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975:(no longer a component of new off-road vehicles, although some are still in use) "emit about 20 to 33 percent of the consumed fuel through the exhaust" and "discharge from two-stroke snowmobile engines can lead to indirect pollutant deposition into the top layer of snow and subsequently into the associated surface and groundwater." In 2002, the
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The rider sits on and operates these vehicles like a motorcycle, but the extra wheels give more stability at slower speeds. Although most are equipped with three or four wheels, six or eight wheel (tracked) models exist and existed historically for specialized applications. Multiple-user analogues
760:
tread types vary depending on the terrain type. The most common types of off-road tires are A/T (stands for "All
Terrain") and M/T (stands for "Mud Terrain"). While the A/T tires perform excellently on the sand, they are barely usable in the mud. There are also unique Sand Blaster and
899:
In the United States, the number of ORV users since 1972 has climbed sevenfold—from five million to 36 million in 2000. Government policies that protect wilderness but also allow recreational ORV use have been the subject of some debate within the United States and other countries.
1195:(ANSI), is a vehicle that travels on low-pressure tires, has a seat that is straddled by the operator, and has handlebars. As the name implies, it is designed to handle a wider variety of terrain than most other vehicles. It is
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alone, and ORV operators who attempt to test their vehicles against natural obstacles can do significantly more damage than those who follow legal trails. Illegal use of off-road vehicles has been identified as a serious
891:) represent 36 percent of all registered vehicles. They are involved in about half of the fatal two-vehicle crashes with passenger cars, and 80 percent of these fatalities are to occupants of passenger cars.
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There are various types of off-road motorcycles, also known as dirt bikes, specially designed for off-road events. Compared to road-going motorcycles, off-road machines are simpler and lighter, having long
1183:
The ATV is commonly called a four-wheeler in
Australia, South Africa, parts of Canada, India, and the United States. They are used extensively in agriculture, because of their speed and light footprint.
1011:
574:. This was also the start of off-roading as a hobby. The wartime Jeeps soon wore out, though, and the Jeep company started to produce civilian derivatives, closely followed by similar vehicles from
811:. Vehicles designed for use both on and off-road may be designed to be switched between two-wheel drive and four-wheel drive so that the vehicle uses fewer driven wheels when driven on the road.
845:, therefore increasing the risk of rollover. When an SUV turns, the vehicle's mass resists the turn and carries the weight forward, thus allowing the traction from the tires to create a lateral
1050:, among others. Typically, owners will perform additional modifications to the wheels, tires, suspension, and body in order to improve their performance off-road. A number of decommissioned
996:
1721:"The Honorable Jeffrey W. Runge, M.D. Administrator National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Before the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation United States Senate"
657:. Later, during the 1990s, manufacturers started to add even more luxuries to bring those off-road vehicles on par with regular cars. This eventually evolved into what we call the
611:
From the 1960s onward, more comfortable vehicles were produced. For several years they were popular with rural buyers due to their off-road and load-lugging capabilities. The U.S.
1842:
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definition, ATVs are intended for use by a single operator, but some ATVs, referred to as tandem ATVs, have been developed for use by the driver and one passenger.
202:
Please remove or replace such wording and instead of making proclamations about a subject's importance, use facts and attribution to demonstrate that importance.
559:. While having several innovative features, it generally failed to operate as hoped under the difficult conditions, and was eventually abandoned in Antarctica.
750:
is more expensive to produce and maintain. Wheeled drivetrains are cheaper and give a higher top speed. A tracked drivetrain has greater off-road capability.
