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phenomenology and co-morbidity of the disorders with obsessive compulsive disorder. Within the population of patients with OCD up to 40% have a history of a tic disorder and 60% of people with
Tourette's syndrome have obsessions and/or compulsions. Plus 30% of people with Tourette's syndrome have clinically diagnosable OCD. Course of illness is another factor that suggests correlation because it has been found that tics displayed in childhood are a predictor of obsessive and compulsive symptoms in late adolescence and early adulthood. However, the association of Tourette's and tic disorders with OCD is challenged by neuropsychology and pharmaceutical treatment. Whereas OCD is treated with
51:
An obsession is defined as "a recurring thought, image, or urge that the individual cannot control". Compulsion can be described as a "ritualistic behavior that the person feels compelled to perform". The model suggests that many conditions overlap with OCD in symptomatic profile, demographics, family history, neurobiology, comorbidity, clinical course and response to various pharmacotherapies. Conditions described as being on the spectrum are sometimes referred to as
208:
Hypochondriasis is excessive preoccupancy or worry about having a serious illness. These thoughts cause a person a great deal of anxiety and stress. The prevalence of this disorder is the same for men and women. Hypochondriasis is normally recognized in early adult age. Those with hypochondriasis are
193:
Body dysmorphic disorder is defined by an obsession with an imagined defect in physical appearance, and compulsive rituals in an attempt to conceal the perceived defect. Typical complaints include perceived facial flaws, perceived deformities of body parts and body size abnormalities. Some compulsive
237:
is body-focused repetitive behavior disorder which causes an individual to pull out their hair from various parts of their body without a purpose. The cause for trichotillomania remains unknown. Like OCD, trichotillomania is not a nervous condition but stress can trigger this habit. For some people
50:
where impulsivity is said to persist due to deficits in the ability to inhibit repetitive behavior with known negative consequences, while compulsivity persists as a consequence of deficits in recognizing completion of tasks." OCD is a mental disorder characterized by obsessions and/or compulsions.
978:
Yaryura-Tobias JA (October 2001). "Response to Dr. S. Curran and Dr. K. Matthew's Letter to the editor (World J Biol
Psychiatry 2001, 2: 107) concerning Yaryura-Tobias et al (2000) negative outcome after neurosurgery for refractory obsessive–compulsive spectrum disorder, World J Biol Psychiatry 1:
217:
Tourette's syndrome is a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent involuntary movements (motor tics) and involuntary noises (vocal tics). The reason
Tourette's syndrome and other tic disorders are being considered for placement in the obsessive compulsive spectrum is because of the
194:
behaviors observed include mirror checking, ritualized application of makeup to hide the perceived flaw, excessive hair combing or cutting, excessive physician visits and plastic surgery. Body dysmorphic disorder is not gender specific and onset usually occurs in teens and young adults.
238:
pulling their hair out of boredom is normal, but that is not the case for someone that is dealing with trichotillomania. Emotions do not affect the behavior but these behaviors are more prevalent in those with depression. Review articles recommend behavioral interventions such as
209:
constantly thinking of their body functions, minor bumps and bruises as well as body images. Hypochondriacs go to numerous outpatient facilities for confirmation of their own diagnosis. Hypochondriasis is the belief that something is wrong but it is not known to be a delusion.
688:
Danielle C. Cath; Natalie Ran; Johannes H. Smit; Anton J.L.M. van
Balkoma; Hannie C. Comijsa (2008). "Symptom Overlap between Autism Spectrum Disorder, Generalized Social Anxiety Disorder and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in Adults: A Preliminary Case-Controlled Study".
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Giulio Perugi; Hagop S Akiskal; Sandra
Ramacciotti; Stefano Nassini; Cristina Toni; Alessandro Milanfranchi; Laura Musetti (1999). "Depressive comorbidity of panic, social phobic, and obsessive–compulsive disorders re-examined: is there a bipolar ii connection?".
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Brakoulias, Vlasios; Starcevic, Vladan; Sammut, Peter; Berle, David; Milicevic, Denise; Moses, Karen; Hannan, Anthony (April 2011). "Obsessive-Compulsive
Spectrum Disorders: a Comorbidity and Family History Perspective".
458:
Bellodi L, Cavallini MC, Bertelli S, Chiapparino D, Riboldi C, Smeraldi E (April 2001). "Morbidity risk for obsessive–compulsive spectrum disorders in first-degree relatives of patients with eating disorders".
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Curran S, Matthews K (April 2001). "Response to
Yaryura-Tobias et al (2000) negative outcome after neurosurgery for refractory obsessive–compulsive spectrum disorder, World J Biol Psychiatry 1: 197-203".
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Sarris, Jerome; Camfield, David; Berk, Michael (2012). "Complementary medicine, self-help, and lifestyle interventions for
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) and the OCD spectrum: A systematic review".
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However, recently there is a growing support for proposals to narrow down this spectrum to only include body dysmorphic disorder, hypochondriasis, tic disorders, and body focused repetitive behaviors.
401:
Díaz Mársá M, Carrasco JL, Hollander E (1996). "Body dysmorphic disorder as an obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorder" [Body dysmorphic disorder as an obsessive–compulsive spectrum disorder].
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Brakoulias, V; Starcevic, V.; Sammut, P.; Berle, D.; Milicevic, D.; Moses, K.; et al. (2011). "Obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders: a comorbidity and family history perspective".
