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685:, then cool and thus sink slightly further poleward. Near the poles, cool air sinks, but is warmed and rises as it then travels along the surface equatorward. The sinking and upwelling that occur in lower latitudes, and the driving force of the winds on surface water, mean the ocean currents circulate water throughout the entire sea. Global warming on top of these processes causes changes to currents, especially in the regions where deep water is formed.
20:
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639:. Reduced mixing of the ocean layers stabilises warm water near the surface. At the same time it reduces cold, deep water circulation. The reduced up and down mixing reduces the ability of the ocean to absorb heat. This directs a larger fraction of future warming toward the atmosphere and land. Energy available for
476:(OHC). The Argo fleet consists of almost 4000 drifting "Argo floats" (as profiling floats used by the Argo program are often called) deployed worldwide. Each float weighs 20â30 kg. In most cases probes drift at a depth of 1000 metres. Experts call this the parking depth. Every 10 days, by changing their
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Overall, scientists project that all regions of the oceans will warm by 2050, but models disagree for SST changes expected in the subpolar North
Atlantic, the equatorial Pacific, and the Southern Ocean. The future global mean SST increase for the period 1995-2014 to 2081-2100 is 0.86°C under the most
555:
The warming rate varies with depth. The upper ocean (above 700 m) is warming the fastest. At an ocean depth of a thousand metres the warming occurs at a rate of nearly 0.4 °C per century (data from 1981 to 2019). In deeper zones of the ocean (globally speaking), at 2000 metres depth, the warming
725:
approximately 538.8 million years ago was a key event in the evolution of life on Earth. This event took place at a time when scientists believe sea surface temperatures reached about 60 °C. Such high temperatures are above the upper thermal limit of 38 °C for modern marine invertebrates.
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There are various ways to measure ocean temperature. Below the sea surface, it is important to refer to the specific depth of measurement as well as measuring the general temperature. The reason is there is a lot of variation with depths. This is especially the case during the day. At this time low
740:, average global temperatures reached their highest level in the last 200 million years or so. This was probably the result of the configuration of the continents during this period. It allowed for improved circulation in the oceans. This discouraged the formation of large scale ice sheet.
320:
In 2023, the world's oceans were again the hottest in the historical record and exceeded the previous 2022 record maximum. The five highest ocean heat observations to a depth of 2000 meters occurred in the period 2019â2023. The North
Pacific, North Atlantic, the Mediterranean, and the
110:. Warm surface currents cool as they move away from the tropics. This happens as the water becomes denser and sinks. Changes in temperature and density move the cold water back towards the equator as a deep sea current. Then it eventually wells up again towards the surface.
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which stands for conductivity, temperature, and depth. It continuously sends the data up to the ship via a conducting cable. This device is usually mounted on a frame that includes water sampling bottles. Since the 2010s autonomous vehicles such as gliders or
699:
Scientists believe the sea temperature was much hotter in the
Precambrian period. Such temperature reconstructions derive from oxygen and silicon isotopes from rock samples. These reconstructions suggest the ocean had a temperature of 55â85 °C
2908:
Renne, Paul R.; Deino, Alan L.; Hilgen, Frederik J.; Kuiper, Klaudia F.; Mark, Darren F.; Mitchell, William S.; Morgan, Leah E.; Mundil, Roland; Smit, Jan (7 February 2013). "Time Scales of
Critical Events Around the Cretaceous-Paleogene Boundary".
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Warmer water cannot contain as much oxygen as cold water. Increased thermal stratification may reduce the supply of oxygen from the surface waters to deeper waters. This would further decrease the water's oxygen content. This process is called
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Fox-Kemper, B., H.T. Hewitt, C. Xiao, G. Aðalgeirsdóttir, S.S. Drijfhout, T.L. Edwards, N.R. Golledge, M. Hemer, R.E. Kopp, G. Krinner, A. Mix, D. Notz, S. Nowicki, I.S. Nurhati, L. Ruiz, J.-B. Sallée, A.B.A. Slangen, and Y. Yu, 2021:
1320:
Fox-Kemper, B., H.T. Hewitt, C. Xiao, G. Aðalgeirsdóttir, S.S. Drijfhout, T.L. Edwards, N.R. Golledge, M. Hemer, R.E. Kopp, G. Krinner, A. Mix, D. Notz, S. Nowicki, I.S. Nurhati, L. Ruiz, J.-B. Sallée, A.B.A. Slangen, and Y. Yu, 2021:
472:. Recently it has observed bio-optical properties in the Earth's oceans. It has been operating since the early 2000s. The real-time data it provides support climate and oceanographic research. A special research interest is to quantify the
2281:
Fox-Kemper, B., H.T. Hewitt, C. Xiao, G. Aðalgeirsdóttir, S.S. Drijfhout, T.L. Edwards, N.R. Golledge, M. Hemer, R.E. Kopp, G. Krinner, A. Mix, D. Notz, S. Nowicki, I.S. Nurhati, L. Ruiz, J.-B. Sallée, A.B.A. Slangen, and Y. Yu, 2021:
1587:
Fox-Kemper, B., H.T. Hewitt, C. Xiao, G. Aðalgeirsdóttir, S.S. Drijfhout, T.L. Edwards, N.R. Golledge, M. Hemer, R.E. Kopp, G. Krinner, A. Mix, D. Notz, S. Nowicki, I.S. Nurhati, L. Ruiz, J.-B. Sallée, A.B.A. Slangen, and Y. Yu, 2021:
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wind speed and a lot of sunshine may lead to the formation of a warm layer at the ocean surface and big changes in temperature as you get deeper. Experts call these strong daytime vertical temperature gradients a diurnal thermocline.
