2655:(CERI) performed an analysis, estimating that in 2012 the average plant gate costs (including 10% profit margin, but excluding blending and transport) of primary recovery was $ 30.32/bbl, of SAGD was $ 47.57/bbl, of mining and upgrading was $ 99.02/bbl, and of mining without upgrading was $ 68.30/bbl. Thus, all types of oil sands projects except new mining projects with integrated upgraders were expected to be consistently profitable from 2011 onward, provided that global oil prices remained favourable. Since the larger and more sophisticated refineries preferred to buy raw bitumen and heavy oil rather than synthetic crude oil, new oil sands projects avoided the costs of building new upgraders. Although primary recovery such as is done in Venezuela is cheaper than SAGD, it only recovers about 10% of the oil in place versus 60% or more for SAGD and over 99% for mining. Canadian oil companies were in a more competitive market and had access to more capital than in Venezuela, and preferred to spend that extra money on SAGD or mining to recover more oil.
2509:
well as
Venezuelan extra-heavy oil was assumed to be the US. The United States has historically been Canada's largest customer for crude oil and products, particularly in recent years. American imports of oil and products from Canada grew from 450,000 bbl/d (72,000 m/d) in 1981 to 3,120,000 bbl/d (496,000 m/d) in 2013 as Canada's oil sands produced more and more oil, while in the US, domestic production and imports from other countries declined. However, this relationship is becoming strained due to physical, economic and political influences. Export pipeline capacity is approaching its limits; Canadian oil is selling at a discount to world market prices; US demand for crude oil and product imports has declined because of US economic problems; and US oil domestic unconventional oil production (shale oil production from
2552:
capacity – The only pipeline capable of delivering oil sands production to Canada's
Pacific Coast is the Trans Mountain Pipeline from Edmonton to Vancouver, which is now operating at its capacity of 300,000 bbl/d (48,000 m/d) supplying refineries in B.C. and Washington State. However, once complete, the Northern Gateway pipeline and the Trans Mountain expansion currently undergoing government review are expected to deliver an additional 500,000 bbl/d (79,000 m/d) to 1,100,000 bbl/d (170,000 m/d) to tankers on the Pacific coast, from where they could deliver it anywhere in the world. There is sufficient heavy oil refinery capacity in China and India to refine the additional Canadian volume, possibly with some modifications to the refineries. In recent years, Chinese oil companies such as
2687:". Ignoring such constraints, and also assuming that the price of oil recovers from its collapse in late 2014, the list of currently proposed projects, many of which are in the early planning stages, would suggest that by 2035 Canadian bitumen production could potentially reach as much as 1.3 million m/d (8.3 million barrels per day) if most were to go ahead. Under the same assumptions, a more likely scenario is that by 2035, Canadian oil sands bitumen production would reach 800,000 m/d (5.0 million barrels/day), 2.6 times the production for 2012. The majority of the growth would likely occur in the in-situ category, as in-situ projects usually have better economics than mining projects. Also, 80% of Canada's oil sands reserves are well-suited to in-situ extraction, versus 20% for mining methods.
866:—the only oil pipeline to the West Coast—will further facilitate this increase, with its capacity set to increase significantly, to 890,000 barrels per day from 300,000 bpd currently. Despite this growth, there are warnings that it might be short-lived, with production potentially plateauing after 2024. Canada's anticipated increase in oil output exceeds that of other major producers like the United States, and the country is poised to become a significant driver of global crude oil production growth in 2024. The exploitation of these resources has stirred debates regarding economic development, energy security, and environmental impacts, particularly emissions from the oilsands, prompting discussions around emissions regulations for the oil and gas sector.
918:
2659:
plant gate costs (again including 10% profit margin) of SAGD to be $ 58.65/bbl, and 70.18/bbl for mining without upgrading. Including costs of blending and transportation, the WTI equivalent supply costs for delivery to
Cushing become US$ 80.06/bbl for SAGD projects, and $ 89.71/bbl for a standalone mine. In this economic environment, plans for further development of production from oil sands have been slowed or deferred, or even abandoned during construction. Production of synthetic crude from mining operations may continue at a loss because of the costs of shutdown and restart, as well as commitments to supply contracts. During the
1169:
general, the
Canadian deposits are found over a much wider area, have a broader range of properties, and have a broader range of reservoir types than the Venezuelan ones, but the geological structures and mechanisms involved are similar. The main differences is that the oil in the sands in Venezuela is less viscous than in Canada, allowing some of it to be produced by conventional drilling techniques, but none of it approaches the surface as in Canada, meaning none of it can be produced using surface mining. The Canadian deposits will almost all have to be produced by mining or using new non-conventional techniques.
3329:— not even one day." The IEA is charged with responsibility for battling climate change, but Dr. Birol said he spends little time worrying about carbon emissions from oil sands. "There is a lot of discussion on oil sands projects in Canada and the United States and other parts of the world, but to be frank, the additional CO2 emissions coming from the oil sands is extremely low." Dr. Birol acknowledged that there is tremendous difference of opinion on the course of action regarding climate change, but added, "I hope all these reactions are based on scientific facts and sound analysis."
2524:, (WCS), a bitumen-derived heavy crude oil blend that is similar in its transportation and refining characteristics to California, Mexico Maya, or Venezuela heavy crude oils. This heavy oil has an API gravity of 19–21 and despite containing large amounts of bitumen and synthetic crude oil, flows through pipelines well and is classified as "conventional heavy oil" by governments. There are several hundred thousand barrels per day of this blend being imported into the US, in addition to larger amounts of crude bitumen and synthetic crude oil (SCO) from the oil sands.
2783:
2749:
2 °C. Hence continued exploration or development of reserves would be extraneous to needs. To meet the 2 °C target, strong measures would be needed to suppress demand, such as a substantial carbon tax leaving a lower price for the producers from a smaller market. The impact on producers in Canada would be far larger than in the U.S. Open-pit mining of natural bitumen in Canada would soon drop to negligible levels after 2020 in all scenarios considered because it is considerably less economic than other methods of production.
2139:
but delivered to market in raw form. If the agent used to upgrade the bitumen to synthetic crude is not produced on site, it must be sourced elsewhere and transported to the site of upgrading. If the upgraded crude is being transported from the site by pipeline, and additional pipeline will be required to bring in sufficient upgrading agent. The costs of production of the upgrading agent, the pipeline to transport it and the cost to operate the pipeline must be calculated into the production cost of the synthetic crude.
1730:
61:
990:
836:
29:
10445:
819:
1532:
1637:
2146:, the synthetic crude is processed and a significant portion of the upgrading agent will be removed during the refining process. It may be used for other fuel fractions, but the end result is that liquid fuel has to be piped to the upgrading facility simply to make the bitumen transportable by pipeline. If all costs are considered, synthetic crude production and transfer using bitumen and an upgrading agent may prove economically unsustainable.
3434:
1259:
1080:
2397:. The big challenge in hydroprocessing is to deal with the impurities found in heavy crude, as they poison the catalysts over time. Many efforts have been made to deal with this to ensure high activity and long life of a catalyst. Catalyst materials and pore size distributions are key parameters that need to be optimized to deal with this challenge and varies from place to place, depending on the kind of feedstock present.
2266:, can handle upgrading heavy oil themselves, so their demand is for non-upgraded bitumen and extra-heavy oil rather than SCO. The main problem is that the feedstock would be too viscous to flow through pipelines, so unless it is delivered by tanker or rail car, it must be blended with diluent to enable it to flow. This requires mixing the crude bitumen with a lighter hydrocarbon diluent such as condensate from gas wells,
2591:(NEB) reported in 2013, that if oil prices are above $ 100, Canada would have more than enough energy to meet its growing needs. The excess oil production from the oil sands could be exported. The major importing country would probably continue to be the United States, although before the developments in 2014, there was increasing demand for oil, particularly heavy oil, from Asian countries such as China and India.
2531:(NEB) expects SCO volumes to double to around 1,900,000 bbl/d (300,000 m/d) by 2035, but not keep pace with the total increase in bitumen production. It projects that the portion of oil sands production that is upgraded to SCO to decline from 49% in 2010 to 37% in 2035. This implies that over 3,200,000 bbl/d (510,000 m/d) of bitumen will have to be blended with diluent for delivery to market.
1196:
2417:, but as of 2012 these processed less than 1/4 of the approximately 1,900,000 bbl/d (300,000 m/d) of bitumen and SCO produced in Alberta. Some of the large oil sands upgraders also produced diesel fuel as part of their operations. Some of the oil sands bitumen and SCO went to refineries in other provinces, but most of it was exported to the United States. The four major Alberta refineries are:
2745:
to constrain the combustion of hydrocarbons in an effort to limit global temperature rise to the nominal 2 °C that is consensually predicted to limit environmental harm to tolerable levels. Rapid technological progress is being made to reduce the cost of competing renewable sources of energy. Hence there is no consensus about when, if ever, oil prices paid to producers may substantially recover.
2798:, an advisory committee to the U.S. Secretary of Energy, acknowledged health and safety concerns regarding the oil sands which include "volumes of water needed to generate issues of water sourcing; removal of overburden for surface mining can fragment wildlife habitat and increase the risk of soil erosion or surface run-off events to nearby water systems; GHG and other air emissions from production."
1959:
and upgrades some of the heavy bitumen into lighter oil right in the formation. Historically fireflood projects have not worked out well because of difficulty in controlling the flame front and a propensity to set the producing wells on fire. However, some oil companies feel the THAI method will be more controllable and practical, and have the advantage of not requiring energy to create steam.
2768:
2648:
investors. Since the price of WTI rose to $ 100/bbl beginning in 2011, production from oil sands was then expected to be highly profitable assuming the product could be delivered to markets. The main market was the huge refinery complexes on the US Gulf Coast, which are generally capable of processing
Canadian bitumen and Venezuelan extra-heavy oil without upgrading.
3176:
In March 2008, Alberta issued the first-ever oil sands land reclamation certificate to
Syncrude for the 1.04 square kilometres (0.40 sq mi) parcel of land known as Gateway Hill approximately 35 kilometres (22 mi) north of Fort McMurray. Several reclamation certificate applications for oil sands projects are expected within the next 10 years.
1760:, fine silts (mature fine tails MFT), and water. Large volumes of tailings are a byproduct of surface mining of the oil sands and managing these tailings are one of the most damaging aspects of tar sands. The Government of Alberta reported in 2013 that tailings ponds in the Alberta oil sands covered an area of about 77 square kilometres (30 sq mi). The
2150:
synthetic crude oil (SCO) with lower density and lower sulfur content. These are large, expensive plants which are much like heavy oil refineries. Research is currently being done on designing simpler upgraders which do not produce SCO but simply treat the bitumen to reduce its viscosity, allowing to be transported unblended like conventional heavy oil.
3276:
emissions per barrel of bitumen produced decreased 26% over the decade 1992–2002, total emissions from production activity were expected to increase due to higher production levels. As of 2006, to produce one barrel of oil from the oil sands released almost 75 kilograms (165 lb) of greenhouse gases with total emissions estimated to be 67
2890:. In particular, mercury contamination has been found around oil sands production in Alberta, Canada. The European Union has indicated that it may vote to label oil sands oil as "highly polluting". Although oil sands exports to Europe are minimal, the issue has caused friction between the EU and Canada. According to the California-based
697:, which outcrop on the surface. This tilting is not apparent on the surface because the resulting trench has been filled in by eroded material from the mountains. The light oil migrated up-dip through hydro-dynamic transport from the Rockies in the southwest toward the Canadian Shield in the northeast following a complex pre-Cretaceous
3325:, described additional greenhouse gas emissions from Canada's oil sands as "extremely low". The IEA forecasts that in the next 25 years oil sands production in Canada will increase by more than 3 million barrels per day (480,000 m/d), but Dr. Birol said "the emissions of this additional production is equal to only 23 hours of
3216:
sands industries water license allocations totals about 1.8% of the
Athabasca river flow. Actual use in 2006 was about 0.4%. In addition, according to the Water Management Framework for the Lower Athabasca River, during periods of low river flow water consumption from the Athabasca River is limited to 1.3% of annual average flow.
3372:, to the Athabasca River and its tributaries. Scientists, local doctors, and residents supported a letter sent to the Prime Minister in September 2010 calling for an independent study of Lake Athabasca (which is downstream of the oil sands) to be initiated due to the rise of deformities and tumors found in fish caught there.
3298: m) oil sands was burnt, the global mean temperature would increase by 0.02 to 0.05 °C. If the entire oil-in-place of 1.8 trillion barrels were to be burnt, the predicted global mean temperature increase is 0.24 to 0.50 °C. Bergerson et al. found that while the WTW emissions can be higher than crude oil,
2302:
Since the diluent is simply exported and then immediately re-imported, it is not subject to the US ban on exports of crude oil. Once it is back in the US, refineries separate the diluent and re-export it to Canada, which again bypasses US crude oil export laws since it is now a refinery product. To aid in this process,
1381:
sands. This proportion was (as of 2008) expected to increase in coming decades as bitumen production grows while conventional oil production declines, although due to the 2008 economic downturn work on new projects has been deferred. Petroleum is not produced from oil sands on a significant level in other countries.
796:. It outcrops on the surface (zero burial depth) about 50 km (30 mi) north of Fort McMurray, where enormous oil sands mines have been established, but is 400 m (1,300 ft) deep southeast of Fort McMurray. Only 3% of the oil sands area containing about 20% of the recoverable oil can be produced by
2320:
the
Orinoco oil sands than its four upgraders, which were built by foreign oil companies over a decade ago, can handle. The upgraders have a combined capacity of 630,000 bbl/d (100,000 m/d), which is only half of its production of extra-heavy oil. In addition Venezuela produces insufficient volumes of
2627:
above US$ 100/bbl that prevailed until late 2014 was sufficient to promote active growth in oil sands production. Major
Canadian oil companies had announced expansion plans and foreign companies were investing significant amounts of capital, in many cases forming partnerships with Canadian companies.
2485:
Most of the
Canadian oil refining industry is foreign-owned. Canadian refineries can process only about 25% of the oil produced in Canada. Canadian refineries, outside of Alberta and Saskatchewan, were originally built for light and medium crude oil. With new oil sands production coming on production
2319:
Although Venezuelan extra-heavy oil is less viscous than Canadian bitumen, much of the difference is due to temperature. Once the oil comes out of the ground and cools, it has the same difficulty in that it is too viscous to flow through pipelines. Venezuela is now producing more extra heavy crude in
2149:
When the first oil sands plants were built over 50 years ago, most oil refineries in their market area were designed to handle light or medium crude oil with lower sulfur content than the 4–7% that is typically found in bitumen. The original oil sands upgraders were designed to produce a high-quality
1958:
This is a very new and experimental method that combines a vertical air injection well with a horizontal production well. The process ignites oil in the reservoir and creates a vertical wall of fire moving from the "toe" of the horizontal well toward the "heel", which burns the heavier oil components
1921:
Jackfish project, and Derek Oil & Gas's LAK Ranch project. Alberta's OSUM Corp has combined proven underground mining technology with SAGD to enable higher recovery rates by running wells underground from within the oil sands deposit, thus also reducing energy requirements compared to traditional
1853:
for a period of weeks to months; then, the well is allowed to sit for days to weeks to allow heat to soak into the formation; and, later, the hot oil is pumped out of the well for a period of weeks or months. Once the production rate falls off, the well is put through another cycle of injection, soak
1790:
filters from heavy oil wells and produced as much sand as possible with the oil, production rates improved significantly. This technique became known as Cold Heavy Oil Production with Sand (CHOPS). Further research disclosed that pumping out sand opened "wormholes" in the sand formation which allowed
1489:
Despite the fact that the Orinoco oil sands contain extra-heavy oil which is easier to produce than Canada's similarly sized reserves of bitumen, Venezuela's oil production has been declining in recent years because of the country's political and economic problems, while Canada's has been increasing.
