1422:
1433:. Exploration risk is a difficult concept and is usually defined by assigning confidence to the presence of the imperative geological factors, as discussed above. This confidence is based on data and/or models and is usually mapped on Common Risk Segment Maps (CRS Maps). High confidence in the presence of imperative geological factors is usually coloured green and low confidence coloured red. Therefore, these maps are also called Traffic Light Maps, while the full procedure is often referred to as Play Fairway Analysis (PFA). The aim of such procedures is to force the geologist to objectively assess all different geological factors. Furthermore, it results in simple maps that can be understood by non-geologists and managers to base exploration decisions on.
1094:
3769:
153:
1755:
1595:
1269:
36:
1656:
Sometimes this is not the same person who owns the land surface. In most nations the government issues licences to explore, develop and produce its oil and gas resources, which are typically administered by the oil ministry. There are several different types of licence. Oil companies often operate in joint ventures to spread the risk; one of the companies in the partnership is designated the operator who actually supervises the work.
1106:
1721:
and government regulations—prior to the time at which contracts providing the right to operate expire, unless evidence indicates that renewal is reasonably certain, regardless of whether deterministic or probabilistic methods are used for the estimation. The project to extract the hydrocarbons must have commenced or the operator must be reasonably certain that it will commence the project within a reasonable time.
1253:
1740:
The term 1P is frequently used to denote proved reserves; 2P is the sum of proved and probable reserves; and 3P the sum of proved, probable, and possible reserves. The best estimate of recovery from committed projects is generally considered to be the 2P sum of proved and probable reserves. Note that
1720:
Proved oil and gas reserves are those quantities of oil and gas, which, by analysis of geoscience and engineering data, can be estimated with reasonable certainty to be economically producible—from a given date forward, from known reservoirs, and under existing economic conditions, operating methods,
1686:
Resources are hydrocarbons which may or may not be produced in the future. A resource number may be assigned to an undrilled prospect or an unappraised discovery. Appraisal by drilling additional delineation wells or acquiring extra seismic data will confirm the size of the field and lead to project
1670:
A PSA is more complex than a Tax/Royalty system - The companies bid on the percentage of the production that the host government receives (this may be variable with the oil price), There is often also participation by the
Government owned National Oil Company (NOC). There are also various bonuses to
1663:
Companies would pay a royalty on any oil produced, together with a profits tax (which can have expenditure offset against it). In some cases there are also various bonuses and ground rents (license fees) payable to the government - for example a signature bonus payable at the start of the licence.
1703:
Oil and gas reserves are defined as volumes that will be commercially recovered in the future. Reserves are separated into three categories: proved, probable, and possible. To be included in any reserves category, all commercial aspects must have been addressed, which includes government consent.
1655:
Petroleum resources are typically owned by the government of the host country. In the United States, most onshore (land) oil and gas rights (OGM) are owned by private individuals, in which case oil companies must negotiate terms for a lease of these rights with the individual who owns the OGM.
1365:
mechanisms: the newly matured hydrocarbons are less dense than their precursors, which causes over-pressure; the hydrocarbons are lighter, and so migrate upwards due to buoyancy, and the fluids expand as further burial causes increased heating. Most hydrocarbons migrate to the surface as oil
1204:(underwater craters caused by escaping gas) provide basic evidence of hydrocarbon generation (be it shallow or deep in the Earth). However, most exploration depends on highly sophisticated technology to detect and determine the extent of these deposits using
1715:
have a "reasonable certainty" of being recovered, which means a high degree of confidence that the volumes will be recovered. Some industry specialists refer to this as P90, i.e., having a 90% certainty of being produced. The SEC provides a more detailed
1990:
1244:) cost US$ 10 – 30 million, while deep water wells can cost up to US$ 100 million plus. Hundreds of smaller companies search for onshore hydrocarbon deposits worldwide, with some wells costing as little as US$ 100,000.
1735:
are reserves which analysis of geological and engineering data suggests are less likely to be recoverable than probable reserves. Some industry specialists refer to this as P10, i.e., having a 10% certainty of being
1239:
Oil exploration is an expensive, high-risk operation. Offshore and remote area exploration is generally only undertaken by very large corporations or national governments. Typical shallow shelf oil wells (e.g.
1728:
are volumes defined as "less likely to be recovered than proved, but more certain to be recovered than
Possible Reserves". Some industry specialists refer to this as P50, i.e., having a 50% certainty of being
1333:
which geologists believe may contain hydrocarbons. A significant amount of geological, structural and seismic investigation must first be completed to redefine the potential hydrocarbon drill location from a
1228:) are subjected to more detailed seismic surveys which work on the principle of the time it takes for reflected sound waves to travel through matter (rock) of varying densities and using the process of
2042:
1421:
1979:
2246:
874:
1053:
1048:
2119:
2994:
1528:
Oil shrinks and gas expands when brought to the surface. The FVF converts volumes at reservoir conditions (high pressure and high temperature) to storage and sale conditions
1687:
sanction. At this point the relevant government body gives the oil company a production licence which enables the field to be developed. This is also the point at which
1664:
Licences are awarded in competitive bid rounds on the basis of either the size of the work programme (number of wells, seismic etc.) or size of the signature bonus.