2210:
Cheng, Lijing; Abraham, John; Trenberth, Kevin E.; Fasullo, John; Boyer, Tim; Mann, Michael E.; Zhu, Jiang; Wang, Fan; Locarnini, Ricardo; Li, Yuanlong; Zhang, Bin; Yu, Fujiang; Wan, Liying; Chen, Xingrong; Feng, Licheng (2023).
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Cheng, Lijing; Abraham, John; Trenberth, Kevin E.; Fasullo, John; Boyer, Tim; Mann, Michael E.; Zhu, Jiang; Wang, Fan; Locarnini, Ricardo; Li, Yuanlong; Zhang, Bin; Yu, Fujiang; Wan, Liying; Chen, Xingrong; Feng, Licheng (2023).
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Bindoff, N.L., W.W.L. Cheung, J.G. Kairo, J. ArĂstegui, V.A. Guinder, R. Hallberg, N. Hilmi, N. Jiao, M.S. Karim, L. Levin, S. O'Donoghue, S.R. Purca
Cuicapusa, B. Rinkevich, T. Suga, A. Tagliabue, and P. Williamson, 2019:
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Bindoff, N.L., W.W.L. Cheung, J.G. Kairo, J. ArĂstegui, V.A. Guinder, R. Hallberg, N. Hilmi, N. Jiao, M.S. Karim, L. Levin, S. O'Donoghue, S.R. Purca
Cuicapusa, B. Rinkevich, T. Suga, A. Tagliabue, and P. Williamson, 2019:
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Cheng, Lijing; Abraham, John; Zhu, Jiang; Trenberth, Kevin E.; Fasullo, John; Boyer, Tim; Locarnini, Ricardo; Zhang, Bin; Yu, Fujiang; Wan, Liying; Chen, Xingrong; Song, Xiangzhou; Liu, Yulong; Mann, Michael E. (2020).
437:. Scientists often use mercury thermometers to measure the temperature of surface waters. They can put them in buckets dropped over the side of a ship. To measure deeper temperatures they put them on Nansen bottles.
537:
It is clear that the ocean is warming as a result of climate change, and this rate of warming is increasing. The global ocean was the warmest it had ever been recorded by humans in 2022. This is determined by the
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and this rate of warming is increasing. The upper ocean (above 700 m) is warming fastest, but the warming trend extends throughout the ocean. In 2022, the global ocean was the hottest ever recorded by humans.
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Cheng, Lijing; Abraham, John; Trenberth, Kevin E.; Boyer, Tim; Mann, Michael E.; Zhu, Jiang; Wang, Fan; Yu, Fujiang; Locarnini, Ricardo; Fasullo, John; Zheng, Fei; Li, Yuanlong; et al. (2024).
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Scientists can deploy CTD systems from research ships on moorings gliders and even on seals. With research ships they receive data through the conducting cable. For the other methods they use
116:
as a term applies to the temperature in the ocean at any depth. It can also apply specifically to the ocean temperatures that are not near the surface. In this case it is synonymous with
546:, which is primarily caused by rising levels of greenhouse gases. Between pre-industrial times and the 2011â2020 decade, the ocean's surface has heated between 0.68 and 1.01 °C.
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over an ocean basin or entire ocean gives the total ocean heat uptake. Between 1971 and 2018, the rise in ocean heat content accounted for over 90% of Earth's excess energy from
553:. For example, between the 1950s and the 1980s, the temperature of the Antarctic Southern Ocean rose by 0.17 °C (0.31 °F), nearly twice the rate of the global ocean.
1707:
NOAA National
Centers for Environmental Information, Monthly Global Climate Report for Annual 2023, published online January 2024, Retrieved on February 4, 2024 from
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aims to extend the measurement capability down to about 6000 meters. It will accurately sample temperature for a majority of the ocean volume once it is in full use.
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and other storms is likely to increase. Nutrients for fish in the upper ocean layers are set to decrease. This is also like to reduce the capacity of the oceans to
373:
There are other ways of measuring sea surface temperature. At this near-surface layer measurements are possible using thermometers or satellites with spectroscopy.
2416:
Climate Change 2021: The
Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
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Climate Change 2021: The
Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
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Climate Change 2021: The
Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
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Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
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67:. Warm surface water is generally saltier than the cooler deep or polar waters. In polar regions, the upper layers of ocean water are cold and fresh.
681:. Prevailing winds and the different densities of saline and fresh water are another cause of currents. Air tends to be warmed and thus rise near the
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Risso, VA; Gavira, JA; Mejia-Carmona, DF (2013). "Hyperstability and substrate promiscuity in laboratory resurrections of Precambrian b-lactamases".
2014:
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83:°C. The ocean temperature also depends on the amount of solar radiation falling on its surface. In the tropics, with the Sun nearly overhead, the
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Shields, Graham A.; Kasting, James F. (2006). "A palaeotemperature curve for the Precambrian oceans based on silicon isotopes in cherts".
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Knauth, L. Paul (2005). "Temperature and salinity history of the Precambrian ocean: implications for the course of microbial evolution".
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Gaucher, EA; Govindarajan, S; Ganesh, OK (2008). "Palaeotemperature trend for Precambrian life inferred from resurrected proteins".
2418:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, New York, USA, pages 1211â1362, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.011.
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The basic technique involves lowering a device to measure temperature and other parameters electronically. This device is called
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varies in the literature and in practice. It is usually between 1 millimetre (0.04 in) and 20 metres (70 ft) below the
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223:. Deep ocean water makes up about 90% of the volume of the oceans. Deep ocean water has a very uniform temperature of around 0-3
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to control a range of processes. These include mixing versus stratification, ocean currents and the thermohaline circulation.
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The illustration of temperature changes from 1960 to 2019 across each ocean starting at the Southern Ocean around Antarctica.
