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by the ocean are released into the atmosphere, thereby modifying the climate of northwest Europe. The North
Atlantic Subpolar Gyre has a complex topography with a series of basins in which the large-scale circulation is characterized by cyclonic boundary currents and interior recirculation. The North Atlantic Current develops out of the Gulf Stream extension and turns eastward, crossing the Atlantic in a wide band between about 45°N and 55°N creating the southern border of the North Atlantic Subpolar Gyre. There are several branches of the North Atlantic Current, and they flow into an eastern intergyral region in the
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currents, calm seas, or turbulent storms. The Māori have a rich oral history of navigation within the
Southern Ocean and Antarctic Ocean and a deep understanding their ice and ocean patterns. A current research project is aimed at consolidating these oral histories. Efforts are being made to integrate TEK with Western science in marine and ocean research in New Zealand. Additional research efforts aim to collate indigenous oral histories and incorporate indigenous knowledge into climate change adaptation practices in New Zealand that will directly affect the Māori and other indigenous communities.
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the
Southeast Pacific/Amundsen-Bellingshausen Seas generates a cyclonic circulation cell that reduces sea surface heights north of the Ross Gyre via Ekman suction. The relative reduction of sea surface heights to the north facilitates a northeastward expansion of the outer boundary of the Ross Gyre. Further, the gyre is intensified by a westward ocean stress anomaly over its southern boundary. The ensuing southward Ekman transport anomaly raises sea surface heights over the continental shelf and accelerates the westward throughflow by increasing the cross-slope pressure gradient. The
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waters from the south and cold, fresher waters from the north. As these waters meet, the warm, dense water sinks beneath the lighter, colder water, initiating a complex circulation pattern. The North
Atlantic Subpolar Gyre has significant implications for climate regulation, as it helps redistribute heat and nutrients throughout the North Atlantic, influencing weather patterns and supporting diverse marine life. Additionally, changes in the gyre's strength and circulation can impact regional climate variability and may be influenced by broader climate change trends.
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with the highest amounts happening in summer. Generally, spring is an important time for photosynthesis as the light limitation imposed during winter is lifted and there are high levels of nutrients available. However, in the North
Atlantic Subpolar Gyre, spring productivity is low in comparison to expected levels. It is hypothesized that this low productivity is because phytoplankton are less efficiently using light than they do in the summer months.
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waters through gravitational sinking, where the particle is too heavy to remain suspended in the water column. However, since subtropical gyres cover 60% of the ocean surface, their relatively low production per unit area is made up for by covering massive areas of the Earth. This means that, despite being areas of relatively low productivity and low nutrients, they play a large role in contributing to the overall amount of ocean production.
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caretaker. The United
Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples begins by reminding readers that “respect for Indigenous knowledge, cultures and traditional practices contributes to sustainable and equitable development and proper management of the environment” Attempts to collect and store this knowledge have been made over the past twenty years. Conglomerates such as The Indigenous Knowledge Social Network (SIKU)
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1444:. The Weddell Gyre (WG) is one of the main oceanographic features of the Southern Ocean south of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current which plays an influential role in global ocean circulation as well as gas exchange with the atmosphere. The WG is situated in the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean, south of 55–60°S and roughly between 60°W and 30°E (Deacon, 1979). It stretches over the Weddell abyssal plain, where the
1252:, the location on Earth that is farthest away from all continental landmass (2,688 km away from the closest land). The remoteness of this gyre complicates sampling, causing this gyre to be historically under sampled in oceanographic datasets. At the northern boundary of the South Pacific Gyre, the South Equatorial Current flows west towards southeast Asia and Australia. There, it turns south as it flows in the
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argument for the presence of western boundary current solutions over eastern boundary current solutions can be found again through the conservation of potential vorticity. Considering again the case of a subtropical northern hemisphere gyre, the return flow must be northward. In order to move northward (an increase in planetary vorticity
1376:, just outside of the Ross Sea. This gyre is characterized by a clockwise rotation of surface waters, driven by the combined influence of wind, the Earth's rotation, and the shape of the seafloor. The gyre plays a crucial role in the transport of heat, nutrients, and marine life in the Southern Ocean, affecting the distribution of
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transport across gyre fronts. This lateral transport helps make up for the large loss of nutrients due to downwelling and particle sinking. However, the major source of nitrate in the nitrate-limited subtropical gyres is a result of biological, not physical, factors. Nitrogen in subtropical gyres is produced primarily by
1147:, the western boundary current of the South Atlantic Gyre. The Antarctic Circumpolar Current forms both the southern boundary of the gyre and the eastward component of the gyre circulation. Eventually, the water reaches the west coast of Africa, where it is brought north along the coast as a part of the eastern boundary
793:(black dotted lines) and the stream function is negative throughout the gyre, indicating the gyre is rotating clockwise. The distance between streamlines is inversely proportional to the flow speed – note the much closer streamlines on the west side of the basin, indicating western intensification of the gyre.
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critical role in the movement of heat, nutrients, and marine life in the
Southern Ocean. Insights into the behavior and variability of the Weddell Gyre are crucial for comprehending the interaction between ocean processes in the southern hemisphere and their implications for the global climate system.
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The North
Atlantic Subpolar Gyre is an important part of the ocean's carbon dioxide drawdown mechanism. The photosynthesis of phytoplankton communities in this area seasonally depletes surface waters of carbon dioxide, removing it through primary production. This primary production occurs seasonally,
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The
Alaskan Gyre and Western Subarctic Gyre are an iron-limited environment rather than a nitrogen or phosphorus limited environment. This region relies on dust blowing off the state of Alaska and other landmasses nearby to supply iron. Because it is limited by iron instead of nitrogen or phosphorus,
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of isopycnal surfaces, and storage of ~20,000 km3 of freshwater in the upper few hundred meters of the ocean. The gyre gains energy from winds in the south and loses energy in the north over a mean annual cycle. The strong atmospheric circulation in the autumn, combined with significant areas of open
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lead to the production and export of dense water, with global-scale impacts. which controls the proximity of the warm waters of the
Antarctic Circumpolar Current to the Ross Sea continental shelf, where they may drive ice shelf melting and increase sea level. The deepening of sea level pressures over
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The North Atlantic Subpolar Gyre, located in the North Atlantic Ocean, is characterized by a counterclockwise rotation of surface waters. It plays a crucial role in the global oceanic conveyor belt system, influencing climate and marine ecosystems. The gyre is driven by the convergence of warm, salty
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Indigenous Traditional Ecological Knowledge recognizes that Indigenous people, as the original caretakers, hold unique relationships with the land and waters. These relationships make TEK difficult to define, as Traditional Knowledge means something different to each person, each community, and each
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Lack of nutrients in the surface waters of subtropical gyres is related to the strong downwelling and sinking of particles that occurs in these areas as mentioned earlier. However, nutrients are still present in these gyres. These nutrients can come from not only vertical transport, but also lateral
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is a key component of the global climate system through its transport of heat and freshwater. The North Atlantic Subpolar Gyre is in a region where the AMOC is actively developed and shaped through mixing and water mass transformation. It is a region where large amounts of heat transported northward
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The velocity profile within the boundary layer calculated using Munk's boundary layer solution for both the case of a western boundary (top) and eastern boundary (bottom) in a northern hemisphere subtropical gyre. Note that positive vorticity is input into the flow near the boundary only in the case
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Ocean circulation re-distributes the heat and water-resources, therefore determines the regional climate. For example, the western branches of the subtropical gyres flow from the lower latitudes towards higher latitudes, bringing relatively warm and moist air to the adjacent land, contributing to a
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or low productivity. Each gyre has a unique ecological profile but can be grouped by region due to dominating characteristics. Generally, productivity is greater for cyclonic gyres (e.g., subpolar gyres) that drive upwelling through Ekman suction and lesser for anticyclonic gyres (e.g., subtropical
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There are five major subtropical gyres across the world's oceans: the North Atlantic Gyre, the South Atlantic Gyre, the Indian Ocean Gyre, the North Pacific Gyre, and the South Pacific Gyre. All subtropical gyres are anticyclonic, meaning that in the northern hemisphere they rotate clockwise, while
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estimated that "for every square mile of ocean" there are about "46,000 pieces of plastic". The 10 largest emitters of oceanic plastic pollution worldwide are, from the most to the least, China, Indonesia, Philippines, Vietnam, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Egypt, Malaysia, Nigeria, and Bangladesh, largely
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in the ocean is heavily dependent on the presence of nutrients and the availability of sunlight. Here, nutrients refers to nitrogen, nitrate, phosphate, and silicate, all important nutrients in biogeochemical processes that take place in the ocean. A commonly accepted method for relating different
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characteristics, warm subtropical gyres have some of the least productive waters per unit surface area in the ocean. The downwelling of water that occurs in subtropical gyres takes nutrients deeper in the ocean, removing them from surface waters. Organic particles can also be removed from surface
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As the Sverdrup balance argues, subtropical ocean gyres have a weak equatorward flow and subpolar ocean gyres have a weak poleward flow over most of their area. However, there must be some return flow that goes against the Sverdrup transport in order to preserve mass balance. In this respect, the
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data suggest that the world's major ocean gyres are slowly moving towards higher latitudes in the past few decades. Such feature show agreement with climate model prediction under anthropogenic global warming. Paleo-climate reconstruction also suggest that during the past cold climate intervals,
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who came from Polynesia and are an indigenous group in New Zealand. Their way of life and culture has strong connections to the ocean. The Māori believe that the sea is the source of all life and is an energy, called Tangaroa. This energy could manifest in many different ways, like strong ocean
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is located in the Southern Ocean surrounding Antarctica, just outside of the Weddell Sea. It is characterized by a clockwise rotation of surface waters, influenced by the combined effects of winds, the Earth's rotation, and the seafloor's topography. Like the Ross Gyre, the Weddell Gyre plays a
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center may have a greater impact on the Ross Gyre transport or the throughflow, depending on its location and strength. This gyre has significant effects on interactions in the Southern Ocean between waters of the Antarctic margin, the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, and intervening gyres with a
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Munk's solution instead relies on friction between the return flow and the sidewall of the basin. This allows for two cases: one with the return flow on the western boundary (western boundary current) and one with the return flow on the eastern boundary (eastern boundary current). A qualitative
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is the vertical Ekman velocity due to wind stress curl (positive up). It can be clearly seen in this equation that for a negative Ekman velocity (e.g., Ekman pumping in subtropical gyres), meridional mass transport (Sverdrup transport) is negative (south, equatorward) in the northern hemisphere
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In contrast to subtropical gyres, subpolar gyres can have a lot of biological activity due to Ekman suction upwelling driven by wind stress curl. Subpolar gyres in the North Atlantic have a "bloom and crash" pattern following seasonal and storm patterns. The highest productivity in the North
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resolved this issue by showing that the return flow of gyres is done through an intensified western boundary current. Stommel's solution relies on a frictional bottom boundary layer which is not necessarily physical in a stratified ocean (currents do not always extend to the bottom).
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With the correct ratios of nutrients on the left side of the RKR equation and sunlight, photosynthesis takes place to produce plankton (primary production) and oxygen. Typically, the limiting nutrients to production are nitrogen and phosphorus with nitrogen being the most limiting.
1080:. Subtropical gyres typically consist of four currents: a westward flowing equatorial current, a poleward flowing, narrow, and strong western boundary current, an eastward flowing current in the midlatitudes, and an equatorward flowing, weaker, and broader eastern boundary current.
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Coale, Kenneth H.; Johnson, Kenneth S.; Fitzwater, Steve E.; Gordon, R. Michael; Tanner, Sara; Chavez, Francisco P.; Ferioli, Laurie; Sakamoto, Carole; Rogers, Paul; Millero, Frank; Steinberg, Paul; Nightingale, Phil; Cooper, David; Cochlan, William P.; Landry, Michael R. (1996).
1212:, one of the largest ecosystems on Earth, is bordered to the south by the Intertropical Convergence Zone and extending north to roughly 50°N. At the southern boundary of the North Pacific Gyre, the North Equatorial Current flows west along the equator towards southeast Asia. The
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i.e., ice ages, some of the western boundary currents (western branches of the subtropical ocean gyres) are closer to the equator than their modern positions. These evidence implies that global warming is very likely to push the large-scale ocean gyres towards higher latitudes.
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Due to friction at the boundary, the velocity of flow must go to zero at the sidewall before reaching some maximum northward velocity within the boundary layer and decaying to the southward Sverdrup transport solution far away from the boundary. Thus, the condition that
3897:
Reintjes, Greta; Tegetmeyer, Halina E.; Bürgisser, Miriam; Orlić, Sandi; Tews, Ivo; Zubkov, Mikhail; Voß, Daniela; Zielinski, Oliver; Quast, Christian; Glöckner, Frank Oliver; Amann, Rudolf; Ferdelman, Timothy G.; Fuchs, Bernhard M. (2019-07-15). Nojiri, Hideaki (ed.).
