619:
81:
2404:
618:
2391:
118:
819:
2387:
eukaryotic classification, with the inclusion of classes of algae described in posterior years as well as the number of described species for each class. According to the aforementioned 2019 revision by protistologists, the diatoms (Diatomeae) do not form a single class
Bacillariophyceae, but numerous classes to reflect the phylogenetic advances over the previous decade.
1104:, either freely floating or attached to filamentous algae and plants. Diatoms are more diverse, with more than 60 genera commonly found in rivers. Many river diatoms have developed different strategies to attach to the substrate to avoid being displaced by water currents. The most basic strategy is to produce
1009:
Ochrophytes are present in nearly all environments. Some classes are more common in marine habitats, while others are more frequent in freshwater or soil. Among the ochrophyte lineages are the diatoms, the most abundant photosynthetic eukaryotes worldwide in marine habitats; multicellular seaweeds,
788:
algae: "blob-like structures" where PC proteins are localized, and a vesicular network. Within the CER, there is a prominent region of tight direct contacts between the periplastid membrane and the inner nuclear envelope, where lipid transfers might occur, and perhaps exchange of other molecules.
2386:
As of 2024, ochrophytes amount to 23,314 described species, with 490 species of uncertain position. However, it is estimated that they amount to more than 100,000 species, of which the majority are diatoms. Below is the present classification of ochrophytes according to the 2019 revision of
4496:
Craig Bailey J, Bidigare RR, Christensen SJ, Andersen RA (September 1998). "Phaeothamniophyceae
Classis Nova: A New Lineage of Chromophytes Based upon Photosynthetic Pigments, rbcL Sequence Analysis and Ultrastructure".
1178:
live as colonial chains of cells with long spines (setae) that can clog fish gills, causing their death. Among diatoms, the only toxin producers have been found among pennate diatoms, almost entirely within the genus
3477:
Wetherbee R, Jackson CJ, Repetti SI, Clementson LA, Costa JF, van de Meene A, Crawford S, Verbruggen H (April 2019). "The golden paradox - a new heterokont lineage with chloroplasts surrounded by two membranes".
2361:
groups. This method of classification is preferred among protistologists. The latest revision of the
International Society of Protistologists, in 2019, recognizes Ochrophyta as a valid taxon within the higher
4122:"Multigene Phylogeny, Morphological Observation and Re-examination of the Literature Lead to the Description of the Phaeosacciophyceae Classis Nova and Four New Species of the Heterokontophyta SI Clade"
3819:
Ingvild
Riisberga; Russell J. S. Orr; Ragnhild Kluge; Kamran Shalchian-Tabrizi; Holly A. Bowers; Vishwanath Patil; Bente Edvardsen; Kjetill S. Jakobsen (2009). "Seven gene phylogeny of heterokonts".
4292:
Azuma, Tomonori; Pánek, Tomáš; Tice, Alexander K.; Kayama, Motoki; Kobayashi, Mayumi; Miyashita, Hideaki; Suzaki, Toshinobu; Yabuki, Akinori; Brown, Matthew W.; Kamikawa, Ryoma (10 April 2022).
1126:) grow stalks or colonial tubes capable of reaching higher into the water column to acquire more nutrients. Brown algae (Phaeophyceae), although highly diversified, contain only seven
800:
differentiate into the "girdle lamella", which runs around the periphery of the plastid, beneath the innermost membrane. The remaining thylakoids are arranged in stacks of three. In
2327:
2191:
780:
of the secondary endosymbiont; however, no nucleomorphs are known within the ochrophytes. Instead, other structures have been observed within the PC, similarly to those seen in
2993:
Bringloe TT, Starko S, Wade RM, Vieira C, Kawai H, De Clerck O, Cock JM, Coelho SM, Destombe C, Valero M, Neiva J, Pearson GA, Faugeron S, Serrão EA, Verbruggen H (2020).
2330:. Several phycologists currently advocate the use of Heterokontophyta as the phylum name for heterokont algae. However, the original use by Hoek in 1978 did not provide a
2252:
4450:"Aurearenophyceae classis nova, a New Class of Heterokontophyta Based on a New Marine Unicellular Alga Aurearena cruciata gen. et sp. nov. Inhabiting Sandy Beaches"
757:(ER), together composing the chloroplast endoplasmic reticulum (CER), also known as the periplastidial endoplasmic reticulum (PER), which is often connected to the
3987:"Kingdom Chromista and its eight phyla: a new synthesis emphasising periplastid protein targeting, cytoskeletal and periplastid evolution, and ancient divergences"
5517:
2869:
T. Cavalier-Smith; E. E. Chao (November 1996). "18S rRNA sequence of
Heterosigma carterae (Raphidophyceae), and the phylogeny of heterokont algae (Ochrophyta)".
2434:
2026:
1413:
272:
5969:
5964:
5932:
5927:
5489:
2657:
2599:
2591:
5959:
5726:
5665:
2649:
2641:
2506:
2014:
1468:
1047:
287:
5944:
5874:
5699:
2617:
2479:
2022:
1437:
277:
1991:
Evolutionary relationships between all ochrophyte classes based on the latest phylogenetic analyses, and the approximate number of species in each class.
1086:
and is common in cold, clear, fast-flowing mountain streams, where it attaches to a firm substrate. Xanthophycean genera commonly found in rivers include
681:), their swimming cells frequently display two markedly unequal flagella: an anterior flagellum ("tinsel") with straw-like hollow tripartite hairs called
5992:
5979:
5589:
5525:
5355:
4938:
2828:"A Vaucheriacean Alga from the Middle Neoproterozoic of Spitsbergen: Implications for the Evolution of Proterozoic Eukaryotes and the Cambrian Explosion"
2681:
2665:
5949:
5771:
5456:
5350:
5317:
5189:
2625:
2425:
2030:
1526:
1073:
habitats (rivers, streams), golden algae (Chrysophyceae) and yellow-green algae (Xanthophyceae) are common and occasionally abundant. The golden algal
899:
257:
4054:"A Molecular Genetic Timescale for the Diversification of Autotrophic Stramenopiles (Ochrophyta): Substantive Underestimation of Putative Fossil Ages"
2776:
led to the description of many new groups and several classes well into the 21st century. The sequencing of the first ochrophyte genome, belonging to
5954:
5937:
5869:
5734:
5675:
5378:
5133:
5128:
4985:
4969:
4839:
2633:
2607:
2263:
2122:
1269:
101:
97:
3918:"Updating algal evolutionary relationships through plastid genome sequencing: did alveolate plastids emerge through endosymbiosis of an ochrophyte?"
5776:
5766:
5707:
5635:
5531:
5213:
5171:
5143:
5123:
5118:
5113:
4896:
2799:
1281:
805:
6344:
6190:
5660:
5987:
5781:
5740:
2673:
2408:
393:
6216:
5161:
4964:
2267:
1275:
2202:
suffix in botanical nomenclature, which corresponds to subdivisions. The phylum to which ochrophytes belong in his classification system is
4868:
1100:
808:, a consortium of several plastids, each surrounded by two or three inner membranes respectively, is enveloped by a shared outer membrane.
4120:
Graf L, Yang EC, Han KY, Küpper FC, Benes KM, Oyadomari JK, Herbert RJH, Verbruggen H, Wetherbee R, Andersen RA, Yoon HS (December 2020).
5465:
4811:
1997:
Relationships among many classes of ochrophytes remain unresolved, but three main clades (called SI, SII and SIII) are supported in most
2923:
Dovilė Barcytė; Wenche Eikrem; Anette
Engesmo; Sergio Seoane; Jens Wohlmann; Aleš Horák; Tatiana Yurchenko; Marek Eliáš (2 March 2021).
4826:
1162:
at high concentrations are responsible for fish mortality, although the nature and action of their toxins is not resolved. Freshwater
5105:
6331:
6164:
6203:
3247:
Graham LE, Graham JM, Wilcox LW, Cook ME (2022). "Photosynthetic
Stramenopiles I: Introduction to Photosynthetic Stramenopiles".
2194:(ICN). It remained a phylum-level taxon until 2017, when the same author lowered it to subphylum level and modified the name to
4636:
4583:
3589:
Flori S, Jouneau PH, Finazzi G, Maréchal E, Falconet D (2016). "Ultrastructure of the
Periplastidial Compartment of the Diatom
761:. The tripartite flagellar hairs, characteristic of stramenopiles, are produced within either the PER or the nuclear envelope.
3732:
Ana Luiza
Burliga; J. Patrick Kociolek (2016). "Chapter 5. Diatoms (Bacillariophyta) in Rivers". In Orlando Necchi Jr. (ed.).
3709:
Orlando Necchi Jr. (2016). "Chapter 7. Heterokonts (Xanthophyceae and
Chrysophyceae) in Rivers". In Orlando Necchi Jr. (ed.).
709:, chloroplasts that have lost photosynthetic capacity and pigments but presumably continue to play a role in the synthesis of
3414:
3256:
3124:
1273:, suggest that ochrophytes had appeared by 1000 Ma. Other early putative representatives of photosynthetic stramenopiles are
764:
The periplastid compartment (PC), between the second and third layers, is a separate region that in other algal groups (i.e.
6208:
3045:(21 January 2024). "How many species of algae are there? A reprise. Four kingdoms, 14 phyla, 63 classes and still growing".
4584:"Notes on the taxonomy and nomenclature of the algal classes Eustigmatophyceae and Tribophyceae (synonym Xanthophyceae)"
2994:
2134:
of this actinophryid, implying that its common ancestor with ochrophytes may have already begun domesticating plastids.
1298:
scales, and valves resembling the modern centric diatom valves, have been found in 800–700 million-years-old sediments.
1105:
4431:
3800:
753:), whose chloroplasts have only two membranes. The two outer layers of ochrophyte plastids are continguous with the
6221:
3272:
John A Raven (15 December 2020). "Determinants, and implications, of the shape and size of thylakoids and cristae".
6367:
6275:
4677:
3867:
Adl SM, Bass D, Lane CE, Lukeš J, Schoch CL, Smirnov A, Agatha S, Berney C, Brown MW, Burki F, et al. (2019).
2769:
4403:
About Chlorosaccus a new genus of freshwater algae together with some comments on the systematics of related algae
3779:
3163:
725:
in comparison to other algal groups. Their chloroplasts originate from an event of secondary endosymbiosis from a
482:. Ochrophytes are one of the most diverse lineages of eukaryotes, containing ecologically important algae such as
4672:
4399:Über Chlorosaccus eine neue Gattung der Süsswasseralgen nebst einiger Bemerkungen zur Systematik verwandter Algen
931:
2844:
4346:
1014:) and golden algae; and an array of microscopic single-celled lineages that are also abundant, as evidenced by
4344:& Ema E.-Y. Chao (2006). "Phylogeny and megasystematics of phagotrophic heterokonts (kingdom Chromista)".