302:. To calculate the ocean heat content, it is necessary to measure ocean temperature at many different locations and depths.
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Lappo, SS (1984). "On reason of the northward heat advection across the Equator in the South Pacific and Atlantic ocean".
542:, which exceeded the previous 2021 maximum in 2022. The steady rise in ocean temperatures is an unavoidable result of the
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have been available to determine this parameter since 1967. Scientists created the first global composites during 1970.
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all recorded their highest heat observations for more than sixty years of global measurements. Ocean heat content and
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197:. Ocean temperatures more than 20 metres below the surface vary by region and time. They contribute to variations in
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Sea surface temperature since 1979 in the extrapolar region (between 60 degrees south and 60 degrees north latitude).
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database indicate that there have been seven global warming events during the geologic past. These include the Late
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Cheng, Lijing; Abraham, John; Trenberth, Kevin; Fasullo, John; Boyer, Tim; Locarnini, Ricardo; et al. (2021).
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Chester, R.; Jickells, Tim (2012). "Chapter 9: Nutrients oxygen organic carbon and the carbon cycle in seawater".
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have been increasingly available. They carry the same CTD sensors, but operate independently of a research ship.
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concentrations have a big influence on many aspects of the ocean. These two key parameters affect the ocean's
1086:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157964.001.
160:(or ocean surface temperature) is the temperature of ocean water close to the surface. The exact meaning of
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The ocean heat content (OHC) has been increasing for decades as the ocean has been absorbing most of the
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modest greenhouse gas emissions scenarios, and up to 2.89°C under the most severe emissions scenarios.
560:(at 55°S), where the highest warming (0.3 °C per century) has been observed at a depth of 4500 m.
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from Precambrian organisms also provide evidence that the ancient world was much warmer than today.
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from human activities. The graph shows OHC calculated to a water depth of 700 and to 2000 meters.
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can rise to over 30 °C (86 °F). Near the poles the temperature in equilibrium with the
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Varying temperatures associated with sunlight and air temperatures at different latitudes cause
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Argo Begins Systematic Global Probing of the Upper Oceans Toni Feder, Phys. Today 53, 50 (2000)
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There are various devices to measure ocean temperatures at different depths. These include the
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1343:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 1211â1362,
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transition. The surface of the sea was about 5-30Âș warmer than today in these warming period.
205:. The increase of both ocean surface temperature and deeper ocean temperature is an important
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1610:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 1211â1362.
1235:"Copernicus: March 2024 is the tenth month in a row to be the hottest on record | Copernicus"
2304:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 1211â1362
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has a major impact on average sea surface temperature throughout most of the world's oceans.
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Cheng, Lijing; Foster, Grant; Hausfather, Zeke; Trenberth, Kevin E.; Abraham, John (2022).
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318:. By 2020, about one third of the added energy had propagated to depths below 700 meters.
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Graph showing ocean temperature versus depth on the vertical axis. The graph shows several
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von Schuckmann, K.; Cheng, L.; Palmer, M. D.; Hansen, J.; et al. (7 September 2020).
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608:, further warming surface temperatures. The ocean takes up most of the added heat in the
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Wotte, Thomas; Skovsted, Christian B.; Whitehouse, Martin J.; Kouchinsky, Artem (2019).
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Wotte, Thomas; Skovsted, Christian B.; Whitehouse, Martin J.; Kouchinsky, Artem (2019).
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1933:"Global Sea-Surface Temperature Distribution Determined From an Environmental Satellite"
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27:(or thermal layers) based on seasons and latitude. The temperature at zero depth is the
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2430:"The Impacts of Ocean Acidification on Marine Ecosystems and Reliant Human Communities"
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Doney, Scott C.; Busch, D. Shallin; Cooley, Sarah R.; Kroeker, Kristy J. (2020-10-17).
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1822:"Conductivity, Temperature, Depth (CTD) Sensors - Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution"
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1433:"Ocean Warming / Latest Measurement: December 2022 / 345 (± 2) zettajoules since 1955"
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1847:"Measurement of ocean temperatures using instruments carried by Antarctic fur seals"
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has been around 0.1 °C per century. The warming pattern is different for the
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is the largest database for temperature profiles from all of the worldâs oceans.
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Administration, US Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric.
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Song, Haijun; Wignall, Paul B.; Song, Huyue; Dai, Xu; Chu, Daoliang (2019).
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Cheng, Lijing; Abraham, John; Hausfather, Zeke; Trenberth, Kevin E. (2019).
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1365:"Seawater Temperature and Dissolved Oxygen over the Past 500 Million Years"
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Higher air temperatures warm the ocean surface. And this leads to greater
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also measure sea surface temperatures. Examples are those deployed by the
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The near-surface layer of the ocean: structure, dynamics and applications
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314:. The main driver of this increase was caused by humans via their rising
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https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/monitoring/monthly-report/global/202313
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707:. It then cooled to milder temperatures of between 10 and 40 °C by
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Chapter 5: Changing Ocean, Marine Ecosystems, and Dependent Communities
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Chapter 5: Changing Ocean, Marine Ecosystems, and Dependent Communities
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2845:"Isotopic evidence for temperate oceans during the Cambrian Explosion"
2762:"Isotopic evidence for temperate oceans during the Cambrian Explosion"
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1661:"New record ocean temperatures and related climate indicators in 2023"
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384:(AVHRR) is widely used to measure sea surface temperature from space.
298:(OHC) or ocean heat uptake (OHU) is the energy absorbed and stored by
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IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate
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IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate
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IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate
885: â Oceanographic phenomenon of wind-driven motion of ocean water
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1619:
1094:
1092:
682:
655:. The ocean has already lost oxygen throughout the water column.