861:
As of 2023, Canada's oil sands industry, along with Western Canada and offshore petroleum facilities near Newfoundland and Labrador, continued to increase production and were projected to increase by an estimated 10% in 2024 representing a potential record high at the end of the year of approximately
770:
to be recoverable at current prices, using current technology, which amounts to 97% of Canadian oil reserves and 75% of total North American petroleum reserves. Although the Athabasca deposit is the only one in the world which has areas shallow enough to mine from the surface, all three Alberta areas
343:
In their May 2019 comparison of the "cost of supply curve update" in which the Norway-based Rystad Energy—an "independent energy research and consultancy"—ranked the "worlds total recoverable liquid resources by their breakeven price", Rystad reported that the average breakeven price for oil from the
2744:
continued at maximum capacity, efficiency of production from U.S. shales continued to improve, and Russian exports were mandated even below cost of production, as their only source of hard currency. There is also the possibility that there will emerge an international agreement to introduce measures
2690:
An additional assumption is that there would be sufficient pipeline infrastructure to deliver increased Canadian oil production to export markets. If this were a limiting factor, there could be impacts on Canadian crude oil prices, constraining future production growth. Another assumption is that US
2296:
The demand for condensate for oil sands diluent is expected to be more than 750,000 bbl/d (119,000 m/d) by 2020, double 2012 volumes. Since Western Canada only produces about 150,000 bbl/d (24,000 m/d) of condensate, the supply was expected to become a major constraint on bitumen
2109:
to reduce shipments of natural gas to the US and Eastern Canada, and divert the gas to domestic Alberta use, particularly for oil sands fuel. The natural gas pipelines to the east and south are being converted to carry increasing oil sands production to these destinations instead of gas. Canada also
1983:
After several years of production in situ, it has become clear that current THAI methods do not work as planned. Amid steady drops in production from their THAI wells at Kerrobert, Petrobank has written down the value of their THAI patents and the reserves at the facility to zero. They have plans to
3375:
The bulk of the research that defends the oil sands development is done by the Regional Aquatics Monitoring Program (RAMP), whose steering committee is composed largely of oil and gas companies. RAMP studies show that deformity rates are normal compared to historical data and the deformity rates in
3215:
For the Athabasca oil sand operations water is supplied from the Athabasca River, the ninth longest river in Canada. The average flow just downstream of Fort McMurray is 633 m/s (22,400 cu ft/s) with its highest daily average measuring 1,200 m/s (42,000 cu ft/s). Oil
3175:
will eventually colonize the reclaimed lands, but their operations are massive and work on long-term timeframes. As of 2013, about 715 square kilometres (276 sq mi) of land in the oil sands region have been disturbed, and 72 km (28 sq mi) of that land is under reclamation.
2594:
Canada has abundant resources of bitumen and crude oil, with an estimated remaining ultimate resource potential of 54 billion cubic metres (340 billion barrels). Of this, oil sands bitumen accounts for 90 per cent. Alberta currently accounts for all of Canada's bitumen resources. "Resources" become
2508:
Prior to 2013, when China surpassed it, the United States was the largest oil importer in the world. Unlike Canada, the US has hundreds of oil refineries, many of which have been modified to process heavy oil as US production of light and medium oil declined. The main market for Canadian bitumen as
2301:
production has largely solved this problem, because much of the production is too light for US refinery use but ideal for diluting bitumen. The surplus American condensate and light oil is being exported to Canada and blended with bitumen, and then re-imported to the US as feedstock for refineries.
2138:
In the Canadian oil sands, bitumen produced by surface mining is generally upgraded on-site and delivered as synthetic crude oil. This makes delivery of oil to market through conventional oil pipelines quite easy. On the other hand, bitumen produced by the in-situ projects is generally not upgraded
1833:
injection to recover heavy oil has been in use in the oil fields of California since the 1950s. The cyclic steam stimulation (CSS) "huff-and-puff" method is now widely used in heavy oil production worldwide due to its quick early production rates; however recovery factors are relatively low (10–40%
1606:, the typical oil recovery rates are about 8–12%. Canadian oil sands are much colder and more biodegraded, so bitumen recovery rates are usually only about 5–6%. Historically, primary recovery was used in the more fluid areas of Canadian oil sands. However, it recovered only a small fraction of the
1380:
Bituminous sands are a major source of unconventional oil, although only Canada has a large-scale commercial oil sands industry. In 2006, bitumen production in Canada averaged 1.25 Mbbl/d (200,000 m/d) through 81 oil sands projects. 44% of Canadian oil production in 2007 was from oil
3577:
in the United States—in second place.The breakeven price for North American shale oil was US$ 68 a barrel in 2015, making it one of the most expensive to produce. By 2019, the "average Brent breakeven price for tight oil was about US$ 46 per barrel. The breakeven price of oil from Saudi Arabia and
2658:
Then in late 2014 the dramatic rise in U.S. production from shale formations, combined with a global economic malaise that reduced demand, caused the price of WTI to drop below $ 50, where it remained as of late 2015. In 2015, the Canadian Energy Research Institute (CERI) re-estimated the average
2643:
for Canada include the effects of the mining when the mines are returned to the environment in "as good as or better than original condition". Cleanup of the end products of consumption are the responsibility of the consuming jurisdictions, which are mostly in provinces or countries other than the
2551:
Demand for oil in Asia has been growing much faster than in North America or Europe. In 2013, China replaced the United States as the world's largest importer of crude oil, and its demand continues to grow much faster than its production. The main impediment to Canadian exports to Asia is pipeline
2129:
The extra-heavy crude oil or crude bitumen extracted from oil sands is a very viscous semisolid form of oil that does not easily flow at normal temperatures, making it difficult to transport to market by pipeline. To flow through oil pipelines, it must either be upgraded to lighter synthetic crude
2024:
froth, by diluting the bitumen with a light hydrocarbon solvent—either naphthenic or paraffinic—to reduce the viscosity of the froth and to remove contaminants that were not removed in previous water-based gravity recovery phases. Bitumen with a high viscosity or with too many contaminants, is not
1992:
This is an experimental method that employs a number of vertical air injection wells above a horizontal production well located at the base of the bitumen pay zone. An initial Steam Cycle similar to CSS is used to prepare the bitumen for ignition and mobility. Following that cycle, air is injected
718:
overlain by thick shales, although large amounts of heavy oil lighter than bitumen are found in the Heavy Oil Belt along the Alberta-Saskatchewan border, extending into Saskatchewan and approaching the Montana border. Note that, although adjacent to Alberta, Saskatchewan has no massive deposits of
2206:
In 2012, Alberta produced about 1,900,000 bbl/d (300,000 m/d) of crude bitumen from its three major oil sands deposits, of which about 1,044,000 bbl/d (166,000 m/d) was upgraded to lighter products and the rest sold as raw bitumen. The volume of both upgraded and non-upgraded
2072:
Alternatives to natural gas exist and are available in the oil sands area. Bitumen can itself be used as the fuel, consuming about 30–35% of the raw bitumen per produced unit of synthetic crude. Nexen's Long Lake project will use a proprietary deasphalting technology to upgrade the bitumen, using
1168:
oil sands range from 350 to 1,000 m (1,000 to 3,000 ft) deep and no surface outcrops exist. The deposit is about 500 km (300 mi) long east-to-west and 50 to 60 km (30 to 40 mi) wide north-to-south, much less than the combined area covered by the Canadian deposits. In
971:
jet fighters defend the western half of Canadian air space and cover Canada's Arctic territory. Cold Lake Air Weapons Range (CLAWR) is one of the largest live-drop bombing ranges in the world, including testing of cruise missiles. As oil sands production continues to grow, various sectors vie for
570:
than conventional methods. The Alberta government estimates that with current technology, 10% of its bitumen and heavy oil can be recovered, which would give it about 200 billion barrels (32 billion m) of recoverable oil reserves. Venezuela estimates its recoverable oil at 267 billion barrels (42
2910:
showed that official reports on emissions were not high enough. Report authors noted that, "emissions of organic substances with potential toxicity to humans and the environment are a major concern surrounding the rapid industrial development in the Athabasca oil sands region (AOSR)." This study
2647:
The Alberta government estimated that in 2012, the supply cost of oil sands new mining operations was $ 70 to $ 85 per barrel, whereas the cost of new SAGD projects was $ 50 to $ 80 per barrel. These costs included capital and operating costs, royalties and taxes, plus a reasonable profit to the
1949:
The above methods are not mutually exclusive. It is becoming common for wells to be put through one CSS injection-soak-production cycle to condition the formation prior to going to SAGD production, and companies are experimenting with combining VAPEX with SAGD to improve recovery rates and lower
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There are numerous deposits of oil sands in the world, but the biggest and most important are in Canada and Venezuela, with lesser deposits in Kazakhstan and Russia. The total volume of non-conventional oil in the oil sands of these countries exceeds the reserves of conventional oil in all other
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estimated that production from Canada's oil sands emits "about 5% to 15% more carbon dioxide, over the "well-to-wheels" (WTW) lifetime analysis of the fuel, than average crude oil." Author and investigative journalist David Strahan that same year stated that IEA figures show that carbon dioxide
2711:
A shortage of skilled workers in the Canadian oil sands developed during periods of rapid development of new projects. In the absence of other constraints on further development, the oil and gas industry would need to fill tens of thousands of job openings in the next few years as a result of
1440:
By 2013 there were nine oil sands mining projects in the Athabasca oil sands deposit: Suncor Energy Inc. (Suncor), Syncrude Canada Limited (Syncrude)'s Mildred Lake and Aurora North, Shell Canada Limited (Shell)'s Muskeg River and Jackpine, Canadian Natural Resources Limited (CNRL)'s Horizon,
3275:
the industrial activity undertaken to produce oil sands make up about 5% of Canada's greenhouse gas emissions, or 0.1% of global greenhouse gas emissions. It predicts the oil sands will grow to make up 8% of Canada's greenhouse gas emissions by 2015. While the production industrial activity
3219:
In December 2010, the Oil Sands Advisory Panel, commissioned by former environment minister Jim Prentice, found that the system in place for monitoring water quality in the region, including work by the Regional Aquatic Monitoring Program, the Alberta Water Research Institute, the Cumulative
2595:"reserves" only after it is proven that economic recovery can be achieved. At 2013 prices using current technology, Canada had remaining oil reserves of 27 billion m (170 billion bbls), with 98% of this attributed to oil sands bitumen. This put its reserves in third place in the world behind
2748:
A detailed academic study of the consequences for the producers of the various hydrocarbon fuels concluded in early 2015 that a third of global oil reserves, half of gas reserves and over 80% of current coal reserves should remain underground from 2010 to 2050 in order to meet the target of
2707:
from Alberta to Steele City, Nebraska. In the absence of new pipeline capacity, companies are increasingly shipping bitumen to US markets by railway, river barge, tanker, and other transportation methods. Other than ocean tankers, these alternatives are all more expensive than pipelines.
3288:) per year by 2015. A study by IHS CERA found that fuels made from Canadian oil sands resulted in significantly lower greenhouse gas emissions than many commonly cited estimates. A 2012 study by Swart and Weaver estimated that if only the economically viable reserve of 170 Gbbl (27
2332:
production. Since Venezuela also has insufficient refinery capacity to supply its domestic market, supplies of naptha are insufficient to use as pipeline diluent, and it is having to import naptha to fill the gap. Since Venezuela also has financial problems—as a result of the country's
1312:
counties. In addition to being much smaller than the Canadian oil sands deposits, the US oil sands are hydrocarbon-wet, whereas the Canadian oil sands are water-wet. This requires somewhat different extraction techniques for the Utah oil sands from those used for the Alberta oil sands.
3340:. The report states in part: "Canadian oil sands crudes are generally more GHG emission-intensive than other crudes they may displace in U.S. refineries, and emit an estimated 17% more GHGs on a life-cycle basis than the average barrel of crude oil refined in the United States".
1473:
No significant development of Venezuela's extra-heavy oil deposits was undertaken before 2000, except for the BITOR operation which produced somewhat less than 100,000 barrels of oil per day (16,000 m/d) of 9°API oil by primary production. This was mostly shipped as an emulsion
2712:
industry activity levels as well as age-related attrition. In the longer term, under a scenario of higher oil and gas prices, the labor shortages would continue to get worse. A potential labor shortage can increase construction costs and slow the pace of oil sands development.
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is 5–6. That means this extracts about 5 or 6 times as much energy as is consumed. Energy efficiency is expected to improve to an average of 900 cubic feet (25 m) of natural gas or 0.945 gigajoules (262 kWh) of energy per barrel by 2015, giving an EROEI of about 6.5.
2773:
2772:
2769:
1211:
which overlies one of the world's largest deposits of petroleum. The Orinoco Belt follows the line of the river. It is approximately 600 kilometres (370 mi) from east to west, and 70 kilometres (43 mi) from north to south, with an area about 55,314 square kilometres
3244:
than other fuels. According to the "Carnegie Endowment for International Peace" analysis, oil sands emit 31% more GHG that the average North American crude oil. In 2023 a federal study found that the real emissions from oil sands are 65% higher than reported by the industry.
2735:
As of late 2015, development of new oil sand projects were deterred by the price of WTI below US$ 50, which is barely enough to support production from existing operations. Demand recovery was suppressed by economic problems that may continue indefinitely to bedevil both the
2801:
Oil sands extraction can affect the land when the bitumen is initially mined, water resources by its requirement for large quantities of water during separation of the oil and sand, and the air due to the release of carbon dioxide and other emissions. Heavy metals such as
2683:(NEB) projections, in terms of total bitumen production. None of these forecasts take into account probable international constraints to be imposed on combustion of all hydrocarbons in order to limit global temperature rise, giving rise to a situation denoted by the term "
2731:
and increased taxes on it. The result was that foreign companies left Venezuela, as did most of its elite heavy oil technical experts. In recent years, Venezuela's heavy oil production has been falling, and it has consistently been failing to meet its production targets.
2774:
3145:, TRS, and THC. Despite these advantages, more progress was made in remediating the odour problems in the Peace River community, although only after some families had already abandoned their homes. The odour concerns in Fort McKay were reported to remain unresolved.