1108:, varied carbohydrate structures formed from the cell membrane. In faster-flowing waters, some diatoms (e.g.,
733:: two inner membranes, corresponding to the primary plastid membranes; a third membrane, corresponding to the
4756:
4746:
4729:
4535:"Schizocladia ischiensis: A New Filamentous Marine Chromophyte Belonging to a New Class, Schizocladiophyceae"
3103:
2257:
3628:
Stadnichuk, I.N.; Kusnetsov, V.V. (2021). "Endosymbiotic Origin of Chloroplasts in Plant Cells' Evolution".
963:
3274:
1168:
species are capable of mucilage secretion at high amounts detrimental to fish gills. Within the diatoms (
117:
3818:
2729:, and for medicinal purposes. The first formal description of a stramenopile alga was that of the genus
2721:) and Japanese (ca. 500 AD) writings. Knowledge of them likely predates recorded history, being used as
818:
6322:
4629:
4121:
902:
is dominant instead. These pigment combinations extend their photosynthetic ability beyond chlorophyll
17:
4534:
4449:
6372:
6359:
6280:
6231:
3755:
John D. Wehr (2016). "Chapter 6. Brown Algae (Phaeophyceae) in Rivers". In Orlando Necchi Jr. (ed.).
2768:
During the 20th century, evolutionary and phylogenetic discussions began including heterokont algae.
2778:
1015:
2750:
2334:
description, which was a requirement for valid publication under the ICN until 2011. Phycologists
2167:...) are utilized, the heterokont algae are commonly regarded as an entire phylum (or division in
4761:
4294:"An Enigmatic Stramenopile Sheds Light on Early Evolution in Ochrophyta Plastid Organellogenesis"
1250:
1050:. The brown algae (Phaeophyceae) are almost exclusively marine, with very few freshwater genera.
971:
686:
6257:
3324:
697:
The ochrophytes are mostly photosynthetic. As such, they may possess one or more photosynthetic
6195:
6081:
5553:
4174:"A Phylogenomic Framework to Study the Diversity and Evolution of Stramenopiles (=Heterokonts)"
2168:
2006:
1260:
of ochrophytes is estimated to have evolved between 874 and 543 million years ago (Ma) through
1146:
Two main lineages of photosynthetic stramenopiles include many toxic species. Within the class
847:
471:
3212:
1172:), harmful effects can be due to physical damage or to toxin production. Centric diatoms like
6267:
6252:
6244:
4724:
4622:
4341:
3982:
3191:
2183:
1998:
1253:
where a red alga was transformed into the chloroplast of the common ancestor of ochrophytes.
1222:
754:
660:
384:
193:
80:
3539:
Marek Eliáš (7 June 2021). "Protist diversity: Novel groups enrich the algal tree of life".
6400:
6138:
6119:
4821:
4355:
4065:
3929:
3487:
3047:
3009:
2936:
2278:. This name referenced, among other traits, the two unequal flagella characteristic of all
959:
594:
6349:
3778:
Medlin LK, Cembella AD (2013). "Biodiversity of Harmful Marine Algae". In Levin SA (ed.).
3198:. In: Round, F.E. and Chapman, D.J. (eds.). Progress in Phycological Research. 4: 309–347.
8:
6395:
5476:
5284:
5074:
4951:
4832:
2773:
2488:
2461:
2307:
2283:
2090:
2034:
1650:
1541:
1062:
982:
623:
Diagram of a simplified ochrophyte cell showing the different compartments. af, anterior
297:
262:
4406:
4359:
4224:
4069:
3933:
3491:
3013:
2940:
2130:
to ochrophytes. Although it lacks chloroplasts, plastidial genes have been found in the
1034:
Several classes of heterokont algae are exclusively known from marine habitats, such as
5851:
5396:
4741:
4719:
4707:
4682:
4600:
4532:
Kawai, Hiroshi; Maeba, Shunsuke; Sasaki, Hideaki; Okuda, Kazuo; Henry, Eric C. (2003).
4421:
4379:
4318:
4293:
4200:
4173:
4154:
4088:
4053:
4021:
3986:
3952:
3917:
3893:
3868:
3792:
3645:
3521:
3361:
3326:
2848:
769:
367:
112:
4510:
4249:
Cavalier-Smith, Thomas; Scoble, Josephine Margaret (2012). "Phylogeny of Heterokonta:
2922:
2378:
is fully accepted by the scientific community and backed up by phylogenetic analyses.
2339:
2218:
compose the two main branches of stramenopiles, which are regarded as the superphylum
6239:
5997:
5612:
5561:
5499:
5304:
4751:
4714:
4702:
4692:
4563:
4555:
4514:
4478:
4470:
4427:
4371:
4323:
4274:
4205:
4158:
4146:
4093:
4026:
4008:
3957:
3898:
3838:
3821:
3796:
3691:
3649:
3610:
3558:
3513:
3410:
3366:
3348:
3299:
3291:
3252:
3120:
3116:
3072:
3064:
2964:
2886:
2741:
2689:
2452:
2299:
2152:
2050:
2017:
is the sister lineage to brown algae, followed by a clade of closely related classes
1758:
1130:
present in rivers. These lack any complex multicellular thalli, and instead exist as
891:
863:
628:
539:
267:
242:
4383:
3525:
3443:
Dorrell RG, Bowler C (2017). "Chapter Three - Secondary Plastids of Stramenopiles".
3325:
Denis Tikhonenkov; Mahwash Jamy; Anastasia S Borodina; et al. (16 March 2022).
5828:
4979:
4666:
4596:
4547:
4506:
4462:
4363:
4313:
4305:
4266:
4195:
4185:
4136:
4083:
4073:
4034:
4016:
4000:
3947:
3937:
3888:
3880:
3830:
3788:
3760:
3737:
3714:
3683:
3637:
3602:
3566:
3550:
3503:
3495:
3452:
3402:
3374:
3356:
3340:
3307:
3283:
3112:
3080:
3056:
3042:
3017:
2954:
2944:
2894:
2878:
2840:
2542:
2390:
2082:
2078:
1839:
1729:
758:
685:, and an immature posterior smooth flagellum ("whiplash") lacking these hairs. The
559:
309:
3674:
Andersen RA (2004). "Biology and systematics of heterokont and haptophyte algae".
3022:
2882:
2403:
1264:
inference. However, the earliest fossil remains, assigned to the billion-year-old
6307:
5836:
5571:
5507:
5484:
5082:
4466:
4141:
4078:
3834:
3606:
3541:
3195:
3161:
2164:
2160:
1261:
1181:
1169:
919:
734:
632:
598:
4614:
3764:
3741:
3718:
3287:
1114:) grow directly attached to the substrate through adhesive films. Others (e.g.,
6104:
5685:
5640:
5607:
5417:
5388:
5194:
5151:
4974:
4697:
4649:
4551:
4270:
3456:
2753:. During this first era of scientific discovery, brown algae were described as
2560:
2497:
2367:
2275:
2234:
2180:
2148:
2131:
2109:
2054:
2041:
are the most basal within the SI. The SII lineage contains the golden algae or
2038:
1773:
1581:
1147:
1083:
1043:
887:
801:
793:
722:
652:
586:
523:
421:
335:
252:
155:
142:
105:
4367:
4004:
3641:
3554:
2190:, later renamed to Ochrophyta in 1996 in accordance to recommendations of the
659:
in dark green); pc, periplastidial compartment (in pink); per, periplastidial
6389:
5901:
5861:
5753:
5335:
5327:
5312:
5293:
4559:
4474:
4309:
4012:
3562:
3352:
3295:
3100:
3068:
2890:
2803:, which contains chloroplasts surrounded by two membranes as opposed to four.
2569:
2551:
2515:
2443:
2363:
2335:
2323:
2295:
2291:
2279:
2271:
2101:
2086:
2074:
2046:
2042:
2018:
1950:
1885:
1854:
1704:
1687:
1603:
1398:
1238:
1234:
1066:
1058:
1039:
1035:
974:
939:
895:
867:
841:
835:
742:
730:
570:
567:
547:
535:
452:
424:
344:
319:
314:
292:
237:
4257:(Nanomonadea), and evidence that Actinophryida evolved from raphidophytes".
4190:
3869:"Revisions to the Classification, Nomenclature, and Diversity of Eukaryotes"
3570:
3378:
3311:
3084:
2342:
and Robert Andersen validly published Heterokontophyta as a phylum in 2023.
2226:. However, this classification system is in disuse due to the kingdom's non-
475:
6063:
5846:
5841:
5713:
5680:
5655:
5645:
5630:
5622:
5544:
5430:
5425:
5373:
5340:
5184:
5025:
4959:
4906:
4878:
4653:
4567:
4518:
4482:
4375:
4327:
4278:
4209:
4150:
4097:
4030:
3961:
3902:
3842:
3695:
3687:
3614:
3517:
3370:
3331:
3303:
3076:
2968:
2718:
2717:, were described in early Chinese (around 3000 BC), Greek (300 BC, such as
2714:
2470:
2358:
2354:
2303:
2247:
2227:
2211:
2127:
2117:
2105:
2002:
1484:
1290:
1218:
1211:
1023:
978:
923:
907:
879:
832:
777:
640:
636:
606:
551:
432:
353:
282:
168:
4038:
3406:
2898:
6316:
6177:
6130:
6113:
6050:
5761:
5602:
5597:
5179:
5063:
5038:
4873:
4803:
3991:
3327:"On the origin of TSAR: morphology, diversity and phylogeny of Telonemia"
3162:
Michael D. Guiry; Øjvind Moestrup; Robert A. Andersen (11 October 2023).
2746:
2319:
2315:
2242:
2219:
2207:
2176:
1974:
1295:
1265:
1257:
1194:
1174:
1164:
1158:
1152:
1135:
1019:
947:
883:
875:
851:
824:
773:
765:
750:
746:
710:
702:
682:
678:
483:
479:
460:
440:
89:
52:
45:
3508:
3344:
3101:
H.S. Yoon; R.A. Andersen; S.M. Boo; D. Bhattacharya (17 February 2009).
2206:, a clade that also contains some heterotrophic heterokonts, namely the
6336:
5817:
5670:
5579:
5365:
5345:
4850:
4495:
2959:
2852:
2534:
2375:
2311:
2066:
2061:(also known as Synchromophyceae). Both clades, SI and SII, compose the
2058:
1815:
1733:
1286:
1246:
1190:
781:
706:
543:
519:
428:
304:
247:
202:
93:
3942:
3884:
3499:
3060:
2949:
2924:
2827:
6182:
6151:
5919:
5435:
5266:
5156:
5033:
4924:
4888:
4645:
2762:
2578:
2417:
2395:
2371:
2346:
2286:
discoveries, Christiaan van den Hoek introduced in 1978 the division
2223:
2065:
lineage. The remaining classes are grouped within the sister lineage
2062:
2010:
1900:
1340:
1230:
1122:
1110:
1094:
1088:
994:
967:
935:
797:
785:
738:
656:
644:
624:
582:
578:
531:
507:
456:
444:
324:
232:
129:
6075:
4419:
3759:. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing. pp. 153–158.