1965:
2008:
2890:
2102:
1481:
1236:
is drilled in an attempt to conclusively determine the presence or absence of oil or gas. Offshore the risk can be reduced by using electromagnetic methods
3735:
1232:
to create a profile of the substructure. Finally, when a prospect has been identified and evaluated and passes the oil company's selection criteria, an
1197:
3115:
2413:
2081:
1538:
Potential accumulation is currently poorly defined and requires more data acquisition and/or evaluation in order to be classified as a prospect.
1058:
1338:
to a prospect. Four geological factors have to be present for a prospect to work and if any of them fail neither oil nor gas will be present.
1544:
An area in which hydrocarbon accumulations or prospects of a given type occur. For example, the shale gas plays in North
America include the
2403:
2277:
2885:
2880:
2865:
2860:
2408:
1136:
824:
2830:
2221:
2175:
2197:
2123:
100:
1390:) may also store hydrocarbons. The reservoir must also be permeable so that the hydrocarbons will flow to surface during production.
72:
2454:
2423:
2418:
1878:
1776:
1616:
1580:
Amount of hydrocarbon likely to be recovered during production. This is typically 10-50% in an oil field and 50-80% in a gas field.
1290:
53:
2067:
3197:
1827:
157:
1815:
Oil and gas reserves are the main asset of an oil company. Booking is the process by which they are added to the balance sheet.
3071:
2895:
79:
2151:
2479:
1043:
3202:
2870:
2444:
1704:
Technical issues alone separate proved from unproved categories. All reserve estimates involve some degree of uncertainty.
317:
2449:
1888:
444:
364:
86:
1957:
3583:
3262:
2978:
1038:
952:
394:
1474:
A supercomputer technique recently use in conjunction with seismic sensors to explore for petroleum deposits offshore.
3730:
3034:
2787:
1802:
1642:
1316:
894:
799:
119:
1784:
1624:
1298:
68:
3619:
3272:
2767:
2464:
2459:
2270:
2095:
3277:
2835:
2720:
2646:
1677:
This is when an oil company acts as a contractor for the host government, being paid to produce the hydrocarbons.
1129:
839:
602:
184:
17:
1453:
An estimate of the chance of all the elements (see above) within a prospect working, described as a probability.
1386:. The oil collects in the pores within the rock although open fractures within non-porous rocks (e.g. fractured
3745:
3516:
3182:
2735:
2653:
2580:
1819:
1780:
1620:
1294:
57:
2953:
2850:
2840:
2762:
1074:
524:
3725:
3720:
3257:
3242:
2691:
1496:
Part of GRV that has the lithological capacity for being a productive zone; i.e. less shale contaminations.
1430:
612:
464:
439:
234:
3772:
3740:
2263:
1502:
Part of net sand that has the minimum reservoir qualities; i.e. minimum porosity and permeability values.
723:
474:
3798:
3327:
2928:
2913:
2875:
2636:
2513:
1843:
1122:
479:
329:
3699:
3232:
2973:
2777:
1863:
854:
819:
779:
432:
399:
249:
93:
1830:. Reported reserves may be audited by outside geologists, although this is not a legal requirement.
3808:
1868:
1765:
1741:
these volumes only refer to currently justified projects or those projects already in development.
1605:
1279:
849:
469:
404:
341:
1429:
Hydrocarbon exploration is a high risk investment and risk assessment is paramount for successful
3750:
3624:
2681:
2673:
2624:
2575:
2380:
2375:
1958:"Assigning exploration risks : Risk and Play Mapping - Exploration & Production Geology"
1923:
1823:
1769:
1609:
1283:
879:
834:
454:
46:
1447:
On a seismic section, coda that have high amplitudes due to a formation containing hydrocarbons.
3227:
2968:
2658:
2508:
2345:
2320:
1848:
1205:
1017:
504:
1833:
In Russia, companies report their reserves to the State
Commission on Mineral Reserves (GKZ).
1468:
Possibly an oil-water, gas-water or gas-oil contact on a seismic section; flat due to gravity.
3813:
3793:
3604:
3046:
3029:
2963:
2725:
2592:
2545:
2518:
2360:
2312:
2075:
1352:
1221:
987:
829:
695:
607:
304:
3803:
3501:
3171:
2933:
2815:
2641:
2614:
2597:
2523:
2355:
2190:
1480:
Amount of hydrocarbon likely to be contained in the prospect. This is calculated using the
529:
262:
1224:
to detect large-scale features of the sub-surface geology. Features of interest (known as
8:
3649:
3594:
3521:
3410:
3222:
3140:
2820:
2686:
1913:
1893:
1373:
1157:
864:
809:
774:
700:
627:
577:
572:
557:
214:
3496:
2918:
2528:
2428:
2286:
2037:
1858:
1553:
1405:
1201:
1098:
859:
735:
497:
279:
219:
189:
136:
2943:
3644:
2772:
2747:
2550:
2535:
2215:
2169:
2059:
1557:
1181:
747:
670:
663:
617:
484:
274:
269:
179:
3471:
3192:
2795:
2713:
2631:
2469:
2350:
2144:
2051:
1898:
1853:
1818:
In the United States, booking is done according to a set of rules developed by the
1549:
1408:. The hydrocarbon trap has to be covered by an impermeable rock known as a seal or
1229:
1177:
1007:
904:
844:
730:
683:
632:
592:
567:
552:
534:
509:
449:
334:
284:
3704:
3694:
3436:
3187:
3076:
3002:
2805:
2800:
2730:
2698:
2609:
2325:
2250:
1712:
1561:
1460:
1330:
1217:
792:
752:
622:
587:
519:
459:
387:
324:
224:
2038:"Net Pay--What Is It? What Does It Do? How Do We Quantify It? How Do We Use It?"