493:
456:
is an international programme for researching the ocean. It uses
252:
88:
480:, they dive to a depth of 2000 metres and then move to the
3719:
3132:
2317:(2002-02-15). "Warming of the Southern Ocean Since the 1950s".
1977:. National Centers for Environmental Information. 14 June 2017.
1478:
1098:
567:
Sea surface temperature § Recent increase due to climate change
227:°C. Its salinity is about 3.5% or 35 ppt (parts per thousand).
56:
2539:"Estimates of Meridional Atmosphere and Ocean Heat Transports"
2476:(3rd ed.). Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Wiley/Blackwell.
1720:
1089:
531:
Effects of climate change on oceans § Rising ocean temperature
429:
The most frequent measurement technique on ships and buoys is
189:
Experts refer to the temperature further below the surface as
4081:
3900:
3679:
3634:
2823:
Text was copied from this source, which is available under a
2819:
2517:
2387:
2269:
Text was copied from this source, which is available under a
1875:
1845:
Boyd, I.L; Hawker, E.J; Brandon, M.A; Staniland, I.J (2001).
1526:
Text was copied from this source, which is available under a
1522:
1221:
Text was copied from this source, which is available under a
1217:
1076:
500:
is important in determining large-scale motions in the ocean.
404:
299:
220:
216:
76:
72:
2209:
1652:
1538:
1532:
1481:"Heat stored in the Earth system: where does the energy go?"
1164:
1054:. Moscow Department of Gidrometeoizdat (in Mandarin): 125â9.
956:
954:
3513:
2564:
10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014<3433:EOMAAO>2.0.CO;2
1960:
10.1175/1520-0493(1972)100<0010:GSTDDF>2.3.CO;2
107:
1844:
1658:
1613:
1421:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).
2663:
951:
165:
2714:
2094:
1931:
P. Krishna Rao; W. L. Smith; R. Koffler (January 1972).
2427:
1701:
604:. Growing concentrations of greenhouse gases increases
2907:
2825:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
2271:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
1723:"Improved Quantification of the Rate of Ocean Warming"
1640:"Study: Deep Ocean Waters Trapping Vast Store of Heat"
1528:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
1223:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
1714:
1447:
1413:
Lindsey, Rebecca; Dahlman, Luann (6 September 2023).
867: â Unusually warm temperature event in the ocean
2029:"Deep Argo: Diving for Answers in the Ocean's Abyss"
770:
79:. This water has a uniform temperature of around 0-3
1458:( ed.). Berlin: Springer Verlag. p. 276.
1316:
1314:
1052:
Study of Ocean and Atmosphere Interaction Processes
1541:"Upper Ocean Temperatures Hit Record High in 2020"
1362:
861: â Average temperature of the Earth's surface
440:
3929:North West Shelf Operational Oceanographic System
2580:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
2412:Chapter 9: Ocean, Cryosphere and Sea Level Change
2284:Chapter 9: Ocean, Cryosphere and Sea Level Change
1590:Chapter 9: Ocean, Cryosphere and Sea Level Change
1439:. National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
1323:Chapter 9: Ocean, Cryosphere and Sea Level Change
1058:
267:by using ocean temperatures at different depths.
168:surface. Sea surface temperatures greatly modify
4226:
1620:LuAnn Dahlman and Rebecca Lindsey (2020-08-17).
1311:
621:Increased stratification and lower oxygen levels
16:Physical quantity of hot and cold in ocean water
3919:Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis
2469:
2098:"Record-Setting Ocean Warmth Continued in 2019"
2074:"Flotilla of sensors to monitor world's oceans"
2071:
1793:
1626:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
2612:
2536:
2156:The Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate
1412:
873: â Directional mass flow of oceanic water
669:Ocean § Ocean currents and global climate
549:The majority of ocean heat gain occurs in the
2971:
1260:"The concept of the thermohaline circulation"
992:"The concept of the thermohaline circulation"
726:They preclude a major biological revolution.
251:. They work in conjunction with salinity and
2213:"Another Year of Record Heat for the Oceans"
2013:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1168:"Another Year of Record Heat for the Oceans"
588:The cause of recent observed changes is the
1160:
1158:
673:Atlantic meridional overturning circulation
123:It is clear that the oceans are warming as
2978:
2964:
2434:Annual Review of Environment and Resources
1987:
662:
176:within a short distance of the shore. The
136:
2985:
2901:
2884:
2803:
2785:
2736:
2562:
2445:
2254:
2236:
2121:
1975:"World Ocean Database Profiles the Ocean"
1958:
1746:
1684:
1564:
1514:
1504:
1286:
1257:
1201:
1183:
1018:
989:
184:
1876:Alexander Soloviev; Roger Lukas (2006).
1453:
1155:
925:
615:
508:
382:Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer
278:
149:
18:
1770:"Introduction to Physical Oceanography"
688:
131:
106:created by surface heat and freshwater
4227:
3250:one-dimensional Saint-Venant equations
2577:
344:Ocean heat content § Measurements
59:. Not only the temperature differs in
2959:
2753:
2447:10.1146/annurev-environ-012320-083019
2313:
2084:from the original on 6 November 2007.
2072:Richard Stenger (19 September 2000).
1787:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1443:from the original on 20 October 2023.
1425:from the original on 29 October 2023.
1358:
1356:
1049:
258:
4197:
1622:"Climate Change: Ocean Heat Content"
1415:"Climate Change: Ocean Heat Content"
492:. Scientists calculate salinity and
488:and temperature profiles as well as
2498:
2463:
2421:
519:Effects of climate change on oceans
91:is about â2 °C (28 °F).