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on the ground so as not to lose traction. Wheeled vehicles accomplish this by having a suitable balance of large or additional tires combined with tall and
1966:
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Many wheeled off-road vehicles provide power to all wheels to keep traction on slippery surfaces. For a typical four-wheel vehicle, this is known as
1748:
1315:, coined the word many people use for any type of light off-road vehicle. In the U.S., the Jeeps' successor from the mid-1980s was the AM General
765:
tires used for the most challenging terrains such as dirt, sand, and even water to maintain traction at extreme angles and high speeds (off-road
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often has an output speed too high. The vehicle often has one of two things, either a very low ("granny") first gear (like the all-wheel drive
308:
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1932:"Impact Analysis of Off-Road Vehicle Use for Subsistence Purposes on Refuge: Lands and Resources Adjacent to the King Cove Access Project"
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play a significant role for any off-road vehicle equipped with wheels, as they ensure optimal traction required to keep it moving. The
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Conserving
Natural and Cultural Resources on Department of Defense Lands; Case Studies from the DoD Conservation Program (Page 13)
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with a flexible belt rather than interlocking metal segments. It can be fitted to a conventional car or truck to turn it into a
2160:"Final Rule for Cleaner Large Industrial Spark-Ignition Engines, Recreational Marine Diesel Engines, and Recreational Vehicles"
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and heavier lorries were available on the automobile market. The Jeeps in particular were popular with buyers who used them as
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1191:(ATV), also known as a light utility vehicle (LUV), a quad bike or quad (if it has four wheels), as defined by the
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ORVs have also been criticized for producing more pollution in areas that might normally have none. In addition to
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in some countries, but not in most states, territories and provinces of
Australia, the United States, and Canada.
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that "when fully implemented in 2012... are expected to prevent the release of more than two million tons of
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Jeffrey W. Runge, M.D. (Administrator, National
Highway Traffic Safety Administration) (February 26, 2003).
880:, SUVs have twice the fatality rate of cars and have nearly triple the fatality rate in rollover accidents.
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Negative environmental effects that occurred when off-road vehicle drivers left the posted trail in
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of ATVs for sale in the United States as of 2008 ranged from 49 to 1,000 cc (3.0 to 61
2205:"Standards for All Terrain Vehicles and Ban of Three-Wheeled All Terrain Vehicles; Proposed Rule"
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each year—the equivalent of removing the pollution from more than 32 million cars every year."
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Testimony before the
Committee on Commerce, Science, And Transportation, United States Senate
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1685:"Secretary Slater Proposes New Label; Warning of Rollover Danger for Sport Utility Vehicles"
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causes the bottom of the vehicle to move away and out from under the vehicle during a turn.
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The Four-Wheeler's Bible: The
Complete Guide to Off-Road and Overland Adventure Driving
2207:. Consumer Product Safety Commission (Federal Register). 10 August 2006. Archived from
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2184:"24556 Demonstrate knowledge of the safe operation of a light utility vehicle (LUV)"
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Automotive vehicle capable of driving across difficult terrain beyond sealed roads
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The choice of wheels versus tracks is one of cost and suitability. A tracked
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https://pioneerrentals.ca/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Hagglund_BV206D6_en.pdf
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company sponsored several overland expeditions with their vehicles crossing
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that can cause hearing impairment and stress in wildlife, according to the
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1843:"Mojave lizard may get protection; off-road vehicles are cited as threat"
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to distinguish the classes of vehicle. Both classes tend to have similar
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Common commercial vehicles used for off-roading include four-wheel-drive
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Negative environmental effects caused by motorcycles to a portion of the
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with at most a small hardtop to protect the occupants from the elements.
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A huge wheeled vehicle designed from 1937 to 1939 under the direction of
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as the vehicle continues through the turn. The conflict between the top
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The military market for off-road vehicles used to be large, but, since
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800:. Some vehicles, like the Bv206 in the picture on the right, also have
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for less damage in spills. Wheels (usually 21" front, 18" rear) have
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1974:
Capitol State Forest
Recreation and Public Use Plan—Part II (Page 45)
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involve racing off-road vehicles. A common use for these vehicles is
2009:
Land
Management (11.5.2 Identified Concerns of the Parks Department)
796:
versions) or an additional gearbox in line with the first, called a
264:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
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1976:. Washington State Department of Natural Resources. Archived from
1792:"Role of Science in Sustainable Management of Yosemite Wilderness"
1683:
Rodney E. Slater (U.S. Transportation
Secretary) (April 9, 1998).