3541:
3461:
3451:
3441:
3382:
3357:
3066:
3007:
2938:
2825:
2810:
2619:
2557:
2302:
1903:
1565:
1335:
1110:
914:
814:
769:
762:
757:
514:
209:
1396:
The hydrocarbons are buoyant and have to be trapped within a structural (e.g.
1378:
The hydrocarbons are contained in a reservoir rock. This is commonly a porous
3787:
3609:
3566:
3531:
3160:
3041:
3014:
2948:
2340:
2063:
1980:"Coordinating Committee for Geoscience Programmes in East and Southeast Asia"
1545:
1161:
1093:
929:
419:
414:
409:
167:
3669:
3599:
3491:
3481:
3476:
3466:
3456:
3342:
3322:
3267:
3051:
3019:
2958:
2855:
2757:
2663:
2540:
2474:
2188:"SPE Petroleum Resources Management System Guide for Non-Technical Users";
1873:
1692:
1688:
1213:
962:
924:
909:
740:
705:
650:
369:
229:
3639:
3561:
3511:
3332:
3302:
3247:
3237:
2923:
2602:
2585:
2503:
2365:
2335:
2330:
1908:
1442:
1401:
1342:
1259:
in process, a common way to study the rock types when drilling oil wells.
1173:
1165:
884:
582:
562:
199:
2238:
1516:
Percentage of the net reservoir rock occupied by pores (typically 5-35%)
1425:
Oil exploration expenditures are greatest when crude oil prices are high
3689:
3556:
3546:
3312:
3150:
3056:
1918:
1209:
934:
690:
194:
2055:
1671:
be paid. Development expenditure is offset against production revenue.
152:
3684:
3415:
3362:
3307:
3297:
3207:
3155:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3061:
2742:
2370:
2297:
2255:
1883:
1522:
Some of the pore space is filled with water - this must be discounted
1397:
1383:
1379:
1348:
1241:
1208:. Areas thought to contain hydrocarbons are initially subjected to a
1169:
1002:
957:
919:
869:
804:
710:
174:
144:
1754:
1594:
1508:
Proportion of the GRV formed by the reservoir rock (range is 0 to 1)
1268:
35:
3679:
3659:
3654:
3634:
3629:
3405:
3395:
3317:
3252:
3024:
2752:
2708:
2703:
2567:
2096:"Guidelines for the Evaluation of Petroleum Reserves and Resources"
1511:
1233:
1193:
374:
3347:
3337:
3217:
3212:
3127:
1459:
A boring that does not contain commercial hydrocarbons. See also
1409:
1387:
1362:
1256:
2009:"After billion-barrel bonanza, BP goes global with seismic tech"
3664:
3551:
3536:
3526:
3486:
3400:
1012:
992:
899:
889:
597:
1490:
Amount of rock in the trap above the hydrocarbon water contact
3446:
3420:
3390:
3352:
3292:
3287:
3282:
1252:
1022:
967:
359:
2243:
1945:
Electromagnetic seabed logging, A new tool for geoscientists
3674:
3614:
3367:
2845:
1367:
997:
244:
239:
204:
3506:
3372:
3145:
1412:
in order to prevent hydrocarbons escaping to the surface.
1361:
The hydrocarbons are expelled from source rock by three
3135:
1436:
3736:
1355:
over an extended period of time, hydrocarbons form.
1247:
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1822:(SPE). The reserves of any company listed on the
3785:
2271:
1130:
2080:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1783:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1623:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1574:A lead which has been more fully evaluated.
1297:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2278:
2264:
2043:SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering
1137:
1123:
1803:Learn how and when to remove this message
1681:
1643:Learn how and when to remove this message
1317:Learn how and when to remove this message
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
1420:
1251:
3198:China National Offshore Oil Corporation
1828:U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission
1698:
14:
3786:
3072:Unconventional (oil and gas) reservoir
2831:2020 Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war
2285:
2220:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2174:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2006:
1187:
2259:
3203:China National Petroleum Corporation
2036:F., Worthington, Paul (2010-10-01).
2031:
2029:
1781:adding citations to reliable sources
1748:
1621:adding citations to reliable sources
1588:
1295:adding citations to reliable sources
1262:
58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
1889:Petroleum exploration in the Arctic
1416:
365:Radium and radon in the environment
24:
3263:National Iranian South Oil Company
2979:Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin
2101:. SOCIETY OF PETROLEUM ENGINEERS.