3736:. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing. pp. 153–158.
3731:
3713:. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing. pp. 153–158.
6301:
6156:
6098:
5909:
5890:
5220:
5092:
5044:
4901:
4859:
4816:
4794:
4736:
4340:
2736:
2113:
2104:, is included in some classifications as the sister lineage to the
2097:
1242:
1226:
1078:
726:
602:
574:
436:
216:
6169:
2093:, was described in 2021 and recovered as part of the SII lineage.
5650:
5014:
4932:
4172:
Derelle R, López-García P, Timpano H, Moreira D (November 2016).
4171:
3476:
2758:
2710:
2203:
2070:
2001:. The SI lineage, containing the diverse and multicellular class
1131:
1127:
1116:
990:
986:
927:
698:
664:
648:
610:
503:
448:
178:
59:
4783:
2754:
2350:
2310:. Several other names were used to group heterokont algae with
2215:
2192:
International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants
2156:
998:
943:
871:
714:
563:
555:
527:
487:
66:
2677:
Jouse & Proshkina-Lavrenko in Medlin & Kaczmarska 2004
737:
of the red alga; and an outermost layer, corresponding to the
6143:
2731:
2331:
1214:
1074:
1070:
590:
417:
210:
2037:, which are sometimes treated as one class Aurophyceae. The
1249:. This lineage of stramenopiles originated from an event of
3588:
2868:
2845:
10.1666/0094-8373(2004)030<0231:AVAFTM>2.0.CO;2
2722:
2029:. This is in turn the sister lineage to a clade containing
1011:
718:
443:. In particular, they are characterized by photosynthetic
2726:
4225:"Taxonomy and phylogeny of Heliozoa. III. Actinophryids"
3472:
3470:
3468:
3466:
2992:
4446:
1134:
filamentous forms that have evolved independently from
741:
membrane. This characteristic differentiates them from
593:, distinguished from other groups of algae by specific
3438:
3436:
3434:
3432:
3430:
3428:
3426:
3246:
566:. This is a common trait shared with their relatives,
4531:
4115:
4113:
4111:
4109:
4107:
3981:
3787:(Second ed.). Academic Press. pp. 470–484.
3463:
2918:
2916:
2914:
2912:
2910:
2908:
2864:
2862:
1225:
that also includes several heterotrophic lineages of
981:
or zoosporogenesis. In addition, they are capable of
689:
of the flagellum generally has a transitional helix.
4291:
4248:
3916:Ševčíková T, Horák A, Klimeš V, et al. (2015).
3915:
3771:
2925:"Olisthodiscus represents a new class of Ochrophyta"
2669:
Medlin & Kaczmarska 2004, emend. Adl et al. 2019
2637:
Medlin & Kaczmarska 2004, emend. Adl et al. 2019
938:, outside plastids, unlike other algae. Cytoplasmic
862:
pigment is present in the stroma. The most frequent
4489:
4334:
3627:
3423:
3242:
2345:As opposed to the hierarchical classification, the
4950:
4582:
4533:
4448:
4223:Mikrjukov, Kirill A.; Patterson, David J. (2001).
4222:
4104:
3708:
3240:
3238:
3236:
3234:
3232:
3230:
3228:
3226:
3224:
3222:
3102:
2905:
2859:
2826:
2820:
2818:
2326:, which is not a validly published name under the
2233:While Ochrophyta is the preferred name by general
573:, as well as other closely related groups such as
4644:
4420:C. van den Hoek; D. G. Mann; H. M. Jahns (1995).
4165:
4119:
3814:
3812:
930:molecules, as a storage product. It is stored in
886:fucoxanthin. In the yellow-green or yellow-brown
6387:
5978:
3866:
3669:
3667:
3665:
3663:
3661:
3659:
3251:(4th ed.). LJLM Press. pp. 12-2–12-4.
3041:
2069:, equivalent to the SIII lineage; these are the
3219:
2988:
2986:
2984:
2982:
2980:
2978:
2815:
2538:Derelle et al. 2016, emend. Cavalier-Smith 2017
1018:. Regarding nutrition, various ochrophytes are
435:, characterized by the presence of two unequal
4447:Kai A, Yoshii Y, Nakayama T, Inouye I (2008).
4051:
3909:
3809:
3777:
906:alone. Additionally, xanthophylls protect the
5416:
4630:
3656:
3584:
3582:
3580:
3442:
3196:The kingdom Chromista, origin and systematics
1197:, the cause of amnesiac shellfish poisoning.
705:) per cell. Some groups contain species with
4574:
4525:
4253:, a uniciliate gliding opalozoan related to
4216:
3754:
3401:(5th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
3271:
3157:
3155:
3153:
3151:
3149:
3147:
3145:
3143:
3109:Encyclopedia of Microbiology (Third Edition)
3037:
3035:
3033:
2995:"Phylogeny and Evolution of the Brown Algae"
2975:
870:. The golden-brown or brown pigmentation in
721:groups. Ochrophytes have a distinct plastid
526:that are either naked or covered by scales,
5060:
5024:
4242:
3862:
3860:
3858:
3856:
3854:
3852:
3538:
3392:
3390:
3388:
3096:
3094:
2824:
2492:Andersen & Bailey in Bailey et al. 1998
2282:, also known as heterokonts. After several
2108:, and both groups are treated as one class
1082:, in particular, can be widespread in some
926:consisting of short chains of β-1,3-linked
439:, one of which has tripartite hairs called
5246:
4637:
4623:
4413:
4285:
4045:
3577:
3532:
3318:
3265:
2757:, while microscopic algae were treated as
2013:(around 310 million years ago). The class
817:
617:
455:, with membrane-bound compartments called
79:
5263:
4440:
4317:
4199:
4189:
4140:
4087:
4077:
4020:
3977:
3975:
3973:
3971:
3951:
3941:
3892:
3507:
3360:
3206:
3204:
3140:
3030:
3021:
2958:
2948:
2370:. The subdivision of ochrophytes between
2116:phylogenetic analyses. However, a recent
1069:are predominantly freshwater classes. In
946:, which is the common storage product in
562:. All ochrophytes uniformly have tubular
4589:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
3849:
3673:
3385:
3091:
2483:R.A.Andersen, L.Graf & H.S.Yoon 2020
2402:
2389:
5011:
4580:
3216:. Editora Artmed, Porto Alegre, p. 157.
2704:
2245:. The origin of this name is the class
2147:In hierarchical classifications, where
1294:(600–550 Ma). Scales similar to modern
663:(in blue); pf, posterior flagellum; v,
490:. They are classified either as phylum
378:Guiry, R.A.Andersen & Moestrup 2023
14:
6388:
4780:
4396:
3968:
3201:
2353:as valid groups, rejecting the use of
6080:
6079:
4618:
6360:2dfc2322-42f4-418c-babb-50ef339aaa70
6232:5b401e1a-5717-47d7-9133-c67b6328f2a4
2693:Haeckel 1878, emend. Adl et al. 2019
2465:Barcytė, Eikrem & M. Eliáš, 2021
2179:. The phylum was first described by
2142:
1210:The ochrophytes constitute a highly
4423:Algae: an introduction to phycology
3630:Russian Journal of Plant Physiology
3396:
913:
38:Temporal range: Middle Proterozoic
24:
4601:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1981.tb00954.x
3873:Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology
3793:10.1016/B978-0-12-384719-5.00404-4
3002:Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences
2251:, introduced by Finnish biologist
2241:is considered more familiar among
1106:extracellular polymeric substances
474:, and additional pigments such as
25:
6412:
4610:
2501:Cahdefaud 1950, emend. Silva 1980
2381:
2005:, or brown algae, experienced an
729:, which lead to four surrounding
4259:European Journal of Protistology
3117:10.1016/B978-012373944-5.00253-4
2770:Transmission electron microscopy
2519:Allorge 1930 emend. Fritsch 1935
1141:
831:Ochrophyte chloroplasts contain
589:eukaryotes, they are considered
116:
43:
4426:. Cambridge: University Press.
4390:
4298:Molecular Biology and Evolution
3748:
3725:
3702:
3621:
3164:"Validation of the phylum name
2791:
2774:molecular phylogenetic analysis
2349:classification only recognizes
2120:study places one actinophryid,
1185:. More than a dozen species of
953:
882:and others is conferred by the
858:binds to thylakoids, while the
811:
692:
554:develop as large multicellular
4405:] (in German). Stockholm:
4347:Journal of Molecular Evolution
4052:Brown JW, Sorhannus U (2010).
3445:Advances in Botanical Research
3213:Biologia e Filogenia das Algas
3185:
2262:in 1899 to include the orders
2237:and protozoologists, the name
2137:
513:
362:>100,000 estimated species
13:
1:
4511:10.1016/S1434-4610(98)70032-X
4397:Luther, Alexander F. (1899).
3023:10.1080/07352689.2020.1787679
2883:10.2216/I0031-8884-35-6-500.1
2809:
2745:. Shortly after, unicellular
2175:, within the Stramenopila or
2045:, as well as smaller classes
1053:
866:in ochrophytes is the yellow
792:Commonly, within the plastid
631:; fs, flagellar swelling; g,
459:organized in piles of three,
4581:Hibberd DJ (February 1981).
4467:10.1016/j.protis.2007.12.003
4142:10.1016/j.protis.2020.125781
4079:10.1371/journal.pone.0012759
3835:10.1016/j.protis.2008.11.004
3781:Encyclopedia of Biodiversity
3607:10.1016/j.protis.2016.04.001
2797:The only known exception is
2685:D.G. Mann in Adl et al. 2019
2661:D.G. Mann in Adl et al. 2019
2653:D.G. Mann in Adl et al. 2019
2645:D.G. Mann in Adl et al. 2019
2629:D.G. Mann in Adl et al. 2019
2621:D.G. Mann in Adl et al. 2019
2611:D.G. Mann in Adl et al. 2019
2603:D.G. Mann in Adl et al. 2019
2595:D.G. Mann in Adl et al. 2019
2555:Andersen & Saunders 1993
1200:
989:, by three different modes:
918:Ochrophyte algae accumulate
7:
3765:10.1007/978-3-319-31984-1_6
3742:10.1007/978-3-319-31984-1_5
3719:10.1007/978-3-319-31984-1_7
3288:10.1016/J.JPLPH.2020.153342
3275:Journal of Plant Physiology
2096:One group of heterotrophic
1301:
1205:
1189:are capable of producing a
1010:such as brown algae (e.g.,
958:Ochrophytes are capable of
942:are also common. They lack
910:from high intensity light.