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Atlantic occurs in boreal spring when there are long days and high levels of nutrients. This is different to the subpolar North Pacific, where almost no phytoplankton bloom occurs and patterns of respiration are more consistent through time than in the North Atlantic.
1887:, navigators would use the stars, winds, and ocean currents to know where they were on the ocean and where they were headed. These navigators were intimately familiar with Pacific currents that create the North Pacific gyre and this way of navigating continues today.
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The western boundary current must transport on the same order of water as the interior Sverdrup transport in a much smaller area. This means western boundary currents are much stronger than interior currents, a phenomenon called "western intensification".
1188:. The Agulhas Current flows south until it joins the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, which flows east at the southern edge of the Indian Ocean Gyre. Due to the African continent not extending as far south as the Indian Ocean Gyre, some of the water in the
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It turns out that about 90 percent of all the plastic that reaches the world's oceans gets flushed through just 10 rivers: The Yangtze, the Indus, Yellow River, Hai River, the Nile, the Ganges, Pearl River, Amur River, the Niger, and the Mekong (in that
1058:. One can make similar arguments for subtropical gyres in the southern hemisphere and for subpolar gyres in either hemisphere and see that the result remains the same: the return flow of an ocean gyre is always in the form of a western boundary current.
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mild and wet climate (e.g., East China, Japan). In contrast, the eastern boundary currents of the subtropical gyres streaming from the higher latitudes towards lower latitudes, corresponding to a relatively cold and dry climate (e.g., California).
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nutrient availabilities to each other in order to describe chemical processes is the Redfield, Ketchum, and Richards (RKR) equation. This equation describes the process of photosynthesis and respiration and the ratios of the nutrients involved.
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Within garbage patches, the waste is not compact, and although most of it is near the surface of the ocean, it can be found up to more than 30 metres (100 ft) deep in the water. Patches contain plastics and debris in a range of sizes from
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Cózar, Andrés; Echevarría, Fidel; González-Gordillo, J. Ignacio; Irigoien, Xabier; Úbeda, Bárbara; Hernández-León, Santiago; Palma, Álvaro T.; Navarro, Sandra; García-de-Lomas, Juan; Ruiz, Andrea; Fernández-de-Puelles, María L. (2014-07-15).
1228:. The Alaska Current is the eastern boundary current of the subpolar Alaska Gyre, while the California Current is the eastern boundary current that completes the North Pacific Gyre circulation. Within the North Pacific Gyre is the
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Luo, Y.-W.; Doney, S. C.; Anderson, L. A.; Benavides, M.; Berman-Frank, I.; Bode, A.; Bonnet, S.; Boström, K. H.; Böttjer, D.; Capone, D. G.; Carpenter, E. J.; Chen, Y. L.; Church, M. J.; Dore, J. E.; Falcón, L. I. (2012-08-31).
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Martin, J. H.; Coale, K. H.; Johnson, K. S.; Fitzwater, S. E.; Gordon, R. M.; Tanner, S. J.; Hunter, C. N.; Elrod, V. A.; Nowicki, J. L.; Coley, T. L.; Barber, R. T.; Lindley, S.; Watson, A. J.; Van Scoy, K.; Law, C. S. (1994).
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Wind-driven ocean gyres are asymmetrical, with stronger flows on their western boundary and weaker flows throughout their interior. The weak interior flow that is typical over most of the gyre is a result of the conservation of
2921:"The Quantitative Distribution and Characteristics of Neuston Plastic in the North Pacific Ocean, 1985–88. (Final Report to U.S. Department of Commerce, National Marine Fisheries Service, Auke Bay Laboratory. Auke Bay, Alaska)"
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Takahashi, Taro; Sutherland, Stewart C.; Sweeney, Colm; Poisson, Alain; Metzl, Nicolas; Tilbrook, Bronte; Bates, Nicolas; Wanninkhof, Rik; Feely, Richard A.; Sabine, Christopher; Olafsson, Jon; Nojiri, Yukihiro (2002-01-01).
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are interconnected due to their relationship in their role in transporting sea ice across the Arctic Ocean. Their influence on the distribution of freshwater has broad impacts for global sea level rise and climate dynamics.
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by human populations. These human-caused collections of plastic and other debris are responsible for ecosystem and environmental problems that affect marine life, contaminate oceans with toxic chemicals, and contribute to
1480:. This gyre functions as a critical mechanism for the transport of heat, nutrients, and sea ice within the Arctic region, thus influencing the physical and biological characteristics of the marine environment. Negative
1264:. Unlike the North Pacific garbage patch which was first described in 1988, the South Pacific garbage patch was discovered much more recently in 2016 (a testament to the extreme remoteness of the South Pacific Gyre).
1260:, the eastern boundary current that completes the South Pacific Gyre circulation. Like the North Pacific Gyre, the South Pacific Gyre has an elevated concentration of plastic waste near the center, termed the
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forms the northern boundary of the Indian Ocean Gyre as it flows west along the equator towards the east coast of Africa. At the coast of Africa, the South Equatorial Current is split by Madagascar into the
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region. Iron limitation in high-nutrient, low-chlorophyll regions results in water that is rich in other nutrients because they have not been removed by the small populations of plankton that live there.
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brings warm waters west towards the Caribbean and defines the southern edge of the North Atlantic Gyre. Once these waters reach the Caribbean they join the warm waters in the Gulf of Mexico and form the
1880:, the Igliniit project, and the Wales Inupiaq Sea Ice Directory have made strides in the inclusion and documentation of indigenous people's thoughts on global climate, oceanographic, and social trends.
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Regaudie-de-Gioux, A.; Huete-Ortega, M.; Sobrino, C.; López-Sandoval, D.C.; González, N.; Fernández-Carrera, A.; Vidal, M.; Marañón, E.; Cermeño, P.; Latasa, M.; Agustí, S.; Duarte, C.M. (2019).
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which has the highest density of marine debris and plastic. The Pacific Garbage patch has two mass buildups: the western garbage patch and the eastern garbage patch, the former off the coast of
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This plot shows the relationship to nitrogen and phosphorus availability throughout different areas of the global ocean. Nitrogen is most often more limiting than phosphorus for photosynthesis.
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velocity. In the sense of a northward return flow, the zonal component is neglected and only the meridional velocity is important for relative vorticity. Thus, this solution requires that
1412:. Even though this gyre is located nearby two of the most prominent research stations in the world for Antarctic study, the Ross Gyre remains one of the least sampled gyres in the world.
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accordingly. The only way to decrease the planetary vorticity is by moving the water parcel equatorward, so throughout the majority of subtropical gyres there is a weak equatorward flow.
749:(right) computed using Munk's boundary layer solution in a rectangular, flat-bottomed ocean gyre on a beta plane in the northern hemisphere centered at 30°N with horizontal length scale
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Dotto, Tiago S.; Naveira Garabato, Alberto; Bacon, Sheldon; Tsamados, Michel; Holland, Paul R.; Hooley, Jack; Frajka-Williams, Eleanor; Ridout, Andy; Meredith, Michael P. (2018-06-28).
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1171:, located in the Indian Ocean, is, like the South Atlantic Gyre, bordered by the Intertropical Convergence Zone in the north and the Antarctic Circumpolar Current to the south. The
1248:, like its northern counterpart, is one of the largest ecosystems on Earth with an area that accounts for around 10% of the global ocean surface area. Within this massive area is
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Currently, the core of the subtropical gyres are around 30° in both Hemispheres. However, their positions were not always there. Satellite observational sea surface height and
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One example involves ancient Polynesians and how they discovered and then travelled throughout the Pacific Ocean from modern day Polynesia to Hawaii and New Zealand. Known as
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Bonnet, Sophie; Caffin, Mathieu; Berthelot, Hugo; Grosso, Olivier; Benavides, Mar; Helias-Nunige, Sandra; Guieu, Cécile; Stenegren, Marcus; Foster, Rachel Ann (2018-07-12).
1256:, a western boundary current. The Antarctic Circumpolar Current again returns the water to the east. The flow turns north along the western coast of South America in the
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In the case of the subtropical ocean gyre, Ekman pumping results in water piling up in the center of the gyre, compressing water parcels. This results in a decrease in
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686:). Conversely, for a positive Ekman velocity (e.g., Ekman suction in subpolar gyres), Sverdrup transport is positive (north, poleward) in the northern hemisphere.
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452:
269:
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bacteria, which are common throughout most of the oligotrophic waters of subtropical gyres. These bacteria transform atmospheric nitrogen into bioavailable forms.
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Koul, Vimal; Tesdal, Jan-Erik; Bersch, Manfred; Hátún, Hjálmar; Brune, Sebastian; Borchert, Leonard; Haak, Helmuth; Schrum, Corinna; Baehr, Johanna (2020-01-22).
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is the western boundary current of the North Pacific Gyre, flowing northeast along the coast of Japan. At roughly 50°N, the flow turns east and becomes the
1276:). Circulation of surface wind and ocean water is cyclonic, counterclockwise in the northern hemisphere and clockwise in the southern hemisphere, around a
1965:. Once waterborne, marine debris becomes mobile. Flotsam can be blown by the wind, or follow the flow of ocean currents, often ending up in the middle of
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4085:
Garcia, He; Weathers, Kw; Paver, Cr; Smolyar, I.; Boyer, Tp; Locarnini, Mm; Zweng, Mm; Mishonov, Av; Baranova, Ok; Seidov, D.; Reagan, Jr (2019-01-01).
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Gupta, Mukund; Williams, Richard G.; Lauderdale, Jonathan M.; Jahn, Oliver; Hill, Christopher; Dutkiewicz, Stephanie; Follows, Michael J. (2022-10-11).
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Rintoul, S. R.; Chown, S. L.; DeConto, R. M.; England, M. H.; Fricker, H. A.; Masson-Delmotte, V.; Naish, T. R.; Siegert, M. J.; Xavier, J. C. (2018).
1184:, flowing south along the east coast of Madagascar, both of which are western boundary currents. South of Madagascar the two currents join to form the
248:(applicable for basin-scale flow as the horizontal length scale is much greater than the vertical length scale), potential vorticity is a function of
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5121:
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Rye, Craig D.; Marshall, John; Kelley, Maxwell; Russell, Gary; Nazarenko, Larissa S.; Kostov, Yavor; Schmidt, Gavin A.; Hansen, James (2020-06-16).
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2820:"Changes in the North Pacific Current divergence and California Current transport based on HadGEM2-ES CMIP5 projections to the end of the century"
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western and northern sectors. The Gyre is characterized by a large-scale, quasi-permanent, counterclockwise rotation of surface waters within the
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in subpolar regions (resulting in upwelling). Ekman pumping results in an increased sea surface height at the center of the gyre and anticyclonic
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Halm, Hannah; Lam, Phyllis; Ferdelman, Timothy G.; Lavik, Gaute; Dittmar, Thorsten; LaRoche, Julie; D'Hondt, Steven; Kuypers, Marcel MM (2012).
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1356:. Part of the North Atlantic Current flows into the Norwegian Sea, and some recirculate within the boundary currents of the subpolar gyre.
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brings water west towards South America, forming the northern boundary of the South Atlantic gyre. Here, the water moves south in the
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2055:. These garbage patches contain 90 million tonnes (100 million short tons) of debris. Other identified patches include the
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Bard, E., & Rickaby, R. E. (2009). Migration of the subtropical front as a modulator of glacial climate. Nature, 460(7253), 380.
3064:"In-depth characterization of diazotroph activity across the western tropical South Pacific hotspot of N2 fixation (OUTPACE cruise)"
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in subtropical gyres. Ekman suction results in a depressed sea surface height and cyclonic geostrophic currents in subpolar gyres.
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Imbol Koungue, Rodrigue Anicet; Brandt, Peter; Lübbecke, Joke; Prigent, Arthur; Martins, Meike Sena; Rodrigues, Regina R. (2021).
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3784:(3rd ed.). London, United Kingdom Cambridge, MA, United States: Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier. pp. 753–756.
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Nishioka, Jun; Obata, Hajime; Hirawake, Toru; Kondo, Yoshiko; Yamashita, Youhei; Misumi, Kazuhiro; Yasuda, Ichiro (2021-08-01).
2033:, and accounting for "90 percent of all the plastic that reaches the world's oceans". Asia was the leading source of mismanaged
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in order to increase the relative vorticity and have a valid northward return flow in the northern hemisphere subtropical gyre.