3096:) exceeded standards. The Alberta Ambient Air Data Management System (AAADMS) of the Clean Air Strategic Alliance (aka CASA Data Warehouse) records that, during the year ending on 1 November 2015, there were 6 hourly reports of values exceeding the limit of 10
3417:
In a report released in 2014, Alberta's Chief Medical Officer of Health, Dr. James Talbot, stated that "There isn't strong evidence for an association between any of these cancers and environmental exposure ." Rather, Talbot suggested that the cancer rates at
2025:
suitable for transporting through pipelines or refining. The original and conventional naphthenic froth treatment (NFT) uses a naphtha solvent with the addition of chemicals. Paraffinic Solvent Froth Treatment (PSFT), which was first used commercially in the
531:
with similar properties. "Unconsolidated" in this context means that the sands have high porosity, no significant cohesion, and a tensile strength close to zero. The sands are saturated with oil which has prevented them from consolidating into hard sandstone.
334:
on his way to the Arctic Ocean saw the Athabasca oil sands, and commented, "At about 24 miles from the fork (of the Athabasca and Clearwater Rivers) are some bituminous fountains into which a pole of 20 feet long may be inserted without the least resistance."
133:. The estimated worldwide deposits of oil are more than 2 trillion barrels (320 billion cubic metres). Proven reserves of bitumen contain approximately 100 billion barrels, and total natural bitumen reserves are estimated at 249.67 Gbbl (39.694
1156:
buried deep by the rise of the mountains of the Sierra Orientale produced light oil that moved up-dip toward the south until it was gradually immobilized by the viscosity increase caused by biodgradation near the surface. The Orinoco deposits are early
2481:
The Pacific Future Energy project proposed a new refinery in British Columbia that would process bitumen into fuel for Asian and Canadian markets. Pacific Future Energy proposes to transport near-solid bitumen to the refinery using railway tank cars.
1486:, most of the engineers were fired as punishment. Orimulsion had been the pride of the PDVSA engineers, so Orimulsion fell out of favor with the key political leaders. As a result, the government has been trying to "Wind Down" the Orimulsion program.
2894:, the European Union used inaccurate and incomplete data in assigning a high greenhouse gas rating to gasoline derived from Alberta's oilsands. Also, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Nigeria and Russia do not provide data on how much natural gas is released via
1452:
From the beginning of 2022 oil sands extraction in Alberta has sharply increased, overpassing by far the level of 2014. High oil prices is one of the causes. In 2024 it is projected to increase more, so Canada can become a leader in oil production.
1351:
are two heavy oil sands deposits, with a pilot well already producing small amounts of oil in Tsimiroro. and larger scale exploitation in the early planning phase. In the Republic of the Congo reserves are estimated between 0.5 and 2.5 Gbbl
2771:
2114:
in addition to those of the US, so natural gas for future oil sands production does not seem to be a serious problem. The low price of natural gas as the result of new production has considerably improved the economics of oil sands production.
2180:, a major oil supply hub connecting oil suppliers to the Gulf Coast, which has become the most significant trading hub for crude oil in North America. While its major component is bitumen, it also contains a combination of sweet synthetic and
6848:
2029:
in the early 2000s, results in a cleaner bitumen with lower levels of contaminates, such as water and mineral solids. Following froth treatments, bitumen can be further upgraded using "heat to produce synthetic crude oil by means of a coker
1896:
and allowed Canada to move to second place in world oil reserves after Saudi Arabia. Most major Canadian oil companies now have SAGD projects in production or under construction in Alberta's oil sands areas and in Wyoming. Examples include
1441:
Imperial Oil Resources Ventures Limited (Imperial), Kearl Oil Sands Project (KOSP), Total E&P Canada Ltd. Joslyn North Mine and Fort Hills Energy Corporation (FHEC). In 2011 alone they produced over 52 million cubic metres of bitumen.
3133:. In an effort to identify the sources of the noxious odours in the Fort McKay community, a Fort McKay Air Quality Index was established, extending the provincial Air Quality Health Index to include possible contributors to the problem:
2902:
in the oil extraction process. The Jacobs report pointed out that extra carbon emissions from oil-sand crude are 12 percent higher than from regular crude, although it was assigned a GHG rating 22% above the conventional benchmark by EU.
2699:. The potential for Canadian oil exports to alternative markets such as Asia is also uncertain. There are increasing political obstacles to building any new pipelines to deliver oil in Canada and the US. In November 2015, U.S. President
1884:
in groups off central pads and can extend for miles in all directions. In each well pair, steam is injected into the upper well, the heat melts the bitumen, which allows it to flow into the lower well, where it is pumped to the surface.
2355:
needs pre-processing before it is fit for conventional refineries, although heavy oil and bitumen refineries can do the pre-processing themselves. This pre-processing is called "upgrading", the key components of which are as follows:
2611:
The costs of production and transportation of saleable petroleum from oil sands is typically significantly higher than from conventional global sources. Hence the economic viability of oil sands production is more vulnerable to the
701:
that exists in the formations under Alberta. The total distance of oil migration southwest to northeast was about 500 to 700 km (300 to 400 mi). At the shallow depths of sedimentary formations in the northeast, massive
330:, who commented on it in his journals. Fur trader Peter Pond paddled down the Clearwater River to Athabasca in 1778, saw the deposits and wrote of "springs of bitumen that flow along the ground". In 1787, fur trader and explorer
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Oil sands are a mixture of sand, water, clay and bitumen. Bitumen is oil that is too heavy or thick to flow or be pumped without being diluted or heated. *** Bitumen is so viscous that at room temperature it acts much like cold
1879:
technology that made it quick and inexpensive to do by the mid 1990s. In SAGD, two horizontal wells are drilled in the oil sands, one at the bottom of the formation and another about 5 metres above it. These wells are typically
1490:
As a result, Canadian heavy oil and bitumen exports have been backing Venezuelan heavy and extra-heavy oil out of the US market, and Canada's total exports of oil to the US have become several times as great as Venezuela's.
1277:
Apart from the megagiant oil sands deposits in Canada and Venezuela, numerous other countries hold smaller oil sands deposits. In the United States, there are supergiant oil sands resources primarily concentrated in Eastern
2310:
is considering the expansion of its Southern Lights pipeline, which currently ships 180,000 bbl/d (29,000 m/d) of diluent from the Chicago area to Edmonton, by adding another 100,000 bbl/d (16,000 m/d).
1340:), which is an important but very mature province in terms of conventional oil, holds large amounts of oil sands in a shallow Permian formation. In Kazakhstan, large bitumen deposits are located in the North Caspian Basin.
3083:) both in the Fort McMurray area and near the oil sands upgraders. In 2007, the Alberta government issued an environmental protection order to Suncor in response to numerous occasions when ground level concentration for
1497:
in a tailspin and the country experiencing widespread shortages of food, rolling power blackouts, rioting, and anti-government protests, it was unclear how much new oil sands production would occur in the near future.
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turbine and a hydrogen producing unit, providing all the energy needs of the project: steam, hydrogen, and electricity. Thus, it will produce syncrude without consuming natural gas, but the capital cost is very high.
1993:
into the vertical wells, igniting the upper bitumen and mobilizing (through heating) the lower bitumen to flow into the production well. It is expected that COGD will result in water savings of 80% compared to SAGD.
3422:, which were slightly higher compared with the provincial average, were likely due to a combination of factors such as high rates of smoking, obesity, diabetes, and alcoholism as well as poor levels of vaccination.
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technology, similar to SAGD. Instead of steam, hydrocarbon solvents are injected into an upper well to dilute bitumen and enables the diluted bitumen to flow into a lower well. It has the advantage of much better
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There is conflicting research on the effects of the oil sands development on aquatic life. In 2007, Environment Canada completed a study that shows high deformity rates in fish embryos exposed to the oil sands.
933:, near the border with Saskatchewan. A small portion of the Cold Lake deposit lies in Saskatchewan. Although smaller than the Athabasca oil sands, the Cold Lake oil sands are important because some of the oil is
3305:
To offset greenhouse gas emissions from the oil sands and elsewhere in Alberta, sequestering carbon dioxide emissions inside depleted oil and gas reservoirs has been proposed. This technology is inherited from
1444:
Canadian oil sand extraction has created extensive environmental damage, and many first nations peoples, scientists, lawyers, journalists and environmental groups have described Canadian oil sands mining as an
2907:
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Approximately 1.0–1.25 gigajoules (280–350 kWh) of energy is needed to extract a barrel of bitumen and upgrade it to synthetic crude. As of 2006, most of this is produced by burning natural gas. Since a
434:
was applied to bituminous sands in the late 19th and early 20th century. People who saw the bituminous sands during this period were familiar with the large amounts of tar residue produced in urban areas as a
6807:
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released a report stating that "there is currently no credible evidence of environmental contaminant exposures from oil sands reaching Fort Chipewyan at levels expected to cause elevated human cancer rates."
1619:
952:. They probably contain over 60 billion cubic metres (370 billion barrels) of extra-heavy oil-in-place. The oil is highly viscous, but considerably less so than the Athabasca oil sands, and is somewhat less
4743:
Christopher J. Schenk; Troy A. Cook; Ronald R. Charpentier; Richard M. Pollastro; Timothy R. Klett; Marilyn E. Tennyson; Mark A. Kirschbaum; Michael E. Brownfield & Janet K. Pitman. (11 January 2010).
8295:
Bergerson, Joule A. et al., Life Cycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Current Oil Sands Technologies: Surface Mining and In Situ Applications, Environmental Science & Technology 46 (14), pp. 7865–7874,
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published a brief report about "a recent surge of odour and air quality concerns in northern Alberta associated with the expansion of oilsands development", contrasting the responses to these concerns in
8405:
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are even bigger. Canada has vast energy resources of all types and its oil and natural gas resource base would be large enough to meet Canadian needs for generations if demand was sustained. Abundant
6852:
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are naturally present in oil sands and may be concentrated by the extraction process. The environmental impact caused by oil sand extraction is frequently criticized by environmental groups such as
1250: m) of oil which is "technically recoverable (producible using currently available technology and industry practices)." No estimate of how much of the oil is economically recoverable was made.
2635:(SAGD) projects and away from mining and upgrading projects, as oil sands operators foresee better opportunities from selling bitumen and heavy oil directly to refineries than from upgrading it to
1888:
SAGD has proved to be a major breakthrough in production technology since it is cheaper than CSS, allows very high oil production rates, and recovers up to 60% of the oil in place. Because of its
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is reversing its Cochin Pipeline, which used to carry propane from Edmonton to Chicago, to transport 95,000 bbl/d (15,100 m/d) of condensate from Chicago to Edmonton by mid-2014; and
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methods. In July 2008, the Alberta government announced a C$ 2 billion fund to support sequestration projects in Alberta power plants and oil sands extraction and upgrading facilities.
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was littered with hundreds of pure bitumen seepages. The Mesopotamians used the bitumen for waterproofing boats and buildings. In Europe, they were extensively mined near the French city of
3463:
1396:
228:
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Martínez-Palou, Rafael; Mosqueira, María de Lourdes; Zapata-Rendón, Beatriz; Mar-Juárez, Elizabeth; Bernal-Huicochea, César; de la Cruz Clavel-López, Juan; Aburto, Jorge (1 January 2011).
3384:
In 2007, it was suggested that wildlife has been negatively affected by the oil sands; for instance, moose were found in a 2006 study to have as high as 453 times the acceptable levels of
2214:
can upgrade 440,000 bbl/d (70,000 m/d) of bitumen to light sweet and medium sour synthetic crude oil (SCO), plus produce diesel fuel for its oil sands operations at the upgrader.
6619:
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211:
are 31% higher than from conventional oil. In Canada, oil sands production in general, and in-situ extraction, in particular, are the largest contributors to the increase in the nation's
3070:/NMHC). These AQHI are said to indicate "low risk" air quality more than 95% of the time. Prior to 2012, air monitoring showed significant increases in exceedances of hydrogen sulfide (
1946:
over steam injection, and it does some partial upgrading of bitumen to oil right in the formation. The process has attracted attention from oil companies, who are experimenting with it.
1039:, oil sands occur in more than 70 countries, but the bulk is found in these four regions together covering an area of some 77,000 square kilometres (30,000 sq mi). In 2007 the
1849:
at Peace River. In this method, the well is put through cycles of steam injection, soak, and oil production. First, steam is injected into a well at a temperature of 300 to 340 degrees
5946:
1664:(peat bog) overtop of clay and barren sand. The oil sands themselves are typically 40 to 60 metres (130 to 200 ft) thick deposits of crude bitumen embedded in unconsolidated
1570:
techniques. These methods usually use more water and require larger amounts of energy than conventional oil extraction. While much of Canada's oil sands are being produced using
386:
Because the cost of production is so much higher at oil sands petroleum-mining operations, the breakeven point is much higher than for sweeter lighter oils like that produced by
9670:
4934:
5492:"Natural Resources Canada team investigates solvent extraction process for oil sand bitumen; non-aqueous alternative to hot water processing with reduced environmental impacts"
1972:
has reported encouraging results from their test wells in Alberta, with production rates of up to 400 bbl/d (64 m/d) per well, and the oil upgraded from 8 to 12
7597:
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for them. However, governments have become concerned about the large volume and composition of oil spread on roads. so in recent years disposing of oily sand in underground
4099:
3414:
In August 2011, the Alberta government initiated a provincial health study to examine whether a link exists between the higher rates of cancer and the oil sands emissions.
3347:(NRCan), by 2017, the 23 percent increase in GHG emissions in Canada from 2005 to 2017, was "largely from increased oil sands production, particularly in-situ extraction".
1680:) started operation of the first large-scale oil sands mine in 1967, bitumen has been extracted on a commercial scale and the volume has grown at a steady rate ever since.
4192:"Sand banks: If unconventional sources of oil, such as oil sands, could be transformed into crude we could still have a 300-year supply left. The problem is extracting it"
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2513:
is growing rapidly. The US resumed export of crude oil in 2016; as of early 2019, the US produced as much oil as it consumed, with shale oil displacing Canadian imports.
8681:
4288:
3835:
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and gas injection are often required to maintain production. When primary production is used in the Venezuelan oil sands, where the extra-heavy oil is about 50 degrees
191:
oil price increases, and the development of improved extraction technology enabled profitable extraction and processing of the oil sands. Together with other so-called
8654:
4003:
3399:. However, John O'Connor, the doctor who initially reported the higher cancer rates and linked them to the oil sands development, was subsequently investigated by the
4967:
4410:
8367:
6799:
6708:
5104:
4711:
4666:
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2250:, near Edmonton. The complex can upgrade 255,000 bbl/d (40,500 m/d) of bitumen to sweet and heavy SCO as well as a range of refinery and chemical products.
3157:—topsoil, muskeg, sand, clay and gravel—that sits atop the oil sands deposit. Approximately 2.5 tons of oil sands are needed to produce one barrel of oil (roughly
8132:
4670:
689:
the rock formations in southwest Alberta up to 8 km (5 mi) deep near the Rockies, but to zero depth in the northeast, where they pinched out against the
520:
The world's largest deposits of oil sands are in Venezuela and Canada. The geology of the deposits in the two countries is generally rather similar. They are vast
5807:
5690:
4608:
3228:
The production of bitumen and synthetic crude oil emits more greenhouse gases than the production of conventional crude oil. A 2009 study by the consulting firm
7437:
9566:
6994:
3129:. In Fort McKay, air quality is actively addressed by stakeholders represented in the WBEA, whereas the Peace River community must rely on the response of the
2364:
176:
due to their lower viscosity. Natural bitumen and extra-heavy oil differ in the degree by which they have been degraded from the original conventional oils by
2352:
2270:
and other light products from oil refineries or gas plants, or synthetic crude oil from oil sands upgraders to allow it to flow through pipelines to market.