479:
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386:
2231:"How Many Wheels Did The Original ATV Have? – ATV Trail Reviews"
1691:. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Archived from
1652:"Mud terrain vs all-terrain tires – pros, cons & comparison"
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1821:"National Collection of Imperiled Plants – Pholisma sonorae"
2011:. Central Pine Barrens Joint Planning and Policy Commission
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to not get stuck on obstacles, and they need to keep their
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These vehicles are generally characterized by having large
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701:, so as not to sink into soft ground, they need a lot of
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deal primarily with North America and do not represent a
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2107:"Addressing the Ecological Effects of Off-Road Vehicles"
2030:"Codes of Ethics Advocated by Groups Outside of Ontario"
1622:. Attorney General, New Brunswick, Canada. June 27, 1985
1525:, not for profit, scientific research or personal use.
669:
was sacrificed for better on-road handling and luxury.
1941:. US Fish and wildlife services Alaska. Archived from
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need several characteristics: They need to have a low
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accomplish this by having wide tracks and a flexible
566:, a huge surplus of light off-road vehicles like the
2141:. Environment News Service (ENS). September 17, 2002
1763:"Forest Service Rule Revs Up Off-Road Vehicle Fight"
931:. ORVs cause greater stress to the environment than
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while moving slowly through challenging terrain. An
490:
One of the first modified off-road vehicles was the
2165:. US Environmental Protection Agency. March 6, 2006
2058:"The Impacts of Off-Road Vehicle Noise on Wildlife"
1930:Kristine Sowl & Rick Poetter (April 16, 2004).
776:. This allows the operator to make the most of the
108:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2132:"New Air Pollution Rules Target Off-Road Vehicles"
1307:in the 1990s, it has dried up to some extent. The
772:Most off-road vehicles are fitted with especially
2602:
1905:. US Department of Defense. 2004. Archived from
1730:. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
1211:utility terrain vehicles (UTVs) or side-by-sides
1799:USDA Forest Service Proceedings RMRS-P-27. 2003
463:Because of their versatility, several types of
2259:(3rd ed.). Beverly, MA, USA: Motorbooks.
1789:
1772:. Environment News Service (ENS). July 8, 2004
1456:Experimental marsh buggy, 1928, stuck in mud
498:, who designed the original while working for
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2099:
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1521:Vehicles used as the primary transport in an
977:United States Environmental Protection Agency
853:of the SUV's desire to go straight while the
305:The examples and perspective in this article
1994:
1967:"Recreation Management Goals and Strategies"
1747:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1605:
528:cars between 1921 and 1937 for off-road and
513:suitable for use over rough or soft ground.
1054:have also seen civilian use, including the
486:'s Packard Twin-6 with Kégresse track, 1917
441:that have rough and low-traction surfaces.
196:promotes the subject in a subjective manner
71:Learn how and when to remove these messages
2314:
2300:
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1871:"Officials seek to protect desert reptile"
903:All trail and off-trail activities impact
1939:Izembek National Wildlife Refuge (page 6)
1783:
505:between 1906 and 1916. The system uses a
361:Learn how and when to remove this message
343:Learn how and when to remove this message
280:Learn how and when to remove this message
218:Learn how and when to remove this message
168:Learn how and when to remove this message
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876:. According to a study conducted in the
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604:. These were all alike: small, compact,
555:was intended to facilitate transport in
478:
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1923:
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1473:Coober Pedy Oodnadatta One Day Mail Run
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868:SUVs are more likely to be in rollover
14:
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661:today. It also evolved into the newer
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2002:"Chapter 11. Field Management Status"
1959:
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1437:test prototype off-road vehicles.
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1209:with side-by-side seating are called
1193:American National Standards Institute
2255:Allen, Jim; Weber, James J. (2021).
2124:
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2039:. Trent University. January 16, 2007
1709:
1293:for all-terrain transportation. The
956:, publish and encourage appropriate
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393:axles provide high ground clearance.