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1220:. The North Pacific Current flows east, eventually bifurcating near the west coast of North America into the northward flowing
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flows south along the western coast of Europe and north Africa, completing the gyre circulation. The center of the gyre is the
818:), there must be a source of positive relative vorticity to the system. The relative vorticity in the shallow-water system is:
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is located in the southern hemisphere in the Atlantic Ocean, between the Intertropical Convergence Zone in the north and the
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Wind-driven evolution of the north pacific subpolar gyre over the last deglaciation. Geophys. Res. Lett. 47, 208–212 (2020).
4615:(3rd ed.). London, United Kingdom Cambridge, MA, United States: Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier. p. 578.
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water, demonstrates the effect that wind stress has directly on the surface geostrophic currents. The Beaufort Gyre and the
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quantified this phenomenon in his 1947 paper, "Wind Driven Currents in a Baroclinic Ocean", in which the (depth-integrated)
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4419:"A massive phytoplankton bloom induced by an ecosystem-scale iron fertilization experiment in the equatorial Pacific Ocean"
1989:
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4653:"The Igliniit Project: Combining Inuit Knowledge and Geomatics Engineering to Develop a New Observation Tool for Hunters"
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An animation of a year in organism density on Earth. The South Pacific Gyre is visibly low (purple) in organism density.
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Poleward shift of the major ocean gyres detected in a warming climate. Geophysical Research Letters, 47, e2019GL085868
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biomass. They are important for the transport of energy from low trophic levels to high trophic levels. In some gyres,
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must also decrease. It can be further simplified by realizing that, in basin-scale ocean gyres, the relative vorticity
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4530:"Global sea–air CO2 flux based on climatological surface ocean pCO2, and seasonal biological and temperature effects"
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Sverdrup solution is incomplete, as it has no mechanism in which to predict this return flow. Contributions by both
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The largest ocean gyres are wind-driven, meaning that their locations and dynamics are controlled by the prevailing
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can only be satisfied through a western boundary frictional layer, as the eastern boundary frictional layer forces
4087:"World Ocean Atlas 2018. Vol. 4: Dissolved Inorganic Nutrients (phosphate, nitrate and nitrate+nitrite, silicate)"
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2343:"Wind-Driven Currents in a Baroclinic Ocean; with Application to the Equatorial Currents of the Eastern Pacific"
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789:(left) are sinusoidal, which is an approximation of the typical winds driving a subtropical gyre. Flow is along
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3708:
Armitage, Thomas W. K.; Manucharyan, Georgy E.; Petty, Alek A.; Kwok, Ron; Thompson, Andrew F. (2020-02-06).
3643:
Armitage, Thomas W. K.; Manucharyan, Georgy E.; Petty, Alek A.; Kwok, Ron; Thompson, Andrew F. (2020-02-06).
1437:
1296:
1136:
508:
17:
6158:
5822:
5113:
4689:
2056:
704:
3588:
Lin, Peigen; Pickart, Robert S.; Heorton, Harry; Tsamados, Michel; Itoh, Motoyo; Kikuchi, Takashi (2023).
5827:
5812:
2064:
2040:
1938:
1441:
1261:
1229:
6218:
4313:"A review: iron and nutrient supply in the subarctic Pacific and its impact on phytoplankton production"
7168:
6355:
5817:
5611:
5515:
2068:
4900:"Marine Debris in the North Pacific A Summary of Existing Information and Identification of Data Gaps"
4806:
4529:
2819:
1518:
Subtropical gyres are sometimes described as "ocean deserts" or "biological deserts", in reference to
1515:
gyres) that drive downwelling through Ekman pumping, but this can differ between seasons and regions.
1331:
The distribution of the North Atlantic Subpolar Gyre shown above the North Atlantic Gyre to the South.
6890:
6295:
6255:
3441:"Variability of the Ross Gyre, Southern Ocean: Drivers and Responses Revealed by Satellite Altimetry"
931:
585:
4782:"Indigenous knowledge 'gives us a much richer picture': Q&A with Māori researcher Ocean Mercier"
1988:
Garbage patches grow because of widespread loss of plastic from human trash collection systems. The
7020:
6395:
6385:
6325:
5961:
5931:
5834:
5661:
5646:
5641:
5555:
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5484:
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5454:
3440:
3302:
3216:
2870:
2156:
1978:
1962:
1193:
1172:
1140:
1097:
7158:
7057:
7040:
6877:
6370:
6235:
6173:
6163:
6056:
5782:
5606:
5601:
5560:
5510:
5333:
5211:
3964:
3543:"A dynamically consistent analysis of circulation and transports in the southwestern Weddell Sea"
3491:"A dynamically consistent analysis of circulation and transports in the southwestern Weddell Sea"
3127:
1908:
1511:
1490:
1460:
Image of the distribution of the Beaufort Sea Gyre and its relationship with the transpolar drift
1253:
1249:
1197:
1181:
1152:
1105:, a western boundary current. This current then heads north and east towards Europe, forming the
245:
2654:
7163:
7052:
6990:
6417:
6103:
5621:
5525:
5520:
5505:
5479:
5469:
5444:
5394:
5318:
5243:
4061:
1106:
229:
225:
113:
411:
7153:
6885:
6867:
6375:
6270:
5905:
5651:
5364:
2126:
1884:
1217:
1159:, and is correlated with a reduction in primary productivity in the Benguela upwelling zone.
694:
of the western boundary current, meaning this is the only valid solution to gyre return flow.
31:
663:
591:
437:
254:
7072:
6905:
6608:
6465:
6330:
6041:
5449:
5399:
5149:
5043:
4968:
4493:
4430:
4374:
4324:
4204:
4157:
3976:
3911:
3843:
3721:
3656:
3601:
3554:
3502:
3452:
3379:
3314:
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3228:
3163:
3016:
2882:
2827:
2776:
2713:
2666:
2528:
2451:
2354:
772:
732:
635:
615:
560:
189:
4572:"Distinct Seasonal Primary Production Patterns in the Sub-Polar Gyre and Surrounding Seas"
4480:
Martin, John H.; Gordon, R. Michael; Fitzwater, Steve; Broenkow, William W. (1989-05-01).
1391:, is a region where the mixing of distinct water masses and complex interactions with the
249:
8:
7067:
6952:
6947:
6673:
6345:
6305:
6021:
5726:
5721:
5323:
5275:
5026:
3005:"Database of diazotrophs in global ocean: abundance, biomass and nitrogen fixation rates"
2136:
1132:
1089:
315:
241:
233:
5231:
5153:
5047:
4972:
4497:
4434:
4378:
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4208:
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3725:
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3558:
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3456:
3383:
3318:
3279:
3232:
3167:
3020:
2886:
2831:
2780:
2717:
2670:
2532:
2455:
2412:. International geophysics series. New York: Academic Press. pp. 326–328, 465–471.
2358:
2306:
1419:
Locations of the Weddell & Ross Gyre's and their distribution in the Southern Ocean.
165:, horizontal friction and vertical friction determine the circulatory patterns from the
7010:
6723:
6713:
6678:
6578:
6563:
6460:
5853:
5736:
5731:
5586:
5540:
5535:
5180:
5137:
4992:
4536:. The Southern Ocean I: Climatic Changes in the Cycle of Carbon in the Southern Ocean.
4462:
4398:
4293:
4233:
4192:
4022:"Chlorophyll variability in the oligotrophic gyres: mechanisms, seasonality and trends"
4002:
3940:
3900:"On-Site Analysis of Bacterial Communities of the Ultraoligotrophic South Pacific Gyre"
3899:
3874:
3831:
3750:
3709:
3685:
3644:
3625:
3421:
3348:
3192:
3151:
2851:
2800:
2745:
2588:
2385:
2342:
2318:
2089:
1776:{\displaystyle {\ce {106CO2 +16HNO3 +H3PO4 +122H2O ->(CH2O)106(NH3)16H3PO4 +138O2}}}
1551:
1397:
1245:
1225:
1209:
1177:
913:
893:
801:
752:
477:
457:
391:
297:
277:
272:
170:
4545:
4481:
3965:"Multi-model remote sensing assessment of primary production in the subtropical gyres"
3542:
3490:
7092:
7082:
7025:
7005:
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3413:
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3197:
3179:
3085:
3044:
2898:
2855:
2843:
2826:. Understanding changes in transitional areas of the Pacific Ocean. 169–170: 104641.
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1957:
1800:
1409:
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1168:
454:
is small, meaning that local changes in vorticity cannot account for the decrease in
4466:
4297:
3425:
3367:
3217:"Assessing variability in the size and strength of the North Atlantic subpolar gyre"
7047:
7015:
6985:
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6648:
6583:
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6390:
6320:
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6026:
5996:
5926:
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4583:
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3187:
3171:
3075:
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3034:
3024:
2890:
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2784:
2765:"A Sea of Change: Biogeochemical Variability in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre"
2749:
2721:
2674:
2625:
2536:
2459:
2380:
2362:
2314:
2240:
1257:
1213:
1148:
609:
499:
213:
132:
3988:
3962:
3004:
880:{\displaystyle \zeta ={\partial v \over \partial x}-{\partial u \over \partial y}}
224:
at the midlatitudes. These wind patterns result in a wind stress curl that drives
6852:
6748:
6698:
6663:
6623:
6515:
6485:
6335:
6285:
6195:
6153:
6086:
6011:
5971:
5797:
5656:
5530:
5500:
5409:
2700:
Beal, Lisa M.; De Ruijter, Wilhelmus P. M.; Biastoch, Arne; Zahn, Rainer (2011).
2305:
Talley, Lynne D.; Pickard, George L.; Emery, William J.; Swift, James H. (2011),
2231:
Talley, Lynne D.; Pickard, George L.; Emery, William J.; Swift, James H. (2011),
1405:
1288:. The wind stress curl in this region drives the Ekman suction, which creates an
1189:
1185:
1076:
the gyres in the southern hemisphere rotate counterclockwise. This is due to the
727:
193:
158:
4664:
4146:"Nutrient budgets in the subtropical ocean gyres dominated by lateral transport"
2978:
1891:
6962:
6957:
6862:
6857:
6693:
6633:
6628:
6360:
6250:
6071:
6006:
5981:
5792:
5687:
5576:
5550:
5414:
5379:
5374:
5359:
5349:
5268:
5086:
4337:
4312:
4086:
3733:
3668:
3613:
3287:
3175:
2839:
2271:. International geophysics series. New York: Academic Press. pp. 231–237.
2131:
1863:
are a major part of many animals' diets and can support the existence of large
1851:
1369:
1349:
1300:
1221:
1144:
1110:
1077:
6207:
5222:
SIO 210: Introduction to Physical Oceanography – Wind-forced circulation notes
4652:
4588:
4571:
4257:
4193:"Heterotrophic organisms dominate nitrogen fixation in the South Pacific Gyre"
4110:
3566:
3514:
3391:
2701:
2630:
2613:
1415:
196:, even one that is human-created, but it is most commonly used in terrestrial
7147:
7132:
6980:
6900:
6789:
6708:
6683:
6618:
6548:
6455:
6350:
6227:
6148:
6108:
6081:
5991:
5941:
5864:
5848:
5807:
5802:
5752:
5303:
5291:
5171:
4945:
4597:
4553:
4513:
4450:
4394:
4346:
4281:
4224:
4177:
4120:
4047:
4038:
4021:
3931:
3865:
3741:
3676:
3621:
3574:
3522:
3472:
3409:
3344:
3263:
3248:
3183:
3089:
3048:
2902:
2871:"Variability and Trends of the Alaska Gyre From Argo and Satellite Altimetry"
2847:
2796:
2733:
2686:
2639:
2548:
2516:
2473:
2376:
2146:
2103:
2083:
2034:
1994:
1974:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1922:
1839:
1835:
1527:
1465:
1345:
1285:
1233:
711:
150:
5162:
5055:
5024:
4980:
3856:
3303:"Antarctic Glacial Melt as a Driver of Recent Southern Ocean Climate Trends"
3080:
2977:
US Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
2587:
US Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
2540:
2244:
1929:
1842:, which are generally small in nutrient limited gyres. In low oxygen zones,
1484:
curl over the region, mediated by the sea ice pack, leads to Ekman pumping,
7087:
7035:
6975:
6926:
6804:
6799:
6774:
6758:
6733:
6450:
6340:
6280:
6066:
5976:
5951:
5762:
5666:
5439:
5260:
5189:
5063:
4988:
4949:
4458:
4418:
4363:"Testing the iron hypothesis in ecosystems of the equatorial Pacific Ocean"
4362:
4289:
4242:
4216:
4145:
3949:
3883:
3759:
3694:
3417:
3400:
3335:
3201:
3029:
2741:
2394:
2367:
2162:
2151:
2030:
2014:
2002:
1966:
1543:
1510:
Depending on their location around the world, gyres can be regions of high
1477:
1473:
1469:
1429:
1404:
The Ross Sea is the southernmost sea on Earth and holds the United States'
1353:
1312:
1281:
1114:
197:
122:
4758:"Indigenous explorers' ancestral ocean stories relevant to climate crisis"
4611:
Cochran, J. Kirk; Bokuniewicz, Henry J.; Yager, Patricia L., eds. (2019).