672:
10:
6417:
4552:10.1078/143446103322166518
4271:10.1016/j.ejop.2012.09.002
3676:American Journal of Botany
3457:10.1016/bs.abr.2017.06.003
2529:; Tribophyceae) – 616 spp.
2253:Alexander Ferdinand Luther
1004:
6291:
6088:
6058:
6042:
5918:
5900:
5887:
5883:
5860:
5827:
5814:
5810:
5752:
5725:
5698:
5621:
5588:
5570:
5552:
5543:
5516:
5498:
5475:
5455:
5448:
5444:
5409:
5387:
5364:
5326:
5303:
5283:
5276:
5259:
5242:
5203:
5170:
5142:
5104:
5091:
5073:
5056:
5007:
4923:
4887:
4858:
4849:
4802:
4793:
4776:
4660:
4368:10.1007/s00239-004-0353-8
4005:10.1007/S00709-017-1147-3
3642:10.1134/S1021443721010179
3591:Phaeodactylum tricornutum
3555:10.1016/J.CUB.2021.04.025
1972:
1948:
1898:
1883:
1876:
1852:
1837:
1830:
1823:
1771:
1756:
1726:
1702:
1684:
1677:
1670:
1663:
1648:
1641:
1601:
1579:
1572:
1539:
1524:
1517:
1481:
1466:
1459:
1435:
1411:
1396:
1389:
1382:
1375:
1368:
1361:
1347:
1331:
1315:
1029:
635:; gl, girdle lamella; m,
373:
366:
359:
352:
229:
224:
208:
201:
113:Scientific classification
111:
87:
78:
34:
3210:Reviers, B. de. (2006).
2785:
2779:Thalassiosira pseudonana
2290:for five algal classes:
2089:. A new class of algae,
1016:environmental sequencing
506:. Their plastids are of
360:23,314 described species
2825:Butterfield NJ (2004).
2270:, later separated into
1251:secondary endosymbiosis
848:photosynthetic pigments
687:ciliary transition zone
472:photosynthetic pigments
5554:Discosporangiophycidae
4310:10.1093/molbev/msac065
3688:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1508
2413:
2400:
2169:botanical nomenclature
2073:or Bacillariophyceae,
2007:evolutionary radiation
823:Chemical structure of
647:in darker purple); p,
601:traits, such as their
560:differentiated tissues
522:organisms composed of
6253:Paleobiology Database
5518:Chrysoparadoxophyceae
4342:Thomas Cavalier-Smith
4191:10.1093/molbev/msw168
3983:Thomas Cavalier-Smith
3407:10.1017/9781316407219
2751:Otto Friedrich Müller
2438:Wetherbee et al. 2019
2435:Chrysoparadoxophyceae
2406:
2393:
2184:Thomas Cavalier-Smith
2027:Chrysoparadoxophyceae
1999:phylogenetic analyses
1414:Chrysoparadoxophyceae
1285:(750–700 Ma) and the
1223:eukaryotic supergroup
755:endoplasmic reticulum
661:endoplasmic reticulum
564:mitochondrial cristae
273:Chrysoparadoxophyceae
5970:Arachnoidiscophytina
5965:Rhizosloleniophytina
5933:Leptocylindrophyceae
5928:Leptocylindrophytina
5490:Pleurochloridellales
4822:Pseudodendromonadida
3985:(5 September 2017).
3048:Journal of Phycology
2929:Journal of Phycology
2705:History of knowledge
2658:Arachnoidiscophytina
2600:Leptocylindrophyceae
2592:Leptocylindrophytina
960:asexual reproduction
5960:Coscinodiscophytina
5727:Schizocladiophyceae
5666:Phaeosiphoniellales
5477:Phaeothamniophyceae
5285:Olisthodiscophyceae
5075:Hyphochytriomycetes
4952:Labyrinthulomycetes
4360:2006JMolE..62..388C
4232:Acta Protozoologica
4070:2010PLoSO...512759B
3934:2015NatSR...510134S
3492:2019JPcgy..55..257W
3345:10.1098/RSOB.210325
3014:2020CRvPS..39..281B
2941:2021JPcgy..57.1094B
2650:Rhizosoleniophytina
2642:Coscinodiscophytina
2573:Guillou et al. 1999
2564:Kawachi et al. 2003
2507:Schizocladiophyceae
2489:Phaeothamniophyceae
2462:Olisthodiscophyceae
2421:Cavalier-Smith 1986
2314:organisms, such as
2308:Chloromonadophyceae
2284:electron microscopy
2222:within the kingdom
2091:Olisthodiscophyceae
2035:Phaeothamniophyceae
2015:Schizocladiophyceae
1651:Olisthodiscophyceae
1542:Phaeothamniophyceae
1469:Schizocladiophyceae
1063:Phaeothamniophyceae
1048:Schizocladiophyceae
983:sexual reproduction
934:located within the
770:chlorarachniophytes
677:As stramenopiles (=
431:, organisms with a
298:Olisthodiscophyceae
288:Schizocladiophyceae
263:Phaeothamniophyceae
5945:Ellerbeckiophytina
5893:
5889:
5875:Sarcinochrysidales
5852:Rhizochromulinales
5820:
5816:
5700:Phaeosacciophyceae
5397:Pinguiochrysidales
5269:
5265:
5252:
5248:
5093:Peronosporomycetes
5066:
5062:
5017:
5013:
4786:
4782:
4251:Incisomonas marina
3192:Cavalier-Smith, T.
2761:under the name of
2749:were described by
2618:Ellerbeckiophytina
2584:(=Bacillariophyta
2480:Phaeosacciophyceae
2414:
2401:
2366:group, within the
2126:, as the probable
2023:Phaeosacciophyceae
1438:Phaeosacciophyceae
1022:, usually through
892:eustigmatophyceans
498:, or as subphylum
278:Phaeosacciophyceae
6383:
6382:
6240:Open Tree of Life
6082:Taxon identifiers
6073:
6072:
6038:
6037:
6034:
6033:
6030:
6029:
6026:
6025:
6022:
6021:
6018:
6017:
6014:
6013:
6010:
6009:
6006:
6005:
5998:Bacillariophyceae
5993:Biddulphiophyceae
5980:Bacillariophytina
5806:
5805:
5802:
5801:
5798:
5797:
5794:
5793:
5790:
5789:
5694:
5693:
5613:Syringodermatales
5590:Dictyochophycidae
5562:Discosporangiales
5526:Chrysoparadoxales
5500:Chrysomerophyceae
5405:
5404:
5356:Thallochrysidales
5305:Eustigmatophyceae
5238:
5237:
5234:
5233:
5230:
5229:
5003:
5002:
4999:
4998:
4995:
4994:
4939:Pseudophyllomitus
4919:
4918:
4915:
4914:
4184:(11): 2890–2898.
3943:10.1038/srep10134
3885:10.1111/jeu.12691
3682:(10): 1508–1522.
3500:10.1111/jpy.12822
3416:978-1-107-55565-5
3258:978-0-9863935-4-9
3126:978-0-12-373944-5
3061:10.1111/JPY.13431
2950:10.1111/jpy.13155
2782:, began in 2002.
2742:Species Plantarum
2739:in his 1753 work
2690:Bacillariophyceae
2682:Biddulphiophyceae
2666:Bacillariophytina
2510:Kawai et al. 2003
2453:Eustigmatophyceae
2300:Bacillariophyceae
2171:) by the name of
2143:Taxonomic history
2083:silicoflagellates
2051:Eustigmatophyceae
1995:
1994:
1985:
1984:
1961:
1960:
1930:
1929:
1921:
1920:
1912:
1911:
1865:
1864:
1802:
1801:
1793:
1792:
1784:
1783:
1759:Eustigmatophyceae
1745:
1744:
1715:
1714:
1623:
1622:
1614:
1613:
1561:
1560:
1552:
1551:
1506:
1505:
1497:
1496:
1448:
1447:
1424:
1423:
864:accessory pigment
850:, in addition to
451:enclosed by four
416:, are a group of
410:heterokontophytes
403:
402:
397:
376:Heterokontophyta
268:Chrysomerophyceae
243:Eustigmatophyceae
197:
16:(Redirected from
6408:
6376:
6375:
6363:
6362:
6353:
6352:
6340:
6339:
6327:
6326:
6325:
6323:Heterokontophyta
6312:
6311:
6310:
6293:Heterokontophyta
6284:
6283:
6271:
6270:
6261:
6260:
6248:
6247:
6235:
6234:
6225:
6224:
6212:
6211:
6199:
6198:
6186:
6185:
6173:
6172:
6160:
6159:
6147:
6146:
6134:
6133:
6124:
6123:
6122:
6109:
6108:
6107:
6077:
6076:
5976:
5975:
5950:Probosciophytina
5898:
5897:
5894:
5885:
5884:
5829:Dictyochophyceae
5825:
5824:
5821:
5812:
5811:
5772:Rhizochloridales
5550:
5549:
5457:Aurearenophyceae
5453:
5452:
5446:
5445:
5414:
5413:
5351:Rhizochrysidales
5318:Goniochloridales
5281:
5280:
5274:
5273:
5270:
5261:
5260:
5257:
5256:
5253:
5244:
5243:
5190:Salilagenidiales
5102:
5101:
5098:
5071:
5070:
5067:
5058:
5057:
5022:
5021:
5018:
5009:
5008:
4980:Thraustochytrida
4948:
4947:
4856:
4855:
4800:
4799:
4791:
4790:
4787:
4778:
4777:
4689:
4669:
4639:
4632:
4625:
4616:
4615:
4605:
4604:
4586:
4578:
4572:
4571:
4537:
4529:
4523:
4522:
4493:
4487:
4486:
4452:
4444:
4438:
4437:
4417:
4411:
4410:
4409:. pp. 1–22.
4394:
4388:
4387:
4338:
4332:
4331:
4321:
4289:
4283:
4282:
4246:
4240:
4239:
4229:
4220:
4214:
4213:
4203:
4193:
4169:
4163:
4162:
4144:
4126:
4117:
4102:
4101:
4091:
4081:
4049:
4043:
4042:
4024:
3979:
3966:
3965:
3955:
3945:
3913:
3907:
3906:
3896:
3864:
3847:
3846:
3816:
3807:
3806:
3786:
3775:
3769:
3768:
3752:
3746:
3745:
3729:
3723:
3722:
3706:
3700:
3699:
3671:
3654:
3653:
3625:
3619:
3618:
3586:
3575:
3574:
3536:
3530:
3529:
3511:
3474:
3461:
3460:
3440:
3421:
3420:
3394:
3383:
3382:
3364:
3322:
3316:
3315:
3269:
3263:
3262:
3244:
3217:
3208:
3199:
3189:
3183:
3182:
3172:
3166:Heterokontophyta
3159:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3133:
3106:
3098:
3089:
3088:
3043:Michael D. Guiry
3039:
3028:
3027:
3025:
2999:
2990:
2973:
2972:
2962:
2952:
2935:(4): 1094–1118.