39:plays a crucial role in the global
13:
4077:National Oceanographic Data Center
3504:World Ocean Circulation Experiment
3392:Global Ocean Data Analysis Project
2836:
1797:Oceanography from Space: Revisited
1755:
1353:
1101:"How fast are the oceans warming?"
933:"The Hidden Meltdown of Greenland"
207:effect of climate change on oceans
96:circulation of water in the oceans
94:There is a continuous large-scale
14:
4256:
3924:Global Sea Level Observing System
2460:(CC BY 4.0 International license)
85:temperature of the surface layers
4207:
4196:
4187:
4186:
3382:Geochemical Ocean Sections Study
3298:
3287:
2818:
2217:Advances in Atmospheric Sciences
2102:Advances in Atmospheric Sciences
1882:. ă·ă„ăăȘăłăŹăŒă»ăžăŁăăłæ ȘćŒäŒç€Ÿ. p. xi.
1665:Advances in Atmospheric Sciences
1545:Advances in Atmospheric Sciences
1521:
1216:
1172:Advances in Atmospheric Sciences
879: â Quantity in oceanography
843:
829:
815:
801:
787:
773:
565:This section is an excerpt from
529:This section is an excerpt from
504:
446:This section is an excerpt from
271:This section is an excerpt from
219:found deep below the surface of
142:This section is an excerpt from
75:found deep below the surface of
4112:Ocean thermal energy conversion
3835:VineâMatthewsâMorley hypothesis
2708:
2657:
2606:
2571:
2537:Trenberth, K; Caron, J (2001).
2530:
2187:from the original on 2023-03-29
2088:
2065:
2039:
2021:
1981:
1967:
1924:
1869:
1838:
1814:
1632:
909:. Columbia Univ. Archived from
441:Monitoring through Argo program
337:
1227:
1043:
983:
895:
612:, raising ocean temperatures.
102:(THC). It is driven by global
1:
4245:Coastal and oceanic landforms
1863:10.1016/S0924-7963(00)00073-7
889:
594:emissions of greenhouse gases
304:Integrating the areal density
3372:El NiñoâSouthern Oscillation
3342:CraikâLeibovich vortex force
3098:Luke's variational principle
2600:10.1016/j.palaeo.2004.10.014
2153:"Summary for Policymakers".
962:"Temperature of Ocean Water"
877:Sea surface skin temperature
484:. As they move they measure
417:World Ocean Database Project
331:indicators of climate change
230:
215:is the name for cold, salty
55:, geographical location and
7:
766:
695:Geologic temperature record
10:
4261:
3437:Ocean dynamical thermostat
3285:
2869:10.1038/s41598-019-42719-4
2787:10.1038/s41598-019-42719-4
1454:Dijkstra, Henk A. (2008).
859:Global surface temperature
692:
666:
624:
581:
564:
528:
516:
445:
341:
270:
141:
125:a result of climate change
4182:
4021:
3995:
3972:Ocean acoustic tomography
3957:
3909:
3848:
3785:MohoroviÄiÄ discontinuity
3743:
3615:
3512:
3377:General circulation model
3307:
3013:BenjaminâFeir instability
2993:
2238:10.1007/s00376-023-2385-2
2168:10.1017/9781009157964.001
2123:10.1007/s00376-020-9283-7
1851:Journal of Marine Systems
1800:. Springer. p. 263.
1686:10.1007/s00376-024-3378-5
1566:10.1007/s00376-021-0447-x
1506:10.5194/essd-12-2013-2020
1485:Earth System Science Data
1381:10.1007/s12583-018-1002-2
1349:10.1017/9781009157896.011
1185:10.1007/s00376-023-2385-2
937:Nasa Science/Science News
659:are expanding worldwide.
577:
523:
496:from these measurements.
413:National Data Buoy Center
401:ocean acoustic tomography
51:. It varies depending on
4102:Ocean surface topography
3477:Thermohaline circulation
3467:Subsurface ocean current
3407:Hydrothermal circulation
3240:Waveâcurrent interaction
3018:Boussinesq approximation
1794:Vittorio Barale (2010).
1748:10.1175/JCLI-D-21-0895.1
1369:Journal of Earth Science
1066:Summary for Policymakers
703:2,000 to 3,500
606:Earth's energy imbalance
584:Causes of climate change
544:Earth's energy imbalance
316:greenhouse gas emissions
289:greenhouse gas emissions
178:thermohaline circulation
100:thermohaline circulation
98:. One part of it is the
4139:Sea surface temperature
4122:Outline of oceanography
3317:Atmospheric circulation
3255:shallow water equations
3245:Waves and shallow water
3138:Significant wave height
2931:10.1126/science.1230492
2341:10.1126/science.1065863
2162:. 2019. pp. 3â36.
1125:10.1126/science.aav7619
712: million years ago
663:Changing ocean currents
403:. Moored and drifting
247:, nutrient cycles, and
158:Sea surface temperature
144:Sea surface temperature
137:Sea surface temperature
29:sea surface temperature
4134:Sea surface microlayer
3499:Wind generated current
1938:Monthly Weather Review
1456:Dynamical oceanography
903:"Ocean Stratification"
716:Reconstructed proteins
514:
422:A small test fleet of
409:Global Drifter Program
292:
235:Ocean temperature and
195:deep ocean temperature
185:Deep ocean temperature
155:
118:deep ocean temperature
32:
3967:Deep scattering layer
3949:World Geodetic System
3457:Princeton Ocean Model
3337:CoriolisâStokes force
2987:Physical oceanography
1774:Open Textbook Library
1258:Rahmstorf, S (2003).
1239:climate.copernicus.eu
990:Rahmstorf, S (2003).