2035:
1744:
1484:- GRV x N/G x Porosity x Sh / FVF
1437:Terms used in petroleum evaluation
25:
3825:
3731:Intercontinental Exchange Futures
3620:Chicago Bridge & Iron Company
3273:Oil & Gas Development Company
2232:
2026:
1711:are the highest valued category.
1667:Production Sharing contract (PSA)
1192:Visible surface features such as
3768:
3767:
2108:from the original on 2013-01-26.
2070:from the original on 2017-03-12.
2007:Bousso, Ron (January 18, 2019).
1996:from the original on 2016-03-12.
1968:from the original on 2011-07-10.
1753:
1593:
1267:
1248:Elements of a petroleum prospect
1104:
1092:
151:
34:
3278:Oil and Natural Gas Corporation
2203:from the original on 2015-09-06
2157:from the original on 2017-08-30
1347:When organic-rich rock such as
185:Atmospheric dispersion modeling
45:needs additional citations for
3746:Society of Petroleum Engineers
3517:Port Harcourt Refining Company
3183:Abu Dhabi National Oil Company
2182:
2137:
2122:. Schlumberger. Archived from
2112:
2088:
2000:
1972:
1950:
1937:
1820:Society of Petroleum Engineers
1054:Least polluted cities by PM2.5
27:Attempts to locate oil and gas
13:
1:
2692:Production sharing agreements
1930:
1525:Formation volume factor (FVF)
1353:high pressure and temperature
525:Electrical resistance heating
3726:Canadian petroleum companies
3721:American Petroleum Institute
3258:National Iranian Oil Company
3243:Kuwait Petroleum Corporation
1584:
1431:project portfolio management
1370:, but some will get trapped.
235:Persistent organic pollutant
7:
3741:International Energy Agency
2726:Enhanced oil recovery (EOR)
1836:
1519:Hydrocarbon saturation (Sh)
10:
3830:
3328:PTT Public Company Limited
2929:East Midlands Oil Province
2914:List of natural gas fields
2514:Integrated asset modelling
2244:Exploration Geology Forums
1844:Abiogenic petroleum origin
1329:A prospect is a potential
1222:seismic reflection surveys
3763:
3713:
3700:Weatherford International
3579:
3429:
3381:
3233:Iraq National Oil Company
3169:
3126:
3111:
3102:
2987:
2904:
2786:
2672:
2566:
2494:
2437:
2396:
2389:
2311:
2293:
1864:Future energy development
1826:have to be stated to the
780:War and environmental law
400:Health effects from noise
250:Volatile organic compound
69:"Hydrocarbon exploration"
1869:Giant oil and gas fields
1695:can be formally booked.
1577:Recoverable hydrocarbons
1351:or coal is subjected to
405:Marine mammals and sonar
3751:World Petroleum Council
3625:China Oilfield Services
2682:Petroleum fiscal regime
2381:Western Canadian Select
2376:West Texas Intermediate
1924:Extraction of petroleum
1824:New York Stock Exchange
1487:Gross rock volume (GRV)
1471:Full Waveform Inversion
1154:oil and gas exploration
1150:Hydrocarbon exploration
880:Freshwater salinization
800:Agricultural wastewater
3228:Indian Oil Corporation
2714:Submersible pump (ESP)
2659:Underbalanced drilling
2480:of gasoline and diesel
1849:Decline curve analysis
1682:Reserves and resources
1426:
1260:
1206:exploration geophysics
1099:Environment portal
3605:Cameron International
3047:Petrodollar recycling
3030:fossil fuel phase-out
2593:Differential sticking
2546:Reflection seismology
2519:Petroleum engineering
2361:OPEC Reference Basket
1505:Net/gross ratio (N/G)
1424:
1255:
840:Industrial wastewater
608:Municipal solid waste
530:Soil guideline values
3502:Occidental Petroleum
2816:1990 oil price shock
2642:Shale oil extraction
2615:Drilling engineering
2598:Directional drilling
2524:Reservoir simulation
1947:. Ed. Springer, 2017
1777:improve this section
1699:Oil and gas reserves
1617:improve this section
1568:, among many others.