1976:. The company hopes to get a further 7-degree upgrade from its CAPRI (controlled atmospheric pressure resin infusion) system, which pulls the oil through a
956:. The depth of the deposits is 400 to 600 metres (1,300 to 2,000 ft) and they are from 15 to 35 metres (49 to 115 ft) thick. They are too deep to
8056:
6019:"Platts Assesses Ex-Cushing Western Canadian Select at $ 70.78 per Barrel: Brings transparency to the US value of Canadian Oil as Seaway Takes Oil to Gulf"
10411:
2794:
In their 2011 commissioned report entitled "Prudent Development: Realizing the Potential of North America's Abundant Natural Gas and Oil Resources," the
2564:
have bought over $ 30 billion in assets in Canadian oil sands projects, so they would probably like to export some of their newly acquired oil to China.
1872:
5509:
156:
Crude bitumen is a thick, sticky form of crude oil, and is so viscous that it will not flow unless heated or diluted with lighter hydrocarbons such as
5189:
Things are very, very bad. I have been covering Venezuela for a long time. And frankly, I was shocked at the situation as I see it here at the moment.
3388:
in their systems, though later studies lowered this to 17 to 33 times the acceptable level (although below international thresholds for consumption).
2089:
Shortages of natural gas for project fuel were forecast to be a problem for Canadian oil sands production a few years ago, but recent increases in US
5316:
4696:
3212:. However, in SAGD operations, 90–95% of the water is recycled and only about 0.2 volume units of water is used per volume unit of bitumen produced.
1795:. The advantage of this method is better production rates and recovery (around 10% versus 5–6% with sand filters in place) and the disadvantage that
1144:
has a structure similar to the WCSB, but on a shorter scale. The distance the oil has migrated up-dip from the Sierra Oriental mountain front to the
8852:
6881:
5026:
4469:
9791:
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5993:
344:
oil sands was US$ 83 in 2019, making it the most expensive to produce, compared to all other "significant oil producing regions" in the world. The
8214:
7901:
5843:
3573:
The "Middle East onshore market" was the "cheapest source of new oil volumes globally" with the "North American tight oil"—which includes onshore
2390:
is preferred in most cases. All these processes take large amounts of energy and water, while emitting more carbon dioxide than conventional oil.
1562:
Except for a fraction of the extra-heavy oil or bitumen which can be extracted by conventional oil well technology, oil sands must be produced by
2758:
4076:
7460:
5781:
2762:
2535:
945:
than the other major Alberta oil sands and the oil is more fluid. As a result, cyclic steam stimulation (CSS) is commonly used for production.
546:
The magnitude of the resources in the two countries is on the order of 3.5 to 4 trillion barrels (550 to 650 billion cubic metres) of original
8025:
6768:
5052:
4495:
600:
for over 100 years at 2002 consumption levels. These deposits represent plentiful oil, but not cheap oil. They require advanced technology to
6443:
5954:
3326:
7308:
4887:
9079:
8953:
8610:
8516:
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Concerns have been raised concerning the negative impacts that the oil sands have on public health, including higher than normal rates of
2428:
refinery near Edmonton, which can process 142,000 bbl/d (22,600 m/d) of all types of oil and bitumen into all types of products.
9561:
9556:
9541:
9536:
9084:
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8162:
7379:"Evaluating officially reported polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon emissions in the Athabasca oil sands region with a multimedia fate model"
7278:
6520:
6313:
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893:
2293:. These do not necessarily require the bitumen be blended with diluent since the tanks can be heated to allow the oil to be pumped out.
1413:'s second mine began operation in 1978 and is the biggest mine of any type in the world. The third mine in the Athabasca Oil Sands, the
9506:
8673:
3400:
2911:
found that tailings ponds were an indirect pathway transporting uncontrolled releases of evaporative emissions of three representative
2660:
1652:
are the only major oil sands deposits which are shallow enough to surface mine. In the Athabasca sands there are very large amounts of
734:
deposits of northwestern Alberta. Between them, they cover over 140,000 square kilometres (54,000 sq mi)—an area larger than
8110:
6736:
4943:
2199:
is used to break the heavier hydrocarbon molecules down into simpler ones. Since cracking produces products which are rich in sulfur,
1061:, and brought to a central location for processing, the Peace River deposits are considered too deep, and are exploited in situ using
862:
5.3 million barrels per day (bpd). The surge in production is attributed mainly to growth in Alberta's oilsands. The expansion of the
804:
wells. The other Canadian deposits are between 350 and 900 m (1,000 and 3,000 ft) deep and will require in-situ production.
8567:"RAMP responds to a request for comment on Dr. David Schindler's press conference regarding the high incidence of fish abnormalities"
7875:
6432:
398:, and, the United States. Oil sands productions expand and prosper as the global price of oil increased to peak highs because of the
7248:
7175:
R. Smandych and R. Kueneman, "The Canadian-Alberta Tar Sands: A Case Study of State-Corporate Environmental Crime" in R. White (ed.)
6200:
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2486:
at lower prices than international oil, market price imbalances have ruined the economics of refineries which could not process it.
9130:
9099:
9094:
2720:
643:
572:
541:
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2943:
Environmental Association (WBEA). Each of their 17 continuously monitoring stations measure 3 to 10 air quality parameters among
1930:
Several methods use solvents, instead of steam, to separate bitumen from sand. Some solvent extraction methods may work better in
1854:
and production. This process is repeated until the cost of injecting steam becomes higher than the money made from producing oil.
1518:. Production is scheduled to commence in 2014 and is estimated to eventually yield a total of 40,000 bbl/d (6,400 m/d).
9873:
5613:
4384:
2557:
2233:
621:
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2184:
diluents, and 25 existing streams of both conventional and unconventional oil making it a syndilbit—both a dilbit and a synbit.
1934:
production and other in mining. Solvent can be beneficial if it produces more oil while requiring less energy to produce steam.
1574:, approximately 90% of Canadian oil sands and all of Venezuela's oil sands are too far below the surface to use surface mining.
714:
and immobile. Almost all of the remaining oil is found in the far north of Alberta, in Middle Cretaceous (115 million-year old)
9747:
9571:
6608:
5201:
5176:
2728:
1462:
1184:
5130:
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and exporting more natural gas to Eastern Canada to replace Alberta gas, the Alberta government is using its powers under the
172:
in Venezuela is sometimes described as oil sands, but these deposits are non-bituminous, falling instead into the category of
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8713:
7713:
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near Edmonton, which can process 187,200 bbl/d (29,760 m/d) of SCO and conventional oil into all types of products.
2009:
2003:
1161:(50 to 60 million years old) sand-silt-shale sequences overlain by continuous thick shales, much like the Canadian deposits.
5282:
4191:
3403:. The College later reported that O'Connor's statements consisted of "mistruths, inaccuracies and unconfirmed information".
9878:
9546:
9120:
6968:
6490:
5531:
5234:
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1744:
are engineered dam and dyke systems that contain salts, suspended solids and other dissolvable chemical compounds such as
9125:
6252:
Ancheyta Jorge; Rana Mohan S.; Furimsky Edward (30 November 2005). "Hydroprocessing of heavy petroleum feeds: Tutorial".
5535:
3333:
1781:
8136:
3918:
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resources account for the majority of Canada's electricity production and very little electricity is produced from oil.
2448:, and which can process 100,000 bbl/d (16,000 m/d) of all types of oil and bitumen into all types of products.
2277:
or other diluents and 70% bitumen. Alternatively, bitumen can also be delivered to market by specially designed railway
1683:
A large number of oil sands mines are currently in operation and more are in the stages of approval or development. The
10259:
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In addition to the three major Canadian oil sands in Alberta, there is a fourth major oil sands deposit in Canada, the
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Environmental Management Association and others, was piecemeal and should become more comprehensive and coordinated.
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1741:
1724:
1127:
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5743:
Rao, Feng; Liu, Qi (19 December 2013). "Froth Treatment in Athabasca Oil Sands Bitumen Recovery Process: A Review".
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9443:
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9135:
8946:
7191:"Oil sands development contributes elements toxic at low concentrations to the Athabasca River and its tributaries"
6405:
5403:
2207:
bitumen is increasing yearly. Alberta has five oil sands upgraders producing a variety of products. These include:
1599:
94:. Oil sands are either loose sands or partially consolidated sandstone containing a naturally occurring mixture of
8284:
5718:
5153:
4359:
1152:
is only about 200 to 300 km (100 to 200 mi). The hydrodynamic conditions of oil transport were similar,
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access to airspace, land, and resources, and this complicates oil well drilling and production significantly.
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The skilled worker shortage was much more severe in Venezuela because the government controlled oil company
10401:
10396:
9933:
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9367:
8840:
8458:"Oil sands development contributes polycyclic aromatic compounds to the Athabasca River and its tributarie"
6713:
5351:
3153:
A large part of oil sands mining operations involves clearing trees and brush from a site and removing the
1660:, making surface mining the most efficient method of extracting it. The overburden consists of water-laden
993:
The Peace River oil sands deposit lies in the west of Alberta, and is deeper than the larger, better known
8849:
7321:
6491:"Canada's Energy Future 2013 – Energy Supply and Demand Projections to 2035 – An Energy Market Assessment"
4742:
3184:
Between 2 and 4.5 volume units of water are used to produce each volume unit of synthetic crude oil in an
2462:, which can process 28,300 bbl/d (4,500 m/d) of feedstock from the adjacent Husky Upgrader into
498:
is less politically acceptable to the public. Oil sands are now an alternative to conventional crude oil.
10479:
10448:
10416:
8939:
8082:
7931:
7309:
http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2013/12/29/7-500-mile-ring-ofmercuryfoundaroundcanadastarsands.html
4150:
3322:
2546:
2455:
2337:—and political disagreements with the US government and oil companies, the situation remains unresolved.
1943:
922:
639:
345:
7674:
6913:
4221:
3944:
1625:
447:" to describe these natural bitumen deposits is really a misnomer, since, chemically speaking, tar is a
10474:
10003:
9604:
9589:
9551:
9312:
9189:
7909:
4693:"Survey of Energy Resources 2007: Natural Bitument - Resource Quantities and Geographical Distribution"
4125:
3865:
2223:
1984:
experiment with a new configuration they call "multi-THAI," involving adding more air injection wells.
1842:
1696:
1482:
for burning in thermal power plants. However, when a major strike hit the Venezuelan state oil company
1101:
1047:
in place at the time, with an original oil-in-place (OOIP) reserve of 260,000,000,000 cubic metres (9.2
678:, except the latter have never been buried deep enough to convert the kerogen in them into liquid oil.
308:
8368:"Aspen Institute announces winners of the second annual Aspen Institute Energy and Environment Awards"
8057:
Upstream greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from Canadian oil sands as a feedstock for European refineries
7808:
7152:
Prudent Development: Realizing the Potential of North America's Abundant Natural Gas and Oil Resources
5883:
5359:, Gallivare: Swedish Mining Association, Natur Vards Verket, European Commission, 19–20 September 2001
1433:
was also developing a $ 33 billion Fort Hills Project, in partnership with UTS Energy Corporation and
917:
10469:
10375:
9908:
9649:
9453:
5000:
4443:
3468:
2527:
The demand from US refineries is increasingly for non-upgraded bitumen rather than SCO. The Canadian
2334:
1267:
584:
countries combined. Vast deposits of bitumen—over 350 billion cubic metres (2.2 trillion barrels) of
515:
196:
5079:
4522:
2939:(AQHI) from sensors in five communities in the oil sands region, operated by a "partner" called the
2324:
to use as diluent to move extra-heavy oil to market. Unlike Canada, Venezuela does not produce much
626:
The oil sands of the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin (WCSB) are a result of the formation of the
318:
from early prehistoric times. The Canadian oil sands first became known to Europeans in 1719 when a
8033:
6776:
3840:
3548:
3533:
3344:
3249:
3130:
2891:
2676:
2255:
2061:
1426:
1402:
1090:
1057:
Whereas the Athabasca oil sands lie close enough to the surface that the sand can be scooped up in
889:
703:
627:
559:
482:. Naturally occurring bitumen is chemically more similar to asphalt than to coal tar, and the term
452:
216:
212:
7189:
Kelly, EN; Schindler, DW; Hodson, PV; Short, JW; Radmanovich, R; Nielsen, CC (14 September 2010).
6800:"Canadian heavy oil collapses another 28% to under $ 5 as oilsands face shut-ins | Financial Post"
6465:
3233:
emissions from the oil sands are 20% higher than average emissions from the petroleum production.
571:
billion m). This places Canada and Venezuela in the same league as Saudi Arabia, having the three
10426:
10300:
9357:
9349:
9300:
9251:
9171:
9056:
9051:
8906:
7830:
7348:
6826:
6741:
5469:
5080:"Canada's Tar Sands: Destruction So Vast and Deep It Challenges the Existence of Land and People"
4523:"Canada's Tar Sands: Destruction So Vast and Deep It Challenges the Existence of Land and People"
3407:
2887:
2859:
2620:
2521:
2503:
2387:
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863:
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567:
368:
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300:
53:
6287:
6170:
4817:
3793:
9903:
9644:
9334:
9184:
9021:
8996:
8237:"Oil Sands Greenhouse Gas Emissions are Lower than Commonly Perceived, IHS CERA Analysis Finds"
6746:
5491:
5447:
5219:
4253:
3453:
2325:
2274:
2203:
must be done to get the sulfur content below 0.5% and create sweet, light synthetic crude oil.
2181:
1620:
History of the petroleum industry in Canada (oil sands and heavy oil) § Surface extraction
793:
511:
293:
161:
8636:
7286:
6084:
6060:
5776:
5774:
5378:"GL 97-02 Guidelines for the Application of Oil Byproducts to Municipal Roads in Saskatchewen"
4321:
2226:
Limited (CNRL) can upgrade 141,000 bbl/d (22,400 m/d) of bitumen to sweet light SCO.
10280:
9722:
9705:
9639:
9401:
9268:
9221:
9194:
9036:
8988:
8221:
7905:
7717:
5260:
4615:
3892:
3493:
3361:
3307:
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production in the US, Canada's primary oil export market, has greatly reduced US reliance on
2680:
2617:
2588:
2528:
2517:
2169:
2106:
2093:
production have eliminated much of the problem for North America. With the increasing use of
2040:
1962:
Advocates of this method of extraction state that it uses less freshwater, produces 50% less
1761:
1515:
1297:
1043:
estimated that these oil sands areas contained at least two-thirds of the world's discovered
1006:
982:
869:
767:
722:
Most of the Canadian oil sands are in three major deposits in northern Alberta. They are the
601:
415:
380:
8862:
8813:
8792:
8724:
7932:"A Foundation for the Future: Building an Environmental Monitoring System for the Oil Sands"
7087:
5977:
Canadian Crude Oil, Natural Gas and Petroleum Products: Review of 2009 & Outlook to 2030
2778:
Satellite images show the growth of pit mines over Canada's oil sands between 1984 and 2011.
