541:
during his oath. The evidence pertaining to the 1865 inauguration is much stronger than that pertaining to
Lincoln's 1861 use of the phrase. Several sources claim that Lincoln said "So help me God" at his 1861 inauguration, yet these sources were not contemporaneous to the event. During the speech, Lincoln stated that his oath was "registered in Heaven," something some have taken as indicating he likely uttered the phrase "So help me God." Conversely, there was a claim made by A. M. Milligan (a Presbyterian minister who advocated for an official Christian U.S. government) that letters were sent to Abraham Lincoln asking him to swear to God during his inaugurations, and Lincoln allegedly wrote back saying that God's name was not in the Constitution, and he could not depart from the letter of that instrument.
163:
119:
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20:
742:, the presidential oath has been taken 76 different times by 45 persons. This numerical discrepancy results chiefly from two factors: a president must take the oath at the beginning of each term of office, and, because Inauguration Day has sometimes fallen on a Sunday, five presidents have taken the oath privately before the public inauguration ceremony. In addition, three have repeated the oath as a precaution against potential later constitutional challenges.
710:." Obama stopped at "execute," and waited for Roberts to correct himself. Roberts, after a false start, then followed Obama's "execute" with "faithfully," which results in "execute faithfully," which is also incorrect. Obama then repeated Roberts' initial, incorrect prompt, with the word "faithfully" after "United States." The oath was re-administered the next day by Roberts at the White House. This incident provided for the title and much of the content of
24:
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463:: "Which words, so help me God, shall be omitted in all cases where an affirmation is admitted instead of an oath." In contrast, the oath of the president is the only oath specified in the Constitution. It does not include the closing phrase "So help me God," and it also allows for the optional form of an
588:
misquoted the oath, but the error was not publicized at the time. The mistake was similar to the one Taft himself would make twenty years later when, as Chief
Justice, he swore in President Hoover. Recalling the incident, Taft wrote, "When I was sworn in as president by Chief Justice Fuller, he made
303:
Under the first form, now in disuse, the administrator articulated the constitutional oath in the form of a question, and modifying the wording from the first to the second person, as in, "Do you, George
Washington, solemnly swear ..." and then requested an affirmation. At that point a response
508:
The historical debate over who first used "So help me God" is marred by ignoring the two forms of giving the oath. The first, now in disuse, is when the administrator articulates the constitutional oath in the form of a question, as in, "Do you George
Washington solemnly swear ...", requesting
3352:
Map showing locations where the oath of office was first taken, marked with a green 'O' (or a green dot for scheduled occurrences). Locations where presidencies ended unexpectedly are marked with a red 'X' (a red dot denoted scheduled transitions). The nine sets of names shown in black denote the
291:
is the only president known to have used the word "affirm" rather than "swear." Herbert Hoover is often listed to have used "affirm" as well, owing to his being a Quaker, but a newsreel taken of the ceremony indicates that the words used were "solemnly swear." Richard Nixon, who was also a Quaker,
733:
Since the office of
President of the United States came into existence in 1789 there have been 59 public swearing-in ceremonies to mark the commencement of a new four-year presidential term, plus an additional nine marking the start of a partial presidential term following the intra-term death or
540:
A contemporaneous newspaper account of
Lincoln's 1865 inauguration states that Lincoln appended the phrase "So help me God" to the oath. This newspaper report is followed by another account, provided later in the same year after Lincoln's death (April 15, 1865), that Lincoln said "So help me God"
454:
for all U.S. judges and officers other than the president. It was prescribed even earlier under the various first state constitutions as well as by the Second
Continental Congress in 1776. Although the phrase is mandatory in these oaths, the said Act also allows for the option that the phrase be
326:
Under the second, and current form, the administrator articulates the oath in the affirmative, and in the first person, so that the president takes the oath by repeating it verbatim. Franklin
Roosevelt, in 1933, stood silent as Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes recited the entire oath, then
25:
29:
30:
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on that date; prior to 1937 the president's term of office began on March 4. If
January 20 falls on a Sunday, the president will be sworn in that day by taking the oath privately, but will then re-take the oath in a public ceremony the next day, on January 21.
287:, who apply this scripture literally: "But above all things, my brethren, swear not, neither by heaven, neither by the earth, neither by any other oath: but let your yea be yea; and your nay, nay; lest ye fall into condemnation" (James 5:12, KJV).
630:, apparently mistaken about the meaning of Truman's middle initial (which is not an abbreviation but rather the whole middle name in itself), began reading the oath by saying "I, Harry Shipp Truman, ..." Truman responded: "I, Harry S Truman, ..."
327:
repeated that oath from beginning to end himself. By the time of Harry Truman's inauguration in 1949, the practice was for the chief justice to utter the oath in phrases, with the president repeating those phrases, until the oath was completed.
153:
have succeeded to the presidency upon the death or resignation of the president. In these situations the oath of office was administered to the new president as quickly as possible, as doing so allowed the presidency to continue uninterrupted.
509:
an affirmation. At that point a response of "I do" or "I swear" completes the oath. Without verbatim transcripts, the scant existing evidence shows this was the common procedure at least until the early 20th century. In 1865 the
Sacramento
544:
All federal judges and executive officers were required as early as 1789 by statute to include the phrase unless they affirmed, in which case the phrase must be omitted. Given that nearly every president-elect since President
608:, and defend the Constitution." Taft eventually acknowledged his error, but did not think it was important, and Hoover did not retake the oath. In Taft's view, his departure from the text did not invalidate the oath.
108:"I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States."
4039:
22:
3357:—names underlined in grey) or resignation (one, noted by a superscript 'R'). The inset at the bottom of the map is Oath or Affirmation Clause (Article II, Section One, Clause 8) of the U.S. Constitution.
3421:"The Constitution of the United States of America: Analysis and Interpretation, Centennial Edition, Interim Edition: Analysis of Cases Decided by the Supreme Court of the United States to June 26, 2013"
93:, similarly requires the persons specified therein to "be bound by oath or affirmation, to support this Constitution." The presidential oath requires much more than that general oath of allegiance and
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497:, the first president, added the phrase to his acceptance of the oath. The earliest known source indicating Washington added "So help me God" to his acceptance, not to the oath, is attributed to
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In fact, Milligan did write to Lincoln, but his request was not that Lincoln add "so help me God" to the Oath, but rather that the name of Jesus Christ be added to the U.S. Constitution.
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account is embellished in several ways, and other newspaper accounts published nearer to the ceremony do not mention the phrase (but they do not quote the oath in any form). In 1881, the
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The Constitutional language gives the option to "affirm" instead of "swear." While the reasons for this are not documented, it may relate to certain Christians, including
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on November 22, 1963; the only time a woman has administered the oath of office. Overall, the presidential oath has been administered by 15 chief justices (one of whom—
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Harry Truman is a notable example, as he bent and kissed the Bible upon taking the oath for the first time, on April 12, 1945, as well as at his second inauguration.
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97:. This clause enjoins the new president to swear or affirm: "I will to the best of my ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States."
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While the Constitution does not mandate that anyone in particular should administer the presidential oath of office, it has been administered by the
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location where presidencies have ended intra-term due to the incumbent's death (four presidents have died of natural causes and four were
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a similar slip," and added, "but in those days when there was no radio, it was observed only in the Senate chamber where I took the oath."
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protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States." Nixon had recited the line correctly during his first inauguration.
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Term began Tuesday, January 20, despite the "mishap" of the public oath being repeated correctly in private the next day.
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2005:
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Catholic Church Missal Not Bible Used By Johnson For Oath At Dallas, Andrew J. Glass, Washington Post , February 26 1967
467:
which is not considered an oath. In practice, most presidents, at least during the last century, have opted to take the
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315:, reported that he responded to the question of accepting the oath with the words, "I will, so help me God." In 1929,
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596:, Chief Justice Taft, himself formerly a president of the United States, garbled the oath when he swore in President
323:
began the oath uttering, "You, Herbert Hoover, do you solemnly swear ...", Hoover replied with a simple "I do."
197:
537:
began the oath uttering, "You, Herbert Hoover, do you solemnly swear ..." Hoover replied with a simple "I do."
529:
reported that he responded to the question of accepting the oath with the words, "I will, so help me God." In 1929,
505:, states only the constitutional oath, without reference to Washington's adding "So help me God" to his acceptance.
162:
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6382:
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3572:
Porter H. Dale, "The Calvin Coolidge Inauguration Revisited: An Eyewitness Account by Congressman Porter H. Dale",
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619:'s bare initial caused an unusual slip when he first became president and took the oath. At a meeting in the
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clauses in the Constitution, but it is the only one that actually specifies the words that must be spoken.
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702:, incorrectly recited part of the oath. Roberts prompted, "That I will execute the Office of President
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has recited the additional phrase, it is likely that the majority of presidents-elect have uttered it.
67:
4606:"Wilson to Take Oath Sunday: First Swearing Into Office on March 4 Will Be Repeated the Following Day"
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307:
It is believed that this was the common procedure at least until the early 20th century. In 1881, the
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Before he enter on the Execution of his Office, he shall take the following Oath or Affirmation:—
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4336:"A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774–1875"
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5426:
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while taking the oath of office. In 1789, George Washington took the oath of office with an
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begins their four-year term of office at noon on the twentieth day of January following the
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384:, who swore on a book of law, with the intention that he was swearing on the constitution.
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in New York, and he kissed the Bible afterward. Subsequent presidents up to and including
8:
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4402:"No Problems With Today's Oath at the Supreme Court – The BLT: The Blog of Legal Times"
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55:
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475:), to use a Bible to do so, and also to close the oath with the customary phrase.