3780:
Cochran, J. Kirk; Bokuniewicz, Henry J.; Yager, Patricia L., eds. (2019).
2788:
2232:
2203:
Fundamental Planetary Sciences : physics, chemistry, and habitability
1838:. The limiting factor for the number of trophic levels is the size of the
7077:
6809:
6738:
6603:
6543:
6510:
6500:
6495:
6380:
6315:
6275:
6265:
6240:
6123:
6096:
6076:
6036:
6001:
5419:
5068:
The 10 top-ranked rivers transport 88–95% of the global load into the sea
4835:
3923:
3710:"Enhanced eddy activity in the Beaufort Gyre in response to sea ice loss"
3645:"Enhanced eddy activity in the Beaufort Gyre in response to sea ice loss"
3464:
3326:
3240:
2894:
2111:
2026:
2018:
1998:
1864:
1485:
1481:
1445:
1304:
1102:
1092:
is located in the northern hemisphere in the Atlantic Ocean, between the
715:
217:
167:
5874:
5134:
4273:
4144:
Letscher, Robert T.; Primeau, François; Moore, J. Keith (October 2016).
3997:
2818:
Toste, Raquel; de Freitas Assad, Luiz Paulo; Landau, Luiz (2019-11-01).
2764:
2725:
1456:
1151:, completing the gyre circulation. The Benguela Current experiences the
722:
6895:
6743:
6718:
6613:
6593:
6520:
6505:
6490:
6480:
6445:
6185:
6180:
6143:
6138:
6133:
6031:
3039:
2048:
2022:
2010:
1843:
1401:
strong seasonal sea ice cover play a major role in the climate system.
1392:
1388:
1373:
221:
7127:
5859:
2678:
2097:
1327:
1156:
689:
6967:
6829:
6814:
6728:
6573:
6412:
6407:
6190:
6118:
6046:
5966:
5956:
5913:
5757:
5247:
4894:
4892:
4442:
4386:
4169:
3541:
Yaremchuk, M.; Nechaev, D.; Schroter, J.; Fahrbach, E. (1998-08-31).
3489:
Yaremchuk, M.; Nechaev, D.; Schroter, J.; Fahrbach, E. (1998-08-31).
2168:
2006:
1985:
and consumer goods and appliances lost from flood and shipping loss.
1982:
1786:
1365:
1316:
1289:
1119:
162:
5025:
Christian Schmidt; Tobias Krauth; Stephan Wagner (11 October 2017).
2702:"On the role of the Agulhas system in ocean circulation and climate"
1295:
Subpolar circulation in the southern hemisphere is dominated by the
7062:
6784:
6643:
6535:
6525:
6470:
5946:
5217:
SIO 210: Introduction to Physical Oceanography – Global circulation
4020:
Signorini, Sergio R.; Franz, Bryan A.; McClain, Charles R. (2015).
1384:
1308:
4889:
3438:
2655:"The flow field of the subtropical gyre of the South Indian Ocean"
2611:
1820:
1502:
6931:
6921:
6091:
6061:
4526:
3152:"Unraveling the choice of the north Atlantic subpolar gyre index"
2116:
2063:
located between eastern South America and the tip of Africa, the
1519:
1377:
3896:
3540:
3488:
2869:
Hristova, Hristina G.; Ladd, Carol; Stabeno, Phyllis J. (2019).
1192:
into the Atlantic Ocean, with potentially important effects for
378:{\displaystyle {D \over Dt}\left({\frac {\zeta +f}{H}}\right)=0}
105:
6638:
6051:
5248:"Skeptoid #132: The Sargasso Sea and the Pacific Garbage Patch"
4713:
2052:
1934:
1856:
1523:
185:
175:
141:
4638:
United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
2071:
found east of South Africa listed in order of decreasing size.
1849:
At the intermediate level, small fishes and squid (especially
1448:
is situated, and extends east into the Enderby abyssal plain.
408:, so by the conservation of potential vorticity the numerator
7000:
6819:
6598:
6553:
4811:
Deep South Challenge | Climate Change Tools & Information
4479:
3590:"Recent state transition of the Arctic Ocean's Beaufort Gyre"
2044:
474:. Thus, the water parcel must change its planetary vorticity
201:
4922:
Interactions of Land, Ocean and Humans: A Global Perspective
4755:
4650:
3707:
3642:
2517:"The westward intensification of wind-driven ocean currents"
6432:
5082:"Almost all plastic in the ocean comes from just 10 rivers"
5081:
4415:
4359:
3829:
3061:
2817:
2465:
10.1175/1520-0469(1950)007<0080:OTWDOC>2.0.CO;2
2037:, with China alone accounting for 2.4 million metric tons.
154:
5232:
Physical Geography – Surface and Subsurface Ocean Currents
5227:
SIO 210: Introduction to Physical Oceanography – Lecture 6
4736:
4534:
Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography
4482:"Vertex: phytoplankton/iron studies in the Gulf of Alaska"
4310:
4084:
3832:"A nutrient relay sustains subtropical ocean productivity"
3365:
3268:
Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography
2919:
Day, Robert H.; Shaw, David G.; Ignell, Steven E. (1988).
2824:
Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography
2699:
138:
4256:
Sohm, Jill A.; Webb, Eric A.; Capone, Douglas G. (2011).
3587:
3001:
1870:
1806:
1769:
1749:
1736:
1723:
1710:
1692:
1676:
1652:
1632:
1619:
1603:
1583:
1196:. The gyre circulation is completed by the north flowing
1155:
event, an Atlantic Ocean analogue to the Pacific Ocean's
4651:
Gearheard, Shari; Aipellee, Gary; o'Keefe, Kyle (2010).
3300:
3105:"New Garbage Patch Discovered in the South Pacific Gyre"
1547:
The distribution of nitrate throughout the global ocean.
1180:, flowing south through the Mozambique Channel, and the
4865:
Climate Change is Pushing Giant Ocean Currents Poleward
4610:
4486:
Deep Sea Research Part A. Oceanographic Research Papers
3779:
3484:
3482:
2304:
2230:
2494:(2nd ed.). New York: Springer. pp. 263–271.
1299:, due to the lack of large landmasses breaking up the
1117:, which is characterized by the dense accumulation of
27:
Any large system of circulating ocean surface currents
4190:
4019:
3262:
Orsi, Alejandro H.; Wiederwohl, Christina L. (2009).
3149:
2976:
2586:
1567:
1558:
The RKR Equation for Photosynthesis and Respiration:
1024:
984:
940:
916:
896:
827:
804:
775:
755:
735:
666:
638:
618:
594:
563:
511:
480:
460:
440:
414:
394:
327:
300:
280:
257:
5206:
4690:"Navigating the Pacific with Wind, Waves, and Stars"
4143:
3479:
2566:(2nd ed.). New York: Springer. pp. 58–65.
2079:
1877:
2868:
2307:"Introduction to Descriptive Physical Oceanography"
2233:"Introduction to Descriptive Physical Oceanography"
135:
4944:
4569:
1775:
1341:Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC)
1050:
1010:
966:
922:
902:
879:
810:
781:
761:
741:
678:
651:
624:
600:
576:
546:
486:
466:
446:
426:
400:
377:
306:
286:
263:
6848:North West Shelf Operational Oceanographic System
5027:"Export of Plastic Debris by Rivers into the Sea"
4112:Chemical Oceanography and the Marine Carbon Cycle
2652:
228:in the subtropics (resulting in downwelling) and
7145:
5207:5 Gyres – Understanding Plastic Marine Pollution
4913:
4739:"Tangaroa – the sea – The importance of the sea"
4570:Richardson, Katherine; Bendtsen, Jørgen (2021).
4115:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 204–205.
2653:Stramma, L.; Lutjeharms, J. R. E. (1997-03-15).
2200:
1436:This gyre is formed by interactions between the
1200:, which forms the eastern boundary of the gyre.
6838:Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis
5142:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
5111:
4954:"Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean"
4258:"Emerging patterns of marine nitrogen fixation"
3836:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2347:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2122:Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre
1821:Seasonality in the North Atlantic Subpolar Gyre
1322:
705:Boundary current § Western intensification
4635:
4255:
3261:
3215:Foukal, Nicholas P.; Lozier, M. Susan (2017).
1292:of nutrient-rich water from the lower depths.
1272:Subpolar gyres form at high latitudes (around
5890:
5276:
5114:"Asia Leads World in Dumping Plastic in Seas"
4907:United States Environmental Protection Agency
4687:
4108:
3536:
3534:
3532:
3145:
3143:
3141:
3139:
2918:
2187:Heinemann, B. and the Open University (1998)
1846:are a large percentage of the phytoplankton.
5290:
4737:Te Ahukaramū Charles Royal (June 12, 2006).
4109:Emerson, Steven; Hedges, John (2008-04-24).
3798:
3214:
2954:"What lives in the Pacific's 'ocean desert'"
2521:Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union
1472:and the largest freshwater reservoir in the
1319:, which circulate in a clockwise direction.
4756:communications@waikato.ac.nz (2021-11-10).
2194:
1497:
1380:and influencing regional climate patterns.
1096:in the south and Iceland in the north. The
5897:
5883:
5283:
5269:
3529:
3136:
2201:Lissauer, Jack J.; de Pater, Imke (2019).
1051:{\displaystyle \partial v/\partial x<0}
1011:{\displaystyle \partial v/\partial x>0}
967:{\displaystyle \partial v/\partial x>0}
698:
104:
68:
5904:
5179:
5161:
4807:"Te Tai Uka a Pia | Deep South Challenge"
4587:
4336:
4232:
4037:
3996:
3939:
3873:
3855:
3749:
3684:
3399:
3334:
3191:
3079:
3038:
3028:
2629:
2463:
2384:
2366:
1758:
1641:
1592:
1572:
153:, particularly those involved with large
4743:Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand
3102:
2561:
2489:
2340:
2205:. New York: Cambridge University Press.
1928:
1785:
1542:
1538:
1526:where little life exists. Due to their
1501:
1455:
1414:
1326:
721:
688:
5242:
5079:
3804:
3221:Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans
2875:Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans
2659:Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans
2514:
2067:located west of South America, and the
547:{\displaystyle fV_{g}=\beta \rho w_{E}}
314:, and is conserved with respect to the
116:World map of the five major ocean gyres
14:
7146:
6169:one-dimensional Saint-Venant equations
5124:from the original on 23 February 2015.
5035:Environmental Science & Technology
4881:Major Ocean Currents Drifting Poleward
3904:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
2440:"On the Wind-Driven Ocean Circulation"
2142:High-nutrient, low-chlorophyll regions
2059:between North America and Africa, the
1871:Indigenous knowledge of ocean patterns
1807:High-nutrient, low-chlorophyll regions
1126:
1083:
95:
86:
77:
61:
54:
47:
5878:
5264:
4919:
4565:
4563:
4104:
4102:
4100:
3775:
3773:
3771:
3769:
2914:
2912:
1239:
1203:
1094:Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ)
910:is again the meridional velocity and
149:) is any large system of circulating
7116:
5112:Robert Lee Hotz (13 February 2015).
5080:Franzen, Harald (30 November 2017).
4952:; Wilcox, Chris (12 February 2015).
2951:
2762:
2485:
2483:
2437:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2407:
2300:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2292:
2290:
2288:
2266:
2226:
2224:
2222:
1990:United Nations Environmental Program
1451:
1162:
1070:
1065:
5212:Wind Driven Surface Currents: Gyres
3368:"Choosing the future of Antarctica"
3128:Wind Driven Surface Currents: Gyres
2933:from the original on 19 August 2019
2444:Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences
1952:particles caused by the effects of
1468:is the dominant circulation of the
157:movements. Gyres are caused by the
24:
6996:National Oceanographic Data Center
6423:World Ocean Circulation Experiment
6311:Global Ocean Data Analysis Project
5138:"Plastic debris in the open ocean"
4688:Tripathy-Lang, Alka (2022-02-24).
4560:
4097:
3766:
2909:
2319:10.1016/b978-0-7506-4552-2.10001-0
2191:, Oxford University Press: Page 98
1834:Ocean gyres typically contain 5–6
1036:
1025:
996:
985:
952:
941:
868:
860:
845:
837:
25:
7180:
6843:Global Sea Level Observing System
5239:— Georgia Institute of Technology
5200:
3805:Renfrow, Stephanie (2009-02-06).