1477:Hydrocarbon in place
1291:improve this section
1158:petroleum geologists
1049:Most polluted cities
701:Overhead power lines
158:Onshore drilling rig
54:improve this article
3650:Naftiran Intertrade
3595:Amec Foster Wheeler
3522:Reliance Industries
3411:Naftiran Intertrade
3223:Hindustan Petroleum
2821:2000s energy crisis
2120:"Oilfield Glossary"
1914:Upward continuation
1894:Petroleum licensing
1482:volumetric equation
1188:Exploration methods
1156:) is the search by
865:Ocean acidification
775:Unexploded ordnance
696:Advertising clutter
628:Post-consumer waste
573:Foam food container
558:Biodegradable waste
215:Global distillation
3497:Marathon Petroleum
2919:List of oil fields
2529:Reservoir modeling
2287:Petroleum industry
2249:2012-03-13 at the
1943:Stéphane Sainson,
1859:Energy development
1427:
1406:stratigraphic trap
1261:
1111:Ecology portal
736:Herbicidal warfare
280:Introduced species
220:Indoor air quality
190:Chlorofluorocarbon
3799:Petroleum geology
3781:
3780:
3759:
3758:
3645:Nabors Industries
3575:
3574:
2773:Well intervention
2748:Petroleum product
2647:Ljungström method
2551:Seismic inversion
2536:Petroleum geology
2490:
2489:
2239:Oilfield Glossary
2056:10.2118/123561-PA
1962:www.epgeology.com
1813:
1812:
1805:
1733:Possible reserves
1726:Probable reserves
1653:
1652:
1645:
1450:Chance of success
1327:
1326:
1319:
1198:natural gas seeps
1182:petroleum geology
1147:
1146:
1082:
1081:
748:Nuclear holocaust
671:Urban heat island
485:Radioactive waste
270:Biological hazard
180:Air quality index
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
3821:
3771:
3770:
3472:Hess Corporation
3193:Bharat Petroleum
3124:
3123:
3109:
3108:
2796:1967 Oil Embargo
2632:Lost circulation
2470:Posted oil price
2394:
2393:
2351:Isthmus-34 Light
2280:
2273:
2266:
2257:
2256:
2226:
2225:
2219:
2211:
2209:
2208:
2202:
2195:
2186:
2180:
2179:
2173:
2165:
2163:
2162:
2156:
2149:
2141:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2131:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2100:
2092:
2086:
2085:
2079:
2071:
2033:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1984:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1954:
1948:
1941:
1899:Renewable energy
1854:Drill baby drill
1808:
1801:
1797:
1794:
1788:
1757:
1749:
1674:Service contract
1648:
1641:
1637:
1634:
1628:
1597:
1589:
1417:Exploration risk
1322:
1315:
1311:
1308:
1302:
1271:
1263:
1234:exploration well
1230:depth conversion
1164:for deposits of
1139:
1132:
1125:
1109:
1108:
1107:
1097:
1096:
1028:
1027:
731:Chemical warfare
633:Waste management
593:Industrial waste
568:Electronic waste
553:Advertising mail
535:Phytoremediation
510:Land degradation
450:Depleted uranium
335:Overillumination
285:Invasive species
155:
132:
131:
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
3829:
3828:
3824:
3823:
3822:
3820:
3819:
3818:
3809:Oil exploration
3784:
3783:
3782:
3777:
3755:
3709:
3705:John Wood Group
3695:Valaris Limited
3588:
3585:
3582:
3571:
3437:APA Corporation
3425:
3377:
3176:
3173:
3165:
3120:
3117:
3114:
3104:
3098:
2999:Classification
2983:
2906:
2900:
2836:Nationalization
2806:1979 oil crisis
2801:1973 oil crisis
2782:
2768:Water injection
2736:Steam injection
2731:Gas reinjection
2699:Artificial lift
2668:
2610:Drill stem test
2562:
2486:
2433:
2385:
2307:
2289:
2284:
2251:Wayback Machine
2235:
2230:
2229:
2213:
2212:
2206:
2204:
2200:
2193:
2191:"Archived copy"
2189:
2187:
2183:
2167:
2166:
2160:
2158:
2154:
2147:
2145:"Archived copy"
2143:
2142:
2138:
2129:
2127:
2118:
2117:
2113:
2105:
2098:
2094:
2093:
2089:
2073:
2072:
2034:
2027:
2017:
2015:
2013:www.reuters.com
2005:
2001:
1993:
1982:
1978:
1977:
1973:
1956:
1955:
1951:
1942:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1839:
1809:
1798:
1792:
1789:
1774:
1758:
1747:
1745:Reserve booking
1713:Proved reserves
1709:Proved reserves
1701:
1684:
1660:Tax and Royalty
1649:
1638:
1632:
1629:
1614:
1598:
1587:
1461:Dry-hole clause
1439:
1419:
1363:density-related
1323:
1312:
1306:
1303:
1288:
1272:
1250:
1218:passive seismic
1214:magnetic survey
1190:
1168:, particularly
1143:
1105:
1103:
1091:
1084:
1083:
983:
975:
974:
948:
940:
939:
875:Pharmaceuticals
855:Nonpoint source
795:
785:
784:
753:Nuclear fallout
726:
716:
715:
686:
676:
675:
666:
656:
655:
646:
638:
637:
623:Packaging waste
588:Hazardous waste
548:
540:
539:
500:
490:
489:
460:Nuclear fallout
455:Nuclear fission
435:
425:
424:
390:
380:
379:
355:
347:
346:
320:
318:Electromagnetic
310:
309:
300:
292:
291:
265:
255:
254:
225:Ozone depletion
170:
160:
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
18:Oil exploration
15:
12:
11:
5:
3827:
3817:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3779:
3778:
3776:
3775:
3764:
3761:
3760:
3757:
3756:
3754:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3717:
3715:
3711:
3710:
3708:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3591:
3589:
3580:
3577:
3576:
3573:
3572:
3570:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3542:Surgutneftegas
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3462:Eneos Holdings
3459:
3454:
3452:ConocoPhillips
3449:
3444:
3442:Cenovus Energy
3439:
3433:
3431:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3387:
3385:
3383:Energy trading
3379:
3378:
3376:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3179:
3177:
3170:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3132:
3130:
3121:
3112:
3106:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3096:
3095:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3069:
3067:Swing producer
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3038:
3037:
3032:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3011:
3010:
3005:
2997:
2991:
2989:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2939:Gulf of Mexico