616:Main physical effects
517:Further information:
512:
282:
153:
22:
3987:Underwater acoustics
3547:Perigean spring tide
3412:Langmuir circulation
3123:Rossby-gravity waves
2052:11 July 2007 at the
689:In the geologic past
657:Oxygen minimum zones
637:ocean stratification
627:Ocean stratification
592:due to human-caused
590:warming of the Earth
435:mercury thermometers
245:oceanic carbon cycle
241:primary productivity
203:ocean stratification
132:Definition and types
4149:Science On a Sphere
3755:Convergent boundary
3427:Modular Ocean Model
3387:Geostrophic current
3103:Mild-slope equation
2923:2013Sci...339..684R
2861:2019NatSR...9.6330W
2778:2019NatSR...9.6330W
2686:10.1038/nature06510
2678:2008Natur.451..704G
2635:10.1038/nature05239
2627:2006Natur.443..969R
2592:2005PPP...219...53K
2555:2001JCli...14.3433T
2473:Marine geochemistry
2333:2002Sci...295.1275G
2327:(5558): 1275â1277.
2229:2023AdAtS..40..963C
2114:2020AdAtS..37..137C
2035:. 24 December 2021.
1994:oceantoday.noaa.gov
1951:1972MWRv..100...10K
1888:2006nslo.book.....S
1739:2022JCli...35.4827C
1677:2024AdAtS..41.1068C
1557:2021AdAtS..38..523C
1516:20.500.11850/443809
1497:2020ESSD...12.2013V
1279:2003Natur.421..699R
1117:2019Sci...363..128C
1011:2003Natur.421..699R
736:100 to 66
653:ocean deoxygenation
631:ocean deoxygenation
448:Argo (oceanography)
3805:Seafloor spreading
3795:Outer trench swell
3760:Divergent boundary
3660:Continental margin
3645:Carbonate platform
3542:Lunitidal interval
2849:Scientific Reports
2830:2017-10-16 at the
2766:Scientific Reports
2543:Journal of Climate
2523:2021-07-12 at the
2512:2019-12-20 at the
2393:2021-07-12 at the
2382:2019-12-20 at the
2300:2021-08-09 at the
2289:2022-10-24 at the
1727:Journal of Climate
1606:2021-08-09 at the
1595:2022-10-24 at the
1339:2021-08-09 at the
1328:2022-10-24 at the
1082:2021-07-12 at the
1071:2022-10-18 at the
907:The Climate System
823:Environment portal
723:Cambrian Explosion
540:ocean heat content
515:
474:ocean heat content
375:Weather satellites
296:Ocean heat content
293:
273:Ocean heat content
265:ocean heat content
263:Experts calculate
259:Ocean heat content
199:ocean heat content
174:Earth's atmosphere
156:
33:
4222:
4221:
4214:Oceans portal
4174:World Ocean Atlas
4164:Underwater glider
4107:Ocean temperature
3770:Hydrothermal vent
3735:Submarine volcano
3670:Continental shelf
3650:Coastal geography
3640:Bathymetric chart
3522:Amphidromic point
3210:Wave nonlinearity
3068:Infragravity wave
2917:(6120): 684â687.
2729:10.1021/ja311630a
2672:(7179): 704â707.
2621:(7114): 969â972.
2483:978-1-118-34909-0
2177:978-1-00-915796-4
2061:10.1063/1.1292477
1897:978-1-4020-4052-8
1807:978-90-481-8680-8
1733:(14): 4827â4840.
1111:(6423): 128â129.
738:million years ago
729:During the later
705:million years ago
641:tropical cyclones
249:marine ecosystems
191:ocean temperature
114:Ocean temperature
104:density gradients
37:ocean temperature
4252:
4212:
4211:
4200:
4199:
4190:
4189:
4129:Pelagic sediment
4067:Marine pollution
3861:Deep ocean water
3730:Submarine canyon
3665:Continental rise
3557:Rule of twelfths
3472:Sverdrup balance
3402:Humboldt Current
3327:Boundary current
3302:
3291:
3108:Radiation stress
3078:Iribarren number
3053:Equatorial waves
3008:Ballantine scale
3003:Airy wave theory
2980:
2973:
2966:
2957:
2956:
2951:
2950:
2905:
2899:
2898:
2888:
2840:
2834:
2822:
2817:
2807:
2789:
2757:
2751:
2750:
2740:
2723:(8): 2899â2902.
2712:
2706:
2705:
2661:
2655:
2654:
2610:
2604:
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2575:
2569:
2568:
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2207:
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2144:
2143:
2125:
2092:
2086:
2085:
2069:
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2043:
2037:
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2025:
2019:
2018:
2012:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1985:
1979:
1978:
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1962:
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1671:(6): 1068â1082.
1656:
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1630:
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1585:
1579:
1578:
1568:
1536:
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1520:
1518:
1508:
1491:(3): 2013â2041.
1476:
1470:
1469:
1451:
1445:
1444:
1429:Top 2000 meters:
1426:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1360:
1351:
1318:
1309:
1308:
1290:
1264:
1255:
1249:
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1187:
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1087:
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1056:
1055:
1047:
1041:
1040:
1022:
996:
987:
981:
980:
978:
977:
968:. Archived from
958:
949:
948:
946:
944:
929:
923:
922:
920:
918:
913:on 29 March 2020
899:
853:
848:
847:
839:
834:
833:
825:
820:
819:
811:
806:
805:
804:
797:
795:Geography portal
792:
791:
790:
783:
778:
777:
761:Paleocene-Eocene
739:
713:
706:
498:Seawater density
458:profiling floats
424:deep Argo floats
393:bathythermograph
308:enthalpic energy
237:dissolved oxygen
226:
213:Deep ocean water
82:
69:Deep ocean water
4260:
4259:
4255:
4254:
4253:
4251:
4250:
4249:
4225:
4224:
4223:
4218:
4206:
4178:
4017:
3991:
3953:
3934:Sea-level curve
3905:
3844:
3830:Transform fault
3780:Mid-ocean ridge
3746:
3739:
3705:Oceanic plateau
3611:
3597:Tidal resonance
3567:Theory of tides
3508:
3417:Longshore drift
3367:Ekman transport
3303:
3297:
3296:
3295:
3294:
3293:
3292:
3283:
3235:Wave turbulence
3168:Trochoidal wave
3093:Longshore drift
2989:
2984:
2954:
2906:
2902:
2841:
2837:
2832:Wayback Machine
2758:
2754:
2713:
2709:
2662:
2658:
2611:
2607:
2576:
2572:
2549:(16): 3433â43.