2480:
2426:
2311:Descriptive Physical Oceanography
2285:
2237:Descriptive Physical Oceanography
2219:
1898:
1829:
1267:
588:mass transport (positive north),
207:
7126:
7115:
7106:
7105:
6301:Geochemical Ocean Sections Study
6217:
6206:
5858:
5847:
4066:education.nationalgeographic.org
2096:
2082:
1921:This section is an excerpt from
131:
99: gyre
40:
7031:Ocean thermal energy conversion
6754:Vine–Matthews–Morley hypothesis
5128:
5105:
5073:
5018:
4938:
4874:
4858:
4849:
4840:
4824:
4799:
4774:
4749:
4730:
4706:
4681:
4644:
4629:
4604:
4520:
4473:
4409:
4353:
4304:
4249:
4184:
4137:
4078:
4054:
4013:
3956:
3890:
3823:
3701:
3636:
3581:
3432:
3359:
3294:
3255:
3208:
3121:
3096:
3055:
2995:
2970:
2945:
2862:
2811:
2756:
2693:
2646:
2605:
2580:
2555:
2508:
2039:The best known of these is the
1423:
1303:. There are minor gyres in the
1194:global thermohaline circulation
5237:North Pacific Gyre Oscillation
4924:. CRC Press. pp. 147–48.
4613:Encyclopedia of ocean sciences
3782:Encyclopedia of ocean sciences
3264:"A recount of Ross Sea waters"
2438:Munk, Walter H. (1950-04-01).
2401:
2334:
2313:, Elsevier, pp. 211–221,
2260:
2239:, Elsevier, pp. 142–145,
2181:
1814:high-nutrient, low-chlorophyll
1713:
1697:
1682:
1663:
1658:
13:
1:
4867:Bob Berwyn, 26 February 2020
4636:United Nations (March 2008).
4546:10.1016/S0967-0645(02)00003-6
3989:10.1016/j.jmarsys.2019.03.007
2952:Corp, Pelmorex (2020-07-27).
2763:Karl, David M. (1999-05-01).
2174:
1890:Another example involves the
1438:Antarctic Circumpolar Current
1352:, the Iceland Basin, and the
1297:Antarctic Circumpolar Current
1137:Antarctic Circumpolar Current
6291:El Niño–Southern Oscillation
6261:Craik–Leibovich vortex force
6017:Luke's variational principle
4640:. United Nations. p. 2.
4506:10.1016/0198-0149(89)90144-1
3445:Geophysical Research Letters
3307:Geophysical Research Letters
2061:South Atlantic garbage patch
2057:North Atlantic garbage patch
1969:where currents are weakest.
1915:
1359:
1323:North Atlantic Subpolar Gyre
7:
4786:Mongabay Environmental News
4665:10.1007/978-90-481-8587-0_8
4576:Frontiers in Marine Science
4262:Nature Reviews Microbiology
4026:Frontiers in Marine Science
2618:Frontiers in Marine Science
2589:"What is the Sargasso Sea?"
2075:
2065:South Pacific garbage patch
2041:Great Pacific garbage patch
1981:, to large objects such as
1939:Great Pacific Garbage Patch
1442:Antarctic Continental Shelf
1262:South Pacific garbage patch
1230:Great Pacific garbage patch
10:
7185:
6356:Ocean dynamical thermostat
6204:
4886:, accessed 5 December 2021
4871:, accessed 5 December 2021
4338:10.1007/s10872-021-00606-5
3807:"An Ocean full of Deserts"
3734:10.1038/s41467-020-14449-z
3669:10.1038/s41467-020-14449-z
3614:10.1038/s41561-023-01184-5
3288:10.1016/J.DSR2.2008.10.033
3176:10.1038/s41598-020-57790-5
2840:10.1016/j.dsr2.2019.104641
2564:Geophysical fluid dynamics
2492:Geophysical fluid dynamics
2069:Indian Ocean garbage patch
1920:
1224:and the southward flowing
702:
632:is the water density, and
250:relative (local) vorticity
29:
7101:
6940:
6914:
6891:Ocean acoustic tomography
6876:
6828:
6767:
6704:Mohorovičić discontinuity
6662:
6534:
6431:
6296:General circulation model
6226:
5932:Benjamin–Feir instability
5912:
5843:
5775:
5745:
5709:
5700:
5675:
5569:
5493:
5342:
5311:
5302:
4589:10.3389/fmars.2021.785685
3969:Journal of Marine Systems
3567:10.1007/s00585-998-1024-7
3515:10.1007/s00585-998-1024-7
3392:10.1038/s41586-018-0173-4
3009:Earth System Science Data
2631:10.3389/fmars.2021.800103
2562:Pedlosky, Joseph (1987).
2490:Pedlosky, Joseph (1987).
2410:Atmosphere-ocean dynamics
2341:Sverdrup, Harald (1947).
2269:Atmosphere-ocean dynamics
1280:, such as the persistent
184:can refer to any type of
7021:Ocean surface topography
6396:Thermohaline circulation
6386:Subsurface ocean current
6326:Hydrothermal circulation
6159:Wave–current interaction
5937:Boussinesq approximation
5835:Thermohaline circulation
4121:10.1017/cbo9780511793202
4039:10.3389/fmars.2015.00001
3133:accessed 5 December 2021
2614:"The 2019 Benguela Niño"
2408:Gill, Adrian E. (1982).
2267:Gill, Adrian E. (1982).
2157:Thermohaline circulation
1979:plastic pellet pollution
1963:greenhouse gas emissions
1498:Biogeochemistry of Gyres
1173:South Equatorial Current
1141:South Equatorial Current
1098:North Equatorial Current
427:{\displaystyle \zeta +f}
7058:Sea surface temperature
7041:Outline of oceanography
6236:Atmospheric circulation
6174:shallow water equations
6164:Waves and shallow water
6057:Significant wave height
5783:Atmospheric circulation
5334:Transpolar Drift Stream
5163:10.1073/pnas.1314705111
5056:10.1021/acs.est.7b02368
4981:10.1126/science.1260352
4317:Journal of Oceanography
3857:10.1073/pnas.2206504119
3103:EcoWatch (2013-01-17).
3081:10.5194/bg-15-4215-2018
2541:10.1029/tr029i002p00202
2515:Stommel, Henry (1948).
2245:10.1016/C2009-0-24322-4
2047:and the latter between
1933:Trash washed ashore in
1909:sea surface temperature
1512:biological productivity
1254:East Australian Current
1232:, an area of increased
1198:West Australian Current
1190:Agulhas Current "leaks"
1182:East Madagascar Current
699:Western intensification
246:shallow water equations
7053:Sea surface microlayer
6418:Wind generated current
5854:Environment portal
5808:Marine garbage patches
5622:Indonesian Throughflow
5526:Indonesian Throughflow
4217:10.1038/ismej.2011.182
3030:10.5194/essd-4-47-2012
2979:"Where is Point Nemo?"
2368:10.1073/pnas.33.11.318
1941:
1791:
1777:
1548:
1507:
1461:
1420:
1332:
1107:North Atlantic Current
1052:
1012:
968:
924:
904:
881:
812:
794:
783:
763:
743:
695:
680:
679:{\displaystyle f>0}
653:
626:
602:
601:{\displaystyle \beta }
578:
548:
488:
468:
448:
447:{\displaystyle \zeta }
428:
402:
379:
308:
288:
265:
264:{\displaystyle \zeta }
200:to refer to the major
151:ocean surface currents
6886:Deep scattering layer
6868:World Geodetic System
6376:Princeton Ocean Model
6256:Coriolis–Stokes force
5906:Physical oceanography
5683:Antarctic Circumpolar
4920:Maser, Chris (2014).
4869:insideclimatenews.org
4657:SIKU: Knowing Our Ice
3714:Nature Communications
3649:Nature Communications
2983:oceanservice.noaa.gov
2789:10.1007/s100219900068
2593:oceanservice.noaa.gov
1932:
1789:
1778:
1546:
1539:Nutrient availability
1505:
1459:
1418:
1330:
1218:North Pacific Current
1053:
1013:
969:
925:
905:
882:
813:
784:
782:{\displaystyle \tau }
764:
744:
742:{\displaystyle \psi }
725:
692:
681:
654:
652:{\displaystyle w_{E}}
627:
625:{\displaystyle \rho }
603:
579:
577:{\displaystyle V_{g}}
549:
489:
469:
449:
429:
403:
380:
309:
289:
266:
32:Gyre (disambiguation)
6906:Underwater acoustics
6466:Perigean spring tide
6331:Langmuir circulation
6042:Rossby-gravity waves
5246:(16 December 2008).
4836:10.1029/2019GL085868
4659:. pp. 181–202.
4091:NOAA Atlas NESDIS 84
3924:10.1128/AEM.00184-19
3465:10.1029/2018GL078607
3327:10.1029/2019GL086892
3241:10.1002/2017JC012798
3131:oceanmotion.org/html
2895:10.1029/2019JC015231
1565:
1022:
982:
938:
914:
894:
825:
802:
773:
769:. The applied winds
753:
733:
664:
636:
616:
592:
561:
509:
478:
458:
438:
412:
392:
325:
298:
278:
255:
234:geostrophic currents
214:global wind patterns
30:For other uses, see
7068:Science On a Sphere
6674:Convergent boundary
6346:Modular Ocean Model
6306:Geostrophic current
6022:Mild-slope equation
5727:South Atlantic Gyre
5722:North Atlantic Gyre
5154:2014PNAS..11110239C
5148:(28): 10239–10244.
5118:Wall Street Journal
5048:2017EnST...5112246S
5042:(21): 12246–12253.
4973:2015Sci...347..768J
4498:1989DSRA...36..649M
4435:1996Natur.383..495C
4379:1994Natur.371..123M
4329:2021JOce...77..561N
4274:10.1038/nrmicro2594
4209:2012ISMEJ...6.1238H
4162:2016NatGe...9..815L
3981:2019JMS...196...97R
3916:2019ApEnM..85E.184R
3848:2022PNAS..11906504G
3842:(41): e2206504119.
3726:2020NatCo..11..761A
3661:2020NatCo..11..761A
3606:2023NatGe..16..485L
3559:1998AnGeo..16.1024Y
3547:Annales Geophysicae
3507:1998AnGeo..16.1024Y
3495:Annales Geophysicae
3457:2018GeoRL..45.6195D
3384:2018Natur.558..233R
3319:2020GeoRL..4786892R
3280:2009DSRII..56..778O
3233:2017JGRC..122.6295F
3168:2020NatSR..10.1005K
3021:2012ESSD....4...47L
2958:The Weather Network
2926:. pp. 247–66.
2887:2019JGRC..124.5870H
2832:2019DSRII.16904641T
2781:1999Ecosy...2..181K
2726:10.1038/nature09983
2718:2011Natur.472..429B
2671:1997JGR...102.5513S
2533:1948TrAGU..29..202S
2456:1950JAtS....7...80M
2359:1947PNAS...33..318S
2137:Geostrophic current
1993:through the rivers
1771:
1751:
1738:
1725:
1712:
1694:
1678:
1654:
1634:
1621:
1605:
1585:
1133:South Atlantic Gyre
1127:South Atlantic Gyre
1090:North Atlantic Gyre
1084:North Atlantic Gyre
316:material derivative
273:planetary vorticity
242:potential vorticity
220:at the tropics and
6724:Seafloor spreading
6714:Outer trench swell
6679:Divergent boundary
6579:Continental margin
6564:Carbonate platform
6461:Lunitidal interval
5737:South Pacific Gyre
5732:North Pacific Gyre
5612:Equatorial Counter
5516:Equatorial Counter
5006:on 22 January 2019
3274:(13–14): 778–795.
3156:Scientific Reports
2090:Environment portal
1942:
1792:
1773:
1759:
1739:
1726:
1700:
1695:
1666:
1661:
1642:
1622:
1609:
1593:
1573:
1552:Primary production
1549:
1508:
1464:The anti-cyclonic
1462:
1421:
1398:sea level pressure
1368:is located in the
1333:
1246:South Pacific Gyre
1240:South Pacific Gyre
1226:California Current
1210:North Pacific Gyre
1204:North Pacific Gyre
1178:Mozambique Current
1139:to the south. The
1048:
1008:
964:
920:
900:
877:
808:
795:
779:
759:
739:
696:
676:
649:
622:
598:
574:
544:
484:
464:
444:
424:
398:
375:
304:
284:
261:
63:North Atlantic
56:North Atlantic
49:North Atlantic
7169:Fisheries science
7141:
7140:
7133:Oceans portal
7093:World Ocean Atlas
7083:Underwater glider
7026:Ocean temperature
6689:Hydrothermal vent
6654:Submarine volcano
6589:Continental shelf
6569:Coastal geography
6559:Bathymetric chart
6441:Amphidromic point
6129:Wave nonlinearity
5987:Infragravity wave
5872:
5871:
5865:Oceans portal
5771:
5770:
5717:Indian Ocean Gyre
5696:
5695:
4946:Jambeck, Jenna R.