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2910:
2908:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2826:2010s oil glut
2823:
2818:
2813:
2811:1980s oil glut
2808:
2803:
2798:
2792:
2790:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2739:
2738:
2733:
2723:
2718:
2717:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2696:
2695:
2694:
2689:
2678:
2676:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2650:
2649:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2628:
2627:
2620:Drilling fluid
2617:
2612:
2607:
2606:
2605:
2595:
2590:
2589:
2588:
2578:
2572:
2570:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2560:
2558:Seismic source
2555:
2554:
2553:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2532:
2531:
2526:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2500:
2498:
2492:
2491:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2484:
2483:
2482:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2441:
2439:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2400:
2398:
2391:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2356:Japan Cocktail
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2317:
2315:
2309:
2308:
2306:
2305:
2303:Primary energy
2300:
2294:
2291:
2290:
2283:
2282:
2275:
2268:
2260:
2254:
2253:
2241:
2234:
2233:External links
2231:
2228:
2227:
2181:
2136:
2111:
2087:
2050:(5): 812–822.
2025:
1999:
1987:www.ccop.or.th
1971:
1949:
1935:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1904:Seismic source
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1811:
1810:
1761:
1759:
1752:
1746:
1743:
1738:
1737:
1730:
1718:
1717:
1700:
1697:
1683:
1680:
1679:
1678:
1675:
1672:
1668:
1665:
1661:
1651:
1650:
1601:
1599:
1592:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1542:
1539:
1536:
1532:
1531:
1530:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1520:
1517:
1514:
1509:
1506:
1503:
1500:
1497:
1494:
1491:
1488:
1478:
1475:
1472:
1469:
1466:
1463:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1438:
1435:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1413:
1394:
1391:
1376:
1371:
1359:
1356:
1345:
1325:
1324:
1275:
1273:
1266:
1249:
1246:
1210:gravity survey
1189:
1186:
1145:
1144:
1142:
1141:
1134:
1127:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1114:
1113:
1101:
1086:
1085:
1080:
1079:
1078:
1077:
1069:
1068:
1064:
1063:
1062:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1044:Law by country
1041:
1033:
1032:
1026:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
984:
981:
980:
977:
976:
973:
972:
971:
970:
965:
955:
949:
946:
945:
942:
941:
938:
937:
932:
927:
922:
917:
915:Surface runoff
912:
907:
902:
897:
892:
887:
882:
877:
872:
867:
862:
857:
852:
847:
842:
837:
832:
827:
822:
817:
815:Eutrophication
812:
807:
802:
796:
791:
790:
787:
786:
783:
782:
777:
772:
770:Scorched earth
767:
766:
765:
763:Nuclear winter
760:
758:Nuclear famine
755:
745:
744:
743:
733:
727:
722:
721:
718:
717:
714:
713:
708:
703:
698:
693:
687:
682:
681:
678:
677:
674:
673:
667:
662:
661:
658:
657:
654:
653:
647:
644:
643:
640:
639:
636:
635:
630:
625:
620:
615:
610:
605:
600:
595:
590:
585:
580:
575:
570:
565:
560:
555:
549:
546:
545:
542:
541:
538:
537:
532:
527:
522:
517:
515:Bioremediation
512:
507:
501:
496:
495:
492:
491:
488:
487:
482:
477:
472:
467:
462:
457:
452:
447:
445:Bioremediation
442:
436:
431:
430:
427:
426:
423:
422:
417:
412:
407:
402:
397:
395:Transportation
391:
386:
385:
382:
381:
378:
377:
372:
367:
362:
356:
353:
352:
349:
348:
345:
344:
342:Radio spectrum
339:
338:
337:
332:
321:
316:
315:
312:
311:
308:
307:
301:
298:
297:
294:
293:
290:
289:
288:
287:
277:
272:
266:
261:
260:
257:
256:
253:
252:
247:
242:
237:
232:
227:
222:
217:
212:
210:Global dimming
207:
202:
197:
192:
187:
182:
177:
171:
166:
165:
162:
161:
156:
148:
147:
141:
140:
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3826:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3791:
3789:
3774:
3766:
3765:
3762:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3718:
3716:
3712:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3578:
3568:
3567:Valero Energy
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3532:Suncor Energy
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3434:
3432:
3428:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3388:
3386:
3384:
3380:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3168:
3162:
3161:TotalEnergies
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3131:
3129:
3125:
3122:
3119:
3110:
3107:
3105:organisations
3103:Companies and
3101:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3042:Petrocurrency
3040:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3027:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3015:Oil shale gas
3013:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2996:
2995:Abbreviations
2993:
2992:
2990:
2986:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2954:Permian Basin
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2903:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2891:United States
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2851:Seven Sisters
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2793:
2791:
2789:
2785:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2728:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2701:
2700:
2697:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2684:
2683:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2671:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2648:
2645:
2644:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2626:
2623:
2622:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2604:
2601:
2600:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2569:
2565:
2559:
2556:
2552:
2549:
2548:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2521:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2504:Core sampling
2502:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2493:
2481:
2478:
2477:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2436:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2401:
2399:
2395:
2392:
2388:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2341:Indian Basket
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2318:
2316:
2314:
2310:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2295:
2292:
2288:
2281:
2276:
2274:
2269:
2267:
2262:
2261:
2258:
2252:
2248:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2236:
2223:
2217:
2199:
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2126:on 2020-08-15
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2014:
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1762:This section
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1276:This section
1274:
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1265:
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1223:
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1199:
1195:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1178:Earth's crust
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1162:geophysicists
1159:
1155:
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1133:
1128:
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989:
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961:
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956:
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951:
950:
944:
943:
936:
933:
931:
930:Water quality
928:
926:
923:
921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
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739:
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737:
734:
732:
729:
728:
725:
720:
719:
712:
709:
707:
706:Traffic signs
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
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689:
688:
685:
680:
679:
672:
669:
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665:
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652:
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648:
642:
641:
634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
613:Nanomaterials
611:
609:
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604:
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494:
493:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
475:Radioactivity
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
437:
434:
429:
428:
421:
420:Soundproofing
418:
416:
415:Noise control
413:
411:
410:Noise barrier
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
392:
389:
384:
383:
376:
373:
371:
368:
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314:
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138:
134:
133:
124:
121:
113:
110:February 2008
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
3814:Fossil fuels
3794:Hydrocarbons
3670:Schlumberger
3600:Baker Hughes
3492:Marathon Oil
3482:Imperial Oil
3477:Husky Energy
3467:Galp Energia
3457:Devon Energy
3343:Saudi Aramco
3323:Petrovietnam
3268:NNPC Limited
3172:National oil
3052:Petrofiction
3020:Orphan wells
2988:Other topics
2959:Persian Gulf
2886:Saudi Arabia
2856:Standard Oil
2664:Well logging
2541:Petrophysics
2495:
2205:. Retrieved
2184:
2159:. Retrieved
2139:
2128:. Retrieved
2124:the original
2114:
2090:
2076:cite journal
2047:
2041:
2016:. Retrieved
2012:
2002:
1986:
1974:
1961:
1952:
1944:
1939:
1874:Hubbert peak
1832:
1817:
1814:
1799:
1790:
1775:Please help
1763:
1739:
1732:
1725:
1719:
1708:
1702:
1693:gas reserves
1689:oil reserves
1685:
1654:
1639:
1630:
1615:Please help
1603:
1554:Fayetteville
1428:
1328:
1313:
1304:
1289:Please help
1277:
1238:
1225:
1220:or regional
1191:
1166:hydrocarbons
1153:
1149:
1148:
1018:Point source
963:Heavy metals
925:Urban runoff
910:Sulfur water
885:Septic tanks
741:Agent Orange
651:Space debris
505:Agricultural
370:Volcanic ash
230:Particulates
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
3804:Natural gas
3640:Halliburton
3512:Phillips 66
3333:QatarEnergy
3303:Petrobangla
3238:KazMunayGas
3128:Supermajors
3077:heavy crude
2964:Prudhoe Bay
2944:Niger Delta
2924:Caspian Sea
2687:Concessions
2637:Measurement
2603:Geosteering
2586:Squeeze job
2496:Exploration
2445:Consumption
2404:Consumption
2397:Natural gas
2326:Bonny Light
2018:January 18,
1909:Site survey
1716:definition:
1558:Haynesville
1499:Net reserve
1443:Bright spot
1402:fault block
1343:Source rock
1174:natural gas
988:Area source
830:Groundwater
583:Green waste
563:Brown waste
547:Solid waste
305:Information
200:Exhaust gas
3788:Categories
3690:Transocean
3557:Tullow Oil
3547:TechnipFMC
3313:PetroChina
3151:ExxonMobil
3057:Shale band
2934:East Texas
2907:and fields
2721:Downstream
2674:Production
2581:Completion
2509:Geophysics
2450:Production
2409:Production
2346:Indonesian
2321:Argus Sour
2313:Benchmarks
2207:2014-06-15
2161:2017-08-31
2130:2013-05-29
1931:References
1919:Wildcatter
1793:March 2023
1633:March 2023
1550:Eagle Ford
1307:March 2023
1075:By country
1067:Categories
958:Pollutants
935:Wastewater
905:Stagnation
850:Monitoring
825:Freshwater
691:Air travel
578:Food waste
520:Defecation
330:Ecological
263:Biological
195:Combustion
135:Part of a
80:newspapers
3685:TC Energy
3586:companies
3416:Trafigura
3363:Sonatrach
3308:Petrobras
3298:Pertamina
3208:Ecopetrol
3174:companies
3118:companies
3116:petroleum
3092:tight oil
3087:oil shale
3082:oil sands
3062:Shale gas
3003:sweet oil
2974:Venezuela
2949:North Sea
2905:Provinces
2896:Venezuela
2743:Midstream
2438:Petroleum
2298:Petroleum
2064:1094-6470
1884:Petroleum
1764:does not
1736:produced.