346:
By convention, incoming presidents raise their right hand and place the left on a
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517:. Lincoln finished his oath with "So help me God," and he kissed the Bible. The
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1214:
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read the line "the office of President of the United States" as "the office of
597:
213:
209:
201:
122:
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3758:
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683:
added the word "and" between "preserve" and "protect," resulting in "preserve
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1950:
1722:
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832:
788:
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409:
397:
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248:
233:
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There have been two forms of administering, and taking, the oath of office.
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1377:
918:
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836:
784:
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on March 4, 1933, the first of Roosevelt's four presidential inaugurations.
35:
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6011:
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2394:
1632:
654:
424:
each swore the oath on two Bibles. The large leather-bound Bible used by
70:, and a new president must take it before exercising or carrying out any
5856:
3954:"Catholic Church Missal, Not Bible, Used by Johnson for Oath at Dallas"
182:
3985:"The significance of the Bible Joe Biden is using on Inauguration Day"
3777:
727:
Further information on the inauguration ceremony and its history:
5764:
2756:
2527:
739:
735:
450:
explicitly prescribed the phrase "So help me God" in oaths under the
425:
339:
39:
4119:
The Republican court, or, American society in the days of Washington
4103:
3426:. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. 2013. p. 13.
342:
takes the oath of office on the Biden family Bible, January 20, 2021
62:
takes upon assuming office. The wording of the oath is specified in
4717:
Video of inaugurations from Franklin D. Roosevelt – Barack H. Obama
4526:
4104:'So Help Me God': A George Washington Myth that Should Be Discarded
94:
3789:
Joint Congressional Committee on Inauguration Ceremonies website:
204:, chief judge of the U.S. Circuit Court, administered the oath to
5799:
5229:
4436:
3607:
Democracy's Big Day: The Inauguration of Our President, 1789–2013
2166:
284:
4179:"The New York herald. [volume], March 05, 1865, Image 1"
3682:"The New Administration; President Arthur Formally Inaugurated"
3472:. Vol. 32, no. 4. Washington, D.C.: National Archives
2621:
393:
366:
said a prayer in the end instead of kissing the Bible in 1953.
400:, believing it was a Bible, in the immediate aftermath of the
208:
on July 10, 1850, when he became president after the death of
4462:
2625:
351:
347:
6296:
455:
omitted by the officer, in which case it would be called an
380:
did not use the Bible when taking the oath in 1901, nor did
125:
being sworn in as next president, two hours after President
3561:
Hail to the Chief!: The Inauguration Days of our Presidents
3259:
Inaugurations sort alphabetically by president's last name.
441:
51:
4207:
Memorial record of the nation's tribute to Abraham Lincoln
3445:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: National Constitution Center
4231:
Recollections of President Lincoln and his Administration
3373:
Oath of office of the vice president of the United States
3182:
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1994:
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4586:. National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior
4564:. National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior
4562:"Spiegel Grove: Rutherford B. Hayes Presidential Center"
4381:"Chief justice leads Obama to stumble presidential oath"
4203:
3307:
Term began when President Garfield died on September 19.
1956:
U.S. District Court for the Western District of New York
649:
President of the United States," even as chief justices
141:, and, by tradition, takes the oath of office during an
4324:. Chicago and New York: F. H. Revell. pp. 234–235.
3542:. Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies
564:
being administered the oath of office by Chief Justice
485:
being administered the oath of office by Chief Justice
169:
being administered the oath of office by Chief Justice
4068:. U.S. Army Center of Military History. Archived from
3740:
Franklin D. Roosevelt – Oath of office March 4th, 1933
2637:
U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Texas
604:, and defend the Constitution," instead of "preserve,
4750:
4666:"Obama retakes oath of office after Roberts' mistake"
4500:"Obama retakes oath of office after Roberts' mistake"
4193:– via Library of Congress, Chronicling America.
716:
The Oath: The Obama White House and the Supreme Court
376:
did not use a Bible in their oath-taking ceremonies.
185:, except following the death of a sitting president.
4688:"Obama to take private oath in brief family service"
4432:"Lyndon B. Johnson Oath of Office, January 20, 1965"
4378:
4167:– via California Digital Newspaper Collection.
3767:
from the original on 2021-12-22 – via YouTube.
3747:
from the original on 2021-12-22 – via YouTube.
3727:
from the original on 2021-12-22 – via YouTube.
3676:
3674:
2520:
2489:
2385:
2354:
2323:
2290:
1973:
1932:
820:
775:
48:
oath of office of the president of the United States
4350:"Inauguration of the President: Facts & Firsts"
3791:"Inauguration of President George Washington, 1789"
3760:
Harry S. Truman – Oath of office January 20th, 1949
3319:
Term began when President Harding died on August 2.
3286:
Term began when President Harrison died on April 4.
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3006:
2975:
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1772:
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906:
797:
6174:Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787
3893:. Archived from the original on September 25, 2015
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883:
16:Oath taken by a new president of the United States
4646:. Vol. 32, no. 4. The National Archives
4137:Documentary History of the First Federal Congress
4106:". History Bytes News Network (January 12, 2009).
4017:. University of Georgia Libraries. Archived from
3671:
3205:
3173:
3124:
3068:
2963:
2932:
2202:
2171:
1675:
1527:
1494:
1463:
1432:
1365:
1201:
1170:
1139:
1013:
979:
356:St. John's Lodge No. 1, Ancient York Masons lodge
38:administering the presidential oath of office to
6731:
3951:
3911:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
3885:
3883:
3295:Term began when President Taylor died on July 9.
2860:
2845:
2826:
2814:
2795:
2764:
2728:
2697:
2666:
2585:
2573:
2535:
2501:
2468:
2456:
2420:
2366:
2335:
2302:
2209:U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia
2119:
2068:
2035:
2016:
1985:
1913:
1882:
1848:
1815:
1475:
1444:
1413:
1382:
1346:
1315:
1279:
1246:
1213:
1077:
1044:
845:
4283:. Lillian Goldman Law Library, Yale University.
4147:
4145:
3109:
3056:
3025:
2994:
2783:
2716:
2685:
2630:
2435:
2399:
2259:
2131:
2083:
2047:
1784:
1753:
1706:
1687:
1637:
1601:
1589:
1570:
1558:
1539:
1506:
1401:
1334:
1108:
868:
493:There is currently debate as to whether or not
6185:Bibliography of the United States Constitution
4631:
4629:
4342:
4122:. New York: D. Appleton and Company. pp.
3803:
3780:"St. John's Lodge No. 1, Ancient York Masons".
3192:
3160:
2899:
2271:
2238:
1949:
1721:
1620:
1286:U.S. Circuit Court of the District of Columbia
1265:
6282:
4736:
4706:"Did George Washington Say 'So Help Me God'?"
4042:. Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from
3928:"Presidential Inaugurations Past and Present"
3880:
3329:
3327:
3325:
2749:
2004:
1303:
431:
4277:"First Inaugural Address of Abraham Lincoln"
4142:
3273:
3271:
3269:
3267:
3265:
2387:Fourth inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt
2325:Second inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt
4626:
4251:
4153:"Letters from Washington: Inauguration Day"
3701:
3699:
3697:
3695:
3303:
3301:
2522:Second inauguration of Dwight D. Eisenhower
2356:Third inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt
2292:First inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt
304:of "I do" or "I swear" completed the oath.
6289:
6275:
4743:
4729:
4227:
3809:
3633:"Quaker Presidents and the Oath of Office"
3322:
3315:
3313:
2491:First inauguration of Dwight D. Eisenhower
6755:Clauses of the United States Constitution
4635:
4321:Reformation Principles Stated and Applied
4066:"Oaths of Enlistment and Oaths of Office"
4040:"Intelligence in the War of Independence"
3982:
3819:. New York: Simon and Schuster. pp.
3463:
3262:
1975:Second inauguration of Theodore Roosevelt
738:president. With the 2021 inauguration of
568:for the second time, on January 21, 2009.
428:had been in the Biden family since 1893.
319:magazine reported that the Chief Justice
228:was sworn in as president by his father,
6750:United States presidential inaugurations
6298:United States presidential inaugurations
6241:Scene at the Signing of the Constitution
4456:
4115:
3708:, Mar. 25, 1929]. Retrieved 2009-01-23.
3692:
3436:
3347:
3298:
2656:Second inauguration of Lyndon B. Johnson
1934:First inauguration of Theodore Roosevelt
822:Second inauguration of George Washington
556:
477:
334:
278:
161:
117:
18:
3720:Herbert Hoover Takes the Oath of Office
3630:
3587:"Oath Of Office: To Swear Or To Affirm"
3518:"George Washington's Inaugural Address"
3310:
2606:First inauguration of Lyndon B. Johnson
1903:Second inauguration of William McKinley
1838:Second inauguration of Grover Cleveland
1591:Second inauguration of Ulysses S. Grant
950:Second inauguration of Thomas Jefferson
777:First inauguration of George Washington
729:United States presidential inauguration
85:requires Senators, when sitting to try
6732:
4317:
4293:
4204:Benjamin Franklin Morris, ed. (1865).
3952:Glass, Andrew J. (February 26, 1967).