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106:adding citations to reliable sources
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36:
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1273:militaries and utilities have used
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1236:Types of motorcycle § Off-road
948:. Many user organizations, such as
826:Criticism of sport utility vehicles
494:, a conversion undertaken first by
448:with deep, open treads, a flexible
193:This article contains wording that
24:
1812:
1620:New Brunswick Acts and regulations
1506:Northwest Passage Drive Expedition
1253:, often clamped to the rim with a
520:, Kégresse returned to his native
198:without imparting real information
25:
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52:This article has multiple issues.
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2083:"Chugach National Forest – Home"
1818:
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1171:This section is an excerpt from
1157:modified for driving on snow in
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979:adopted emissions standards for
907:and wildlife, which can lead to
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1823:. Center for Plant Conservation
1790:van Wagtendonk, Jan W. (2003).
1025:
804:to further reduce the gearing.
667:utility and off-road capability
471:in unpaved and wildness areas.
405:), sometimes referred to as an
93:needs additional citations for
60:or discuss these issues on the
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1644:
1633:
1019:Anza-Borrego Desert State Park
894:
13:
1:
1594:
524:where the system was used on
2425:Short course off-road racing
1530:American Expedition Vehicles
1305:the fall of the Iron Curtain
940:problem ranked with dumping
814:
689:To be able to drive off the
421:, is considered any type of
7:
1552:
841:use and thus have a higher
319:, discuss the issue on the
260:the claims made and adding
32:Sport utility vehicle (SUV)
10:
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1004:Los Padres National Forest
823:
786:internal combustion engine
642:were all essentially just
518:Russian Revolution of 1917
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29:
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1142:at Silver Lake Sand Dunes
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606:four-wheel-drive vehicles
1875:Las Vegas Review-Journal
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1071:Utility terrain vehicles
991:Off-road vehicle erosion
30:Not to be confused with
2464:Cross-country rallying
1569:Suspension articulation
1494:Off-road bus in Iceland
1435:101st Airborne Division
1065:. Some, like the early
927:'s ability to maintain
685:with wide rubber tracks
1613:"Off-Road Vehicle Act"
1184:
883:In the United States,
833:are built with higher
794:Volkswagen Transporter
788:coupled to a standard
743:
686:
553:Antarctic Snow Cruiser
487:
394:
2515:Dual-sport motorcycle
2289:at Wikimedia Commons
1801:. USDA Forest Service
1574:Sport utility vehicle
1416:Mahindra and Mahindra
1182:
731:
680:
503:Nicholas II of Russia
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376:
2331:Types of off-roading
1443:Experimental vehicle
1418:Classic used by the
1289:, and Mercedes-Benz
1275:Land Rover Defenders
1075:All-terrain vehicles
981:all-terrain vehicles
725:on the road wheels.
325:create a new article
317:improve this article
102:improve this article
2547:Rally support truck
2443:All-terrain vehicle
1311:, developed during
1230:Off-road motorcycle
1189:all-terrain vehicle
1173:All-terrain vehicle
1166:All-terrain vehicle
1048:Toyota Land Cruiser
969:U.S. Forest Service
944:and other forms of
715:flexible suspension
632:Toyota Land Cruiser
621:British Range Rover
407:off-highway vehicle
2211:on 13 January 2008
1819:Rice, Kathleen C.
1559:Amphibious vehicle
1517:Expedition vehicle
1500:Scientific vehicle
1462:Commercial vehicle
1433:Soldiers from the
1347:in similar roles.
