
802:in any State" or "any
753:Welsh v. United States
736:
716:Welsh v. United States
650:
587:
549:
506:
489:
453:
408:
392:
376:
357:
333:
212:Indian Citizenship Act
112:Birthright citizenship
1053:"USCIS Policy Manual"
928:Jennings v. Rodriguez
725:
645:
592:Internal Security Act
585:
532:
502:
481:
448:
421:United States citizen
398:
382:
363:
339:
312:
1450:at Wikimedia Commons
225:Relevant legislation
137:Honorary citizenship
21:Pledge of Allegiance
1469:Oaths of allegiance
965:USCIS Policy Manual
948:Chalmers v. Shalala
470:and solemnly affirm
319:U.S. servicemembers
76:Refugees and asylum
1099:. Lancaster Press.
882:§ 1101(a)(22)
615:allegiance to the
588:
541:JAMES GLENTWORTH.
417:oath of allegiance
413:Oath of Allegiance
409:
393:
377:
358:
334:
233:Citizenship Clause
107:Oath of Allegiance
86:Illegal immigrants
1446:Media related to
1362:978-1-56663-454-0
935:, 855-56 (2018) (
690:In the 1968 case
524:Revolutionary War
428:immigration judge
385:World Refugee Day
365:Lawful immigrants
327:Kandahar Airfield
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603:Proposed changes
528:Continental Army
462:U.S. regulations
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122:Citizenship test
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684:Brave New World
677:English writer
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547:STIRLING, M. G.
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1378:In re Weitzman
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1355:. Ivan R Dee.
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