3925:
3603:
3399:"Essays on Article II: Oath of Office"
2458:Second inauguration of Harry S. Truman
2228:Second inauguration of Calvin Coolidge
1869:First inauguration of William McKinley
1774:First inauguration of Grover Cleveland
1560:First inauguration of Ulysses S. Grant
1496:Second inauguration of Abraham Lincoln
1236:Inauguration of William Henry Harrison
908:First inauguration of Thomas Jefferson
515:second inauguration of Abraham Lincoln
6270:
4724:
3891:"Bibles Used in Inaugural Ceremonies"
3866:
3864:
3862:
3378:United States presidential transition
3027:Second inauguration of George W. Bush
2422:First inauguration of Harry S. Truman
2152:First inauguration of Calvin Coolidge
2070:Second inauguration of Woodrow Wilson
1465:First inauguration of Abraham Lincoln
1172:Second inauguration of Andrew Jackson
851:Associate Justice, U.S. Supreme Court
722:
664:, Chief Justice Earl Warren prompted
6220:Constitution Day and Citizenship Day
4488:File:Barack Obama Oath of Office.ogg
4404:. Legaltimes.typepad.com. 2009-01-21
3983:Schumaker, Erin (January 20, 2021).
2996:First inauguration of George W. Bush
2847:Second inauguration of Ronald Reagan
2718:Second inauguration of Richard Nixon
2037:First inauguration of Woodrow Wilson
1141:First inauguration of Andrew Jackson
1015:Second inauguration of James Madison
525:article covering the swearing in of
311:article covering the swearing in of
193:inauguration, on April 30, 1789, by
6208:Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom
5735:Incorporation of the Bill of Rights
4514:
4457:Williams, Pete (January 20, 2009).
4379:Agence France-Presse (2009-01-21).
3778:http://www.stjohns1.org/portal/gwib
3396:
3111:Second inauguration of Barack Obama
2965:Second inauguration of Bill Clinton
2816:First inauguration of Ronald Reagan
2687:First inauguration of Richard Nixon
2006:Inauguration of William Howard Taft
1622:Inauguration of Rutherford B. Hayes
1079:Second inauguration of James Monroe
981:First inauguration of James Madison
438:So help me God § United States
408:. Harry Truman, Dwight Eisenhower,
259:—was also a former president), one
243:administered the oath of office to
13:
6745:United States presidential history
5299:Drafting and ratification timeline
5044:District of Columbia Voting Rights
4540:"Inauguration at the U.S. Capitol"
4300:. Boston: James H. Earle. p.
4228:Chittenden, Lucius Eugene (1904).
3859:
3610:. iUniverse. pp. xi, 28, 36.
3540:"President Millard Fillmore, 1850"
3498:. Mount Vernon Ladies' Association
3073:Chief Justice of the United States
3058:First inauguration of Barack Obama
2934:First inauguration of Bill Clinton
2916:Chief Justice of the United States
2733:Chief Justice of the United States
2540:Chief Justice of the United States
2473:Chief Justice of the United States
2404:Chief Justice of the United States
2307:Chief Justice of the United States
2243:Chief Justice of the United States
2052:Chief Justice of the United States
1820:Chief Justice of the United States
1642:Chief Justice of the United States
1511:Chief Justice of the United States
1218:Chief Justice of the United States
1046:First inauguration of James Monroe
932:Chief Justice of the United States
889:Chief Justice of the United States
698:, while administering the oath to
657:(in 1957) said the line correctly.
89:, to be "on Oath or Affirmation."
14:
6771:
4752:Constitution of the United States
4698:
4522:Obama is Sworn in for Second Time
3437:Larson, Edward J.; Shesol, Jeff.
2901:Inauguration of George H. W. Bush
2121:Inauguration of Warren G. Harding
1805:Inauguration of Benjamin Harrison
1708:Inauguration of Chester A. Arthur
1677:Inauguration of James A. Garfield
1110:Inauguration of John Quincy Adams
189:was sworn into office during his
157:
64:Article II, Section One, Clause 8
5155:Convention to propose amendments
4636:Arbelbide, C. L. (Winter 2000).
4294:Foster, James Mitchell (1894) .
3667:from the original on 2021-12-22.
3496:George Washington's Mount Vernon
3464:Arbelbide, C. L. (Winter 2000).
1367:Inauguration of Millard Fillmore
1203:Inauguration of Martin Van Buren
404:; he swore in on a Bible at his
402:assassination of John F. Kennedy
330:
6740:Presidency of the United States
4680:
4658:
4598:
4576:
4554:
4532:
4492:
4481:
4450:
4424:
4415:
4394:
4372:
4328:
4318:Foster, James Mitchell (1890).
4311:
4287:
4269:
4245:
4221:
4197:
4171:
4130:
4109:
4096:
4093:, Sec. 7. Retrieved 2009-01-24.
4084:
4058:
4032:
4003:
3976:
3945:
3919:
3838:
3783:
3771:
3751:
3731:
3711:
3651:
3631:Swallow, Wendy (July 1, 2016).
3624:
3597:
3579:
3576:, 1994, Volume 62, pp. 214–222.
3492:"Presidential Election of 1789"
3336:
3289:
3280:
3253:
2575:Inauguration of John F. Kennedy
1403:Inauguration of Franklin Pierce
253:John F. Kennedy's assassination
6656:G. H. W. Bush (1989)
5770:Separation of church and state
4011:"Georgia Constitution of 1777"
3566:
3553:
3532:
3510:
3484:
3457:
3430:
3413:
3390:
3333:Term began Sunday, January 20.
2261:Inauguration of Herbert Hoover
1529:Inauguration of Andrew Johnson
1434:Inauguration of James Buchanan
1336:Inauguration of Zachary Taylor
135:president of the United States
133:A newly elected or re-elected
60:president of the United States
1:
5274:Virginia Ratifying Convention
4529:. Retrieved January 22, 2009.
3639:. Reno Friends Quaker Meeting
3383:
1305:Inauguration of James K. Polk
292:swore, rather than affirmed.
216:'s death, while visiting his
6235:National Constitution Center
6033:Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer
5332:Assemble and Petition Clause
4210:. W. H. & O. H. Morrison
4116:Griswold, Rufus W. (1855) .
3162:Inauguration of Donald Trump
2785:Inauguration of Jimmy Carter
77:This clause is one of three
7:
6577:F. D. Roosevelt (1945)
6572:F. D. Roosevelt (1941)
6567:F. D. Roosevelt (1937)
6562:F. D. Roosevelt (1933)
6106:Charles Cotesworth Pinckney
5160:State ratifying conventions
5097:Equal Opportunity to Govern
5092:Electoral College abolition
5019:Congressional Apportionment
4159:. April 10, 1865. p. 8
3368:Presidential Succession Act
3361:
3277:Term began Sunday, March 4.
2751:Inauguration of Gerald Ford
1272:Brown's Indian Queen Hotel,
600:using the words "preserve,
533:magazine reported that the
113:
10:
6776:
6388:W. H. Harrison (1841)
4542:. Architect of the Capitol
1267:Inauguration of John Tyler
870:Inauguration of John Adams
726:
552:
435:
68:United States Constitution
6722:*Intra-term inaugurations
6720:
6674:
6618:L. B. Johnson (1965)
6611:L. B. Johnson (1963)
6498:
6330:
6304:
6193:
6165:
6145:
6124:
6093:
6067:
6046:
6020:
5984:
5933:
5902:
5886:
5865:
5844:
5823:
5807:
5798:
5677:
5559:Privileges and Immunities
5372:Congressional enforcement
5307:
5294:Rhode Island ratification
5185:Articles of Confederation
5172:
5150:
5127:Parental Rights amendment
5052:
5009:
4934:
4906:
4885:
4822:
4818:
4809:
4758:
4584:"Chester A. Arthur House"
3401:. The Heritage Foundation
3194:Inauguration of Joe Biden
3123:
3108:
3067:
3055:
2859:
2844:
2534:
2519:
2149:
2082:
2067:
1746:The Vice President's Room
1705:
1636:
1619:
212:. Upon being informed of
72:official powers or duties
5790:Unitary executive theory
5564:Privileges or Immunities
5279:New York Circular Letter
5269:Massachusetts Compromise
3443:Interactive Constitution
3247:
354:Bible borrowed from the
295:
230:John Calvin Coolidge Sr.
6368:J. Q. Adams (1825)
5710:Dormant Commerce Clause
5554:Presidential succession
5289:Fayetteville Convention
5284:Hillsborough Convention
5220:Three-fifths Compromise
5200:Philadelphia Convention
5190:Mount Vernon Conference
5077:Campaign finance reform
4704:Forrest Church, Ph.D.,
4668:. CNN. January 21, 2009
4502:. CNN. January 21, 2013
4258:. Thompson & Thomas
4234:. Harper & Brothers
4139:, Vol. 15, pp. 404–405.
3926:Kennon, Donald (2005).
3800:. Retrieved 2009-02-16.
3520:. The National Archives
668:to say, "the Office of
222:Plymouth Notch, Vermont
100:
6687:G. W. Bush (2005)
6682:G. W. Bush (2001)
5873:William Samuel Johnson
5745:Nondelegation doctrine
5317:Admission to the Union
5264:Anti-Federalist Papers
5215:Connecticut Compromise
4459:"About That Oath Flub"
4157:Sacramento Daily Union
3848:. Toledo, OH: WTOL.com
3358:
2204:Adolph A. Hoehling Jr.
1728:New York Supreme Court
1714:Chester A. Arthur Home
803:Chancellor of New York
672:of the United States."