4762:www.waikato.ac.nz
4674:978-90-481-8586-3
4622:978-0-12-813081-0
4429:(6600): 495–501.
4373:(6493): 123–129.
4150:Nature Geoscience
4130:978-0-521-83313-4
3791:978-0-12-813081-0
3594:Nature Geoscience
3451:(12): 6195–6204.
3378:(7709): 233–241.
3074:(13): 4215–4232.
2712:(7344): 429–436.
2679:10.1029/96JC03455
2665:(C3): 5513–5530.
2573:978-0-387-96387-7
2501:978-0-387-96387-7
2419:978-0-12-283522-3
2328:978-0-7506-4552-2
2278:978-0-12-283522-3
2254:978-0-7506-4552-2
2189:Ocean circulation
1958:plastic pollution
1878:https://siku.org/
1762:
1742:
1729:
1703:
1681:
1669:
1657:
1645:
1625:
1612:
1596:
1576:
1452:Beaufort Sea Gyre
1278:low-pressure area
1169:Indian Ocean Gyre
1163:Indian Ocean Gyre
1071:Subtropical gyres
1066:Gyre distribution
923:{\displaystyle u}
903:{\displaystyle v}
875:
852:
811:{\displaystyle f}
762:{\displaystyle L}
487:{\displaystyle f}
467:{\displaystyle H}
401:{\displaystyle H}
363:
341:
307:{\displaystyle H}
287:{\displaystyle f}
16:(Redirected from
7176:
7131:
7130:
7119:
7118:
7109:
7108:
7048:Pelagic sediment
6986:Marine pollution
6780:Deep ocean water
6649:Submarine canyon
6584:Continental rise
6476:Rule of twelfths
6391:Sverdrup balance
6321:Humboldt Current
6246:Boundary current
6221:
6210:
6027:Radiation stress
5997:Iribarren number
5972:Equatorial waves
5927:Ballantine scale
5922:Airy wave theory
5899:
5892:
5885:
5876:
5875:
5863:
5862:
5852:
5851:
5788:Boundary current
5707:
5706:
5662:South Equatorial
5647:North Korea Cold
5642:North Equatorial
5556:South Equatorial
5546:North Madagascar
5485:West Spitsbergen
5475:South Equatorial
5455:North Equatorial
5309:
5308:
5285:
5278:
5271:
5262:
5261:
5257:
5194:
5193:
5183:
5165:
5132:
5126:
5125:
5109:
5103:
5102:
5096:
5094:
5077:
5071:
5070:
5031:
5022:
5016:
5015:
5013:
5011:
5005:
4999:. Archived from
4958:
4942:
4936:
4935:
4917:
4911:
4910:
4904:
4896:
4887:
4878:
4872:
4862:
4856:
4853:
4847:
4844:
4838:
4828:
4822:
4821:
4819:
4818:
4803:
4797:
4796:
4794:
4793:
4778:
4772:
4771:
4769:
4768:
4753:
4747:
4746:
4734:
4728:
4727:
4725:
4724:
4710:
4704:
4703:
4701:
4700:
4685:
4679:
4678:
4648:
4642:
4641:
4633:
4627:
4626:
4608:
4602:
4601:
4591:
4567:
4558:
4557:
4540:(9): 1601–1622.
4524:
4518:
4517:
4477:
4471:
4470:
4443:10.1038/383495a0
4413:
4407:
4406:
4387:10.1038/371123a0
4357:
4351:
4350:
4340:
4308:
4302:
4301:
4253:
4247:
4246:
4236:
4203:(6): 1238–1249.
4197:The ISME Journal
4188:
4182:
4181:
4170:10.1038/ngeo2812
4141:
4135:
4134:
4106:
4095:
4094:
4082:
4076:
4075:
4073:
4072:
4058:
4052:
4051:
4041:
4017:
4011:
4010:
4000:
3960:
3954:
3953:
3943:
3894:
3888:
3887:
3877:
3859:
3827:
3821:
3820:
3818:
3817:
3802:
3796:
3795:
3777:
3764:
3763:
3753:
3705:
3699:
3698:
3688:
3640:
3634:
3633:
3585:
3579:
3578:
3553:(8): 1024–1038.
3538:
3527:
3526:
3501:(8): 1024–1038.
3486:
3477:
3476:
3436:
3430:
3429:
3403:
3363:
3357:
3356:
3338:
3298:
3292:
3291:
3259:
3253:
3252:
3227:(8): 6295–6308.
3212:
3206:
3205:
3195:
3147:
3134:
3125:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3115:
3100:
3094:
3093:
3083:
3059:
3053:
3052:
3042:
3032:
2999:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2989:
2974:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2964:
2949:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2938:
2932:
2925:
2916:
2907:
2906:
2881:(8): 5870–5887.
2866:
2860:
2859:
2815:
2809:
2808:
2760:
2754:
2753:
2697:
2691:
2690:
2650:
2644:
2643:
2633:
2609:
2603:
2602:
2600:
2599:
2584:
2578:
2577:
2559:
2553:
2552:
2512:
2506:
2505:
2487:
2478:
2477:
2467:
2435:
2424:
2423:
2405:
2399:
2398:
2388:
2370:
2338:
2332:
2331:
2302:
2283:
2282:
2264:
2258:
2257:
2228:
2217:
2216:
2198:
2192:
2185:
2106:
2101:
2100:
2092:
2087:
2086:
1977:and small scale
1782:
1780:
1779:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1760:
1750:
1747:
1740:
1737:
1734:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1708:
1701:
1693:
1690:
1685:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1667:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1643:
1633:
1630:
1623:
1620:
1617:
1610:
1604:
1601:
1594:
1584:
1581:
1574:
1491:Transpolar Drift
1410:Zuchelli Station
1258:Humboldt Current
1214:Kuroshio Current
1149:Benguela Current
1057:
1055:
1054:
1049:
1035:
1017:
1015:
1014:
1009:
995:
973:
971:
970:
965:
951:
929:
927:
926:
921:
909:
907:
906:
901:
886:
884:
883:
878:
876:
874:
866:
858:
853:
851:
843:
835:
817:
815:
814:
809:
788:
786:
785:
780:
768:
766:
765:
760:
748:
746:
745:
740:
685:
683:
682:
677:
658:
656:
655:
650:
648:
647:
631:
629:
628:
623:
610:Rossby parameter
607:
605:
604:
599:
583:
581:
580:
575:
573:
572:
553:
551:
550:
545:
543:
542:
524:
523:
500:Sverdrup balance
493:
491:
490:
485:
473:
471:
470:
465:
453:
451:
450:
445:
433:
431:
430:
425:
407:
405:
404:
399:
384:
382:
381:
376:
368:
364:
359:
348:
342:
340:
329:
313:
311:
310:
305:
294:, and the depth
293:
291:
290:
285:
270:
268:
267:
262:
148:
147:
144:
143:
140:
137:
108:
100:
93:
84:
75:
66:
59:
52:
44:
21:
7184:
7183:
7179:
7178:
7177:
7175:
7174:
7173:
7144:
7143:
7142:
7137:
7125:
7097:
6936:
6910:
6872:
6853:Sea-level curve
6824:
6763:
6749:Transform fault
6699:Mid-ocean ridge
6665:
6658:
6624:Oceanic plateau
6530:
6516:Tidal resonance
6486:Theory of tides
6427:
6336:Longshore drift
6286:Ekman transport
6222:
6216:
6215:
6214:
6213:
6212:
6211:
6202:
6154:Wave turbulence
6087:Trochoidal wave
6012:Longshore drift
5908:
5903:
5873:
5868:
5857:
5846:
5839:
5798:Ekman transport
5767:
5741:
5692:
5671:
5607:East Korea Warm
5602:East Australian
5565:
5561:West Australian
5511:East Madagascar
5489:
5338:
5324:North Icelandic
5298:
5289:
5203:
5198:
5197:
5133:
5129:
5110:
5106:
5092:
5090:
5078:
5074:
5029:
5023:
5019:
5009:
5007:
5003:
4956:
4943:
4939:
4932:
4918:
4914:
4909:. 24 July 2015.
4902:
4898:
4897:
4890:
4879:
4875:
4863:
4859:
4854:
4850:
4845:
4841:
4829:
4825:
4816:
4814:
4805:
4804:
4800:
4791:
4789:
4780:
4779:
4775:
4766:
4764:
4754:
4750:
4735:
4731:
4722:
4720:
4712:
4711:
4707:
4698:
4696:
4686:
4682:
4675:
4649:
4645:
4634:
4630:
4623:
4609:
4605:
4568:
4561:
4525:
4521:
4478:
4474:
4414:
4410:
4358:
4354:
4309:
4305:
4254:
4250:
4189:
4185:
4156:(11): 815–819.
4142:
4138:
4131:
4107:
4098:
4083:
4079:
4070:
4068:
4060:
4059:
4055:
4018:
4014:
3961:
3957:
3895:
3891:
3828:
3824:
3815:
3813:
3803:
3799:
3792:
3778:
3767:
3706:
3702:
3641:
3637:
3586:
3582:
3539:
3530:
3487:
3480:
3437:
3433:
3364:
3360:
3336:1721.1/133809.2
3299:
3295:
3260:
3256:
3213:
3209:
3148:
3137:
3126:
3122:
3113:
3111:
3101:
3097:
3060:
3056:
3000:
2996:
2987:
2985:
2975:
2971:
2962:
2960:
2950:
2946:
2936:
2934:
2930:
2923:
2917:
2910:
2867:
2863:
2816:
2812:
2761:
2757:
2698:
2694:
2651:
2647:
2610:
2606:
2597:
2595:
2585:
2581:
2574:
2560:
2556:
2513:
2509:
2502:
2488:
2481:
2436:
2427:
2420:
2406:
2402:
2353:(11): 318–326.
2339:
2335:
2329:
2303:
2286:
2279:
2265:
2261:
2255:
2229:
2220:
2213:
2199:
2195:
2186:
2182:
2177:
2102:
2095:
2088:
2081:
2078:
2073:
2072:
1956:and increasing
1926:
1918:
1901:
1873:
1855:) dominate the
1832:
1823:
1812:it is known as
1809:
1801:nitrogen-fixing
1768:
1763:
1748:
1743:
1735:
1730:
1722:
1717:
1709:
1704:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1675:
1670:
1662:
1651:
1646:
1631:
1626:
1618:
1613:
1602:
1597:
1582:
1577:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1541:
1500:
1454:
1426:
1406:McMurdo Station
1362:
1325:
1270:
1242:
1236:concentration.