418:. The boom periods were followed by the bust, as the global price of oil dropped during the
10177:
9847:
9609:
9491:
9317:
9290:
9273:
9199:
9031:
8469:
8267:
8236:
8176:
7474:
7390:
7202:
7108:
7104:
7042:
7038:
5771:
5641:
3337:
2879:
2704:
2372:
2368:
2200:
2196:
2094:
1892:
and applicability to a vast area of oil sands, this method alone quadrupled North American
1889:
1876:
1494:
1237:
1040:
731:
686:
635:
555:
525:
411:
7879:
7256:
7088:"The geographical distribution of fossil fuels unused when limiting global warming to 2°C"
6945:
5736:
3300:
the lower emitting oil sands cases can outperform higher emitting conventional crude cases
1141:
524:, extra-heavy oil, and/or bitumen deposits with oil heavier than 20°API, found largely in
8:
10325:
10270:
10197:
10086:
9898:
9816:
9496:
9362:
8258:
Neil C. Swart; Andrew J. Weaver (19 February 2012). "The Alberta oil sands and climate".
8111:"Oilsands emissions 65% higher than tallied by current measuring methods, study suggests"
7861:
5921:
4942:, Calgary, Alberta: Energy Resources Conservation Board (ERCB), June 2013, archived from
4579:
3458:
3448:
3248:
Greenpeace says the oil sands industry has been identified as the largest contributor to
3237:
2636:
2435:
2188:
2111:
2054:
2013:
1649:
1595:
1587:
1422:
1333:
1305:
1293:
1028:
1024:
994:
949:
906:
873:
843:
828:
785:
723:
475:
33:
8473:
8271:
7980:
7394:
7206:
7112:
7046:
5027:"Indigenous groups say Big Oil's pollution threatens their existence in Canadian forest"
4470:"Indigenous groups say Big Oil's pollution threatens their existence in Canadian forest"
4235:
3336:
published a report in preparation for the decision about permitting construction of the
3240:
study commissioned by the EU in 2011 found that oil sands crude was as much as 22% more
1545:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
352:
10172:
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4745:
3952:
3818:
3498:
3357:
3272:
3241:
3031:
2737:
2414:
2286:
2236:(CNOOC), can upgrade 72,000 bbl/d (11,400 m/d) of bitumen to sweet light SCO.
1309:
1301:
855:
789:
727:
605:
403:
192:
91:
9619:
8815:
Black Bonanza: Canada's Oil Sands and the Race to Secure North America's Energy Future
4385:"Trans Mountain mulling how to remove 'obstruction' causing newest construction delay"
3712:
1023:
The Peace River oil sands deposits are the smallest in the province. The largest, the
801:
10320:
9448:
9423:
9226:
9211:
8819:
8798:
8777:
8753:
8730:
8709:
8497:
8306:
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7593:
7454:
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7124:
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6269:
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1700:
1641:
1178:
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1032:
813:
667:
659:
507:
8566:
6995:"Climate change study says most of Canada's oil reserves should be left underground"
6331:
4862:"Madagascar Produces First 45 Barrels of Oil". BBC Monitoring Africa. 14 March 2008.
3188:
mining operation. According to Greenpeace, the Canadian oil sands operations use 349
2130:
oil (SCO), blended with diluents to form dilbit, or heated to reduce its viscosity.
937:
enough to be extracted by conventional methods. The Cold Lake bitumen contains more
257:, among other uses. In ancient Egypt, the use of bitumen was important in preparing
10147:
9868:
9471:
9389:
9307:
9145:
9026:
8845:
8487:
8477:
8383:"New emissions from Canada's oil sands "extremely low," says IEA's chief economist"
8345:
8275:
7408:
7398:
7220:
7210:
7136:
7116:
7095:
7072:
7050:
7029:
6261:
5895:
5752:
5411:
4746:"An Estimate of Recoverable Heavy Oil Resources of the Orinoco Oil Belt, Venezuela"
3785:
3708:
3553:
3473:
3168:
2989:
2948:
2727:, which was the primary product from its oil sands. Following that, the government
2516:
For the benefit of oil marketers, in 2004 Western Canadian producers created a new
1963:
1808:
1804:
1796:
655:
651:
647:
638:
as it pushed in from the west, carrying the formerly large island chains which now
456:
8888:
8542:"RAMP Steering Committee Membership - Regional Aquatics Monitoring Program (RAMP)"
7721:
7150:
6018:
4823:
3726:
3677:
1274:, which are too remote to expect commercial production in the foreseeable future.
876:
oil sand deposits lie under 141,000 square kilometres (54,000 sq mi) of
10380:
10370:
10112:
9863:
9752:
9678:
9481:
9476:
9406:
9374:
9285:
9001:
8856:
8307:"Accelerating Carbon Capture and Storage Implementation in Alberta, Final Report"
8193:
6946:
Lost in Transition: How the energy sector is missing potential demand destruction
6822:
6431:
Hackett, David; Noda, Leigh; Moore, Michal C.; Winter, Jennifer (February 2013).
6265:
6226:
5899:
5290:
4604:
4294:. Association of Petroleum Engineers and Geoscientists of Alberta. Archived from
4260:
4199:
3503:
3318:
2944:
2577:
2394:
1769:
1745:
1684:
1591:
1571:
1325:
694:
521:
494:
is manufactured from the bitumen, and due to the feeling that the terminology of
422:
and again in the 1990s, during a period of global recessions, and again in 2003.
399:
364:
363:(WCS) from the Athabaska oil sands, are priced at a differential to the lighter,
304:
289:
200:
188:
184:
173:
157:
49:
5868:
5539:
5238:
10217:
10137:
10127:
10117:
10058:
10033:
9742:
9683:
9614:
9501:
9486:
9295:
9233:
8978:
8893:
8659:
8462:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
6918:
6891:
6886:
6686:
6681:
6651:
6646:
6379:
6146:"ST98-2013: Alberta's Energy Reserves 2012 and Supply/Demand Outlook 2013–2022"
5053:"Trudeau Is Betting $ 9 Billion on a Plan to Clean Up the World's Dirtiest Oil"
4496:"Trudeau Is Betting $ 9 Billion on a Plan to Clean Up the World's Dirtiest Oil"
4169:
3538:
3528:
3419:
3396:
3167:
of a ton). As a condition of licensing, projects are required to implement a
3035:
3005:
2924:
2640:
2410:
2406:
2328:
from its own gas wells, nor does it have easy access to condensate from new US
2220:
can upgrade 407,000 bbl/d (64,700 m/d) of bitumen to sweet light SCO.
2020:
recovery operations to remove fine inorganics—water and mineral particles—from
1914:
1910:
1905:'s Long Lake project, Suncor's (formerly Petro-Canada's) MacKay River project,
1765:
1631:
1479:
1317:
1316:
Russia holds oil sands in two main regions. Large resources are present in the
1058:
797:
707:
609:
419:
356:
234:
208:
8456:
EN Kelly; JW Short; DW Schindler; PV Hodson; M Ma; AK Kwan; BL Fortin (2009).
8158:
6227:"At the Wellhead: Venezuela's upgraders are maxed out to handle its heavy oil"
5947:"WCS at Cushing: The emerging US trading center for Canada's heavy sour crude"
5881:
1799:
of the produced sand is a problem. A novel way to do this was spreading it on
1729:
858:
in the world, making Canada a significant player in the global energy market.
10463:
10285:
10242:
10207:
9836:
9717:
9690:
9624:
9016:
8874:
6877:
6273:
5907:
5764:
5664:
5404:"Reservoir Simulation of Cyclic Steam Stimulation in the Cold Lake Oil Sands"
4979:
4717:(Report). Phase II submissions. Vol. 4. Calgary, Alberta. Archived from
4422:
3922:
3439:
3172:
2684:
2581:
2421:
2211:
2168:, is the largest crude oil stream coming from the Canadian oil sands and the
1734:
1712:
1677:
1590:, allowing oil to flow into them under natural reservoir pressures, although
1543:. The reason given is: Methods discussed are from ca. 2010 and thus outdated.
1406:
1204:
1149:
912:
877:
631:
597:
596:. If 30% of this oil could be extracted, it could supply the entire needs of
491:
448:
69:
8588:
8482:
8194:"Oil sands fever: the environmental implications of Canada's oil sands rush"
7403:
7215:
6769:"Even losing $ 6 per barrel, top Canada oil sands project unlikely to close"
6357:
5587:
5202:"Eni and the Republic of Congo launch a new integrated model of cooperation"
3208: cu ft/a) of water, twice the amount of water used by the city of
2691:
markets will continue to absorb increased Canadian exports. Rapid growth of
1401:
The Alberta oil sands have been in commercial production since the original
486:(or oilsands) is more commonly used by industry in the producing areas than
375:
is based on its grade—determined by factors such as its specific gravity or
10345:
10275:
10167:
10157:
10152:
10142:
10132:
10018:
9998:
9943:
9727:
9695:
9634:
9531:
9433:
9339:
9216:
9150:
8501:
7518:
7422:
7361:
7234:
7128:
7064:
5722:
5591:
5565:
5131:"Alberta's oil production booming but majority of revenue leaving province"
3488:
3051:
2985:
2916:
2700:
2679:(AER), and the Canadian Energy Research Institute (CERI) are comparable to
2613:
2600:
2459:
2451:
2444:
operates the Scotford Refinery near Edmonton, which is integrated with the
2441:
2431:
2425:
2346:
2239:
2192:
2157:
2143:
2082:
2074:
2026:
1918:
1906:
1893:
1881:
1846:
1838:
1753:
1704:
1692:
1688:
1607:
1563:
1434:
1430:
1418:
1414:
1321:
1230:
1165:
968:
957:
753:
698:
690:
685:
sedimentary rock formations underlying most of the sub-surface of Alberta,
593:
585:
551:
547:
387:
372:
327:
265:
250:
169:
60:
8917:
8726:
North American Oil Sands: History of Development, Prospects for the Future
8428:
8002:
7307:
Researchers find 7,300-sq-mile ring of mercury around tar sands in Canada
6251:
4909:
1786:
Some years ago Canadian oil companies discovered that if they removed the
1233:
are estimated to approximately equal the world's reserves of lighter oil.
1052:
989:
835:
28:
10315:
10237:
10187:
10008:
9978:
9923:
9913:
9599:
9278:
9261:
9179:
9041:
9011:
9006:
8279:
7809:
Canada's oil sands – opportunities and challenges to 2015: an update
5884:"Transportation of heavy and extra-heavy crude oil by pipeline: A review"
5844:
Canada's Oil Sands – Opportunities and Challenges to 2015: An Update
5815:
Alberta Oil Sands Consultations Multistakeholder Committee Interim Report
5283:"Canada, United States: SOLAR Power Process Transform Oil Sands Tailings"
4818:
U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management (BLM) (2008).
3508:
3314:
3122:
2899:
2895:
2883:
1973:
1909:'s Tucker Lake and Sunrise projects, Shell Canada's Peace River project,
1800:
1582:
Conventional crude oil is normally extracted from the ground by drilling
1437:, which lost momentum after the 2009 merger of Petro-Canada into Suncor.
1216:
1153:
1055:), an amount comparable to the total world reserves of conventional oil.
1017:
948:
The Cold Lake oil sands are of a roughly circular shape, centered around
671:
467:
376:
253:, humans used bitumen for construction of buildings and waterproofing of
242:
238:
8326:(Press release). Government of Alberta Environment ministry. 8 July 2008
8081:
Israel, Benjamin; Gorski, Jan; Simpson-Marran, Morrigan (October 2018).
7120:
5562:"A new method of extracting heavy oil: Toe to Heel Air Injection (THAI)"
5235:"Cold Heavy Oil Production with Sand in the Canadian Heavy Oil Industry"
4565:
4004:"Rystad Energy ranks the cheapest sources of supply in the oil industry"
10365:
10232:
10222:
9988:
9826:
9732:
8899:
8870:
8312:. Alberta Carbon Capture and Storage Development Council. 24 July 2009.
7282:
4313:
3369:
3154:
3126:
2871:
2855:
2724:
2561:
2290:
2282:
1657:
1475:
942:
818:
682:
436:
312:
246:
122:
65:
8918:
Canadian Oil Sands: Life-Cycle Assessments of Greenhouse Gas Emissions
8655:
Oil sands foes ignore the facts as cancer claims dealt a blow by study
8429:
Canadian Oil Sands: Life-Cycle Assessments of Greenhouse Gas Emissions
7496:
7439:
Op-Ed: University of Toronto researchers share oil sands study results
7249:"Stop the Tar sands to curb Canada's growing greenhouse gas emissions"
6709:"Oil Sands Boom Dries Up in Alberta, Taking Thousands of Jobs With It"
6609:"Canadian Oil Sands Supply Costs and Development Projects (2012–2046)"
6521:"Canadian Oil Sands Supply Costs and Development Projects (2015–2046)"
5756:
5561:
4261:
Cold Heavy Oil Production with Sand in the Canadian Heavy Oil Industry
1922:
SAGD. This particular technology application is in its testing phase.
1636:
379:
and its sulfur content—and its location—for example, its proximity to
10360:
10091:
10038:
9983:
9973:
9883:
9831:
9767:
9762:
9737:
9418:
9046:
8973:
8931:
8455:
8215:"Canada's oil sands: opportunities and challenges to 2015: An update"
7571:
5817:. Government of Alberta. 30 November 2006. p. 14. Archived from
5415:
4968:"Ecocide must be listed alongside genocide as an international crime"
4936:
2012 Tailings Management Assessment Report: Oil Sands Mining Industry
4411:"Ecocide must be listed alongside genocide as an international crime"
3789:
3574:
3518:
3478:
3464:
History of the petroleum industry in Canada (oil sands and heavy oil)
3285:
2843:
2692:
2596:
2329:
2298:
2090:
2046:
1812:
1669:
1665:
1397:
History of the petroleum industry in Canada (oil sands and heavy oil)
1348:
1344:
1337:
1240:(USGS) increased its estimates of the reserves to 513 Gbbl (81.6
1208:
1203:
The Orinoco Belt is a territory in the southern strip of the eastern
953:
711:
675:
528:
273:
254:
229:
History of the petroleum industry in Canada (oil sands and heavy oil)
130:
111:
107:
20:
7055:
7024:
4874:"Madagascar Oil raises $ 85M for exploration, opens new head office"
4353:
4351:
4349:
4347:
4345:
4343:
3782:
Proceedings of Petroleum Society's Canadian International Conference
2603:. At the much lower prices of 2015, the reserves are much smaller.