569:
490:
343:
271:state judges, and one
195:Chancellor of New York
174:
130:
111:
43:
6080:Richard Dobbs Spaight
5549:Presidential Electors
5524:Original Jurisdiction
5464:Full Faith and Credit
5337:Assistance of Counsel
5258:The Federalist Papers
5087:Crittenden Compromise
4102:Peter R. Henriques, "
4091:Judiciary Act of 1789
3846:"Inaugural fun facts"
3688:. September 23, 1881.
3439:"Twentieth Amendment"
3351:
3241:Oath administered by
1534:Kirkwood House Hotel,
760:Oath administered by
560:
547:Franklin D. Roosevelt
481:
452:Judiciary Act of 1789
436:Further information:
338:
279:Option of affirmation
167:Franklin D. Roosevelt
165:
121:
104:
33:
6249:A More Perfect Union
6225:Constitution Gardens
6146:Convention Secretary
5808:Convention President
5780:Symmetric federalism
5775:Separation of powers
5509:Necessary and Proper
5504:Natural-born citizen
5449:Freedom of the Press
5387:Copyright and Patent
5377:Contingent Elections
5195:Annapolis Convention
4252:Peter Selby (1900).
4046:on December 10, 2008
3723:. February 6, 2009.
3604:Bendat, Jim (2012).
2179:justice of the peace
2173:John Calvin Coolidge
2076:The President's Room
1876:original Senate Wing
643:Dwight D. Eisenhower
489:on January 20, 1989.
392:on a Roman Catholic
388:was sworn in at his
364:Dwight D. Eisenhower
171:Charles Evans Hughes
91:Article VI, Clause 3
83:Article I, Section 3
42:on January 20, 2021.
6519:T. Roosevelt (1905)
6512:T. Roosevelt (1901)
6256:Worldwide influence
5997:Gunning Bedford Jr.
5725:Executive privilege
5705:Criminal sentencing
5628:Title of Nobility (
5619:Taxing and Spending
5519:Oath or Affirmation
5479:House Apportionment
5342:Case or Controversy
5225:Committee of Detail
5117:"Liberty" amendment
5082:Christian amendment
4638:"Abrupt Transition"
4614:. November 15, 1916
4469:on January 21, 2009
4421:McCullough, p. 347.
4360:on January 10, 2009
4072:on 10 February 2018
3962:The Washington Post
3593:. January 18, 2009.
3466:"Abrupt Transition"
1385:Circuit Court Judge
579:William Howard Taft
406:second inauguration
257:William Howard Taft
79:oath or affirmation
6480:B. Harrison (1889)
5910:William Livingston
5894:Alexander Hamilton
5700:Criminal procedure
5695:Constitutional law
5630:Foreign Emoluments
5594:State of the Union
5579:Self-Incrimination
5569:Recess appointment
5362:Compulsory Process
5024:Titles of Nobility
4611:The New York Times
4281:The Avalon Project
3991:. ABC News Network
3796:2009-01-20 at the
3686:The New York Times
3559:Glenn D. Kittler,
3359:
2158:Coolidge Homestead
1940:Ansley Wilcox Home
1923:September 14, 1901
1736:September 22, 1881
1718:New York, New York
1697:September 20, 1881
734:resignation of an
723:List of ceremonies
706:the United States
570:
491:
390:first inauguration
378:Theodore Roosevelt
344:
175:
131:
44:
6727:
6726:
6600:Eisenhower (1957)
6595:Eisenhower (1953)
6440:A. Johnson (1865)
6317:Washington (1793)
6312:Washington (1789)
6264:
6263:
6230:Constitution Week
6215:Independence Mall
6203:National Archives
6161:
6160:
5976:Gouverneur Morris
5961:Thomas Fitzsimons
5941:Benjamin Franklin
5815:George Washington
5715:Enumerated powers
5690:Concurrent powers
5685:Balance of powers
5514:No Religious Test
5454:Freedom of Speech
5245:Independence Hall
5168:
5167:
5072:Bricker amendment
5005:
5004:
4255:Anecdotal Lincoln
3811:McCullough, David
3763:. June 19, 2007.
3743:. June 19, 2007.
3617:978-1-935278-47-4
3563:, 1965, page 167.
3245:
3244:
3038:William Rehnquist
3007:William Rehnquist
2976:William Rehnquist
2945:William Rehnquist
2913:William Rehnquist
2617:Dallas Love Field
2595:November 22, 1963
2367:Charles E. Hughes
2336:Charles E. Hughes
2304:Charles E. Hughes
1945:Buffalo, New York
1054:Old Brick Capitol
799:Robert Livingston
666:Lyndon B. Johnson
577:, when President
527:Chester A. Arthur
503:Comte de Moustier
499:Washington Irving
495:George Washington
487:William Rehnquist
483:George H. W. Bush
414:George H. W. Bush
386:Lyndon B. Johnson
382:John Quincy Adams
362:, followed suit.
313:Chester A. Arthur
261:associate justice
245:Lyndon B. Johnson
198:Robert Livingston
187:George Washington
31:
6767:
6637:
6614:
6586:
6548:
6515:
6485:Cleveland (1893)
6475:Cleveland (1885)
6471:
6443:
6415:
6397:
6383:Van Buren (1837)
6343:Jefferson (1805)
6338:Jefferson (1801)
6291:
6284:
6277:
6268:
6267:
6111:Charles Pinckney
5920:William Paterson
5852:Nathaniel Gorham
5805:
5804:
5584:Speech or Debate
5412:Equal Protection
5122:Ludlow amendment
5107:Flag Desecration
5102:Federal Marriage
5067:Blaine amendment
5029:Corwin Amendment
4820:
4819:
4816:
4815:
4745:
4738:
4731:
4722:
4721:
4692:
4691:
4684:
4678:
4677:
4675:
4673:
4662:
4656:
4655:
4653:
4651:
4633:
4624:
4623:
4621:
4619:
4602:
4596:
4595:
4593:
4591:
4580:
4574:
4573:
4571:
4569:
4558:
4552:
4551:
4549:
4547:
4536:
4530:
4518:
4512:
4511:
4509:
4507:
4496:
4490:
4485:
4479:
4478:
4476:
4474:
4465:. Archived from
4454:
4448:
4447:
4445:
4444:
4428:
4422:
4419:
4413:
4412:
4410:
4409:
4398:
4392:
4391:
4389:
4388:
4376:
4370:
4369:
4367:
4365:
4356:. Archived from
4346:
4340:
4339:
4332:
4326:
4325:
4315:
4309:
4305:
4291:
4285:
4284:
4273:
4267:
4266:
4264:
4263:
4249:
4243:
4242:
4240:
4239:
4225:
4219:
4218:
4216:
4215:
4201:
4195:
4194:
4192:
4190:
4175:
4169:
4168:
4166:
4164:
4149:
4140:
4134:
4128:
4127:
4113:
4107:
4100:
4094:
4088:
4082:
4081:
4079:
4077:
4062:
4056:
4055:
4053:
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4036:
4030:
4029:
4027:
4026:
4007:
4001:
4000:
3998:
3996:
3980:
3974:
3973:
3971:
3969:
3958:
3949:
3943:
3942:
3940:
3939:
3930:. Archived from
3923:
3917:
3916:
3910:
3902:
3900:
3898:
3887:
3878:
3877:
3868:
3857:
3856:
3854:
3853:
3842:
3836:
3834:
3807:
3801:
3787:
3781:
3775:
3769:
3768:
3755:
3749:
3748:
3735:
3729:
3728:
3715:
3709:
3703:
3690:
3689:
3678:
3669:
3668:
3655:
3649:
3648:
3646:
3644:
3628:
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3595:
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3583:
3577:
3570:
3564:
3557:
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3550:
3548:
3547:
3536:
3530:
3529:
3527:
3525:
3514:
3508:
3507:
3505:
3503:
3488:
3482:
3481:
3479:
3477:
3461:
3455:
3454:
3452:
3450:
3434:
3428:
3427:
3425:
3417:
3411:
3410:
3408:
3406:
3397:Kesavan, Vasan.
3394:
3343:
3340:
3334:
3331:
3320:
3317:
3308:
3305:
3296:
3293:
3287:
3284:
3278:
3275:
3260:
3257:
3240:
3234:
3228:
3222:
3216:
3209:
3196:
3184:
3183:January 20, 2021
3177:
3164:
3152:
3151:January 20, 2017
3135:
3134:January 21, 2013
3128:
3113:
3101:
3100:January 20, 2013
3081:
3080:January 21, 2009
3074:
3060:
3048:
3047:January 20, 2009
3041:
3029:
3017:
3016:January 20, 2005
3010:
2998:
2986:
2985:January 20, 2001
2979:
2967:
2955:
2954:January 20, 1997
2948:
2936:
2924:
2923:January 20, 1993
2917:
2903:
2891:
2890:January 20, 1989
2871:
2870:January 21, 1985
2864:
2849:
2837:
2836:January 20, 1985
2830:
2818:
2806:
2805:January 20, 1981
2799:
2787:
2775:
2774:January 20, 1977
2768:
2753:
2741:
2734:
2720:
2708:
2707:January 20, 1973
2701:
2689:
2677:
2676:January 20, 1969
2670:
2658:
2646:
2645:January 20, 1965
2639:
2608:
2596:
2589:
2577:
2565:
2564:January 20, 1961
2548:
2547:January 21, 1957
2541:
2524:
2512:
2511:January 20, 1957
2505:
2493:
2481:
2480:January 20, 1953
2474:
2460:
2448:
2447:January 20, 1949
2441:
2424:
2412:
2405:
2389:
2377:
2376:January 20, 1945
2370:
2358:
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2345:January 20, 1941
2339:
2327:
2315:
2314:January 20, 1937
2308:
2294:
2282:
2275:
2263:
2251:
2244:
2230:
2218:
2211:
2199:Washington, D.C.