2535:
2531:
2525:Wayback Machine
2514:Wayback Machine
2503:
2499:
2484:
2468:
2464:
2426:
2422:
2408:
2401:
2395:Wayback Machine
2384:Wayback Machine
2373:
2364:
2315:Gille, Sarah T.
2312:
2308:
2302:Wayback Machine
2291:Wayback Machine
2280:
2276:
2208:
2199:
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2188:
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2151:
2147:
2093:
2089:
2070:
2066:
2054:Wayback Machine
2044:
2040:
2033:www.climate.gov
2027:
2026:
2022:
2006:
2005:
1998:
1996:
1986:
1982:
1973:
1972:
1968:
1929:
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1645:Climate Central
1638:
1637:
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1618:
1614:
1608:Wayback Machine
1597:Wayback Machine
1586:
1582:
1537:
1533:
1477:
1473:
1466:
1452:
1448:
1431:
1410:Top 700 meters:
1408:
1404:
1361:
1354:
1341:Wayback Machine
1330:Wayback Machine
1319:
1312:
1288:10.1038/421699a
1262:
1256:
1252:
1243:
1241:
1233:
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1228:
1163:
1156:
1097:
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1084:Wayback Machine
1073:Wayback Machine
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1020:10.1038/421699a
994:
988:
984:
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865:Marine heatwave
849:
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835:
828:
821:
814:
807:
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793:
788:
786:
779:
772:
769:
757:Late Cretaceous
734:
708:
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675:
667:Main articles:
665:
633:
625:Main articles:
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586:
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558:Antarctic Ocean
534:
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306:of a change in
287:resulting from
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182:
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147:
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134:
80:
71:is cold, salty
49:marine habitats
17:
12:
11:
5:
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4217:
4216:
4204:
4194:
4183:
4180:
4179:
4177:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4154:Stratification
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4125:
4124:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4046:
4044:Color of water
4041:
4039:Benthic lander
4036:
4031:
4025:
4023:
4019:
4018:
4016:
4015:
4010:
4005:
3999:
3997:
3993:
3992:
3990:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3963:
3961:
3955:
3954:
3952:
3951:
3946:
3944:Sea level rise
3941:
3939:Sea level drop
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3915:
3913:
3907:
3906:
3904:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3852:
3850:
3846:
3845:
3843:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3775:Marine geology
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3751:
3749:
3741:
3740:
3738:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3715:Passive margin
3712:
3710:Oceanic trench
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3621:
3619:
3613:
3612:
3610:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3518:
3516:
3510:
3509:
3507:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3485:
3484:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3442:Ocean dynamics
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3332:Coriolis force
3329:
3324:
3319:
3313:
3311:
3305:
3304:
3286:
3284:
3282:
3281:
3280:
3279:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3258:
3257:
3252:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3181:
3180:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3153:Stokes problem
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3088:Kinematic wave
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
2999:
2997:
2991:
2990:
2983:
2982:
2975:
2968:
2960:
2953:
2952:
2900:
2835:
2752:
2707:
2656:
2605:
2586:(1â2): 53â69.
2570:
2529:
2497:
2482:
2462:
2420:
2399:
2362:
2306:
2274:
2223:(6): 963â974.
2197:
2176:
2145:
2108:(2): 137â142.
2087:
2064:
2038:
2020:
1980:
1966:
1923:
1914:|journal=
1896:
1868:
1857:(4): 277â288.
1837:
1813:
1806:
1786:
1754:
1713:
1700:
1651:
1631:
1612:
1580:
1551:(4): 523â530.
1531:
1471:
1464:
1446:
1402:
1375:(2): 236â243.
1352:
1310:
1250:
1226:
1178:(6): 963â974.
1154:
1088:
1057:
1042:
982:
950:
924:
893:
891:
888:
887:
886:
880:
874:
868:
862:
855:
854:
840:
837:Weather portal
826:
812:
809:Ecology portal
798:
784:
768:
765:
753:Early Triassic
745:oxygen isotope
693:Main article:
690:
687:
679:ocean currents
664:
661:
622:
619:
617:
614:
610:climate system
598:carbon dioxide
579:
576:
571:
563:
551:Southern Ocean
535:
527:
525:
522:
506:
503:
452:
444:
442:
439:
339:
336:
329:are important
327:sea level rise
323:Southern Ocean
312:global heating
277:
269:
260:
257:
232:
229:
221:Earth's oceans
186:
183:
148:
140:
138:
135:
133:
130:
77:Earth's oceans
45:ocean currents
41:climate system
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4257:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4232:
4230:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4203:
4195:
4193:
4185:
4184:
4181:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4123:
4120:
4119:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4062:Marine energy
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4052:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4029:Acidification
4027:
4026:
4024:
4020:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
4000:
3998:
3994:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3982:SOFAR channel
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3964:
3962:
3960:
3956:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3916:
3914:
3912:
3908:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3853:
3851:
3847:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3790:Oceanic crust
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3765:Fracture zone
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3752:
3750:
3748:
3742:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3700:Oceanic basin
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3630:Abyssal plain
3628:
3626:
3623:
3622:
3620:
3618:
3614:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3537:Internal tide
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3519:
3517:
3515:
3511:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3483:
3480:
3479:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3432:Ocean current
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3314:
3312:
3310:
3306:
3301:
3290:
3278:
3275:
3274:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3247:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3230:Wave shoaling
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3190:Ursell number
3188:
3186:
3183:
3179:
3176:
3175:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3073:Internal wave
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3023:Breaking wave
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2981:
2976:
2974:
2969:
2967:
2962:
2961:
2958:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2904:
2896:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2839:
2833:
2829:
2826:
2821:
2815:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2756:
2748:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2717:J Am Chem Soc
2711:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2660:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2609:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2574:
2565:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2533:
2526:
2522:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2508:
2501:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2479:
2475:
2474:
2466:
2457:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2440:(1): 83â112.