2386:
As carbon rejection is very inefficient and wasteful in most cases,
1079:
10355:
10335:
10330:
10310:
10305:
10081:
10071:
9993:
9928:
9700:
9428:
9384:
9379:
9243:
7957:
5353:
Safe dam constructions – Seminar on safe tailings dam constructions
3608:"What the future for extra heavy oil and bitumen: the Orinoco case"
3281:
3229:
2835:
2823:
2803:
2510:
2307:
2278:
2267:
2217:
2124:
1977:
1792:
1703:
project in 2009. Newer mines include Shell Canada's Jackpine mine,
1583:
1410:
1158:
1009:
deposit is the smallest of four large deposits of oil sands of the
930:
471:
440:
407:
177:
165:
45:
7744:"Alberta issues first-ever oil sands land reclamation certificate"
7362:
Barbara Lewis, David Ljunggren & Jeffrey Jones (10 May 2012).
5588:"EROI update: preliminary results using Toe-to-Heel Air Injection"
4667:"Premium Petroleum Corp. Increases Lands Position to 11,520 Acres"
4644:
4642:
4640:
1258:
1035:
are south of Athabaska and usually linked to it. According to the
1016:
The Peace River oil sands lie, generally, in the watershed of the
10023:
10013:
9893:
9888:
9803:
6772:
5105:"The terrible toll of tar sands mining on Canada's Native people"
4685:
4548:"The terrible toll of tar sands mining on Canada's Native people"
4340:
3699:"Bitumen and heavy crudes: The energy security problem solved?".
3433:
3385:
3209:
3055:
2969:
2867:
2831:
2827:
2663:, the price of Canadian heavy crude dipped below $ 5 per barrel.
2629:
2573:
2463:
2321:
2165:
2021:
2017:
1850:
1757:
1749:
1653:
1603:
1446:
1329:
1292: m) of oil (known and potential) in eight major deposits in
1044:
1002:
851:
847:
773:
749:
735:
663:
589:
562:
in Canada in the 1985–2000 period resulted in techniques such as
479:
245:, some 40,000 years ago. Bitumen has been found adhering to
103:
41:
37:
8776:. Council on Foreign Relations, Center for Geoeconomic Studies.
8743:
8569:. Regional Aquatics Monitoring Program (RAMP). 16 September 2010
8024:
Lewis, Barbara; Ljunggren, David; Jones, Jeffrey (10 May 2012).
4222:"Initial Oil-in-Place - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics"
1966:, and has a smaller footprint than other production techniques.
1514:
announced a project to develop a small oil sands deposit in the
338:
10340:
10227:
10212:
10202:
10162:
10076:
8406:"Oil sands not a major source of climate change: IEA economist"
4703:
4637:
4377:
3392:
2965:
2920:
2839:
2815:
2807:
2393:
Catalytic purification and hydrocracking are together known as
2078:
1661:
1195:
938:
881:
846:, also known as the Athabasca tar sands, are large deposits of
285:
281:
277:
126:
118:
5154:"Canada could lead the world in oil production growth in 2024"
4360:"Canada could lead the world in oil production growth in 2024"
4154:
3514:
RAVEN (Respecting Aboriginal Values & Environmental Needs)
3364:, co-authored a study on Alberta's oil sands' contribution of
1987:
1775:
1219:. Venezuela's heavy oil deposits of about 1,200 Gbbl (190
10122:
10096:
10066:
10028:
9968:
9963:
9958:
8257:
8159:"Environmental challenges and progress in Canada's oil sands"
7878:. Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers. Archived from
6737:"Royal Dutch Shell to Abandon Carmon Creek Oil-Sands Project"
6085:"Cost Analysis and Reporting Enhancement – Glossary of Terms"
3830:
3828:
3277:
3252:
growth in Canada, as it accounts for 40 million tons of
3015:
2716:
2474:, a fifth major Alberta refinery, is under construction near
2263:
2254:
Modernized and new large refineries such as are found in the
2229:
2156:, launched in 2004 as a new heavy oil stream, blended at the
2102:
1902:
1898:
1830:
1507:
1483:
1468:
1190:
934:
822:
The City of Fort McMurray on the banks of the Athabasca River
315:
269:
258:
249:
used by Neanderthals at sites in Syria. After the arrival of
6406:"US Imports from Canada of Crude Oil and Petroleum Products"
6314:"Other projects' layoffs expected to help Sturgeon Refinery"
5402:
Beattie, C. I.; Boberg, T. C.; McNab, G. S. (5 April 1989).
5344:
4254:"14.1 Appendix 1: Canada's Oil Sands and Heavy Oil deposits"
2360:
removal of water, sand, physical waste, and lighter products
929:
The Cold Lake oil sands are northeast of Alberta's capital,
466:
Since then, coal gas has almost completely been replaced by
207:. According to the Oil Climate Index, carbon emissions from
10350:
10290:
10043:
9521:
6944:
Sussams, Luke; Leaton, James; Drew, Tom (21 October 2015).
3771:"Comparing Venezuelan and Canadian Heavy Oil and Tar Sands"
2927:) and that these emissions had been previously unreported.
2851:
2847:
2811:
2741:
1787:
1478:) of 70% oil and 30% water with similar characteristics as
1279:
888:) according to Government of Alberta's Ministry of Energy,
885:
854:, Canada. These reserves are one of the largest sources of
460:
395:
391:
319:
204:
99:
95:
8889:
Indigenous Groups Lead Struggle Against Canada's Tar Sands
8841:
Oil Sands Discovery Centre, Fort McMurray, Alberta, Canada
8773:
The Canadian oil sands: energy security vs. climate change
8080:
7313:
6029:
4145:
4143:
3825:
3733:. Calgary, AB: Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers
2246:
in combination with an oil refinery and chemical plant at
296:, where the vapour separation process was in use in 1742.
10182:
10048:
9821:
8925:
8611:"Mixed reports on safety of eating northern Alberta game"
7675:"Fly over an environmental nightmare the US just avoided"
7556:(Press release). Government of Alberta. 18 December 2007.
7188:
5637:"Petrobank wins approval for heavy-oil project expansion"
5205:
4018:
3893:"Bitumen – A Smelly but Useful Material of Interest"
3578:
other Middle Eastern countries was US$ 42, in comparison.
1857:
1768:
that is, by volume of construction material, the largest
1511:
850:, a heavy and viscous form of petroleum, in northeastern
658:, creating high subsurface temperatures, and producing a
444:
8794:
Developing Alberta's oil sands: from Karl Clark to Kyoto
5974:
719:
bitumen, only large reservoirs of heavy oil >10°API.
9811:
7650:. Government of Alberta Energy ministry. Archived from
6677:"Oil-Sands Megaproject Era Wanes as Suncor Scales Back"
4140:
3113:, and 4 in 2013, down from 11 in 2014, and 73 in 2012.
1733:
Syncrude's Mildred Lake site, plant and tailings ponds
1566:
or the oil made to flow into wells using sophisticated
1065:(SAGD) and Cold Heavy Oil Production with Sand (CHOPS).
8517:"Deformed fish found in lake downstream from oilsands"
8324:"Alberta surges ahead with climate change action plan"
7811:(Report). National Energy Board. June 2006. p. 38
6519:
Millington, Dinara; Murillo, Carlos A. (August 2015).
6497:. National Energy Board of Canada (NEB). November 2013
6430:
5968:
5953:, Argus White Paper, Argus Media, 2012, archived from
5849:(Report). National Energy Board. June 2006. p. 17
5177:"Venezuela Is In Crisis. Its Economy Is In A Tailspin"
4540:
4514:
4488:
4462:
4436:
4403:
4053:"Oil Prices Pass Record Set in 1980s, but Then Recede"
3975:
Mackenzie, Sir Alexander (1970). Lamb, W. Kaye (ed.).
2576:
are in Canada, although Venezuela's deposits of extra-
1715:) Northern Lights mine, and Suncor's Fort Hills mine.
1148:
where it pinches out against the igneous rocks of the
800:, so the remaining 80% will have to be produced using
195:
extraction practices, oil sands are implicated in the
8674:"Cancer rates downstream from oil sands to be probed"
8629:"High cancer rates confirmed near Canada's oil sands"
7981:"Canada oil sands emit more CO2 than average: report"
7746:(Press release). Government of Alberta. 19 March 2008
4320:
Turgeon, Andrew; Morse, Elizabeth (19 October 2023).
10412:
International Association of Oil & Gas Producers
8790:
8135:. Greenpeace Canada. 25 October 2007. Archived from
7370:
4247:
4245:
4069:
3429:
2786:
Demonstration of citizens against tar sands and the
2195:
is used to separate the asphalt from the feedstock.
777:
methods, such as cyclic steam stimulation (CSS) and
8907:"New Tech to Tap North America's Vast Oil Reserves"
8744:Nikiforuk, Andrew; David Suzuki Foundation (2010).
8023:
7322:"Canada threatens trade war with EU over tar sands"
6607:Millington, Dinara; Murillo, Carlos A. (May 2013).
6380:"China overtakes US as the biggest importer of oil"
6201:"Bitumen diluent demand expected to double by 2020"
5470:"Operations – Oil sands – Christina Lake"
5311:
5309:
5307:
3605:
2297:transport. However, the recent huge increase in US
1953:
1873:
Alberta Oil Sands Technology and Research Authority
1834:of oil in place) compared to SAGD (60–70% of OIP).
1640:Mining operations in the Athabasca oil sands. NASA
1027:, are located to the east. The second largest the,
622:
Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin § Oil sands
143: m) worldwide, of which 176.8 Gbbl (28.11
8748:Tar Sands: Dirty Oil and the Future of a Continent
8745:
8701:
6849:"Obama rejects TransCanada's Keystone XL pipeline"
5401:
4170:"Tar Sands vs Oil Sands Political Flap Misguided?"
3998:
3996:
3638:
642:. The collision compressed the Alberta plains and
8752:(Revised and Updated ed.). Greystone Books.
7958:"Monitoring of oilsands impact inadequate: panel"
7644:"Does oil sands "mining" affect the environment?"
7377:Parajulee, Abha; Wania, Frank (3 February 2014).
7346:
7086:McGlade, Christophe; Ekins, Paul (January 2015).
6943:
6939:
6937:
6675:Penty, Rebecca; van Loon, Jeremy (17 June 2015).
6606:
6547:
6545:
6518:
5922:"Alberta Oil Sands Bitumen Valuation Methodology"
5614:"Petrobank announces first THAI/CAPRI production"
5448:"Operations – Oil sands – Foster Creek"
5232:
4242:
1913:'s Foster Creek and Christina Lake developments,
1818:
1215:The oil sands consist of large deposits of extra
554:, and the amount that can be produced depends on
10461:
8370:(Press release). Aspen Institute. 18 March 2009.
7876:"Environmental aspects of oil sands development"
7349:"Oilsands less polluting than EU claims: report"
7023:Jacob, Michael; Hilaire, Jérȏme (January 2015).
6293:. Alberta Department of Energy. 10 February 2014
5304:
3764:
3762:
3760:
3758:
3756:
3754:
3752:
3148:
2064:is about 6.117 gigajoules (1,699 kWh), its
1875:and fortuitously coincided with improvements in
241:times. The earliest known use of bitumen was by
8926:Alberta Government Oil Sands Information Portal
8811:
8026:"Insight: Canada's oil sand battle with Europe"
7383:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
6882:"A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to $ 80 Oil"
5436:. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall. p. 104.
4775:Historical Dictionary of the Petroleum Industry
4609:"The Chemistry of the Alberta Oil Sand Bitumen"
4167:
3993:
3977:The Journals and Letters of Alexander Mackenzie
2908:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2759:Environmental impact of the Athabasca oil sands
2671:Oil sands production forecasts released by the
2191:to separate the lighter fractions. After that,
2172:for emerging heavy, high TAN (acidic) crudes.
868:The Athabaska oil sands, along with the nearby
730:deposits of east northeastern Alberta, and the
8722:
8650:
8648:
8646:
7936:Monitoring Organizations in the Oil Sands Area
7429:
7376:
7279:"Alberta Tar Sands: A North American Overview"
7158:, National Petroleum Council, 2011, p. 22
6934:
6542:
5174:
4736:
2763:Environmental impact of the petroleum industry
2719:fired most of its heavy oil experts after the
2536:Petroleum Administration for Defense Districts
2273:Typically, blended bitumen contains about 30%
738:—and contain approximately 1.75 Tbbl (280
303:peoples had used bitumen from seeps along the
203:and counteract the international price cartel
8947:
8884:, Citizenshift, National Film Board of Canada
8591:. Regional Aquatics Monitoring Program (RAMP)
7541:"Province orders Suncor to address excessive
7521:. Government of Alberta Environment and Water
7499:. Government of Alberta Environment and Water
6821:McElwee, Sean; Daly, Lew (23 December 2013).
6674:
6444:University of Calgary School of Public Policy
6424:
5691:"Petrobank cuts budget on production setback"
5001:"Tar sands: tearing the flesh from the Earth"
4822:. Argonne National Laboratory. Archived from
4655:(Report). Government of Alberta. Winter 2013.
4578:. Government of Alberta. 2007. Archived from
4444:"Tar sands: tearing the flesh from the Earth"
4153:. Government of Alberta. 2007. Archived from
4077:"Oil futures bounce on OPEC deal speculation"
3749:
1807:reduced dust and the oil companies did their
339:Cost of oil sands petroleum-mining operations
117:Significant bitumen deposits are reported in
8704:Ethical Oil: The Case for Canada's Oil Sands
8346:"Alberta Energy: Carbon Capture and Storage"
7902:"Athabasca River water management framework"
7845:"Athabasca river water management framework"
7085:
7022:
6872:
6870:
6514:
6512:
6305:
6140:
6138:
5982:(Report). Ottawa, ON: Government of Canada.
5888:Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering
5427:
5425:
4768:
4766:
4695:. World Energy Council. 2007. Archived from
4319:
3836:"Energy and Greenhouse Gas Emissions (GHG)s"
3171:plan. The mining industry asserts that the
2906:In 2014 results of a study published in the
1841:at Cold Lake since 1985 and is also used by
1803:, which rural governments liked because the
1764:or Mildred Lake Settling Basin (MLSB) is an
784:The largest Canadian oil sands deposit, the
650:. This mountain building process buried the
164:. At room temperature, it is much like cold
153: m), or 70.8%, are in Alberta, Canada.
8699:
8643:
7624:(Report). Pembina Institute. September 2015
6840:
6820:
6642:"Why You Should Short Public Oil Companies"
6485:
6483:
6433:"Pacific Basin Heavy Oil Refining Capacity"
6114:"Tutorial on Upgrading of Oilsands Bitumen"
6036:"Western Canadian Select Heavy Oil blend",
6011:
5719:"Excelsior to test COGD bitumen production"
4929:
4927:
4890:. National Energy Board of Canada. May 2007
4189:
3979:. Cambridge: Hakluyt Society. p. 129.