2187:
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2020:
2008:
1996:
1989:
1977:
1965:
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1936:
1924:
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910:
898:
891:
885:Oliver Ellsworth
872:
860:
853:
824:
812:
805:
779:
767:
745:
744:
694:, Chief Justice
471:(rather than an
432:"So help me God"
370:Thomas Jefferson
206:Millard Fillmore
129:'s assassination
32:
6775:
6774:
6770:
6769:
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6609:
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6552:Coolidge (1925)
6545:Coolidge (1923)
6543:
6510:
6506:McKinley (1901)
6494:
6490:McKinley (1897)
6466:
6462:Garfield (1881)
6438:
6424:Buchanan (1857)
6412:Fillmore (1850)
6410:
6392:
6326:
6322:J. Adams (1797)
6300:
6295:
6265:
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6195:
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6153:William Jackson
6141:
6137:Abraham Baldwin
6120:
6089:
6085:Hugh Williamson
6063:
6042:
6016:
6007:Richard Bassett
5980:
5966:Jared Ingersoll
5929:
5925:Jonathan Dayton
5898:
5882:
5861:
5840:
5836:Nicholas Gilman
5819:
5794:
5760:Reserved powers
5740:Judicial review
5673:
5469:General Welfare
5392:Double Jeopardy
5303:
5230:List of Framers
5210:New Jersey Plan
5164:
5146:
5142:Victims' Rights
5062:Balanced budget
5048:
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3637:renofriends.org
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3574:Vermont History
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2632:Sarah T. Hughes
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2437:Harlan F. Stone
2431:
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2403:
2401:Harlan F. Stone
2393:
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2368:
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2272:William H. Taft
2267:
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2240:William H. Taft
2234:
2219:
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2198:
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2186:August 21, 1923
2176:
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2133:
2132:Edward D. White
2127:
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2095:
2085:
2084:Edward D. White
2079:
2061:
2051:
2049:Edward D. White
2043:
2028:
2018:
2017:Melville Fuller
2012:
2011:Senate Chamber,
1997:
1987:
1986:Melville Fuller
1981:
1966:
1953:
1943:
1925:
1915:
1914:Melville Fuller
1909:
1894:
1884:
1883:Melville Fuller
1878:
1860:
1850:
1849:Melville Fuller
1844:
1829:
1819:
1817:Melville Fuller
1811:
1796:
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1755:
1749:
1738:
1726:Justice of the
1725:
1717:
1699:
1689:
1683:
1668:
1659:
1651:
1641:
1631:
1613:
1603:
1602:Salmon P. Chase
1597:
1582:
1572:
1571:Salmon P. Chase
1566:
1551:
1541:
1540:Salmon P. Chase
1535:
1520:
1510:
1508:Salmon P. Chase
1502:
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1021:
1006:
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990:
972:
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955:Senate Chamber,
941:
931:
921:
917:
899:
887:
879:
861:
849:
847:William Cushing
835:
831:
813:
801:
787:
783:
768:
731:
725:
641:inaugurations,
617:Harry S. Truman
586:Melville Fuller
555:
444:
434:
374:Calvin Coolidge
360:Harry S. Truman
333:
321:William H. Taft
298:
289:Franklin Pierce
281:
241:Sarah T. Hughes
226:Calvin Coolidge
181:beginning with
160:
151:vice presidents
127:John F. Kennedy
116:
103:
19:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6773:
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6666:Clinton (1997)
6663:
6661:Clinton (1993)
6658:
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6625:
6620:
6615:
6607:
6605:Kennedy (1961)
6602:
6597:
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6587:
6579:
6574:
6569:
6564:
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6549:
6541:
6539:Harding (1921)
6536:
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6508:
6502:
6500:
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6492:
6487:
6482:
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6459:
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6444:
6436:
6434:Lincoln (1865)
6431:
6429:Lincoln (1861)
6426:
6421:
6416:
6408:
6403:
6398:
6390:
6385:
6380:
6378:Jackson (1833)
6375:
6373:Jackson (1829)
6370:
6365:
6360:
6355:
6353:Madison (1813)
6350:
6348:Madison (1809)
6345:
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6108:
6103:
6097:
6095:
6094:South Carolina
6091:
6090:
6088:
6087:
6082:
6077:
6075:William Blount
6071:
6069:
6068:North Carolina
6065:
6064:
6062:
6061:
6056:
6050:
6048:
6044:
6043:
6041:
6040:
6038:Daniel Carroll
6035:
6030:
6024:
6022:
6018:
6017:
6015:
6014:
6009:
6004:
6002:John Dickinson
5999:
5994:
5988:
5986:
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5981:
5979:
5978:
5973:
5968:
5963:
5958:
5953:
5948:
5946:Thomas Mifflin
5943:
5937:
5935:
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5928:
5927:
5922:
5917:
5915:David Brearley
5912:
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5793:
5792:
5787:
5785:Taxation power
5782:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5732:
5730:Implied powers
5727:
5722:
5717:
5712:
5707:
5702:
5697:
5692:
5687:
5681:
5679:
5678:Interpretation
5675:
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5661:
5643:
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5621:
5616:
5611:
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5586:
5581:
5576:
5574:Recommendation
5571:
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5511:
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5466:
5461:
5459:Fugitive Slave
5456:
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5446:
5441:
5436:
5429:
5427:Excessive Bail
5424:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5399:
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5389:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5354:
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5329:
5327:Appropriations
5324:
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5139:
5137:Single subject
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4910:
4908:Reconstruction
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4828:
4826:
4824:Bill of Rights
4813:
4807:
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4804:
4803:
4798:
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4778:
4773:
4768:
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4756:
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4708:
4700:
4699:External links
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4383:. ABS-CBN News
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4185:. 6 March 1865
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3989:abcnews.go.com
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2800:
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2744:
2740:August 9, 1974
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2659:
2652:
2649:
2641:
2640:
2628:
2609:
2602:
2599:
2591:
2590:
2583:
2578:
2571:
2568:
2560:
2559:
2554:
2551:
2543:
2542:
2533:
2525:
2518:
2515:
2507:
2506:
2502:Fred M. Vinson
2499:
2494:
2487:
2484:
2476:
2475:
2470:Fred M. Vinson
2466:
2461:
2454:
2451:
2443:
2442:
2433:
2425:
2418:
2415:
2411:April 12, 1945
2407:
2406:
2397:
2392:South Portico,
2390:
2383:
2380:
2372:
2371:
2364:
2359:
2352:
2349:
2341:
2340:
2333:
2328:
2321:
2318:
2310:
2309:
2300:
2295:
2288:
2285:
2277:
2276:
2269:
2264:
2257:
2254:
2246:
2245:
2236:
2231:
2224:
2221:
2213:
2212:
2200:
2193:
2190:
2182:
2181:
2169:
2163:Plymouth Notch
2155:
2148:
2145:
2141:August 3, 1923
2137:
2136:
2129:
2124:
2117:
2114:
2106:
2105:
2100:
2097:
2089:
2088:
2081:
2073:
2066:
2063:
2055:
2054:
2045:
2040:
2033:
2030:
2022:
2021:
2014:
2009:
2002:
1999:
1991:
1990:
1983:
1978:
1971:
1968:
1960:
1959:
1947:
1937:
1930:
1927:
1919:
1918:
1911:
1906:
1899:
1896:
1888:
1887:
1880:
1872:
1865:
1862:
1854:
1853:
1846:
1841:
1834:
1831:
1823:
1822:
1813:
1808:
1801:
1798:
1790:
1789:
1785:Morrison Waite
1782:
1777:
1770:
1767:
1759:
1758:
1754:Morrison Waite
1751:
1743:
1740:
1732:
1731:
1719:
1711:
1704:
1701:
1693:
1692:
1688:Morrison Waite
1685:
1680:
1673:
1670:
1662:
1661:
1656:
1653:
1645:
1644:
1639:Morrison Waite
1635:
1625:
1618:
1615:
1607:
1606:
1599:
1594:
1587:
1584:
1576:
1575:
1568:
1563:
1556:
1553:
1545:
1544:
1537:
1532:
1525:
1522:
1518:April 15, 1865
1514:
1513:
1504:
1499:
1492:
1489:
1481:
1480:
1476:Roger B. Taney
1473:
1468:
1461:
1458:
1450:
1449:
1445:Roger B. Taney
1442:
1437:
1430:
1427:
1419:
1418:
1414:Roger B. Taney
1411:
1406:
1399:
1396:
1388:
1387:
1383:William Cranch
1380:
1370:
1363:
1360:
1352:
1351:
1347:Roger B. Taney
1344:
1339:
1332:
1329:
1321:
1320:
1316:Roger B. Taney
1313:
1308:
1301:
1298:
1290:
1289:
1281:William Cranch
1277:
1270:
1263:
1260:
1252:
1251:
1247:Roger B. Taney
1244:
1239:
1232:
1229:
1221:
1220:
1215:Roger B. Taney
1211:
1206:
1199:
1196:
1188:
1187:
1180:
1177:House Chamber,
1175:
1168:
1165:
1157:
1156:
1149:
1144:
1137:
1134:
1126:
1125:
1118:
1115:House Chamber,
1113:
1106:
1103:
1095:
1094:
1087:
1084:House Chamber,
1082:
1075:
1072:
1064:
1063:
1056:
1049:
1042:
1039:
1031:
1030:
1023:
1020:House Chamber,
1018:
1011:
1008:
1000:
999:
992:
984:
977:
974:
966:
965:
958:
953:
946:
943:
935:
934:
925:
914:Senate Chamber
911:
904:
901:
893:
892:
881:
873:
866:
863:
855:
854:
843:
825:
818:
815:
807:
806:
795:
780:
773:
770:
766:April 30, 1789
762:
761:
758:
755:
752:
749:
724:
721:
720:
719:
714:'s 2012 book,
712:Jeffrey Toobin
688:
673:
670:the Presidency
658:
653:(in 1953) and
631:
609:
598:Herbert Hoover
590:
581:was sworn in,
554:
551:
523:New York Times
459:instead of an
448:First Congress
433:
430:
332:
329:
309:New York Times
297:
294:
280:
277:
265:federal judges
214:Warren Harding
210:Zachary Taylor
202:William Cranch
159:
158:Administration
156:
123:Lyndon Johnson
115:
112:
102:
99:
34:Chief Justice
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6772:
6761:
6758:
6756:
6753:
6751:
6748:
6746:
6743:
6741:
6738:
6737:
6735:
6719:
6713:
6710:
6708:
6705:
6703:
6700:
6698:
6695:
6693:
6690:
6688:
6685:
6683:
6680:
6679:
6677:
6673:
6667:
6664:
6662:
6659:
6657:
6654:
6652:
6651:Reagan (1985)
6649:
6647:
6646:Reagan (1981)
6644:
6642:
6641:Carter (1977)
6639:
6635:
6631:
6629:
6626:
6624:
6621:
6619:
6616:
6612:
6608:
6606:
6603:
6601:
6598:
6596:
6593:
6591:
6590:Truman (1949)
6588:
6584:
6583:Truman (1945)
6580:
6578:
6575:
6573:
6570:
6568:
6565:
6563:
6560:
6558:
6557:Hoover (1929)
6555:
6553:
6550:
6546:
6542:
6540:
6537:
6535:
6534:Wilson (1917)
6532:
6530:
6529:Wilson (1913)
6527:
6525:
6522:
6520:
6517:
6513:
6509:
6507:
6504:
6503:
6501:
6497:
6491:
6488:
6486:
6483:
6481:
6478:
6476:
6473:
6469:
6468:Arthur (1881)
6465:
6463:
6460:
6458:
6455:
6453:
6450:
6448:
6445:
6441:
6437:
6435:
6432:
6430:
6427:
6425:
6422:
6420:
6419:Pierce (1853)
6417:
6413:
6409:
6407:
6406:Taylor (1849)
6404:
6402:
6399:
6395:
6391:
6389:
6386:
6384:
6381:
6379:
6376:
6374:
6371:
6369:
6366:
6364:
6363:Monroe (1821)
6361:
6359:
6358:Monroe (1817)
6356:
6354:
6351:
6349:
6346:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6335:
6333:
6329:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6315:
6313:
6310:
6309:
6307:
6303:
6299:
6292:
6287:
6285:
6280:
6278:
6273:
6272:
6269:
6257:
6254:
6251:
6250:
6246:
6243:
6242:
6238:
6236:
6233:
6231:
6228:
6226:
6223:
6221:
6218:
6216:
6213:
6209:
6206:
6205:
6204:
6201:
6200:
6198:
6192:
6186:
6183:
6181:
6180:Jacob Shallus
6178:
6176:
6175:
6171:
6170:
6168:
6164:
6154:
6151:
6150:
6148:
6144:
6138:
6135:
6133:
6130:
6129:
6127:
6123:
6117:
6116:Pierce Butler
6114:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6101:John Rutledge
6099:
6098:
6096:
6092:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6072:
6070:
6066:
6060:
6059:James Madison
6057:
6055:
6052:
6051:
6049:
6045:
6039:
6036:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6028:James McHenry
6026:
6025:
6023:
6019:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5990:
5989:
5987:
5983:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5956:George Clymer
5954:
5952:
5951:Robert Morris
5949:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5938:
5936:
5932:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5918:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5907:
5905:
5901:
5895:
5892:
5891:
5889:
5885:
5879:
5878:Roger Sherman
5876:
5874:
5871:
5870:
5868:
5864:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5849:
5847:
5845:Massachusetts
5843:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5828:
5826:
5824:New Hampshire
5822:
5816:
5813:
5812:
5810:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5797:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5750:Plenary power
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5720:Equal footing
5718:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5682:
5680:
5676:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5659:
5655:
5651:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5641:Trial by Jury
5639:
5637:
5634:
5631:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5494:Ineligibility
5492:
5490:
5489:Import-Export
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5444:Free Exercise
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5434:
5433:Ex Post Facto
5430:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5417:Establishment
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5367:Confrontation
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5314:
5312:
5310:
5306:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5259:
5255:
5251:
5250:Syng inkstand
5248:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5205:Virginia Plan
5203:
5202:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5177:
5175:
5171:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5152:
5149:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5132:School Prayer
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5059:
5057:
5055:
5051:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5016:
5014:
5012:
5008:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4939:
4937:
4933:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4913:
4911:
4909:
4905:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4890:
4888:
4884:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4829:
4827:
4825:
4821:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4808:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4763:
4761:
4757:
4753:
4746:
4741:
4739:
4734:
4732:
4727:
4726:
4723:
4716:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4703:
4702:
4689:
4683:
4667:
4661:
4645:
4644:
4639:
4632:
4630:
4613:
4612:
4607:
4601:
4585:
4579:
4563:
4557:
4541:
4535:
4528:
4524:
4523:
4517:
4501:
4495:
4489:
4484:
4468:
4464:
4460:
4453:
4439:
4438:
4433:
4427:
4418:
4403:
4397:
4382:
4375:
4359:
4355:
4351:
4345:
4337:
4331:
4323:
4322:
4314:
4308:
4303:
4299:
4298:
4290:
4282:
4278:
4272:
4257:
4256:
4248:
4233:
4232:
4224:
4209:
4208:
4200:
4189:September 25,
4184:
4180:
4174:
4158:
4154:
4148:
4146:
4138:
4133:
4125:
4121:
4120:
4112:
4105:
4099:
4092:
4087:
4071:
4067:
4061:
4045:
4041:
4035:
4021:on 2012-11-14
4020:
4016:
4012:
4006:
3990:
3986:
3979:
3964:
3963:
3955:
3948:
3934:on 2009-01-30
3933:
3929:
3922:
3914:
3908:
3892:
3886:
3884:
3875:
3874:
3867:
3865:
3863:
3847:
3841:
3832:
3830:0-671-86920-5
3826:
3822:
3818:
3817:
3812:
3806:
3799:
3795:
3792:
3786:
3779:
3774:
3766:
3762:
3761:
3754:
3746:
3742:
3741:
3734:
3726:
3722:
3721:
3714:
3707:
3706:Time Magazine
3702:
3700:
3698:
3696:
3687:
3683:
3677:
3675:
3666:
3662:
3661:
3654:
3638:
3634:
3627:
3619:
3613:
3609:
3608:
3600:
3592:
3588:
3582:
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3569:
3562:
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3541:
3535:
3519:
3513:
3497:
3493:
3487:
3471:
3467:
3460:
3444:
3440:
3433:
3422:
3416:
3400:
3393:
3389:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3365:
3356:
3350:
3339:
3330:
3328:
3326:
3316:
3314:
3304:
3302:
3292:
3283:
3274:
3272:
3270:
3268:
3266:
3256:
3252:
3237:
3231:
3225:
3219:
3213:
3212:
3208:Chief Justice
3204:
3198:
3195:
3191:
3188:
3181:
3180:
3176:Chief Justice
3172:
3166:
3163:
3159:
3156:
3149:
3148:
3145:U.S. Capitol
3142:
3139:
3132:
3131:
3127:Chief Justice
3118:
3115:
3112:
3105:
3098:
3097:
3091:
3088:
3085:
3078:
3077:
3071:
3062:
3059:
3052:
3045:
3044:
3040:Chief Justice
3036:
3031:
3028:
3024:
3021:
3014:
3013:
3009:Chief Justice
3005:
3000:
2997:
2993:
2990:
2983:
2982:
2978:Chief Justice
2974:
2969:
2966:
2962:
2959:
2952:
2951:
2947:Chief Justice
2943:
2938:
2935:
2931:
2928:
2921:
2920:
2914:
2910:
2905:
2902:
2898:
2895:
2888:
2887:
2884:U.S. Capitol
2881:
2878:
2875:
2868:
2867:
2863:Chief Justice
2861:Warren Burger
2854:
2853:Entrance Hall
2851:
2848:
2841:
2834:
2833:
2829:Chief Justice
2827:Warren Burger
2825:
2820:
2817:
2813:
2810:
2803:
2802:
2798:Chief Justice
2796:Warren Burger
2794:
2790:East Portico,
2789:
2786:
2782:
2779:
2772:
2771:
2767:Chief Justice
2765:Warren Burger
2763:
2758:
2755:
2752:
2748:
2745:
2738:
2737:
2731:
2730:Warren Burger
2727:
2723:East Portico,
2722:
2719:
2715:
2712:
2705:
2704:
2700:Chief Justice
2696:
2692:East Portico,
2691:
2688:
2684:
2681:
2674:
2673:
2669:Chief Justice
2665:
2661:East Portico,
2660:
2657:
2653:
2650:
2643:
2642:
2638:
2633:
2629:
2627:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2612:Air Force One
2610:
2607:
2603:
2600:
2593:
2592:
2588:Chief Justice
2584:
2580:East Portico,
2579:
2576:
2572:
2569:
2562:
2561:
2558:U.S. Capitol
2556:East Portico,
2555:
2552:
2545:
2544:
2538:
2529:
2526:
2523:
2516:
2509:
2508:
2504:Chief Justice
2500:
2496:East Portico,
2495:
2492:
2488:
2485:
2478:
2477:
2471:
2467:
2463:East Portico,
2462:
2459:
2455:
2452:
2445:
2444:
2440:Chief Justice
2438:
2434:
2429:
2426:
2423:
2419:
2416:
2409:
2408:
2402:
2398:
2396:
2391:
2388:
2384:
2381:
2374:
2373:
2369:Chief Justice
2365:
2361:East Portico,
2360:
2357:
2353:
2350:
2343:
2342:
2338:Chief Justice
2334:
2330:East Portico,
2329:
2326:
2322:
2319:
2312:
2311:
2305:
2301:
2297:East Portico,
2296:
2293:
2289:
2286:
2281:March 4, 1933
2279:
2278:
2274:Chief Justice
2270:
2266:East Portico,
2265:
2262:
2258:
2255:
2250:March 4, 1929
2248:
2247:
2241:
2237:
2233:East Portico,
2232:
2229:
2225:
2222:
2217:March 4, 1925
2215:
2214:
2210:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2196:Willard Hotel
2194:
2191:
2184:
2183:
2180:
2174:
2170:
2168:
2164:
2159:
2156:
2153:
2146:
2139:
2138:
2134:Chief Justice
2130:
2126:East Portico,
2125:
2122:
2118:
2115:
2110:March 4, 1921
2108:
2107:
2104:U.S. Capitol
2102:East Portico,
2101:
2098:
2093:March 5, 1917
2091:
2090:
2086:Chief Justice
2077:
2074:
2071:
2064:
2059:March 4, 1917
2057:
2056:
2050:
2046:
2042:East Portico,
2041:
2038:
2034:
2031:
2026:March 4, 1913
2024:
2023:
2019:Chief Justice
2015:
2010:
2007:
2003:
2000:
1995:March 4, 1909
1993:
1992:
1988:Chief Justice
1984:
1980:East Portico,
1979:
1976:
1972:
1969:
1964:March 4, 1905
1962:
1961:
1957:
1952:
1951:John R. Hazel
1948:
1946:
1941:
1938:
1935:
1931:
1928:
1921:
1920:
1916:Chief Justice
1912:
1908:East Portico,
1907:
1904:
1900:
1897:
1892:March 4, 1901
1890:
1889:
1885:Chief Justice
1881:
1877:
1873:
1870:
1866:
1863:
1858:March 4, 1897
1856:
1855:
1851:Chief Justice
1847:
1843:East Portico,
1842:
1839:
1835:
1832:
1827:March 4, 1893
1825:
1824:
1818:
1814:
1810:East Portico,
1809:
1806:
1802:
1799:
1794:March 4, 1889
1792:
1791:
1787:Chief Justice
1783:
1779:East Portico,
1778:
1775:
1771:
1768:
1763:March 4, 1885
1761:
1760:
1756:Chief Justice
1752:
1747:
1744:
1741:
1734:
1733:
1729:
1724:
1723:John R. Brady
1720:
1715:
1712:
1709:
1702:
1695:
1694:
1690:Chief Justice
1686:
1682:East Portico,
1681:
1678:
1674:
1671:
1666:March 4, 1881
1664:
1663:
1660:U.S. Capitol
1658:East Portico,
1657:
1654:
1649:March 5, 1877
1647:
1646:
1640:
1634:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1616:
1611:March 3, 1877
1609:
1608:
1604:Chief Justice
1600:
1596:East Portico,
1595:
1592:
1588:
1585:
1580:March 4, 1873
1578:
1577:
1573:Chief Justice
1569:
1565:East Portico,
1564:
1561:
1557:
1554:
1549:March 4, 1869
1547:
1546:
1542:Chief Justice
1538:
1533:
1530:
1526:
1523:
1516:
1515:
1509:
1505:
1501:East Portico,
1500:
1497:
1493:
1490:
1485:March 4, 1865
1483:
1482:
1478:Chief Justice
1474:
1470:East Portico,
1469:
1466:
1462:
1459:
1454:March 4, 1861
1452:
1451:
1447:Chief Justice
1443:
1439:East Portico,
1438:
1435:
1431:
1428:
1423:March 4, 1857
1421:
1420:
1416:Chief Justice
1412:
1408:East Portico,
1407:
1404:
1400:
1397:
1392:March 4, 1853
1390:
1389:
1381:
1379:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1364:
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1356:July 10, 1850
1354:
1353:
1349:Chief Justice
1345:
1341:East Portico,
1340:
1337:
1333:
1330:
1325:March 5, 1849
1323:
1322:
1318:Chief Justice
1314:
1310:East Portico,
1309:
1306:
1302:
1299:
1294:March 4, 1845
1292:
1291:
1287:
1284:Chief Judge,
1282:
1278:
1276:
1271:
1268:
1264:
1261:
1256:April 6, 1841
1254:
1253:
1249:Chief Justice
1245:
1241:East Portico,
1240:
1237:
1233:
1230:
1225:March 4, 1841
1223:
1222:
1216:
1212:
1208:East Portico,
1207:
1204:
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1197:
1192:March 4, 1837
1190:
1189:
1185:Chief Justice
1183:John Marshall
1181:
1176:
1173:
1169:
1166:
1161:March 4, 1833
1159:
1158:
1154:Chief Justice
1152:John Marshall
1150:
1146:East Portico,
1145:
1142:
1138:
1135:
1130:March 4, 1829
1128:
1127:
1123:Chief Justice
1121:John Marshall
1119:
1114:
1111:
1107:
1104:
1099:March 4, 1825
1097:
1096:
1092:Chief Justice
1090:John Marshall
1088:
1083:
1080:
1076:
1073:
1068:March 5, 1821
1066:
1065:
1061:Chief Justice
1059:John Marshall
1057:
1055:
1050:
1047:
1043:
1040:
1035:March 4, 1817
1033:
1032:
1028:Chief Justice
1026:John Marshall
1024:
1019:
1016:
1012:
1009:
1004:March 4, 1813
1002:
1001:
997:Chief Justice
995:John Marshall
993:
988:
985:
982:
978:
975:
970:March 4, 1809
968:
967:
963:Chief Justice
961:John Marshall
959:
954:
951:
947:
944:
939:March 4, 1805
937:
936:
930:
929:John Marshall
926:
924:
920:
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909:
905:
902:
897:March 4, 1801
895:
894:
890:
886:
882:
880:Congress Hall
877:
874:
871:
867:
864:
859:March 4, 1797
857:
856:
852:
848:
844:
842:
838:
834:
833:Congress Hall
829:
826:
823:
819:
816:
811:March 4, 1793
809:
808:
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796:
794:
790:
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764:
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689:
686:
682:
681:Richard Nixon
678:
674:
671:
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652:
648:
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636:
632:
629:
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625:Chief Justice
622:
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587:
584:
583:Chief Justice
580:
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535:chief justice
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410:Richard Nixon
407:
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395:
391:
387:
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331:Use of Bibles
328:
324:
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273:notary public
270:
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238:Federal Judge
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234:notary public
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65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
41:
37:
6707:Biden (2021)
6702:Trump (2017)
6697:Obama (2013)
6692:Obama (2009)
6675:21st century
6628:Nixon (1973)
6623:Nixon (1969)
6499:20th century
6457:Hayes (1877)
6452:Grant (1873)
6447:Grant (1869)
6394:Tyler (1841)
6331:19th century
6305:18th century
6247:
6239:
6172:
5971:James Wilson
5934:Pennsylvania
5831:John Langdon
5589:Speedy Trial
5518:
5431:
5322:Appointments
5256:
5039:Equal Rights
4935:20th century
4682:
4670:. Retrieved
4660:
4648:. Retrieved
4641:
4616:. Retrieved
4609:
4600:
4588:. Retrieved
4578:
4566:. Retrieved
4556:
4544:. Retrieved
4534:
4521:
4516:
4504:. Retrieved
4494:
4483:
4471:. Retrieved
4467:the original
4452:
4441:. Retrieved
4435:
4426:
4417:
4406:. Retrieved
4396:
4385:. Retrieved
4374:
4364:December 13,
4362:. Retrieved
4358:the original
4344:
4330:
4320:
4313:
4296:
4289:
4280:
4271:
4260:. Retrieved
4254:
4247:
4236:. Retrieved
4230:
4223:
4212:. Retrieved
4206:
4199:
4187:. Retrieved
4182:
4173:
4163:December 18,
4161:. Retrieved
4156:
4136:
4132:
4118:
4111:
4098:
4086:
4074:. Retrieved
4070:the original
4060:
4050:December 26,
4048:. Retrieved
4044:the original
4034:
4023:. Retrieved
4019:the original
4014:
4005:
3993:. Retrieved
3988:
3978:
3966:. Retrieved
3960:
3947:
3936:. Retrieved
3932:the original
3921:
3895:. Retrieved
3872:
3850:. Retrieved
3840:
3815:
3805:
3785:
3773:
3759:
3753:
3739:
3733:
3719:
3713:
3685:
3659:
3653:
3643:December 22,
3641:. Retrieved
3636:
3626:
3606:
3599:
3590:
3581:
3573:
3568:
3555:
3544:. Retrieved
3534:
3522:. Retrieved
3512:
3500:. Retrieved
3495:
3486:
3474:. Retrieved
3469:
3459:
3447:. Retrieved
3442:
3432:
3415:
3403:. Retrieved
3392:
3355:assassinated
3338:
3291:
3282:
3255:
3206:John Roberts
3201:U.S. Capitol
3174:John Roberts
3169:U.S. Capitol
3125:John Roberts
3094:White House
3070:John Roberts
3065:U.S. Capitol
3034:U.S. Capitol
3003:U.S. Capitol
2972:U.S. Capitol
2941:U.S. Capitol
2908:U.S. Capitol
2823:U.S. Capitol
2792:U.S. Capitol
2725:U.S. Capitol
2694:U.S. Capitol
2663:U.S. Capitol
2582:U.S. Capitol
2498:U.S. Capitol
2465:U.S. Capitol
2428:Cabinet Room
2363:U.S. Capitol
2332:U.S. Capitol
2299:U.S. Capitol
2268:U.S. Capitol
2235:U.S. Capitol
2128:U.S. Capitol
2080:U.S. Capitol
2044:U.S. Capitol
2013:U.S. Capitol
1982:U.S. Capitol
1910:U.S. Capitol
1879:U.S. Capitol
1845:U.S. Capitol
1812:U.S. Capitol
1781:U.S. Capitol
1750:U.S. Capitol
1684:U.S. Capitol
1598:U.S. Capitol
1567:U.S. Capitol
1503:U.S. Capitol
1472:U.S. Capitol
1441:U.S. Capitol
1410:U.S. Capitol
1378:U.S. Capitol
1343:U.S. Capitol
1312:U.S. Capitol
1243:U.S. Capitol
1210:U.S. Capitol
1179:U.S. Capitol
1148:U.S. Capitol
1117:U.S. Capitol
1086:U.S. Capitol
1051:Front steps,
1022:U.S. Capitol
991:U.S. Capitol
957:U.S. Capitol
919:U.S. Capitol
841:Pennsylvania
837:Philadelphia
785:Federal Hall
732:
707:
703:
700:Barack Obama
696:John Roberts
684:
679:, President
669:
646:
633:In both his
628:Harlan Stone
621:Cabinet Room
615:, President
605:
601:
566:John Roberts
562:Barack Obama
543:
539:
530:
522:
518:
513:covered the
510:
507:
492:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
445:
422:Donald Trump
418:Barack Obama
368:
345:
325:
316:
308:
306:
302:
299:
282:
176:
148:
143:inauguration
132:
107:
105:
87:impeachments
78:
76:
47:
45:
36:John Roberts
6634:Ford (1974)
6524:Taft (1909)
6401:Polk (1845)
6132:William Few
6012:Jacob Broom
5992:George Read
5866:Connecticut
5800:Signatories
5650:Legislative
5624:Territorial
5544:Presentment
5529:Origination
5484:Impeachment
5439:Extradition
5407:Engagements
5397:Due Process
5347:Citizenship
5034:Child Labor
4672:January 21,
4650:February 5,
4618:February 5,
4590:February 5,
4568:February 5,
4546:January 22,
4506:January 21,
4473:January 21,
4354:U.S. Senate
4015:GeorgiaInfo
3995:January 21,
3502:October 21,
3199:West Front,
3186:(Wednesday)
3167:West Front,
3143:West Front,
3121:White House
3083:(Wednesday)
3063:West Front,
3032:West Front,
3001:West Front,
2970:West Front,
2939:West Front,
2926:(Wednesday)
2906:West Front,
2857:White House
2821:West Front,
2761:White House
2698:Earl Warren
2667:Earl Warren
2648:(Wednesday)
2586:Earl Warren
2537:Earl Warren
2532:White House
2432:White House
2395:White House
2317:(Wednesday)
2220:(Wednesday)
1766:(Wednesday)
1633:White House
1426:(Wednesday)
1359:(Wednesday)
1133:(Wednesday)
900:(Wednesday)
655:Earl Warren
651:Fred Vinson
519:Daily Union
511:Daily Union
473:affirmation
465:affirmation
457:affirmation
218:family home
56:affirmation
6734:Categories
6712:TBD (2025)
6244:(painting)
6196:and legacy
6054:John Blair
5903:New Jersey
5857:Rufus King
5755:Preemption
5669:War Powers
5604:Suspension
5422:Exceptions
5112:Human Life
5011:Unratified
4811:Amendments
4443:2009-02-01
4408:2010-08-07
4387:2010-08-07
4262:2010-08-07
4238:2010-08-07
4214:2010-08-07
4025:2012-11-28
3938:2009-01-30
3852:2010-08-07
3546:2009-01-23
3524:October 4,
3384:References
3019:(Thursday)
2988:(Saturday)
2777:(Thursday)
2710:(Saturday)
2450:(Thursday)
2414:(Thursday)
2379:(Saturday)
2284:(Saturday)
1998:(Thursday)
1967:(Saturday)
1926:(Saturday)
1861:(Thursday)
1830:(Saturday)
1739:(Thursday)
1614:(Saturday)
1552:(Thursday)
1521:(Saturday)
1488:(Saturday)
1228:(Thursday)
1195:(Saturday)
1007:(Thursday)
973:(Saturday)
862:(Saturday)
769:(Thursday)
708:faithfully
183:John Adams
5765:Saxbe fix
5654:Executive
5609:Take Care
5599:Supremacy
5474:Guarantee
5402:Elections
5173:Formation
4886:1795–1804
3897:March 24,
3476:August 1,
3449:August 1,
3117:Blue Room
3050:(Tuesday)
2808:(Tuesday)
2757:East Room
2528:East Room
2483:(Tuesday)
2189:(Tuesday)
2029:(Tuesday)
1874:Front of
1700:(Tuesday)
1583:(Tuesday)
1297:(Tuesday)
1259:(Tuesday)
1038:(Tuesday)
740:Joe Biden
736:incumbent
426:Joe Biden
340:Joe Biden
66:, of the
58:that the
40:Joe Biden
6047:Virginia
6021:Maryland
5985:Delaware
5887:New York
5664:Vicinage
5658:Judicial
5382:Contract
5352:Commerce
5240:Printing
5054:Proposed
4766:Preamble
4759:Articles
4643:Prologue
4527:BBC News
4076:31 March
3968:June 15,
3907:cite web
3813:(1992).
3794:Archived
3765:Archived
3745:Archived
3725:Archived
3665:Archived
3470:Prologue
3405:July 20,
3362:See also
3235:Location
3154:(Friday)
3137:(Monday)
3103:(Sunday)
3090:Map Room
2957:(Monday)
2893:(Friday)
2873:(Monday)
2839:(Sunday)
2743:(Friday)
2679:(Monday)
2598:(Friday)
2567:(Friday)
2550:(Monday)
2514:(Sunday)
2348:(Monday)
2253:(Monday)
2177:Vermont
2144:(Friday)
2113:(Friday)
2096:(Monday)
2062:(Sunday)
1895:(Monday)
1797:(Monday)
1669:(Friday)
1652:(Monday)
1628:Red Room
1457:(Monday)
1395:(Friday)
1375:Chamber,
1328:(Monday)
1164:(Monday)
1102:(Friday)
1071:(Monday)
989:Chamber,
942:(Monday)
878:Chamber,
830:Chamber,
814:(Monday)
793:New York
789:New York
782:Balcony,
757:Location
602:maintain
269:New York
139:election
114:Ceremony
95:fidelity
6194:Display
6166:Related
6125:Georgia
5646:Vesting
5614:Takings
5499:Militia
5357:Compact
5309:Clauses
5235:Signing
5180:History
4715:YouTube
4437:YouTube
3823:, 729.
3660:YouTube
3591:NPR.org
3106:Private
3086:Private
2880:Rotunda
2842:Private
2635:Judge,
2601:Private
2517:Private
2417:Private
2207:Judge,
2192:Private
2167:Vermont
2147:Private
2065:Private
1954:Judge,
1929:Private
1703:Private
1617:Private
1524:Private
1262:Private
606:protect
553:Mishaps
285:Quakers
263:, four
247:aboard
50:is the
6252:(film)
5636:Treaty
5539:Postal
5534:Pardon
3827:
3816:Truman
3614:
3189:Public
3157:Public
3140:Public
3053:Public
3022:Public
2991:Public
2960:Public
2929:Public
2896:Public
2876:Public
2811:Public
2780:Public
2746:Public
2713:Public
2682:Public
2651:Public
2622:Dallas
2570:Public
2553:Public
2486:Public
2453:Public
2382:Public
2351:Public
2320:Public
2287:Public
2256:Public
2223:Public
2116:Public
2099:Public
2032:Public
2001:Public
1970:Public
1898:Public
1864:Public
1833:Public
1800:Public
1769:Public
1742:Public
1672:Public
1655:Public
1586:Public
1555:Public
1491:Public
1460:Public
1429:Public
1398:Public
1362:Public
1331:Public
1300:Public
1231:Public
1198:Public
1167:Public
1136:Public
1105:Public
1074:Public
1041:Public
1010:Public
976:Public
945:Public
903:Public
865:Public
828:Senate
817:Public
772:Public
440:, and
394:missal
267:, two
251:after
6760:Oaths
4711:Video
4463:MSNBC
4126:–142.
3957:(PDF)
3424:(PDF)
3248:Notes
3229:Event
2626:Texas
1373:House
987:House
876:House
754:Event
352:altar
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662:1965
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