1729:produced.
1604:does not
1585:Licensing
1562:Marcellus
1465:Flat spot
1398:Anticline
1384:limestone
1380:sandstone
1374:Reservoir
1358:Migration
1349:oil shale
1278:does not
1242:North Sea
1202:pockmarks
1194:oil seeps
1176:, in the
1170:petroleum
1003:Garbology
920:Turbidity
870:Oil spill
820:Firewater
805:Biosolids
711:Vandalism
470:Poisoning
465:Plutonium
440:Actinides
433:Radiation
175:Acid rain
145:Pollution
3773:Category
3680:Subsea 7
3660:Petrofac
3655:NOV Inc.
3635:GE Power
3630:Enbridge
3584:services
3406:Mercuria
3396:Glencore
3358:Sonangol
3318:Petronas
3253:Naftogaz
3025:Peak oil
3008:sour oil
2763:Upstream
2758:Refining
2753:Pipeline
2709:Pumpjack
2704:Gas lift
2625:invasion
2568:Drilling
2455:Reserves
2414:Reserves
2247:Archived
2216:cite web
2198:Archived
2170:cite web
2152:Archived
2103:Archived
2068:Archived
1991:Archived
1966:Archived
1837:See also
1571:Prospect
1566:Woodford
1512:Porosity
1493:Net sand
1456:Dry hole
1410:cap-rock
1059:Treaties
1039:Diseases
895:Shipping
860:Nutrient
810:Diseases
375:Wildfire
3348:Sinopec
3338:Rosneft
3218:Gazprom
3213:Equinor
3141:Chevron
2788:History
2654:Tracers
2576:Blowout
2465:Exports
2460:Imports
2424:Exports
2419:Imports
1785:removed
1770:sources
1625:removed
1610:sources
1546:Barnett
1388:granite
1299:removed
1284:sources
1257:Mud log
953:History
835:Hypoxia
664:Thermal
618:Plastic
480:Uranium
354:Natural
299:Digital
275:Genetic
94:scholar
3714:Others
3665:Saipem
3562:TĂĽpraĹź
3552:TNK-BP
3537:Sunoco
3527:Repsol
3487:Lukoil
3430:Others
3401:Gunvor
3035:timing
2969:Russia
2881:Norway
2866:France
2861:Canada
2062:
1564:, and
1180:using
1013:Midden
1008:Legacy
993:Debris
947:Topics
900:Sludge
890:Sewage
845:Marine
684:Visual
603:Mining
598:Litter
137:series
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
3581:Major
3447:Cepsa
3421:Vitol
3391:Enron
3353:SOCAR
3293:Pemex
3288:PDVSA
3283:Orlen
3248:Lotos
3188:ANCAP
3156:Shell
3113:Major
2871:India
2475:Price
2429:Price
2371:Urals
2366:Tapis
2336:Dubai
2331:Brent
2201:(PDF)
2194:(PDF)
2155:(PDF)
2148:(PDF)
2106:(PDF)
2099:(PDF)
1994:(PDF)
1983:(PDF)
1404:) or
1368:seeps
1226:leads
1031:Lists
1023:Waste
968:Paint
793:Water
645:Space
388:Noise
360:Ozone
325:Light
101:JSTOR
87:books
3675:Snam
3615:CH2M
3368:TPAO
2876:Iraq
2846:OPEC
2841:GECF
2390:Data
2222:link
2176:link
2082:link
2060:ISSN
2020:2019
1879:NORM
1768:any
1766:cite
1691:and
1608:any
1606:cite
1541:Play
1535:Lead
1393:Trap
1336:lead
1331:trap
1282:any
1280:cite
1172:and
1160:and
1152:(or
998:Dust
982:Misc
498:Soil
245:Soot
240:Smog
205:Haze
73:news
3610:CGG
3507:OMV
3373:YPF
3146:Eni
2052:doi
1779:by
1619:by
1382:or
1293:by
724:War
168:Air
56:by
3790::
3136:BP
2778:XT
2218:}}
2214:{{
2196:.
2172:}}
2168:{{
2150:.
2078:}}
2074:{{
2066:.
2058:.
2048:13
2046:.
2040:.
2028:^
2011:.
1989:.
1985:.
1964:.
1960:.
1560:,
1556:,
1552:,
1548:,
1400:,
1216:,
1212:,
1200:,
1196:,
1184:.
139:on
2279:e
2272:t
2265:v
2224:)
2210:.
2178:)
2164:.
2133:.
2084:)
2054::
2022:.
1806:)
1800:(
1795:)
1791:(
1787:.
1773:.
1646:)
1640:(
1635:)
1631:(
1627:.
1613:.
1320:)
1314:(
1309:)
1305:(
1301:.
1287:.
1138:e
1131:t
1124:v
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
20:)
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