3778:Canadian International Petroleum Conference
3350:
3269:Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers
3223:
2930:
2729:re-nationalized the Venezuelan oil industry
2673:Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers
2496:List of oil refineries § United States
1988:Combustion Overhead Gravity Drainage (COGD)
1925:
1776:Cold Heavy Oil Production with Sand (CHOPS)
1718:
1425:, and Western Oil Sands Inc. (purchased by
1108:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
894:Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers
478:has been replaced by the petroleum product
8954:
8940:
8514:
7459:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
7319:
6324:
5939:
3401:Alberta College of Physicians and Surgeons
2378:hydrogenation through carbon rejection or
443:for urban heating and lighting. The word "
322:person named Wa-Pa-Su brought a sample to
264:In ancient times, bitumen was primarily a
8491:
8481:
8426:
8420:
7924:
7412:
7402:
7224:
7214:
7054:
6867:
6728:
6670:
6668:
6600:
6582:"Cushing, OK Crude Oil Future Contract 1"
6509:
6135:
6043:
5928:, Technical Publication, 20 November 2013
5914:
5422:
4772:
4763:
4251:
4236:"OPEC : Annual Statistical Bulletin"
3974:
3768:
3641:Alberta's Oil Sands: Opportunity, Balance
3633:
3631:
3629:
2118:
2099:US largely self-sufficient in natural gas
1626:Athabasca oil sands § Surface mining
1128:Learn how and when to remove this message
8403:
8380:
7477:. Wood Buffalo Environmental Association
7435:
7079:
7016:
6960:
6876:
6766:
6760:
6588:. U.S. Energy Information Administration
6480:
5716:
5662:
5275:
5128:
5077:
4924:
4813:
4811:
4603:
4520:
4328:. Education. National Geographic Society
4161:
4044:
3864:Bilkadi, Zayn (November–December 1984).
3606:Pierre-René Bauquis (16 February 2006).
3379:
2781:
2766:
1728:
1635:
1521:
1257:
1194:
988:
916:
834:
817:
550:(OOIP). Oil in place is not necessarily
542:List of countries by proven oil reserves
59:
27:
9874:China National Offshore Oil Corporation
8904:
8850:An aerial look at the Alberta Tar Sands
8427:Lattanzio, Richard K. (14 March 2014).
8348:. Government of Alberta Energy ministry
7978:
7666:
7611:
7436:Visconti, Grace C. (23 February 2014),
7364:"Canada's Tar Sands Battle With Europe"
7320:Carrington, Damian (20 February 2012).
6911:
6700:
6198:
6077:
5688:
4282:
4280:
4278:
4050:
3863:
2752:
2666:
2558:China National Offshore Oil Corporation
2234:China National Offshore Oil Corporation
1937:Vapor Extraction Process (VAPEX) is an
681:This overthrusting also tilted the pre-
674:were similar to the American so-called
566:(SAGD) that can recover a much greater
10462:
9748:Unconventional (oil and gas) reservoir
9507:2020 Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war
8961:
8381:Yadullah, Hussain (27 November 2014).
8084:The oilsands in a decarbonizing Canada
8054:
7672:
6905:
6846:
6814:
6797:
6734:
6706:
6665:
6463:
6311:
5742:
5634:
5431:
5078:Weisbrod, Katelyn (21 November 2021).
4838:
4799:"Secure Fuels from Domestic Resources"
4521:Weisbrod, Katelyn (21 November 2021).
4263:(Report). Alberta Department of Energy
4026:"Canada is betting on climate failure"
3811:
3626:
3610:. World Energy Council. Archived from
2661:2020 Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war
1858:Steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD)
1463:History of the Venezuelan oil industry
1336:and Volga-Urals basins (in and around
1185:History of the Venezuelan oil industry
1031:deposit is south of Athabaska and the
654:layers which underlie most of Alberta
8935:
8900:Extraction of vanadium from oil sands
8151:
8108:
7586:
6986:
6912:Kolbert, Elizabeth (24 August 2015).
6633:
5975:Natural Resources Canada (May 2011).
5498:. BioAge Group, LLC. 16 January 2012.
5383:. Saskatchewan Energy and Mines. 1997
5204:(Press release). Point Noire, Congo:
4808:
4709:
4183:
4097:
3890:
3645:. Government of Alberta. March 2008.
3601:
3599:
3597:
3595:
2628:Investment had been shifting towards
2004:Froth treatment (Athabasca oil sands)
1687:mine was the second to open in 1978,
1577:
40:, Canada, are a very large source of
9879:China National Petroleum Corporation
8769:
8684:from the original on 20 August 2011.
8404:McCarthy, Shawn (17 November 2014).
7908:Environment ministry. Archived from
7789:. Greenpeace Canada. 25 October 2007
7720:Environment ministry. Archived from
7648:Oil sands frequently asked questions
6992:
6966:
6851:. The Globe and Mail. Archived from
6639:
6530:. Canadian Energy Research Institute
6151:. Alberta Energy Regulator. May 2013
6049:
5175:Garcia-Navarro, Lulu (5 July 2016).
5151:
5129:Stillger, Nicole (23 October 2022).
4357:
4275:
4079:. CNCB via Reuters. 16 February 2016
3769:Dusseault, M. B. (12–14 June 2001).
2721:Venezuelan general strike of 2002–03
1899:Japan Canada Oil Sands Ltd's (JACOS)
1525:
1332:. Other deposits are located in the
1106:adding citations to reliable sources
1073:
670:to light oil and natural gas. These
588:—exist in the Canadian provinces of
535:
359:lacking in tidewater access—such as
276:, although it was also found in the
8234:
8055:Brandt, Adam R. (18 January 2011).
8005:. Davidstrahan.com. 8 December 2009
6810:from the original on 30 March 2020.
6735:Dawson, Chester (27 October 2015).
6050:Mohr, Patricia (20 February 2014),
5663:Chandler, Graham (September 2008).
5536:Petrobank Energy and Resources Ltd.
5434:Thermal Recovery of Oil and Bitumen
5289:, 26 September 2014, archived from
3334:U.S. Congressional Research Service
3179:
2935:The Alberta government computes an
2723:, and wound down the production of
2703:rejected the proposal to build the
2112:huge undeveloped shale gas deposits
1901:project, Suncor's Firebag project,
1782:Cold heavy oil production with sand
1711:, the Synenco Energy (now owned by
1282:, with a total of 32 Gbbl (5.1
726:of north northeastern Alberta, the
233:The use of bituminous deposits and
16:Type of unconventional oil deposit
13:
9939:National Iranian South Oil Company
9655:Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin
8692:
6798:Morgan, Geoffrey (27 March 2020).
6620:Canadian Energy Research Institute
6560:Canadian Energy Research Institute
6358:"A better way to move oil by rail"
5097:
5071:
5045:
5019:
4993:
4960:
4712:Peace River proceeding no. 1769924
4650:Alberta Oil Sands Quarterly Update
3592:
3376:rivers upstream of the oil sands.
2740:and China. Low-cost production by
2653:Canadian Energy Research Institute
2500:North American energy independence
1996:
1871:was developed in the 1980s by the
1501:
1429:in 2007) began operation in 2003.
1324:, with the largest deposits being
1011:Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin
771:are suitable for production using
14:
10491:
10407:Intercontinental Exchange Futures
10296:Chicago Bridge & Iron Company
9949:Oil & Gas Development Company
8834:
8812:Alastair Sweeny (12 April 2010).
8635:. 6 February 2009. Archived from
8239:. (Information Handling Services)
7347:Vincent McDermott (11 May 2012).
7025:"Unburnable fossil-fuel reserves"
7003:Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
6967:Dale, Spencer (13 October 2015).
6553:CERI Commodity Report — Crude Oil
6410:Energy Information Administration
6312:Howell, David (21 January 2015).
5788:. Devon, Alberta. 19 January 2016
5635:Cooper, Dave (29 November 2008).
4710:Shawn, Munro (25 November 2013).
4252:Dusseault, Maurice (March 2002).
4168:Dembicki, Geoff (25 April 2011).
4128:. City of Kingston, Ontario. 2007
3713:10.1111/j.1744-7992.2006.310603.x
2034:
1845:at Primrose and Wolf Lake and by
1725:Oil sands tailings ponds (Canada)
1613:
1610:, so it is not often used today.
1253:
578:
573:largest oil reserves in the world
10444:
10443:
8928:Interactive Map and Data Library
8905:Hoffman, Carl (1 October 2009).
8723:Marc Humphries (November 2010).
8666:
8621:
8603:
8581:
8559:
8534:
8515:Weber, Bob (17 September 2010).
8508:
8449:
8397:
8374:
8360:
8338:
8316:
8299:
8289:
8251:
8228:
8207:
8186:
8177:"Climate change plan for Canada"
8169:
8125:
8102:
8074:
8048:
8017:
8003:"Who's afraid of the tar sands?"
7995:
7979:Gardner, Timothy (19 May 2009).
7972:
7950:
7894:
7868:
7854:
7837:
7823:
7801:
7779:
7758:
7736:
7706:
7689:
7673:Mosher, Dave (6 November 2015).
7636:
7560:
7533:
7511:
7489:
7467:
7355:
7340:
7301:
7271:
7241:
7182:
7169:
7143:
6847:Koring, Paul (6 November 2015).
6791:
6767:Williams, Nia (19 August 2015).
6574:
6457:
6398:
6372:
6350:
6280:
6245:
6219:
6192:
6111:
6053:Scotiabank Commodity Price Index
5808:"Appendix VI – Fact Sheets"
5326:, September 2013, archived from
5237:. Alberta Energy. Archived from
5233:Maurice Dusseault (March 2002).
4777:. Scarecrow Press. p. 216.
4773:Vassiliou, M.S. (2 March 2009).
4286:
3432:
2572:The world's largest deposits of
2489:
2478:with a completion date of 2017.
2409:in Alberta which supply most of
2002:This section is an excerpt from
1954:Toe to Heel Air Injection (THAI)
1693:Muskeg River mine (Albian Sands)
1530:
1409:) mine began operation in 1967.
1078:
981:This section is an excerpt from
827:This section is an excerpt from
710:caused the oil to become highly
640:compose most of British Columbia
408:1990 Persian Gulf crisis and war
215:from 2005 to 2017, according to
92:unconventional petroleum deposit
9954:Oil and Natural Gas Corporation
8882:Exploring the Alberta tar sands
8797:. University of Calgary Press.
7773:Alberta oil sands consultations
7519:"Air Quality and the Oil Sands"
6707:Austen, Ian (12 October 2015).
6233:. Platts, McGraw Hill Financial
6163:
6105:
5875:
5861:
5836:
5800:
5717:Chandler, Graham (March 2009).
5710:
5689:Healing, Dan (September 2013).
5682:
5656:
5628:
5606:
5580:
5554:
5524:
5502:
5484:
5462:
5440:
5395:
5370:
5253:
5226:
5212:
5194:
5168:
5145:
5122:
4902:
4888:"Canadian Energy Overview 2007"
4880:
4866:
4855:
4791:
4659:
4597:
4228:
4214:
4118:
4091:
3968:
3937:
3911:
3884:
3567:
2913:polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
2633:steam-assisted gravity drainage
2554:China Petrochemical Corporation
2260:Gulf Coast of the United States
2187:The first step in upgrading is
1869:Steam-assisted gravity drainage
1864:Steam-assisted gravity drainage
1063:steam-assisted gravity drainage
779:steam-assisted gravity drainage
564:steam-assisted gravity drainage
425:
10422:Society of Petroleum Engineers
10193:Port Harcourt Refining Company
9859:Abu Dhabi National Oil Company
8921:Congressional Research Service
8436:Congressional Research Service
8090:. Pembina Institute. p. 2
6464:Luneau, Kate (8 August 2012).
5616:. Petrobank. 22 September 2008
5510:"VAPEX and Solvent Technology"
5220:"The oil sands story: in situ"
5152:Bakx, Kyle (12 October 2023).
4358:Bakx, Kyle (12 October 2023).
3919:"Pechelbronn petroleum museum"
3857:
3719:
3692:
3666:
3524:Steam injection (oil industry)
3484:Organic-rich sedimentary rocks
2314:
2051:Shale gas in the United States
1970:Petrobank Energy and Resources
1825:Steam injection (oil industry)
1819:Cyclic Steam Stimulation (CSS)
1456:
1391:Petroleum production in Canada
975:
965:Canadian Forces Base Cold Lake
766: m), is estimated by the
199:debate but also contribute to
1:
9368:Production sharing agreements
8791:Paul Anthony Chastko (2004).
6993:Dyer, Evan (7 January 2015).
6199:Healing, Dan (3 April 2014).
6025:, Houston, Texas, 1 June 2012
4190:Evans, John (November 2006).
4104:. The Canadian Encyclopedia.
4051:Mouawad, Jad (3 March 2008),
3585:
3366:aromatic polycyclic compounds
3149:Land use and waste management
2876:League of Conservation Voters
2304:Kinder Morgan Energy Partners
2232:, since 2013 wholly owned by
1375:
1199:Panorama of the Orinoco River
1051:10 cu ft) (1.6 trn
1001:Located in northwest-central
963:Much of the oil sands are on
10402:Canadian petroleum companies
10397:American Petroleum Institute
9934:National Iranian Oil Company
9919:Kuwait Petroleum Corporation
8708:. McClelland & Stewart.
8589:"Frequently Asked Questions"
8109:Weber, Bob (24 April 2023).
7598:Clean Air Strategic Alliance
6880:, A. Gary (20 August 2015).
6714:International New York Times
6266:10.1016/j.cattod.2005.08.025
6059:, Scotiabank, archived from
5900:10.1016/j.petrol.2010.11.020
5512:. Oil Sands Developers Group
2567:
2073:asphaltene residue fed to a
1069:
900:
807:
724:Athabasca-Wabiskaw oil sands
7:
10417:International Energy Agency
9402:Enhanced oil recovery (EOR)
7366:. huffington post. Reuters.
6823:Beware of the Carbon Bubble
4006:(Press release). 9 May 2019
3921:(in French). Archived from
3425:
3323:International Energy Agency
3058:/non-methane hydrocarbons (
2547:Petroleum industry in China
2456:Husky Lloydminster Refinery
2400:
2340:
2133:
1384:
1262:Location of Melville Island
923:Meadow Lake Provincial Park
346:International Energy Agency
10:
10496:
10004:PTT Public Company Limited
9605:East Midlands Oil Province
9590:List of natural gas fields
9190:Integrated asset modelling
8700:Ezra Levant (3 May 2011).
7831:"Longest rivers in Canada"
7697:"Environmental Protection"
7497:"Alberta's Oil Sands: Air"
7179:. Cullompton: willan, 2010
6640:Pope, Carl (8 July 2015).
6038:TMX/Shorcan Energy Brokers
5179:. US National Public Radio
4573:"Alberta's Oil Sands 2006"
4289:"Geology of the Oil Sands"
3866:"Bitumen – A History"
3821:. Pembina. 4 October 2017.
3368:, some of which are known
2796:National Petroleum Council
2756:
2544:
2533:
2493:
2363:catalytic purification by
2344:
2224:Canadian Natural Resources
2122:
2044:
2038:
2001:
1861:
1843:Canadian Natural Resources
1822:
1779:
1722:
1697:Canadian Natural Resources
1629:
1623:
1617:
1466:
1460:
1394:
1388:
1212:(21,357 sq mi).
1188:
1182:
1176:
1172:
980:
910:
904:
826:
811:
792:, centered on the city of
752:in them. About 10% of the
708:oil approached the surface
662:effect that converted the
646:above the plains, forming
619:
560:technological developments
539:
505:
501:
451:substance produced by the
348:made similar comparisons.