1261:Other applications
1185:
1124:, an example of a
973:two-stroke engines
905:natural vegetation
744:
687:
681:Swedish Hägglunds
640:Suzuki Lj's series
488:
458:caterpillar tracks
433:surfaces, such as
395:
245:possibly contains
117:"Off-road vehicle"
2611:Off-road vehicles
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2597:
2525:Trials motorcycle
2520:Enduro motorcycle
2435:Off-road vehicles
2368:Dirt track racing
2287:Off-road vehicles
2285:Media related to
1896:"Technical Notes"
1851:. 12 January 2008
1848:Los Angeles Times
1243:suspension travel
1052:military vehicles
919:, and ultimately
847:centripetal force
843:centre of gravity
802:torque converters
695:off-road vehicles
673:Technical details
663:crossover vehicle
530:military vehicles
507:caterpillar track
454:high articulation
419:adventure vehicle
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18:Off-road vehicles
16:(Redirected from
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2581:Off-road related
2542:Off-road go-kart
2532:Four-wheel drive
2383:Formula Off Road
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2233:. 24 August 2021
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1654:. offroadium.com
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913:invasive species
835:ground clearance
809:four-wheel drive
742:
719:Tracked vehicles
703:ground clearance
652:four-wheel-drive
572:utility vehicles
496:Adolphe Kégresse
427:driving off road
415:overland vehicle
399:off-road vehicle
389:. The vehicle's
381:in the Dunes of
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2567:Trophy truck
2562:Side-by-side
2552:Rock crawler
2434:
2373:Dune bashing
2353:Beach racing
2343:Green laning
2279:
2256:
2248:Bibliography
2235:. Retrieved
2225:
2213:. Retrieved
2209:the original
2199:
2190:
2178:
2167:. Retrieved
2154:
2143:. Retrieved
2138:
2126:
2115:. Retrieved
2111:the original
2101:
2089:. Retrieved
2077:
2066:. Retrieved
2062:the original
2052:
2041:. Retrieved
2037:Trail Ethics
2036:
2024:
2013:. Retrieved
2008:
1996:
1985:. Retrieved
1978:the original
1973:
1961:
1950:. Retrieved
1943:the original
1938:
1925:
1914:. Retrieved
1907:the original
1902:
1890:
1878:. Retrieved
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1853:. Retrieved
1846:
1837:
1825:. Retrieved
1814:
1803:. Retrieved
1798:
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1769:
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1732:. Retrieved
1727:
1700:. Retrieved
1693:the original
1689:News Release
1688:
1678:
1667:
1656:. Retrieved
1646:
1635:
1624:. Retrieved
1619:
1607:
1579:Pickup truck
1547:EarthCruiser
1520:
1337:Eastern Bloc
1333:World War II
1319:series. The
1313:World War II
1302:
1269:
1251:knobby tires
1239:
1219:Engine sizes
1201:
1197:street-legal
1186:
1083:dune buggies
1038:such as the
1029:
1026:Civilian use
971:, old-style
962:
958:trail ethics
933:foot traffic
921:species loss
917:habitat loss
902:
898:
885:light trucks
882:
867:
829:
806:
771:
752:
745:
688:
650:frames with
610:
564:World War II
561:
546:
542:Central Asia
538:North Africa
515:
489:
469:sight-seeing
462:
443:
439:forest roads
418:
414:
410:
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357:
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276:
267:
244:
214:
208:January 2012
205:
194:
164:
158:January 2012
155:
145:
138:
131:
124:
112:
100:Please help
95:verification
92:
68:
61:
55:
54:Please help
51:
2589:PowerNation