2920:
2903:
2902:
2866:
2857:
2856:
2830:
2822:
2804:
2795:
2694:
2686:
2678:
2670:
2662:
2654:
2646:
2638:
2630:
2626:Probosciophytina
2622:
2612:
2604:
2596:
2588:) – 14,684 spp.
2587:
2583:
2574:
2565:
2556:
2547:
2543:Dictyochophyceae
2539:
2528:
2525:; Heteromonadea
2524:
2520:
2511:
2502:
2493:
2484:
2475:
2466:
2457:
2448:
2439:
2430:
2426:Aurearenophyceae
2422:
2288:Heterokontophyta
2261:
2239:Heterokontophyta
2112:on the basis of
2079:Dictyochophyceae
2031:Aurearenophyceae
2009:during the late
1944:
1879:
1878:
1840:Dictyochophyceae
1833:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1819:
1736:
1730:Synchromophyceae
1691:
1680:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1666:
1665:
1644:
1643:
1637:
1597:
1575:
1574:
1527:Aurearenophyceae
1520:
1519:
1488:
1462:
1461:
1392:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1378:
1377:
1371:
1370:
1364:
1363:
1357:
1350:
1349:
1343:
1334:
1333:
1327:
1318:
1317:
1311:
1310:
1306:
1305:
914:Storage products
900:vaucheriaxanthin
821:
796:, three stacked
776:, the vestigial
759:nuclear envelope
749:, red algae and
655:in light green,
639:(in orange); n,
621:
518:Ochrophytes are
496:Heterokontophyta
408:, also known as
392:
391:Stramenochromes
388:
379:
340:
310:Dictyochophyceae
258:Aurearenophyceae
196:1986 emend. 1996
192:
121:
120:
83:
73:
69:
62:
55:
48:
42:
32:
31:
21:
6416:
6415:
6411:
6410:
6409:
6407:
6406:
6405:
6386:
6385:
6384:
6379:
6371:
6366:
6358:
6356:
6348:
6343:
6335:
6330:
6321:
6320:
6315:
6306:
6305:
6300:
6287:
6279:
6274:
6266:
6264:
6256:
6251:
6243:
6238:
6230:
6228:
6220:
6215:
6207:
6202:
6194:
6189:
6181:
6176:
6168:
6163:
6155:
6150:
6142:
6137:
6129:
6127:
6118:
6117:
6112:
6103:
6102:
6097:
6084:
6074:
6069:
6054:
6002:
5974:
5955:Melosirophytina
5938:Corethrophyceae
5914:
5888:
5879:
5870:Pelagomonadales
5856:
5837:Florenciellales
5815:
5786:
5748:
5735:Schizocladiales
5721:
5690:
5676:Scytothamniales
5617:
5584:
5572:Ishigeophycidae
5566:
5539:
5512:
5508:Chrysomeridales
5494:
5485:Phaeothamniales
5471:
5440:
5401:
5383:
5379:Chlamydomyxales
5360:
5322:
5299:
5264:
5247:
5226:
5199:
5166:
5138:
5134:Rozellopsidales
5129:Olpidiopsidales
5096:
5095:
5087:
5083:Hyphochytriales
5061:
5052:
5012:
4991:
4986:Stellarchytrium
4970:Oblongichytrida
4946:
4911:
4883:
4845:
4781:
4772:
4771:
4687:
4665:
4656:
4643:
4613:
4608:
4579:
4575:
4530:
4526:
4494:
4490:
4445:
4441:
4434:
4418:
4414:
4395:
4391:
4339:
4335:
4290:
4286:
4247:
4243:
4227:
4221:
4217:
4170:
4166:
4124:
4118:
4105:
4050:
4046:
3980:
3969:
3914:
3910:
3865:
3850:
3817:
3810:
3803:
3784:
3776:
3772:
3753:
3749:
3730:
3726:
3707:
3703:
3672:
3657:
3626:
3622:
3587:
3578:
3542:Current Biology
3537:
3533:
3475:
3464:
3441:
3424:
3417:
3397:Lee RE (2018).
3395:
3386:
3323:
3319:
3270:
3266:
3259:
3245:
3220:
3209:
3202:
3190:
3186:
3175:Notulae Algarum
3170:
3160:
3141:
3131:
3129:
3127:
3104:"Stramenopiles"
3099:
3092:
3040:
3031:
2997:
2991:
2976:
2921:
2906:
2867:
2860:
2823:
2816:
2812:
2807:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2713:, in the class
2707:
2692:
2684:
2676:
2668:
2660:
2652:
2644:
2636:
2634:Melosirophytina
2628:
2620:
2610:
2608:Corethrophyceae
2602:
2594:
2585:
2581:
2572:
2563:
2554:
2545:
2537:
2526:
2522:
2521:(=Heterokontae
2518:
2509:
2500:
2491:
2482:
2473:
2464:
2455:
2446:
2437:
2429:Kai et al. 2008
2428:
2420:
2399:(Chrysophyceae)
2384:
2340:Øjvind Moestrup
2264:Chloromonadales
2255:
2235:protistologists
2149:taxonomic ranks
2145:
2140:
2123:Actinophrys sol
2081:(including the
1986:
1962:
1946:
1942:
1931:
1922:
1913:
1866:
1821:
1814:
1803:
1794:
1785:
1746:
1728:
1716:
1686:
1639:
1635:
1624:
1615:
1599:
1595:
1562:
1553:
1507:
1498:
1483:
1449:
1425:
1359:
1355:
1345:
1339:
1329:
1323:
1304:
1270:Palaeovaucheria
1262:molecular clock
1239:labyrinthuleans
1208:
1203:
1187:Pseudonitzschia
1182:Pseudonitzschia
1170:Bacillariophyta
1144:
1084:drainage basins
1056:
1032:
1007:
956:
920:chrysolaminarin
916:
888:raphidophyceans
829:
828:
827:
814:
806:aurearenophytes
802:synchromophytes
735:plasma membrane
695:
675:
670:
669:
668:
633:Golgi apparatus
599:ultrastructural
585:. As primarily
516:
420:. They are the
414:stramenochromes
383:
377:
361:
333:
331:
220:
214:
191:
115:
98:Partridge Point
74:
72:
71:
67:
64:
60:
57:
53:
50:
46:
40:
39:
36:
28:
27:Phylum of algae
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6414:
6404:
6403:
6398:
6381:
6380:
6378:
6377:
6364:
6354:
6341:
6328:
6313:
6297:
6295:
6289:
6288:
6286:
6285:
6272:
6262:
6249:
6236:
6226:
6213:
6200:
6187:
6174:
6161:
6148:
6135:
6125:
6110:
6094:
6092:
6086:
6085:
6071:
6070:
6068:
6067:
6059:
6056:
6055:
6048:
6046:
6044:Incertae sedis
6040:
6039:
6036:
6035:
6032:
6031:
6028:
6027:
6024:
6023:
6020:
6019:
6016:
6015:
6012:
6011:
6008:
6007:
6004:
6003:
6001:
6000:
5995:
5990:
5984:
5982:
5973:
5972:
5967:
5962:
5957:
5952:
5947:
5942:
5941:
5940:
5935:
5924:
5922:
5916:
5915:
5913:
5912:
5906:
5904:
5895:
5881:
5880:
5878:
5877:
5872:
5866:
5864:
5858:
5857:
5855:
5854:
5849:
5844:
5839:
5833:
5831:
5822:
5808:
5807:
5804:
5803:
5800:
5799:
5796:
5795:
5792:
5791:
5788:
5787:
5785:
5784:
5779:
5777:Tribonematales
5774:
5769:
5767:Mischococcales
5764:
5758:
5756:
5750:
5749:
5747:
5746:
5745:
5744:
5731:
5729:
5723:
5722:
5720:
5719:
5718:
5717:
5708:Phaeosacciales
5704:
5702:
5696:
5695:
5692:
5691:
5689:
5688:
5686:Tilopteridales
5683:
5678:
5673:
5668:
5663:
5658:
5653:
5648:
5643:
5641:Desmarestiales
5638:
5636:Asterocladales
5633:
5627:
5625:
5619:
5618:
5616:
5615:
5610:
5608:Sphacelariales
5605:
5600:
5594:
5592:
5586:
5585:
5583:
5582:
5576:
5574:
5568:
5567:
5565:
5564:
5558:
5556:
5547:
5541:
5540:
5538:
5537:
5536:
5535:
5532:Chrysoparadoxa
5522:
5520:
5514:
5513:
5511:
5510:
5504:
5502:
5496:
5495:
5493:
5492:
5487:
5481:
5479:
5473:
5472:
5470:
5469:
5461:
5459:
5450:
5442:
5441:
5439:
5438:
5433:
5428:
5426:Chattonellales
5422:
5420:
5418:Raphidomonadea
5411:
5407:
5406:
5403:
5402:
5400:
5399:
5393:
5391:
5389:Pinguiophyceae
5385:
5384:
5382:
5381:
5376:
5370:
5368:
5362:
5361:
5359:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5332:
5330:
5324:
5323:
5321:
5320:
5315:
5309:
5307:
5301:
5300:
5298:
5297:
5289:
5287:
5278:
5271:
5254:
5240:
5239:
5236:
5235:
5232:
5231:
5228:
5227:
5225:
5224:
5217:
5214:Diatomophthora
5209:
5207:
5205:incertae sedis
5201:
5200:
5198:
5197:
5195:Saprolegniales
5192:
5187:
5182:
5176:
5174:
5172:Saprolegniidae
5168:
5167:
5165:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5152:Peronosporales
5148:
5146:
5144:Peronosporidae
5140:
5139:
5137:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5124:Lagenismatales
5121:
5119:Haptoglossales
5116:
5114:Anisolpidiales
5110:
5108:
5099:
5089:
5088:
5086:
5085:
5079:
5077:
5068:
5054:
5053:
5051:
5050:
5049:
5048:
5036:
5030:
5028:
5019:
5005:
5004:
5001:
5000:
4997:
4996:
4993:
4992:
4990:
4989:
4982:
4977:
4975:Labyrinthulida
4972:
4967:
4962:
4956:
4954:
4945:
4944:
4943:
4942:
4929:
4927:
4921:
4920:
4917:
4916:
4913:
4912:
4910:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4897:Proteromonadea
4893:
4891:
4885:
4884:
4882:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4865:
4863:
4853:
4847:
4846:
4844:
4843:
4836:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4808:
4806:
4797:
4788:
4774:
4773:
4770:
4769:
4768:
4767:
4766:
4765:
4762:Mesomycetozoea
4759:
4754:
4744:
4734:
4733:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4711:
4710:
4698:Diaphoretickes
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4662:
4661:
4658:
4657:
4642:
4641:
4634:
4627:
4619:
4612:
4611:External links
4609:
4607:
4606:
4573:
4546:(2): 211–228.