1206:
1186:Agulhas Current
1165:
1129:
1086:
1073:
1068:
1031:
1023:
1020:
1019:
991:
983:
980:
979:
947:
939:
936:
935:
915:
912:
911:
895:
892:
891:
867:
859:
857:
844:
836:
834:
826:
823:
822:
803:
800:
799:
774:
771:
770:
754:
751:
750:
734:
731:
730:
728:stream function
726:The normalized
707:
701:
665:
662:
661:
643:
639:
637:
634:
633:
617:
614:
613:
593:
590:
589:
568:
564:
562:
559:
558:
538:
534:
519:
515:
510:
507:
506:
502:is defined as:
496:Harald Sverdrup
479:
476:
475:
459:
456:
455:
439:
436:
435:
413:
410:
409:
393:
390:
389:
349:
347:
343:
333:
328:
326:
323:
322:
299:
296:
295:
279:
276:
275:
256:
253:
252:
210:
159:Coriolis effect
134:
130:
119:
118:
117:
115:
110:
109:
102:
101:
98:
96:
94:
91:
89:
87:
85:
82:
80:
78:
76:
73:
71:
69:
67:
64:
62:
60:
57:
55:
53:
50:
48:
45:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7182:
7172:
7171:
7166:
7161:
7159:Fluid dynamics
7156:
7139:
7138:
7136:
7135:
7123:
7113:
7102:
7099:
7098:
7096:
7095:
7090:
7085:
7080:
7075:
7073:Stratification
7070:
7065:
7060:
7055:
7050:
7045:
7044:
7043:
7033:
7028:
7023:
7018:
7013:
7008:
7003:
6998:
6993:
6988:
6983:
6978:
6973:
6965:
6963:Color of water
6960:
6958:Benthic lander
6955:
6950:
6944:
6942:
6938:
6937:
6935:
6934:
6929:
6924:
6918:
6916:
6912:
6911:
6909:
6908:
6903:
6898:
6893:
6888:
6882:
6880:
6874:
6873:
6871:
6870:
6865:
6863:Sea level rise
6860:
6858:Sea level drop
6855:
6850:
6845:
6840:
6834:
6832:
6826:
6825:
6823:
6822:
6817:
6812:
6807:
6802:
6797:
6792:
6787:
6782:
6777:
6771:
6769:
6765:
6764:
6762:
6761:
6756:
6751:
6746:
6741:
6736:
6731:
6726:
6721:
6716:
6711:
6706:
6701:
6696:
6694:Marine geology
6691:
6686:
6681:
6676:
6670:
6668:
6660:
6659:
6657:
6656:
6651:
6646:
6641:
6636:
6634:Passive margin
6631:
6629:Oceanic trench
6626:
6621:
6616:
6611:
6606:
6601:
6596:
6591:
6586:
6581:
6576:
6571:
6566:
6561:
6556:
6551:
6546:
6540:
6538:
6532:
6531:
6529:
6528:
6523:
6518:
6513:
6508:
6503:
6498:
6493:
6488:
6483:
6478:
6473:
6468:
6463:
6458:
6453:
6448:
6443:
6437:
6435:
6429:
6428:
6426:
6425:
6420:
6415:
6410:
6405:
6404:
6403:
6393:
6388:
6383:
6378:
6373:
6368:
6363:
6361:Ocean dynamics
6358:
6353:
6348:
6343:
6338:
6333:
6328:
6323:
6318:
6313:
6308:
6303:
6298:
6293:
6288:
6283:
6278:
6273:
6268:
6263:
6258:
6253:
6251:Coriolis force
6248:
6243:
6238:
6232:
6230:
6224:
6223:
6205:
6203:
6201:
6200:
6199:
6198:
6188:
6183:
6178:
6177:
6176:
6171:
6161:
6156:
6151:
6146:
6141:
6136:
6131:
6126:
6121:
6116:
6111:
6106:
6101:
6100:
6099:
6089:
6084:
6079:
6074:
6072:Stokes problem
6069:
6064:
6059:
6054:
6049:
6044:
6039:
6034:
6029:
6024:
6019:
6014:
6009:
6007:Kinematic wave
6004:
5999:
5994:
5989:
5984:
5979:
5974:
5969:
5964:
5959:
5954:
5949:
5944:
5939:
5934:
5929:
5924:
5918:
5916:
5910:
5909:
5902:
5901:
5894:
5887:
5879:
5870:
5869:
5844:
5841:
5840:
5838:
5837:
5832:
5831:
5830:
5825:
5823:North Atlantic
5820:
5815:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5793:Coriolis force
5790:
5785:
5779:
5777:
5773:
5772:
5769:
5768:
5766:
5765:
5760:
5755:
5749:
5747:
5743:
5742:
5740:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5713:
5711:
5704:
5698:
5697:
5694:
5693:
5691:
5690:
5688:Tasman Outflow
5685:
5679:
5677:
5676:Southern Ocean
5673:
5672:
5670:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5644:
5639:
5634:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5573:
5571:
5567:
5566:
5564:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5521:Indian Monsoon
5518:
5513:
5508:
5506:Agulhas Return
5503:
5497:
5495:
5491:
5490:
5488:
5487:
5482:
5480:West Greenland
5477:
5472:
5470:South Atlantic
5467:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5445:North Atlantic
5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5395:East Greenland
5392:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5367:
5362:
5357:
5352:
5346:
5344:
5343:Atlantic Ocean
5340:
5339:
5337:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5321:
5319:East Greenland
5315:
5313:
5306:
5300:
5299:
5292:Ocean currents
5288:
5287:
5280:
5273:
5265:
5259:
5258:
5244:Dunning, Brian
5240:
5234:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5202:
5201:External links
5199:
5196:
5195:
5127:
5104:
5087:Deutsche Welle
5072:
5017:
4937:
4931:978-1482226393
4930:
4912:
4888:
4873:
4857:
4848:
4839:
4823:
4798:
4773:
4748:
4729:
4705:
4680:
4673:
4643:
4628:
4621:
4603:
4559:
4519:
4492:(5): 649–680.
4472:
4408:
4352:
4323:(4): 561–587.
4303:
4268:(7): 499–508.
4248:
4183:
4136:
4129:
4096:
4077:
4053:
4012:
3955:
3889:
3822:
3797:
3790:
3765:
3700:
3635:
3600:(6): 485–491.
3580:
3528:
3478:
3431:
3358:
3293:
3254:
3207:
3135:
3120:
3095:
3068:Biogeosciences
3054:
2994:
2969:
2944:
2908:
2861:
2810:
2775:(3): 181–214.
2755:
2692:
2645:
2604:
2579:
2572:
2554:
2527:(2): 202–206.
2507:
2500:
2479:
2425:
2418:
2400:
2333:
2327:
2284:
2277:
2259:
2253:
2218:
2212:978-1108411981
2211:
2193:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2172:
2171:
2166:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2132:Fluid dynamics
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2093:
2077:
2074:
1954:ocean currents
1927:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1900:
1899:Climate change
1897:
1872:
1869:
1861:ommastrephidae
1852:ommastrephidae
1836:trophic levels
1831:
1830:Trophic levels
1828:
1822:
1819:
1808:
1805:
1784:
1783:
1766:
1757:
1754:
1746:
1733:
1720:
1715:
1707:
1699:
1689:
1684:
1673:
1665:
1660:
1649:
1640:
1637:
1629:
1616:
1608:
1600:
1591:
1588:
1580:
1571:
1540:
1537:
1499:
1496:
1474:Arctic Ocean's
1453:
1450:
1425:
1422:
1370:Southern Ocean
1361:
1358:
1350:Rockall Trough
1324:
1321:
1301:Southern Ocean
1269:
1268:Subpolar gyres
1266:
1241:
1238:
1222:Alaska Current
1205:
1202:
1164:
1161:
1145:Brazil Current
1128:
1125:
1111:Canary Current
1085:
1082:
1078:Coriolis force
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1027:
1007:
1004:
1001:
998:
994:
990:
987:
963:
960:
957:
954:
950:
946:
943:
919:
899:
888:
887:
873:
870:
865:
862:
856:
850:
847:
842:
839:
833:
830:
807:
778:
758:
738:
700:
697:
675:
672:
669:
646:
642:
621:
597:
571:
567:
555:
554:
541:
537:
533:
530:
527:
522:
518:
514:
483:
463:
443:
423:
420:
417:
397:
386:
385:
374:
371:
367:
362:
358:
355:
352:
346:
339:
336:
332:
303:
283:
260:
209:
208:Gyre formation
206:
112:
111:
103:
97:South Atlantic
46:
39:
38:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7181:
7170:
7167:
7165:
7164:Oceanic gyres
7162:
7160:
7157:
7155:
7152:
7151:
7149:
7134:
7129:
7124:
7122:
7114:
7112:
7104:
7103:
7100:
7094:
7091:
7089:
7086:
7084:
7081:
7079:
7076:
7074:
7071:
7069:
7066:
7064:
7061:
7059:
7056:
7054:
7051:
7049:
7046:
7042:
7039:
7038:
7037:
7034:
7032:
7029:
7027:
7024:
7022:
7019:
7017:
7014:
7012:
7009:
7007:
7004:
7002:
6999:
6997:
6994:
6992:
6989:
6987:
6984:
6982:
6981:Marine energy
6979:
6977:
6974:
6972:
6971:
6966:
6964:
6961:
6959:
6956:
6954:
6951:
6949:
6948:Acidification
6946:
6945:
6943:
6939:
6933:
6930:
6928:
6925:
6923:
6920:
6919:
6917:
6913:
6907:
6904:
6902:
6901:SOFAR channel
6899:
6897:
6894:
6892:
6889:
6887:
6884:
6883:
6881:
6879:
6875:
6869:
6866:
6864:
6861:
6859:
6856:
6854:
6851:
6849:
6846:
6844:
6841:
6839:
6836:
6835:
6833:
6831:
6827:
6821:
6818:
6816:
6813:
6811:
6808:
6806:
6803:
6801:
6798:
6796:
6793:
6791:
6788:
6786:
6783:
6781:
6778:
6776:
6773:
6772:
6770:
6766:
6760:
6757:
6755:
6752:
6750:
6747:
6745:
6742:
6740:
6737:
6735:
6732:
6730:
6727:
6725:
6722:
6720:
6717:
6715:
6712:
6710:
6709:Oceanic crust
6707:
6705:
6702:
6700:
6697:
6695:
6692:
6690:
6687:
6685:
6684:Fracture zone
6682:
6680:
6677:
6675:
6672:
6671:
6669:
6667:
6661:
6655:
6652:
6650:
6647:
6645:
6642:
6640:
6637:
6635:
6632:
6630:
6627:
6625:
6622:
6620:
6619:Oceanic basin
6617:
6615:
6612:
6610:
6607:
6605:
6602:
6600:
6597:
6595:
6592:
6590:
6587:
6585:
6582:
6580:
6577:
6575:
6572:
6570:
6567:
6565:
6562:
6560:
6557:
6555:
6552:
6550:
6549:Abyssal plain
6547:
6545:
6542:
6541:
6539:
6537:
6533:
6527:
6524:
6522:
6519:
6517:
6514:
6512:
6509:
6507:
6504:
6502:
6499:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6474:
6472:
6469:
6467:
6464:
6462:
6459:
6457:
6456:Internal tide
6454:
6452:
6449:
6447:
6444:
6442:
6439:
6438:
6436:
6434:
6430:
6424:
6421:
6419:
6416:
6414:
6411:
6409:
6406:
6402:
6399:
6398:
6397:
6394:
6392:
6389:
6387:
6384:
6382:
6379:
6377:
6374:
6372:
6369:
6367:
6364:
6362:
6359:
6357:
6354:
6352:
6351:Ocean current
6349:
6347:
6344:
6342:
6339:
6337:
6334:
6332:
6329:
6327:
6324:
6322:
6319:
6317:
6314:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6302:
6299:
6297:
6294:
6292:
6289:
6287:
6284:
6282:
6279:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6269:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6244:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6233:
6231:
6229:
6225:
6220:
6209:
6197:
6194:
6193:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6175:
6172:
6170:
6167:
6166:
6165:
6162:
6160:
6157:
6155:
6152:
6150:
6149:Wave shoaling
6147:
6145:
6142:
6140:
6137:
6135:
6132:
6130:
6127:
6125:
6122:
6120:
6117:
6115:
6112:
6110:
6109:Ursell number
6107:
6105:
6102:
6098:
6095:
6094:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6033:
6030:
6028:
6025:
6023:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5992:Internal wave
5990:
5988:
5985:
5983:
5980:
5978:
5975:
5973:
5970:
5968:
5965:
5963:
5960:
5958:
5955:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5945:
5943:
5942:Breaking wave
5940:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5919:
5917:
5915:
5911:
5907:
5900:
5895:
5893:
5888:
5886:
5881:
5880:
5877:
5867:
5866:
5861:
5855:
5850:
5842:
5836:
5833:
5829:
5828:South Pacific
5826:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5813:Great Pacific
5811:
5810:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5803:Marine debris
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5780:
5778:
5774:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5753:Beaufort Gyre
5751:
5750:
5748:
5744:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5714:
5712:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5699:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5680:
5678:
5674:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5652:North Pacific
5650:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5574:
5572:
5570:Pacific Ocean
5568:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5498:
5496:
5492:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5365:Baffin Island
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5347:
5345:
5341:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5316:
5314:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5301:
5297:
5293:
5286:
5281:
5279:
5274:
5272:
5267:
5266:
5263:
5255:
5254:
5249:
5245:
5241:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5204:
5191:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5173:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5155:
5151:
5147:
5143:
5139:
5131:
5123:
5119:
5115:
5108:
5101:
5089:
5088:
5083:
5076:
5069:
5065:
5061:
5057:
5053:
5049:
5045:
5041:
5037:
5036:
5028:
5021:
5002:
4998:
4994:
4990:
4986:
4982:
4978:
4974:
4970:
4967:(6223): 769.