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Yaryura-Tobias JA, Stevens KP, Pérez-Rivera R, Boullosa OE, Neziroglu F (October 2000). "Negative outcome after neurosurgery for refractory obsessive–compulsive spectrum disorder".
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Phillips KA, McElroy SL, Hudson JI, Pope HG (1995). "Body dysmorphic disorder: an obsessive–compulsive spectrum disorder, a form of affective spectrum disorder, or both?".
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Stein DJ, Le Roux L, Bouwer C, Van
Heerden B (1998). "Is olfactory reference syndrome an obsessive–compulsive spectrum disorder?: two cases and a discussion".
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Lochner, Christine; Stein, Dan J. (2010). "Obsessive-Compulsive
Spectrum Disorders in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Other Anxiety Disorders".
17:
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is a model of medical classification where various psychiatric, neurological and/or medical conditions are described as existing on a
172:
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Hergüner S, Ozyildirim I, Tanidir C (December 2008). "Is Pica an eating disorder or an obsessive–compulsive spectrum disorder?".
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Bradford JM (1999). "The paraphilias, obsessive compulsive spectrum disorder, and the treatment of sexually deviant behaviour".
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39:
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Ravindran, Arun V; da Silva, Tricia L; Ravindran, Lakshmi N; Richter, Margaret A; Rector, Neil A (May 2009).
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112:
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Swedo SE, Leonard HL (December 1992). "Trichotillomania. An obsessive compulsive spectrum disorder?".
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Blaszczynski A (February 1999). "Pathological gambling and obsessive–compulsive spectrum disorders".
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The following conditions have been hypothesized by various researchers as existing on the spectrum.
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McElroy SL; Phillips KA; Keck PE Jr. (October 1994). "Obsessive compulsive spectrum disorder".
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827:"Advances in the behavior analytic treatment of trichotillomania and Tourette's Syndrome"
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1069:"Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Evidence-Based Treatments"
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Himle, Michael B.; Flessner, Christopher A.; Woods, Douglas W. (2004).
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Actas Luso-españolas de Neurología, Psiquiatría y Ciencias Afines
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Progress in Neuro-psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry
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Allen, Andrea; King, Audrey; Hollander, Eric (September 2003).
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1202:"What Is Hair Pulling? About Hair Pulling & Skin Picking"
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42:(OCD). "The disorders are thought to lie on a spectrum from
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Hollander, Eric; Benzaquen, Stephanie D. (January 1997).
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The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences
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Journal of Early and Intensive Behavior Intervention
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222:, tics are treated with dopamine blockers and
1018:"The obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders"
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981:The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry
943:The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry
905:The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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770:"Obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders"
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53:obsessive–compulsive spectrum disorders
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358:"Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)"
382:"Quizlet: Abnormal Psych Ch 6 vocab"
291:. 55 Suppl: 33–51, discussion 52–3.
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1073:The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry
1022:International Review of Psychiatry
774:Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience
461:The American Journal of Psychiatry
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430:The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry
289:The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry
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436:(Suppl 4): 41–51, discussion 52.
149:Body-focused repetitive behaviors
1206:Trichotillomania Learning Center
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735:Journal of Psychiatric Research
867:Journal of Affective Disorders
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1233:Obsessive–compulsive disorder
786:10.31887/dcns.2003.5.3/aallen
747:10.1016/S0022-3956(98)00044-2
664:10.1016/S0193-953X(18)30208-9
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144:Stereotypic movement disorder
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40:obsessive–compulsive disorder
32:obsessive–compulsive spectrum
18:Obsessive-compulsive spectrum
1125:10.3109/10398562.2010.526718
327:10.3109/10398562.2010.526718
113:Olfactory reference syndrome
27:Medical classification model
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621:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2008.09.011
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1086:10.1177/070674370905400507
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473:10.1176/appi.ajp.158.4.563
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993:10.3109/15622970109026811
955:10.3109/15622970109027502
917:10.3109/15622970009150592
879:10.1016/j.jad.2011.04.051
531:The Psychiatric Quarterly
107:Impulse control disorders
38:of conditions related to
1228:Stress-related disorders
586:10.2466/PR0.84.1.107-113
189:Body dysmorphic disorder
183:Body dysmorphic disorder
158:Autism spectrum disorder
69:Body dysmorphic disorder
1113:Australasian Psychiatry
543:10.1023/A:1022099026059
315:Australasian Psychiatry
240:habit reversal training
1034:10.1080/09540269775628
574:Psychological Reports
123:Pathological gambling
92:binge eating disorder
508:10.1176/jnp.10.1.96
356:Mayo Clinic Staff.
168:Compulsive hoarding
75:delusional disorder
1223:Spectrum disorders
1208:. April 17, 2013.
1170:10.1159/000321070
703:10.1159/000111555
139:Tourette syndrome
134:sexual addictions
16:(Redirected from
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84:anorexia nervosa
80:Eating disorders
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118:Paraphilias
102:Kleptomania
1217:Categories
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979:197-203".
949:(2): 107.
387:2013-05-02
364:2013-05-02
250:References
244:decoupling
151:, such as
109:in general
59:Conditions
48:compulsive
1178:0254-4962
1133:1039-8562
1095:0706-7437
1042:0954-0261
851:1554-4893
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637:207408405
44:impulsive
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331:PMID
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242:and
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128:Pica
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