4524:
4488:
4461:(3): 435–457.
4439:
4432:
4412:
4389:
4354:(4): 388–420.
4333:
4284:
4265:(3): 328–353.
4241:
4215:
4164:
4103:
4044:
3999:(1): 297–357.
3967:
3908:
3848:
3829:(2): 191–204.
3808:
3801:
3770:
3747:
3724:
3701:
3655:
3620:
3601:(1): 254–267.
3576:
3531:
3486:(2): 257–278.
3462:
3422:
3415:
3384:
3317:
3264:
3257:
3218:
3200:
3184:
3139:
3125:
3090:
3029:
3008:(4): 281–321.
2974:
2904:
2877:(6): 500–510.
2858:
2839:(2): 231–252.
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2805:
2800:Chrysoparadoxa
2789:
2787:
2784:
2709:Multicellular
2706:
2703:
2702:
2701:
2700:
2699:
2698:
2697:
2696:
2695:
2687:
2679:
2663:
2655:
2647:
2639:
2631:
2623:
2615:
2614:
2613:
2605:
2582:Dumortier 1821
2576:
2567:
2561:Pinguiophyceae
2558:
2549:
2532:
2531:
2530:
2513:
2504:
2498:Raphidophyceae
2495:
2486:
2477:
2468:
2459:
2450:
2441:
2432:
2412:(Phaeophyceae)
2383:
2382:Classification
2380:
2368:SAR supergroup
2276:Raphidophyceae
2214:. Gyrista and
2181:protozoologist
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2132:nuclear genome
2110:Raphidomonadea
2055:Pinguiophyceae
2039:Raphidophyceae
1993:
1992:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1959:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1947:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1928:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1919:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1910:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1897:
1894:
1893:
1890:
1889:
1882:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1863:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1844:
1843:
1836:
1831:
1829:
1824:
1822:
1812:
1809:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1800:
1799:
1796:
1795:
1791:
1790:
1787:
1786:
1782:
1781:
1778:
1777:
1774:Pinguiophyceae
1770:
1767:
1766:
1763:
1762:
1755:
1752:
1751:
1748:
1747:
1743:
1742:
1739:
1738:
1725:
1722:
1721:
1718:
1717:
1713:
1712:
1709:
1708:
1701:
1698:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1690:(golden algae)
1683:
1678:
1676:
1671:
1669:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1647:
1642:
1640:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1626:
1625:
1621:
1620:
1617:
1616:
1612:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1600:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1582:Raphidophyceae
1578:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1559:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1550:
1549:
1546:
1545:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1523:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1504:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1495:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1465:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1422:
1421:
1418:
1417:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1395:
1390:
1388:
1383:
1381:
1376:
1374:
1369:
1367:
1362:
1360:
1353:
1348:
1346:
1337:
1332:
1330:
1321:
1316:
1314:
1309:
1303:
1300:
1282:Germinosphaera
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1148:Raphidophyceae
1143:
1140:
1055:
1052:
1044:Pinguiophyceae
1031:
1028:
1006:
1003:
955:
952:
940:lipid droplets
915:
912:
896:xanthophyceans
854:. Chlorophyll
822:
816:
815:
813:
810:
723:ultrastructure
694:
691:
674:
671:
622:
616:
615:
587:photosynthetic
534:. They can be
515:
512:
502:within phylum
422:photosynthetic
401:
400:
399:
398:
389:
385:Cavalier-Smith
380:
371:
370:
364:
363:
357:
356:
350:
349:
348:
347:
336:Incertae sedis
330:
329:
328:
327:
322:
317:
312:
302:
301:
300:
295:
290:
285:
280:
275:
270:
265:
260:
255:
253:Raphidophyceae
250:
245:
240:
227:
226:
222:
221:
215:
206:
205:
199:
198:
194:Cavalier-Smith
186:
182:
181:
176:
172:
171:
166:
159:
158:
153:
146:
145:
143:Diaphoretickes
140:
133:
132:
127:
123:
122:
109:
108:
106:Cape Peninsula
85:
84:
76:
75:
65:
58:
51:
44:
41:1000–0 Ma
37:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6413:
6402:
6399:
6397:
6394:
6393:
6391:
6374:
6369:
6365:
6361:
6355:
6351:
6346:
6342:
6338:
6333:
6329:
6324:
6318:
6314:
6309:
6303:
6299:
6298:
6296:
6294:
6290:
6282:
6277:
6273:
6269:
6263:
6259:
6254:
6250:
6246:
6241:
6237:
6233:
6227:
6223:
6218:
6214:
6210:
6205:
6201:
6197:
6192:
6188:
6184:
6179:
6175:
6171:
6166:
6162:
6158:
6153:
6149:
6145:
6140:
6136:
6132:
6126:
6121:
6115:
6111:
6106:
6100:
6096:
6095:
6093:
6091:
6087:
6083:
6078:
6065:
6061:
6060:
6057:
6053:
6052:
6047:
6045:
6041:
5999:
5996:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5985:
5983:
5981:
5977:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5939:
5936:
5934:
5931:
5930:
5929:
5926:
5925:
5923:
5921:
5917:
5911:
5908:
5907:
5905:
5903:
5902:Bolidophyceae
5899:
5896:
5892:
5886:
5882:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5867:
5865:
5863:
5862:Pelagophyceae
5859:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5834:
5832:
5830:
5826:
5823:
5819:
5813:
5809:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5759:
5757:
5755:
5754:Xanthophyceae
5751:
5743:
5742:
5738:
5737:
5736:
5733:
5732:
5730:
5728:
5724:
5716:
5715:
5711:
5710:
5709:
5706:
5705:
5703:
5701:
5697:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5661:Neodermatales
5659:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5628:
5626:
5624:
5620:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5595:
5593:
5591:
5587:
5581:
5578:
5577:
5575:
5573:
5569:
5563:
5560:
5559:
5557:
5555:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5542:
5534:
5533:
5529:
5528:
5527:
5524:
5523:
5521:
5519:
5515:
5509:
5506:
5505:
5503:
5501:
5497:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5482:
5480:
5478:
5474:
5468:
5467:
5463:
5462:
5460:
5458:
5454:
5451:
5447:
5443:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5431:Actinophryida
5429:
5427:
5424:
5423:
5421:
5419:
5415:
5412:
5408:
5398:
5395:
5394:
5392:
5390:
5386:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5371:
5369:
5367:
5363:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5336:Chromulinales
5334:
5333:
5331:
5329:
5328:Chrysophyceae
5325:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5313:Eustigmatales
5311:
5310:
5308:
5306:
5302:
5296:
5295:
5294:Olisthodiscus
5291:
5290:
5288:
5286:
5282:
5279:
5275:
5272:
5268:
5262:
5258:
5255:
5251:
5245:
5241:
5223:
5222:
5218:
5216:
5215:
5211:
5210:
5208:
5206:
5202:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5177:
5175:
5173:
5169:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5149:
5147:
5145:
5141:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5111:
5109:
5107:
5103:
5100:
5094:
5090:
5084:
5081:
5080:
5078:
5076:
5072:
5069:
5065:
5059:
5055:
5047:
5046:
5042:
5041:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5031:
5029:
5027:
5023:
5020:
5016:
5010:
5006:
4988:
4987:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4957:
4955:
4953:
4949:
4941:
4940:
4936:
4935:
4934:
4931:
4930:
4928:
4926:
4922:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4894:
4892:
4890:
4886:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4848:
4842:
4841:
4837:
4835:
4834:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4809:
4807:
4805:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4792:
4789:
4785:
4779:
4775:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4749:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4739:
4738:
4735:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4725:Stramenopiles
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4709:
4706:
4705:
4704:
4701:
4700:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4688:(major groups
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4668:
4664:
4663:
4659:
4655:
4654:Stramenopiles
4651:
4647:
4640:
4635:
4633:
4628:
4626:
4621:
4620:
4617:
4602:
4598:
4595:(2): 93–119.
4594:
4590:
4585:
4577:
4569:
4565:
4561:
4557:
4553:
4549:
4545:
4541:
4536:
4528:
4520:
4516:
4512:
4508:
4505:(3): 245–63.
4504:
4500:
4492:
4484:
4480:
4476:
4472:
4468:
4464:
4460:
4456:
4451:
4443:
4435:
4433:0-521-30419-9
4429:
4425:
4424:
4416:
4408:
4404:
4400:
4393:
4385:
4381:
4377:
4373:
4369:
4365:
4361:
4357:
4353:
4349:
4348:
4343:
4337:
4329:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4311:
4307:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4288:
4280:
4276:
4272:
4268:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4252:
4245:
4237:
4233:
4226:
4219:
4211:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4178:Mol Biol Evol
4175:
4168:
4160:
4156:
4152:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4135:(6): 125781.
4134:
4130:
4123:
4116:
4114:
4112:
4110:
4108:
4099:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4064:(9): e12759.
4063:
4059:
4055:
4048:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3993:
3988:
3984:
3978:
3976:
3974:
3972:
3963:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3912:
3904:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3863:
3861:
3859:
3857:
3855:
3853:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3823:
3815:
3813:
3804:
3802:9780123847201
3798:
3794:
3790:
3783:
3782:
3774:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3751:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3728:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3705:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3670:
3668:
3666:
3664:
3662:
3660:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3624:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3585:
3583:
3581:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3549:: R733–R735.
3548:
3544:
3543:
3535:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3473:
3471:
3469:
3467:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3439:
3437:
3435:
3433:
3431:
3429:
3427:
3418:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3393:
3391:
3389:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3339:(3): 210325.