2498:RallyGP/2/3
2388:Mud bogging
2323:Off-roading
2215:26 December
1589:Overlanding
1564:Off-roading
1420:Indian Army
1401:Volvo L3314
1287:Volvo L3314
1122:Polaris RZR
1109:off-roading
1067:Land Rovers
954:Sierra Club
929:homeostasis
895:Environment
887:(including
774:low gearing
763:Mud bogging
737: [
655:drivetrains
648:light truck
617:Ford Bronco
484:Nicholas II
465:motorsports
456:), or even
425:capable of
391:portal gear
2458:Dune buggy
2415:Rally raid
2410:Rallycross
2237:2022-02-22
2169:2007-06-24
2145:2007-06-24
2117:2009-01-19
2068:2009-01-19
2043:2007-06-24
2015:2007-06-24
1987:2007-06-24
1952:2007-06-24
1916:2007-06-24
1805:2007-06-24
1776:2007-06-24
1734:2007-05-17
1702:2007-05-17
1658:2017-04-17
1626:2007-10-17
1595:References
1523:expedition
1309:U.S. jeeps
1295:Portuguese
1283:Pinzgauers
1279:Haflingers
1223:cu in
1215:powertrain
1155:Ford F-350
1079:dirt bikes
1060:AM General
767:motorsport
748:drivetrain
723:suspension
646:bodies on
623:, and the
602:Mitsubishi
579:Land Rover
557:Antarctica
516:After the
511:half-track
450:suspension
383:Erg Chebbi
254:improve it
128:newspapers
57:improve it
2505:Crosskart
2393:Motocross
1535:AEV Brute
1339:used the
1323:used the
1298:UMM Alter
1105:Modified
1091:sandrails
946:vandalism
925:ecosystem
870:accidents
815:Criticism
734:GAZ-34039
321:talk page
258:verifying
63:talk page
2605:Category
2557:Sandrail
2510:Dirtbike
2488:Group T5
2483:Group T4
2478:Group T3
2473:Group T2
2468:Group T1
2453:Baja Bug
1743:cite web
1553:See also
1511:WindSled
1321:Red Army
1271:European
1255:rim lock
1247:fairings
1140:Sandrail
1077:(ATVs),
1073:(UTVs),
1058:and the
952:and the
855:friction
839:off-road
732:Russian
691:pavement
665:, where
629:Japanese
627:-bodied
615:and the
583:Japanese
333:May 2022
315:You may
270:May 2009
2193:. 2019.
2139:Article
1770:Article
1468:OKA Bus
1383:Honkers
1345:UAZ-469
1331:during
1291:Unimogs
1217:parts.
1159:Iceland
1056:Jeep CJ
942:garbage
909:erosion
861:on the
857:of the
790:gearbox
576:British
551:called
534:Citroën
526:Citroën
475:History
429:on non-
423:vehicle
387:Morocco
252:Please
142:scholar
2572:Truggy
2378:Enduro
2325:topics
2263:
1827:8 June
1380:Polish
1360:Unimog
1341:GAZ-69
1335:. The
1329:GAZ-64
1325:GAZ-61
1089:, and
1063:Hummer
1046:, and
851:weight
820:Safety
778:engine
711:tracks
707:wheels
638:, and
619:, the
600:, and
598:Suzuki
594:Nissan
590:Datsun
586:Toyota
562:After
532:. The
522:France
435:trails
379:Unimog
144:
137:
130:
123:
115:
2448:Buggy
2187:(PDF)
2163:(Web)
2135:(Web)
2091:2 May
2086:(PDF)
2033:(Web)
2005:(Web)
1981:(PDF)
1970:(PDF)
1946:(PDF)
1935:(PDF)
1910:(PDF)
1899:(PDF)
1880:2 May
1855:2 May
1795:(PDF)
1766:(Web)
1724:(Web)
1696:(Web)
1616:(Web)
1600:Notes
1317:HMMWV
872:than
859:tires
754:Tires
741:]
683:Bv206
446:tires
431:paved
417:, or
323:, or
149:JSTOR
135:books
2493:Quad
2348:Baja
2261:ISBN
2217:2007
2191:NZQA
2093:2015
1882:2015
1857:2015
1829:2012
1749:link
1387:Iraq
1378:Two
1364:IDEF
1343:and
1327:and
1204:ANSI
1036:SUVs
1034:and
889:SUVs
863:road
837:for
831:SUVs
581:and
568:Jeep
540:and
500:Czar
437:and
121:news
2358:BMX
1385:in
1362:at
1187:An
1126:UTV
780:'s
769:).
709:or
659:SUV
413:),
411:OHV
403:ORV
397:An
385:in
256:by
104:by
2607::
2189:.
2137:.
2035:.
2007:.
1972:.
1937:.
1901:.
1873:.
1845:.
1797:.
1768:.
1745:}}
1741:{{
1726:.
1711:^
1687:.
1618:.
1285:,
1281:,
1277:,
1257:.
1225:).
1093:.
1085:,
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