2439:
2435:
2431:
2424:
2417:
2413:
2406:
2404:
2396:
2392:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2378:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2321:
2316:
2310:
2303:
2299:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2285:
2278:
2272:
2266:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2183:
2179:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2158:
2157:
2149:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2091:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2068:
2062:
2058:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2042:
2034:
2030:
2024:
2016:
2010:
1995:
1991:
1984:
1976:
1970:
1961:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1939:
1934:
1927:
1919:
1907:
1899:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1880:
1872:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1841:
1827:
1826:www.whoi.edu/
1823:
1817:
1809:
1803:
1799:
1798:
1790:
1775:
1771:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1749:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1717:
1710:
1704:
1696:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1655:
1647:
1646:
1641:
1635:
1627:
1623:
1616:
1609:
1605:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1591:
1584:
1576:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1535:
1529:
1524:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1475:
1467:
1465:9783540763758
1461:
1457:
1450:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1359:
1357:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1324:
1317:
1315:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1273:(6924): 699.
1272:
1268:
1261:
1254:
1240:
1236:
1230:
1224:
1219:
1213:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1161:
1159:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1095:
1093:
1085:
1081:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1067:
1061:
1053:
1046:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1005:(6924): 699.
1004:
1000:
993:
986:
972:on 2010-03-27
971:
967:
963:
957:
955:
938:
934:
928:
912:
908:
904:
898:
894:
884:
881:
878:
875:
872:
871:Ocean current
869:
866:
863:
860:
857:
856:
852:
846:
841:
838:
832:
827:
824:
818:
813:
810:
799:
796:
785:
782:
781:Oceans portal
776:
771:
764:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
743:Data from an
741:
737:
733:period, from
732:
727:
724:
719:
717:
711:
704:
696:
686:
684:
680:
674:
670:
660:
658:
654:
648:
646:
642:
638:
632:
628:
613:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
585:
568:
559:
554:
552:
547:
545:
541:
532:
520:
511:
505:Ocean warming
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
449:
438:
436:
432:
427:
425:
420:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
389:Nansen bottle
385:
383:
378:
376:
371:
369:
364:
362:
357:
356:
350:
345:
332:
328:
324:
319:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
290:
286:
281:
274:
268:
266:
256:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
228:
222:
218:
214:
210:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
152:
145:
129:
126:
121:
119:
115:
111:
109:
105:
101:
97:
92:
90:
86:
78:
74:
70:
66:
63:but also the
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
30:
26:
21:
4240:Oceanography
4169:Water column
4117:Oceanography
4106:
4092:Observations
4087:Explorations
4057:Marginal sea
4050:
4008:OSTM/Jason-2
3840:Volcanic arc
3815:Slab suction
3532:Head of tide
3422:Loop Current
3362:Ekman spiral
3148:Stokes drift
3058:Gravity wave
3033:Cnoidal wave
2914:
2910:
2903:
2852:
2848:
2838:
2769:
2765:
2755:
2720:
2716:
2710:
2669:
2665:
2659:
2618:
2614:
2608:
2583:
2579:
2573:
2546:
2542:
2532:
2500:
2472:
2465:
2437:
2433:
2423:
2324:
2318:
2309:
2277:
2220:
2216:
2189:. Retrieved
2155:
2148:
2105:
2101:
2090:
2077:
2067:
2041:
2032:
2023:
1997:. Retrieved
1993:
1983:
1969:
1945:(1): 10â14.
1942:
1936:
1926:
1878:
1871:
1854:
1850:
1840:
1829:. Retrieved
1825:
1816:
1796:
1789:
1778:. Retrieved
1773:
1730:
1726:
1716:
1703:
1668:
1664:
1654:
1643:
1634:
1615:
1583:
1548:
1544:
1534:
1488:
1484:
1474:
1455:
1449:
1436:
1428:
1418:
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1064:IPCC, 2019:
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970:the original
943:23 September
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36:
34:
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3083:Kelvin wave
3063:Green's law
2855:(1): 6330.
2772:(1): 6330.
2738:11336/22624
2527:. In press.
2397:. In press.
1999:24 December
1990:"Deep Argo"
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3572:Tidal bore
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3267:Wind setup
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1244:2024-08-15
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2796:2045-2322
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2456:1543-5938
2247:0256-1530
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2132:1861-9533
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1389:1674-487X
1194:0256-1530
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368:telemetry
231:Relevance
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3871:Littoral
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3607:Tideline
3552:Rip tide
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3028:Clapotis
2939:23393261
2895:31004083
2828:Archived
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2747:23394108
2694:18256669
2643:17066030
2521:Archived
2510:Archived
2391:Archived
2380:Archived
2357:31434936
2349:11847337
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2182:Archived
2082:Archived
2050:Archived
2009:cite web
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