3338:
3334:
3333:
3328:
3321:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3276:
3268:
3260:
3254:
3250:
3243:
3241:
3239:
3237:
3235:
3233:
3231:
3229:
3227:
3225:
3223:
3215:
3214:
3207:
3205:
3197:
3193:
3188:
3180:
3176:
3169:
3167:
3158:
3156:
3154:
3152:
3150:
3148:
3146:
3144:
3128:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3105:
3097:
3095:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3049:
3044:
3038:
3036:
3034:
3024:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2996:
2989:
2987:
2985:
2983:
2981:
2979:
2970:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2919:
2917:
2915:
2913:
2911:
2909:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2865:
2863:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2829:
2821:
2819:
2814:
2802:
2801:
2794:
2790:
2783:
2781:
2780:
2775:
2771:
2766:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2743:
2738:
2734:
2733:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2691:
2688:
2683:
2680:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2667:
2664:
2659:
2656:
2651:
2648:
2643:
2640:
2635:
2632:
2627:
2624:
2619:
2616:
2609:
2606:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2593:
2590:
2589:
2580:
2577:
2571:
2570:Bolidophyceae
2568:
2562:
2559:
2553:
2552:Pelagophyceae
2550:
2544:
2541:
2540:
2536:
2533:
2517:
2516:Xanthophyceae
2514:
2508:
2505:
2499:
2496:
2490:
2487:
2481:
2478:
2474:Hansgirg 1886
2472:
2469:
2463:
2460:
2454:
2451:
2445:
2444:Chrysophyceae
2442:
2436:
2433:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2411:
2410:
2405:
2398:
2397:
2392:
2388:
2379:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2364:Stramenopiles
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2343:
2341:
2337:
2336:Michael Guiry
2333:
2329:
2325:
2324:Stramenopiles
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2296:Xanthophyceae
2293:
2292:Chrysophyceae
2289:
2285:
2281:
2280:Stramenopiles
2277:
2273:
2272:Xanthophyceae
2269:
2265:
2259:
2254:
2250:
2249:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2231:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2198:to match the
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2135:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2124:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2106:raphidophytes
2103:
2102:Actinophryida
2099:
2094:
2092:
2088:
2087:Pelagophyceae
2084:
2080:
2076:
2075:Bolidophyceae
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2047:Synurophyceae
2044:
2043:Chrysophyceae
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2019:Xanthophyceae
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1990:
1989:
1981:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1957:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1951:Actinophryida
1939:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1926:
1925:
1917:
1916:
1908:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1896:
1895:
1892:
1891:
1888:
1887:
1886:Bolidophyceae
1881:
1880:
1874:
1873:
1870:
1869:
1861:
1860:
1857:
1856:
1855:Pelagophyceae
1850:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1835:
1834:
1828:
1827:
1817:
1811:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1798:
1797:
1789:
1788:
1780:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1769:
1768:
1765:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1754:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1741:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1731:
1724:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1711:
1710:
1707:
1706:
1705:Synurophyceae
1700:
1699:
1696:
1695:
1692:
1689:
1688:Chrysophyceae
1682:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1668:
1667:
1661:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1646:
1645:
1632:
1631:
1628:
1627:
1619:
1618:
1610:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1604:Actinophryida
1592:
1591:
1588:
1587:
1584:
1583:
1577:
1576:
1570:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1557:
1556:
1548:
1547:
1544:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1533:
1532:
1529:
1528:
1522:
1521:
1515:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1502:
1501:
1493:
1492:
1489:
1487:(brown algae)
1486:
1479:
1478:
1475:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1464:
1463:
1457:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1444:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1433:
1432:
1429:
1428:
1420:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1409:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1399:Xanthophyceae
1394:
1393:
1387:
1386:
1380:
1379:
1373:
1372:
1366:
1365:
1352:
1351:
1342:
1336:
1335:
1326:
1320:
1319:
1313:
1312:
1308:
1307:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1283:
1278:
1277:
1272:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1254:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1235:hyphochytrids
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1213:
1198:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1183:
1177:
1176:
1171:
1167:
1166:
1161:
1160:
1155:
1154:
1150:, strains of
1149:
1142:Harmful algae
1139:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1124:
1119:
1118:
1113:
1112:
1107:
1103:
1102:
1097:
1096:
1091:
1090:
1085:
1081:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1067:Xanthophyceae
1064:
1060:
1059:Chrysophyceae
1051:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1040:Pelagophyceae
1037:
1036:Bolidophyceae
1027:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1002:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
975:cell division
973:
969:
965:
964:fragmentation
961:
951:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
911:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
844:
839:
838:
834:
826:
820:
809:
807:
803:
799:
795:
790:
787:
783:
779:
775:
772:) contains a
771:
767:
762:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
743:archaeplastid
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
690:
688:
684:
680:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
620:
614:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
595:morphological
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
571:stramenopiles
569:
568:heterotrophic
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
548:multicellular
545:
541:
537:
536:single-celled
533:
529:
525:
521:
511:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
427:, a group of
426:
425:stramenopiles
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
395:
390:
386:
381:
375:
374:
372:
369:
365:
358:
355:
351:
346:
345:Actinophryida
343:
342:
341:
339:
337:
326:
323:
321:
320:Bolidophyceae
318:
316:
315:Pelagophyceae
313:
311:
308:
307:
306:
303:
299:
296:
294:
293:Xanthophyceae
291:
289:
286:
284:
281:
279:
276:
274:
271:
269:
266:
264:
261:
259:
256:
254:
251:
249:
246:
244:
241:
239:
238:Chrysophyceae
236:
235:
234:
231:
230:
228:
223:
218:
213:
212:
207:
204:
200:
195:
190:
187:
184:
183:
180:
177:
174:
173:
170:
169:Stramenopiles
167:
164:
161:
160:
157:
154:
151:
148:
147:
144:
141:
138:
135:
134:
131:
128:
125:
124:
119:
114:
110:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
86:
82:
77:
70:
63:
56:
49:
33:
30:
19:
6292:
6089:
6064:paraphyletic
6049:
6043:
5988:Mediophyceae
5847:Pedinellales
5842:Dictyochales
5782:Vaucheriales
5741:Schizocladia
5739:
5714:Phaeosaccion
5712:
5681:Sporochnales
5656:Laminariales
5646:Ectocarpales
5631:Ascoseirales
5623:Fucophycidae
5545:Phaeophyceae
5530:
5464:
5374:Synchromales
5341:Hibberdiales
5292:
5249:
5219:
5212:
5204:
5185:Leptomitales
5043:
5026:Bigyromonada
4984:
4960:Amphitremida
4937:
4907:Blastocystea
4879:Opalomonadea
4838:
4831:
4747:Opisthokonta
4592:
4588:
4576:
4543:
4539:
4527:
4502:
4498:
4491:
4458:
4454:
4442:
4422:
4415:
4402:
4398:
4392:
4351:
4345:
4336:
4301:
4297:
4287:
4262:
4258:
4254:
4250:
4244:
4235:
4231:
4218:
4181:
4177:
4167:
4132:
4128:
4061:
4057:
4047:
3996:
3990:
3925:
3921:
3911:
3879:(1): 4–119.
3876:
3872:
3826:
3820:
3780:
3773:
3756:
3750:
3733:
3727:
3710:
3704:
3679:
3675:
3633:
3629:
3623:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3546:
3540:
3534:
3509:11343/233613
3483:
3479:
3448:
3444:
3398:
3336:
3332:Open Biology
3330:
3320:
3279:
3273:
3267:
3248:
3211:
3187:
3178:
3174:
3165:
3130:. Retrieved
3108:
3052:
3046:
3005:
3001:
2932:
2928:
2874:
2870:
2836:
2833:Paleobiology
2832:
2798:
2793:
2777:
2767:
2747:chrysophytes
2740:
2730:
2719:Theophrastus
2715:Phaeophyceae
2708:
2674:Mediophyceae
2586:Haeckel 1878
2527:Leedale 1983
2476:– 2,124 spp.
2471:Phaeophyceae
2456:Hibberd 1981
2449:– 1,274 spp.
2447:Pascher 1914
2409:Pelvetiopsis
2407:
2394:
2385:
2359:polyphyletic
2355:paraphyletic
2344:
2304:Phaeophyceae
2287:
2246:
2243:phycologists
2238:
2232:
2228:monophyletic
2212:Bigyromonada
2199:
2196:Ochrophytina
2195:
2187:
2186:in 1986, as
2172:
2146:
2128:sister group
2121:
2118:phylogenomic
2095:
2003:Phaeophyceae
1996:
1973:
1949:
1899:
1884:
1853:
1838:
1772:
1757:
1727:
1703:
1685:
1649:
1602:
1580:
1540:
1525:
1485:Phaeophyceae
1482:
1467:
1436:
1412:
1397:
1324:
1291:Miaohephyton
1289:
1280:
1274:
1268:
1255:
1219:Stramenopila
1209:
1186:
1180:
1173:
1163:
1157:
1151:
1145:
1121:
1115:
1109:
1099:
1093:
1087:
1077:
1057:
1033:
1024:phagocytosis
1008:
979:sporogenesis
957:
954:Reproduction
950:and plants.
924:carbohydrate
917:
908:photosystems
903:
880:golden algae
859:
855:
842:
836:
833:chlorophylls
830:
812:Pigmentation
791:
766:cryptomonads
763:
747:glaucophytes
703:chloroplasts
696:
693:Chloroplasts
683:mastigonemes
676:
643:(in purple,
637:mitochondria
607:chloroplasts
552:Phaeophyceae
517:
500:Ochrophytina
499:
495:
491:
480:xanthophylls
467:
463:
441:mastigonemes
433:cell nucleus
413:
409:
405:
404:
334:
332:
283:Phaeophyceae
209:
189:Ochrophytina
188:
162:
149:
136:
102:Dave's Caves
29:
6401:Heterokonts
6317:Wikispecies
6178:iNaturalist
6114:Wikispecies
6051:Platysulcus
5762:Botrydiales
5603:Onslowiales
5598:Dictyotales
5180:Albuginales
5162:Rhipidiales
5097:(Oomycetes)
5064:Pseudofungi
5039:Pirsoniales
4965:Amphifilida
4874:Nanomonadea
4804:Bicosoecida
3992:Protoplasma
3757:River Algae
3734:River Algae
3711:River Algae
3636:(1): 1–16.
3111:: 721–731.
2960:10852/86515
2523:Luther 1899
2322:and lastly
2320:Heterokonta
2316:Chromophyta
2268:Confervales
2256: [
2248:Heterokontæ
2220:Heterokonta
2208:Pseudofungi
2177:Heterokonta
2138:Systematics
1975:Pseudofungi
1296:chrysophyte
1276:Jacutianema
1266:xanthophyte
1258:total group
1247:bicosoecids
1195:domoic acid
1175:Chaetoceros
1165:Gonyostomum
1159:Chattonella
1153:Heterosigma
1138:ancestors.
1020:mixotrophic
948:green algae
884:xanthophyll
876:brown algae
852:fucoxanthin
825:fucoxanthin
782:haptophytes
774:nucleomorph
751:green algae
711:amino acids
707:leucoplasts
679:heterokonts
514:Description
484:brown algae
461:chlorophyll
406:Ochrophytes
396:et al. 1994
185:Subphylum:
90:kelp forest
54:Proterozoic
35:Ochrophytes
6396:Ochrophyta
6390:Categories
6120:Ochrophyta
6090:Ochrophyta
5818:Diatomista
5671:Ralfsiales
5580:Ishigeales
5436:Commatiida
5366:Picophagea
5346:Hydrurales
5250:Ochrophyta
4869:Placididea
4851:Placidozoa
4255:Solenicola
3571:Q124822461
3451:: 57–103.
3379:Q112636995
3312:Q104691547
3282:: 153342.
3085:Q124684077
2871:Phycologia
2810:References
2548:– 217 spp.
2546:Silva 1980
2535:Diatomista
2458:– 218 spp.