4966:
4962:
4955:
4951:
4950:Geyer, Roland
4947:
4941:
4933:
4927:
4923:
4916:
4908:
4901:
4895:
4893:
4885:
4882:
4877:
4870:
4866:
4861:
4852:
4843:
4837:
4833:
4827:
4812:
4808:
4802:
4787:
4783:
4777:
4763:
4759:
4752:
4744:
4740:
4733:
4719:
4715:
4709:
4695:
4691:
4684:
4676:
4670:
4666:
4662:
4658:
4654:
4647:
4639:
4632:
4624:
4618:
4614:
4607:
4599:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4581:
4577:
4573:
4566:
4564:
4555:
4551:
4547:
4543:
4539:
4535:
4531:
4523:
4515:
4511:
4507:
4503:
4499:
4495:
4491:
4487:
4483:
4476:
4468:
4464:
4460:
4456:
4452:
4448:
4444:
4440:
4436:
4432:
4428:
4424:
4420:
4412:
4404:
4400:
4396:
4392:
4388:
4384:
4380:
4376:
4372:
4368:
4364:
4356:
4348:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4330:
4326:
4322:
4318:
4314:
4307:
4299:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4283:
4279:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4263:
4259:
4252:
4244:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4226:
4222:
4218:
4214:
4210:
4206:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4187:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4151:
4147:
4140:
4132:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4113:
4105:
4103:
4101:
4092:
4088:
4081:
4067:
4063:
4057:
4049:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4023:
4016:
4008:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3966:
3959:
3951:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3917:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3901:
3893:
3885:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3867:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3826:
3812:
3808:
3801:
3793:
3787:
3783:
3776:
3774:
3772:
3770:
3761:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3704:
3696:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3639:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3584:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3537:
3535:
3533:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3485:
3483:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3435:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3402:
3401:10044/1/60056
3397:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3362:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3297:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3258:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3211:
3203:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3146:
3144:
3142:
3140:
3132:
3129:
3124:
3110:
3106:
3099:
3091:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3058:
3050:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
2998:
2984:
2980:
2973:
2959:
2955:
2948:
2929:
2922:
2915:
2913:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2865:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2814:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2759:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2696:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2649:
2641:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2608:
2594:
2590:
2583:
2575:
2569:
2565:
2558:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2511:
2503:
2497:
2493:
2486:
2484:
2475:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2421:
2415:
2411:
2404:
2396:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2337:
2330:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2280:
2274:
2270:
2263:
2256:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2227:
2225:
2223:
2214:
2208:
2204:
2197:
2190:
2184:
2180:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2164:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2147:Ocean current
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2105:
2104:Oceans portal
2099:
2094:
2091:
2085:
2080:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2036:
2035:plastic waste
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1975:Microplastics
1970:
1968:
1967:oceanic gyres
1964:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1950:marine debris
1948:is a gyre of
1947:
1946:garbage patch
1940:
1936:
1931:
1924:
1923:Garbage patch
1913:
1910:
1905:
1896:
1893:
1888:
1886:
1881:
1879:
1868:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1853:
1847:
1845:
1841:
1840:phytoplankton
1837:
1827:
1818:
1815:
1804:
1802:
1796:
1788:
1764:
1755:
1752:
1744:
1731:
1718:
1705:
1687:
1671:
1647:
1638:
1635:
1627:
1614:
1606:
1598:
1589:
1586:
1578:
1569:
1561:
1560:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1545:
1536:
1532:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1516:
1513:
1504:
1495:
1492:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1466:Beaufort Gyre
1458:
1449:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1434:
1431:
1417:
1413:
1411:
1407:
1402:
1399:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1381:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1357:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1346:Bay of Biscay
1342:
1337:
1329:
1320:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1293:
1291:
1287:
1286:Icelandic Low
1283:
1279:
1275:
1265:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1237:
1235:
1234:plastic waste
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1201:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1174:
1170:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1153:Benguela Niño
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1124:
1122:
1121:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1081:
1079:
1063:
1059:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1032:
1028:
1005:
1002:
999:
992:
988:
975:
961:
958:
955:
948:
944:
933:
917:
897:
871:
863:
854:
848:
840:
831:
828:
821:
820:
819:
805:
792:
776:
756:
736:
729:
724:
720:
717:
713:
712:Henry Stommel
706:
691:
687:
673:
670:
667:
644:
640:
619:
611:
595:
587:
569:
565:
539:
535:
531:
528:
525:
520:
516:
512:
505:
504:
503:
501:
497:
481:
461:
441:
421:
418:
415:
395:
372:
369:
365:
360:
356:
353:
350:
344:
337:
334:
330:
321:
320:
319:
317:
301:
281:
274:
258:
251:
247:
243:
237:
235:
231:
230:Ekman suction
227:
226:Ekman pumping
223:
219:
215:
205:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
177:
173:
172:
169:
164:
160:
156:
152:
146:
128:
124:
114:
107:
43:
33:
19:
18:Oceanic gyres
7154:Aerodynamics
7088:Water column
7036:Oceanography
7011:Observations
7006:Explorations
6976:Marginal sea
6969:
6927:OSTM/Jason-2
6759:Volcanic arc
6734:Slab suction
6451:Head of tide
6365:
6341:Loop Current
6281:Ekman spiral
6067:Stokes drift
5977:Gravity wave
5952:Cnoidal wave
5856:
5845:
5818:Indian Ocean
5763:Weddell Gyre
5701:
5667:Tasman Front
5494:Indian Ocean
5450:North Brazil
5400:East Iceland
5312:Arctic Ocean
5295:
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4815:. Retrieved
4813:. 2020-10-07
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4788:. 2022-02-25
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4062:"Ocean Gyre"
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1983:fishing nets
1971:
1943:
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1892:Māori people
1889:
1882:
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1824:
1810:
1797:
1793:
1557:
1550:
1533:
1528:oligotrophic
1517:
1509:
1478:Beaufort Sea
1470:Canada Basin
1463:
1435:
1430:Weddell Gyre
1427:
1424:Weddell Gyre
1408:and Italian
1403:
1382:
1372:surrounding
1363:
1354:Irminger Sea
1338:
1334:
1313:Weddell Gyre
1294:
1282:Aleutian Low
1271:
1243:
1207:
1166:
1130:
1118:
1115:Sargasso Sea
1087:
1074:
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556:
387:
238:
211:
198:oceanography
181:
180:
166:
161:; planetary
126:
123:oceanography
120:
7078:Thermocline
6795:Mesopelagic
6768:Ocean zones
6739:Slab window
6604:Hydrography
6544:Abyssal fan
6511:Tidal range
6501:Tidal power
6496:Tidal force
6381:Rip current
6316:Gulf Stream
6276:Ekman layer
6266:Downwelling
6241:Baroclinity
6228:Circulation
6124:Wave height
6114:Wave action
6097:megatsunami
6077:Stokes wave
6037:Rossby wave
6002:Kelvin wave
5982:Green's law
5746:Other gyres
5710:Major gyres
5420:Gulf Stream
5093:18 December
4884:www.loe.org
3162:(1): 1005.
3040:10553/69784
2112:Anticyclone
1865:marine life
1844:oligotrophs
1486:downwelling
1482:wind stress
1446:Weddell Sea
1305:Weddell Sea
1103:Gulf Stream
791:streamlines
716:Walter Munk
168:wind stress
7148:Categories
7016:Reanalysis
6915:Satellites
6896:Sofar bomb
6744:Subduction
6719:Ridge push
6614:Ocean bank
6594:Contourite
6521:Tide gauge
6506:Tidal race
6491:Tidal bore
6481:Slack tide
6446:Earth tide
6366:Ocean gyre
6186:Wind setup
6181:Wind fetch
6144:Wave setup
6139:Wave radar
6134:Wave power
6032:Rogue wave
5962:Dispersion
5587:California
5541:Mozambique
5536:Madagascar
4817:2023-11-28
4792:2023-11-28
4767:2023-12-06
4723:2023-12-06
4699:2023-12-06
4071:2023-11-28
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3816:2022-11-12
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2963:2023-12-05
2769:Ecosystems
2598:2023-12-05
2175:References
2049:California
2029:, and the
1885:wayfinding
1393:cryosphere
1389:Antarctica
1374:Antarctica
1250:Point Nemo
703:See also:
586:meridional
222:westerlies
218:easterlies
190:atmosphere
6878:Acoustics
6830:Sea level
6729:Slab pull
6666:tectonics
6574:Cold seep
6536:Landforms
6413:Whirlpool
6408:Upwelling
6191:Wind wave
6119:Wave base
6047:Sea state
5967:Edge wave
5957:Cross sea
5758:Ross Gyre
5627:Kamchatka
5460:Norwegian
5435:Lomonosov
5390:Caribbean
5385:Cape Horn
5329:Norwegian
5172:0027-8424
5010:28 August
4997:206562155
4714:"History"
4598:2296-7745
4554:0967-0645
4514:0198-0149
4451:1476-4687
4395:1476-4687
4347:1573-868X
4282:1740-1534
4225:1751-7370
4178:1752-0908
4048:2296-7745
4007:134102753
3932:0099-2240
3866:0027-8424
3811:Earthdata
3742:2041-1723
3677:2041-1723
3630:258584160
3622:1752-0908
3575:0992-7689
3523:1432-0576
3473:0094-8276
3410:1476-4687
3353:216320396
3345:0094-8276
3249:2169-9275
3184:2045-2322
3090:1726-4170
3049:1866-3516
2903:2169-9275
2856:202909021
2848:0967-0645
2805:263452247
2797:1432-9840
2734:1476-4687
2687:0148-0227
2640:2296-7745
2549:0002-8606
2474:1520-0469
2377:0027-8424
2169:Whirlpool
1937:from the
1916:Pollution
1659:⟶
1366:Ross Gyre
1360:Ross Gyre
1317:Ross Gyre
1290:upwelling
1123:seaweed.
1120:Sargassum
1037:∂
1026:∂
997:∂
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7111:Category
7063:Seawater
6790:Littoral
6785:Deep sea
6644:Seamount
6526:Tideline
6471:Rip tide
6401:shutdown
6371:Overflow
6104:Undertow
5947:Clapotis
5637:Mindanao
5632:Kuroshio
5617:Humboldt
5597:Davidson
5592:Cromwell
5582:Aleutian
5465:Portugal
5430:Labrador
5425:Irminger
5405:Falkland
5370:Benguela
5355:Antilles
5304:Currents
5253:Skeptoid
5190:24982135
5122:Archived
5064:29019247
4989:25678662
4718:Hōkūleʻa
4467:41323790
4459:18680864
4298:22129785
4290:21677685
4243:22170429
3950:31076426
3884:36191202
3760:32029737
3695:32029737
3426:49193026
3418:29899481
3202:31969636
3109:EcoWatch
2928:Archived
2742:21525925
2395:16588757
2076:See also
1857:nektonic
1440:and the
1385:Ross Sea
1309:Ross Sea
1307:and the
1284:and the
271:(zeta),
7121:Commons
6991:Mooring
6941:Related
6932:Jason-3
6922:Jason-1
6805:Pelagic
6800:Oceanic
6775:Benthic
6092:Tsunami
6062:Soliton
5776:Related
5657:Oyashio
5531:Leeuwin
5501:Agulhas
5410:Florida
5181:4104848
5150:Bibcode
5100:order).
5044:Bibcode
4969:Bibcode
4961:Science
4494:Bibcode
4431:Bibcode
4403:4369303
4375:Bibcode
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4234:3358028
4205:Bibcode
4158:Bibcode
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3941:6606877
3912:Bibcode
3875:9565266
3844:Bibcode
3751:7005044
3722:Bibcode
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3657:Bibcode
3602:Bibcode
3555:Bibcode
3503:Bibcode
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3380:Bibcode
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3229:Bibcode
3193:6976698
3164:Bibcode
3017:Bibcode
2937:18 July
2883:Bibcode
2828:Bibcode
2777:Bibcode
2750:4424886
2714:Bibcode
2667:Bibcode
2529:Bibcode
2452:Bibcode
2386:1079064
2355:Bibcode
2117:Cyclone
1995:Yangtze
1524:deserts
1378:sea ice
1157:El Niño
930:is the
608:is the
584:is the
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6810:Photic
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5577:Alaska
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6599:Guyot
6554:Atoll
6433:Tides
6196:model
6082:Swell
5914:Waves
5702:Gyres
5296:gyres
5030:(PDF)
5004:(PDF)
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2852:S2CID
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2317::
2281:.
2243::
2215:.
1925:.
1765:2
1761:O
1753:+
1745:4
1732:3
1728:H
1714:)
1706:3
1698:(
1683:)
1680:O
1672:2
1664:(
1656:O
1648:2
1644:H
1636:+
1628:4
1615:3
1611:H
1607:+
1599:3
1587:+
1579:2
1046:0
1040:x
1033:/
1029:v
1006:0
1000:x
993:/
989:v
962:0
956:x
949:/
945:v
918:u
898:v
872:y
864:u
849:x
841:v
832:=
806:f
757:L
674:0
668:f
660:(
645:E
641:w
570:g
566:V
540:E
536:w
526:=
521:g
517:V
513:f
482:f
462:H
422:f
419:+
396:H
373:0
370:=
366:)
361:H
357:f
354:+
345:(
338:t
335:D
331:D
302:H
282:f
174:(
145:/
136:ˈ
133:/
129:(
34:.
20:)
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