2376:Diatomista
2312:ambiregnal
2173:Ochrophyta
2100:protists,
2067:Diatomista
2059:Picophagea
1903:(diatoms)
1816:Diatomista
1734:Picophagea
1325:Ochrophyta
1287:brown alga
1279:(750 Ma),
1191:neurotoxin
1101:Bumilleria
1054:Freshwater
972:vegetative
968:propagules
868:β-carotene
798:thylakoids
657:thylakoids
544:coenocytic
520:eukaryotic
492:Ochrophyta
476:β-carotene
457:thylakoids
445:organelles
429:eukaryotes
305:Diatomista
248:Picophagea
203:Type genus
94:understory
18:Ochrophyta
6308:Q21286613
5920:Diatomeae
5466:Aurearena
5267:Chrysista
5157:Pythiales
5034:Developea
4925:Sagenista
4889:Opalinata
4812:Bicoecida
4742:Amoebozoa
4720:Alveolata
4708:Cryptista
4683:Eukaryota
4646:Eukaryota
4560:1434-4610
4475:1434-4610
4159:227315556
4039:Q47194626
4013:0033-183X
3928:: 10134.
3650:255012748
3563:0960-9822
3399:Phycology
3353:2046-2441
3296:0176-1617
3069:0022-3646
2899:Q54493514
2891:0031-8884
2763:infusoria
2579:Diatomeae
2575:– 18 spp.
2503:– 58 spp.
2494:– 31 spp.
2418:Chrysista
2396:Dinobryon
2372:Chrysista
2347:cladistic
2224:Chromista
2098:heliozoan
2063:Chrysista
2011:Paleozoic
1901:Diatomeae
1341:Chrysista
1231:oomycetes
1201:Evolution
1123:Nitzschia
1111:Cocconeis
1095:Tribonema
1089:Vaucheria
995:anisogamy
936:cytoplasm
786:chromerid
739:phagosome
731:membranes
645:nucleolus
625:flagellum
583:Alveolata
579:Telonemia
532:cell wall
508:red algal
470:as their
453:membranes
382:Ochrista
354:Diversity
325:Diatomeae
233:Chrysista
130:Eukaryota
6302:Wikidata
6196:11904997
6128:BioLib:
6105:Q1048772
6099:Wikidata
5910:Parmales
5891:Khakista
5221:Miracula
5045:Pirsonia
4902:Opalinea
4860:Wobblata
4827:Borokida
4817:Anoecida
4795:Opalozoa
4737:Amorphea
4715:Rhizaria
4703:Hacrobia
4693:Excavata
4678:Bacteria
4568:13677449
4519:23194637
4483:18358776
4407:Norstedt
4384:29567514
4376:16557340
4328:35348760
4279:23219323
4210:27512113
4151:33278705
4098:20862282
4058:PLOS ONE
4035:Wikidata
4031:28875267
3962:26017773
3903:30257078
3843:19213601
3696:21652306
3615:27179349
3567:Wikidata
3526:54477112
3518:30536815
3480:J Phycol
3375:Wikidata
3371:35291881
3308:Wikidata
3304:33385618
3194:(1986).
3081:Wikidata
3077:38245909
3055:: 1–15.
2969:33655496
2895:Wikidata
2737:Linnaeus
2711:seaweeds
2566:– 5 spp.
2557:–31 spp.
2485:– 8 spp.
2467:– 2 spp.
2230:nature.
2210:and the
2200:-phytina
2188:Ochrista
2114:18S rDNA
1302:Internal
1243:opalines
1229:such as
1227:protists
1206:External
1079:Hydrurus
985:through
932:vesicles
727:red alga
699:plastids
673:Flagella
611:pigments
603:flagella
575:Rhizaria
540:colonial
510:origin.
449:plastids
437:flagella
368:Synonyms
225:Classes
217:Linnaeus
175:Phylum:
126:Domain:
6337:8147789
6268:4934253
6245:8031327
6222:2696291
5651:Fucales
5106:Eogamia
5015:Gyrista
4933:Eogyrea
4840:Cantina
4752:Animals
4673:Archaea
4540:Protist
4499:Protist
4455:Protist
4356:Bibcode
4319:9004409
4238:: 3–25.
4201:5482393
4129:Protist
4089:2940848
4066:Bibcode
4022:5756292
3953:4603697
3930:Bibcode
3922:Sci Rep
3894:6492006
3822:Protist
3595:Protist
3488:Bibcode
3362:8924772
3132:2 March
3010:Bibcode
2937:Bibcode
2853:4096845
2759:animals
2512:– 1 sp.
2440:– 1 sp.
2431:– 1 sp.
2204:Gyrista
2153:kingdom
2071:diatoms
1217:within
1212:diverse
1132:benthic
1128:species
1117:Eunotia
1005:Ecology
991:isogamy
987:gametes
928:glucose
872:diatoms
778:nucleus
745:algae (
665:vacuole
649:plastid
641:nucleus
629:eyespot
550:. Some
504:Gyrista
488:diatoms
179:Gyrista
61:Archean
6373:370437
6357:NZOR:
6281:345465
6265:uBio:
6258:150275
6229:NZOR:
6209:969917
6157:1HETKP
6066:groups
4833:Rictus
4784:Bigyra
4730:Plants
4667:Domain
4566:
4558:
4517:
4481:
4473:
4430:
4382:
4374:
4326:
4316:
4277:
4208:
4198:
4157:
4149:
4096:
4086:
4037:
4029:
4019:
4011:
3960:
3950:
3901:
3891:
3841:
3799:
3694:
3648:
3613:
3569:
3561:
3524:
3516:
3413:
3377:
3369:
3359:
3351:
3310:
3302:
3294:
3255:
3181:(297).
3123:
3083:
3075:
3067:
2967:
2897:
2889:
2851:
2755:plants
2351:clades
2306:, and
2216:Bigyra
2157:phylum
2085:) and
1945:
1941:
1820:
1813:
1638:
1634:
1598:
1594:
1358:
1354:
1344:
1338:
1328:
1322:
1136:marine
1030:Marine
999:oogamy
944:starch
794:stroma
715:lipids
653:stroma
627:; es,
556:thalli
528:lorica
219:, 1753
88:Dense
6368:WoRMS
6345:IRMNG
6276:WoRMS
6191:IRMNG
6183:48221
6131:14853
4757:Fungi
4401:[
4380:S2CID
4304:(4).
4228:(PDF)
4155:S2CID
4125:(PDF)
3785:(PDF)
3646:S2CID
3522:S2CID
3249:Algae
3171:(PDF)
2998:(PDF)
2849:JSTOR
2786:Notes
2735:, by
2732:Fucus
2332:Latin
2260:]
2165:order
2161:class
1818:/SIII
1215:clade
1075:genus
1071:lotic
591:algae
558:with
530:or a
524:cells
418:algae
394:Leipe
211:Fucus
163:Clade
150:Clade
137:Clade
100:near
92:with
6332:GBIF
6217:NCBI
6204:ITIS
6165:GBIF
6152:EPPO
6144:3402
4564:PMID
4556:ISSN
4515:PMID
4479:PMID
4471:ISSN
4428:ISBN
4372:PMID
4324:PMID
4275:PMID
4206:PMID
4147:PMID
4094:PMID
4027:PMID
4009:ISSN
3958:PMID
3899:PMID
3839:PMID
3797:ISBN
3692:PMID
3611:PMID
3559:ISSN
3514:PMID
3411:ISBN
3367:PMID
3349:ISSN
3300:PMID
3292:ISSN
3253:ISBN
3179:2023
3134:2024
3121:ISBN
3073:PMID
3065:ISSN
2965:PMID
2887:ISSN
2772:and
2727:dyes
2723:food
2374:and
2274:and
2266:and
2057:and
2033:and
2025:and
1256:The
1245:and
1221:, a
1156:and
1098:and
1065:and
1046:and
1012:kelp
922:, a
894:and
840:and
804:and
784:and
768:and
719:heme
717:and
609:and
597:and
581:and
486:and
478:and
466:and
387:1986
68:Had.
47:Pha.
6350:118
6139:EoL
5277:SII
4650:SAR
4597:doi
4548:doi
4544:154
4507:doi
4503:149
4463:doi
4459:159
4364:doi
4314:PMC
4306:doi
4267:doi
4196:PMC
4186:doi
4137:doi
4133:171
4084:PMC
4074:doi
4017:PMC
4001:doi
3997:255
3948:PMC
3938:doi
3889:PMC
3881:doi
3831:doi
3827:160
3789:doi
3761:doi
3738:doi
3715:doi
3684:doi
3638:doi
3603:doi
3599:167
3593:".
3551:doi
3504:hdl
3496:doi
3453:doi
3403:doi
3357:PMC
3341:doi
3284:doi
3280:257
3113:doi
3057:doi
3018:doi
2955:hdl
2945:doi
2879:doi
2841:doi
2357:or
2328:ICN
1636:SII
997:or
962:by
846:as
546:or
494:or
447:or
412:or
156:SAR
96:at
6392::
6370::
6347::
6334::
6319::
6304::
6278::
6255::
6242::
6219::
6206::
6193::
6180::
6170:98
6167::
6154::
6141::
6116::
6101::
5449:PX
5410:SI
4652::
4648::
4593:82
4591:.
4587:.
4562:.
4554:.
4542:.
4538:.
4513:.
4501:.
4477:.
4469:.
4457:.
4453:.
4378:.
4370:.
4362:.
4352:62
4350:.
4322:.
4312:.
4302:39
4300:.
4296:.
4273:.
4263:49
4261:.
4236:40
4234:.
4230:.
4204:.
4194:.
4182:33
4180:.
4176:.
4153:.
4145:.
4131:.
4127:.
4106:^
4092:.
4082:.
4072:.
4060:.
4056:.
4033:.
4025:.
4015:.
4007:.
3995:.
3989:.
3970:^
3956:.
3946:.
3936:.
3924:.
3920:.
3897:.
3887:.
3877:66
3875:.
3871:.
3851:^
3837:.
3825:.
3811:^
3795:.
3690:.
3680:91
3678:.
3658:^
3644:.
3634:68
3632:.
3609:.
3597:.
3579:^
3565:.
3557:.
3547:31
3545:.
3520:.
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3502:.
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3449:84
3447:.
3425:^
3409:.
3387:^
3373:.
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3355:.
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3337:12
3335:.
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3298:.
3290:.
3278:.
3221:^
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3119:.
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3093:^
3079:.
3071:.
3063:.
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3032:^
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3000:.
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2875:35
2873:.
2861:^
2847:.
2837:30
2835:.
2831:.
2817:^
2765:.
2725:,
2338:,
2318:,
2302:,
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2258:fi
2163:,
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2077:,
2053:,
2049:,
2021:,
1356:SI
1241:,
1237:,
1233:,
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1120:,
1092:,
1061:,
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1038:,
1026:.
1001:.
993:,
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605:,
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165::
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