226:
222:
18:
10439:
10389:
10376:Weatherford International
10255:
10105:
10057:
9909:Iraq National Oil Company
9845:
9802:
9787:
9778:
9663:
9580:
9462:
9348:
9242:
9170:
9113:
9072:
9065:
8987:
8969:
8866:The Canadian Encyclopedia
8235:IHS (21 September 2010).
7177:Global Environmental Harm
6914:"The Weight of the World"
4876:. Rigzone. 29 March 2007.
4101:The Canadian Encyclopedia
3945:"The oil wells of Alsace"
3727:"What Are The Oil Sands?"
3469:Melville Island oil sands
3360:, a limnologist from the
2012:is a process used in the
1668:, sitting on top of flat
1539:This section needs to be
1268:Melville Island oil sands
615:
516:Oil reserves in Venezuela
412:11 September 2001 attacks
102:, and water, soaked with
8891: – video report by
8770:Levi, Michael A (2009).
6948:(Report). Carbon Tracker
6288:"Upgrading and Refining"
6171:"Upgrading and Refining"
4098:Marsh, James H. (1999).
3841:Natural Resources Canada
3560:
3549:World energy consumption
3534:Thermal depolymerization
3351:Aquatic life deformities
3345:Natural Resources Canada
3250:greenhouse gas emissions
3224:Greenhouse gas emissions
3131:Alberta Energy Regulator
2937:Air Quality Health Index
2931:Air pollution management
2677:Alberta Energy Regulator
2606:
2256:Midwestern United States
2062:barrel of oil equivalent
1926:Vapor Extraction (VAPEX)
1815:has become more common.
1742:Oil sands tailings ponds
1719:Oil sands tailings ponds
1674:Great Canadian Oil Sands
1427:Marathon Oil Corporation
1403:Great Canadian Oil Sands
1142:Eastern Venezuelan Basin
890:Alberta Energy Regulator
756:, or 173 Gbbl (27.5
716:sand-silt-shale deposits
704:microbial biodegradation
628:Canadian Rocky Mountains
453:destructive distillation
400:Arab oil embargo of 1973
217:Natural Resources Canada
213:greenhouse gas emissions
174:heavy or extra-heavy oil
106:, a dense and extremely
19:Not to be confused with
10427:World Petroleum Council
10301:China Oilfield Services
9358:Petroleum fiscal regime
9057:Western Canadian Select
9052:West Texas Intermediate
8877:photo story and aerials
8861:G.R. Gray, R. Luhning:
8818:. John Wiley and Sons.
8483:10.1073/pnas.0912050106
7619:Odour issues in Alberta
7475:"Continuous Monitoring"
7404:10.1073/pnas.1319780111
7216:10.1073/pnas.1008754107
6747:Dow Jones & Company
6742:The Wall Street Journal
6466:"Our Chinese oil sands"
6360:. Pacific Future Energy
6180:. Government of Alberta
6123:. University of Alberta
4851:. Rigzone. Summer 2006.
4198:: 18–36. Archived from
3891:Hirst, K. Kris (2009).
3408:Royal Society of Canada
3116:In September 2015, the
2888:Energy Action Coalition
2860:Climate Reality Project
2621:West Texas Intermediate
2540:
2522:Western Canadian Select
2504:Western Canadian Select
2388:catalytic hydrocracking
2380:catalytic hydrocracking
2174:Western Canadian Select
2154:Western Canadian Select
2010:Bitumen froth treatment
1980:lining the lower pipe.
1837:CSS has been in use by
1709:Kearl Oil Sands Project
1594:and techniques such as
1272:Canadian Arctic islands
864:Trans Mountain pipeline
556:technological evolution
369:West Texas Intermediate
361:Western Canadian Select
54:Western Canadian Select
9904:Indian Oil Corporation
9390:Submersible pump (ESP)
9335:Underbalanced drilling
9156:of gasoline and diesel
7677:. Business Insider Inc
7442:, Scarborough, Ontario
7351:. Fort McMurray Today.
7255:. 2011. Archived from
5786:CanmetENERGY via NRCan
5432:Butler, Roger (1991).
4671:Premium Petroleum Corp
4196:Chemistry and Industry
3454:Beaver River sandstone
2791:
2779:
2326:natural gas condensate
2275:natural gas condensate
2119:Upgrading and blending
1791:more oil to reach the
1772:in the world in 2001.
1738:
1699:Ltd (CNRL) opened its
1645:
1263:
1200:
998:
926:
921:Cold Lake viewed from
839:
823:
794:Fort McMurray, Alberta
568:percentage of the OOIP
512:Oil reserves in Canada
439:of the manufacture of
268:commodity used by the
162:natural-gas condensate
72:
57:
10281:Cameron International
9723:Petrodollar recycling
9706:fossil fuel phase-out
9269:Differential sticking
9222:Reflection seismology
9195:Petroleum engineering
9037:OPEC Reference Basket
8657:by Claudia Cattaneo,
8260:Nature Climate Change
8222:National Energy Board
7906:Government of Alberta
7864:. Environment Canada.
7862:"Typical river flows"
7833:. Environment Canada.
7718:Government of Alberta
5324:Government of Alberta
5317:"Fact Sheet Tailings"
5263:. Westernoilsands.com
4910:"Fort Hills Oilsands"
4616:University of Alberta
4399:– via CBC News.
4151:"Alberta's oil sands"
4030:The National Observer
3701:Oil and Energy Trends
3494:Peace River oil sands
3380:Public health impacts
3362:University of Alberta
3308:enhanced oil recovery
2785:
2777:
2681:National Energy Board
2589:National Energy Board
2529:National Energy Board
2405:There are four major
2262:, as well as many in
2107:Canadian Constitution
2041:Natural gas in Canada
1762:Syncrude Tailings Dam
1732:
1639:
1522:Methods of extraction
1516:Republic of the Congo
1261:
1198:
1007:Peace River oil sands
992:
983:Peace River oil sands
920:
838:
821:
768:government of Alberta
666:in the deeply buried
660:giant pressure cooker
416:2003 invasion of Iraq
284:. The area along the
63:
31:
10178:Occidental Petroleum
9492:1990 oil price shock
9318:Shale oil extraction
9291:Drilling engineering
9274:Directional drilling
9200:Reservoir simulation
8855:8 March 2009 at the
8729:. DIANE Publishing.
8546:www.ramp-alberta.org
8408:. The Globe and Mail
8280:10.1038/nclimate1421
7938:. Environment Canada
7724:on 25 September 2014
7594:"Exceedance Reports"
7105:Macmillan Publishers
7039:Macmillan Publishers
6969:New Economics of Oil
6468:. Maclean's Magazine
6336:North West Upgrading
6320:. Edmonton, Alberta.
5642:The Edmonton Journal
3819:"The Real GHG trend"
3338:Keystone XL pipeline
3264:emissions per year.
2753:Environmental issues
2705:Keystone XL pipeline
2667:Production forecasts
2373:hydrodenitrogenation
2369:hydrodesulfurization
2365:hydrodemetallisation
2095:hydraulic fracturing
1890:economic feasibility
1877:directional drilling
1495:economy of Venezuela
1238:US Geological Survey
1102:improve this section
1041:World Energy Council
636:North American Plate
324:Hudson's Bay Company
311:to waterproof their
10326:Naftiran Intertrade
10271:Amec Foster Wheeler
10198:Reliance Industries
10087:Naftiran Intertrade
9899:Hindustan Petroleum
9497:2000s energy crisis
8639:on 9 February 2009.
8474:2009PNAS..10622346K
8468:(52): 22346–22351.
8272:2012NatCC...2..134S
7960:. CBC. 9 March 2011
7882:on 11 December 2008
7395:2014PNAS..111.3344P
7207:2010PNAS..10716178K
7121:10.1038/nature14016
7113:2015Natur.517..187M
7047:2015Natur.517..150J
6440:SPP Research Papers
5665:"What lies beneath"
5084:Inside Climate News
4949:on 25 February 2014
4826:on 4 September 2014
4724:on 23 February 2014
4673:. 19 September 2007
4585:on 27 February 2008
4527:Inside Climate News
4326:National Geographic
3680:on 4 September 2014
3459:Cold Lake oil sands
3449:Athabasca oil sands
3395:among residents of
3238:Stanford University
2637:synthetic crude oil
2518:benchmark crude oil
2466:and other products.
2436:Strathcona Refinery
2287:liquid cargo barges
2189:vacuum distillation
2176:(WCS) is traded at
2055:Shale gas in Canada
2014:Athabasca oil sands
1917:' Surmont project,
1650:Athabasca oil sands
1596:horizontal drilling
1588:petroleum reservoir
1423:Chevron Corporation
1037:Petroleum Economist
1029:Cold Lake oil sands
1025:Athabasca oil sands
995:Athabasca oil sands
950:Bonnyville, Alberta
907:Cold Lake oil sands
844:Athabasca oil sands
829:Athabasca oil sands
786:Athabasca oil sands
668:organic-rich shales
383:and/or refineries.
332:Alexander MacKenzie
64:Tar sandstone from
34:Athabasca oil sands
10480:Petroleum industry
10173:Marathon Petroleum
9595:List of oil fields
9205:Reservoir modeling
8963:Petroleum industry
8680:. 19 August 2011.
8139:on 14 January 2012
7766:"Land reclamation"
7654:on 18 October 2017
7574:on 3 February 2015
7259:on 25 October 2007
6855:on 20 January 2016
6066:on 8 December 2014
5696:The Calgary Herald
5532:"The THAI Process"
5496:Green Car Congress
5033:. 22 November 2021
4820:"Tar sands basics"
4699:on 24 August 2010.
4476:. 22 November 2021
3956:. 23 February 1880
3953:The New York Times
3870:Saudi Aramco World
3799:on 24 October 2011
3731:Canada's Oil Sands
3499:Petroleum industry
3358:David W. Schindler
3327:emissions of China
3313:In November 2014,
3273:Environment Canada
3032:particulate matter
2892:Jacobs Consultancy
2792:
2780:
2738:European Community
2470:The $ 8.5 billion
2415:petroleum products
2081:will be used by a
1739:
1656:covered by little
1646:
1578:Primary production
1493:By 2016, with the
1264:
1201:
1164:In Venezuela, the
999:
967:. CFB Cold Lake's
927:
874:Cold Lake deposits
856:unconventional oil
840:
824:
790:McMurray Formation
748: m) of crude
644:raised the Rockies
634:overthrusting the
474:as a material for
404:Iranian Revolution
193:unconventional oil
73:
58:
10475:Petroleum geology
10457:
10456:
10435:
10434:
10321:Nabors Industries
10251:
10250:
9449:Well intervention
9424:Petroleum product
9323:Ljungström method
9227:Seismic inversion
9212:Petroleum geology
9166:
9165:
8911:Popular Mechanics
8825:978-0-470-16138-8
8804:978-1-55238-124-3
8759:978-1-55365-555-8
8736:978-1-4379-3807-4
8715:978-0-7710-4643-8
8663:, March 24, 2014.
8201:Pembina Institute
7850:. 2 October 2007.
7787:"Water depletion"
7289:on 30 August 2011
7253:Greenpeace Canada
6779:on 21 August 2015
6386:. 10 October 2013
6332:"Company Profile"
6205:calgaryherald.com
6178:energy.alberta.ca
5999:on 3 October 2013
5989:978-1-100-16436-6
5782:"Froth Treatment"
5757:10.1021/ef4016697
5751:(12): 7199–7207.
5542:on 28 August 2008
4846:"HeavyOil Russia"
4391:. 1 February 2024
4157:on 10 April 2008.
3986:978-0-521-01034-4
3674:"About Tar Sands"
3652:978-0-7785-7348-7
3544:Wabasca oil field
3267:According to the
3118:Pembina Institute
2964:), total reduced
2864:Pembina Institute
2788:Keystone Pipeline
2775:
2625:Cushing, Oklahoma
2476:Fort Saskatchewan
2472:Sturgeon Refinery
2446:Scotford Upgrader
2289:, or ocean-going
2248:Scotford, Alberta
2244:Scotford Upgrader
2178:Cushing, Oklahoma
1944:energy efficiency
1701:Horizon Oil Sands
1642:Earth Observatory
1560:
1559:
1506:In May 2008, the
1179:Orinoco oil sands
1146:Orinoco oil sands
1138:
1137:
1130:
1033:Wabasco oil sands
814:Wabasca oil sands
536:Size of resources
508:Petroleum Geology
309:Clearwater Rivers
197:unburnable carbon
10487:
10470:Bituminous sands
10447:
10446:
10148:Hess Corporation
9869:Bharat Petroleum
9800:
9799:
9785:
9784:
9472:1967 Oil Embargo
9308:Lost circulation
9146:Posted oil price
9070:
9069:
9027:Isthmus-34 Light
8956:
8949:
8942:
8933:
8932:
8914:
8875:Alberta Oilsands
8846:Edward Burtynsky
8829:
8808:
8787:
8766:
8751:
8740:
8719:
8707:
8686:
8685:
8670:
8664:
8652:
8641:
8640:
8625:
8619:
8618:
8607:
8601:
8600:
8598:
8596:
8585:
8579:
8578:
8576:
8574:
8563:
8557:
8556:
8554:
8552:
8538:
8532:
8531:
8529:
8527:
8512:
8506:
8505:
8495:
8485:
8453:
8447:
8446:
8444:
8442:
8433:
8424:
8418:
8417:
8415:
8413:
8401:
8395:
8394:
8392:
8390:
8378:
8372:
8371:
8364:
8358:
8357:
8355:
8353:
8342:
8336:
8335:
8333:
8331:
8320:
8314:
8313:
8311:
8303:
8297:
8293:
8287:
8283:
8255:
8249:
8248:
8246:
8244:
8232:
8226:
8225:
8219:
8211:
8205:
8204:
8198:
8190:
8184:
8183:
8182:. November 2002.
8181:
8173:
8167:
8166:
8155:
8149:
8148:
8146:
8144:
8133:"Climate change"
8129:
8123:
8122:
8120:
8118:
8106:
8100:
8099:
8097:
8095:
8089:
8078:
8072:
8071:
8069:
8067:
8061:
8052:
8046:
8045:
8043:
8041:
8032:. Archived from
8021:
8015:
8014:
8012:
8010:
7999:
7993:
7992:
7990:
7988:
7976:
7970:
7969:
7967:
7965:
7954:
7948:
7947:
7945:
7943:
7928:
7922:
7921:
7919:
7917:
7898:
7892:
7891:
7889:
7887:
7872:
7866:
7865:
7858:
7852:
7851:
7849:
7841:
7835:
7834:
7827:
7821:
7820:
7818:
7816:
7805:
7799:
7798:
7796:
7794:
7783:
7777:
7776:
7770:
7762:
7756:
7755:
7753:
7751:
7740:
7734:
7733:
7731:
7729:
7710:
7704:
7703:
7701:
7693:
7687:
7686:
7684:
7682:
7670:
7664:
7663:
7661:
7659:
7640:
7634:
7633:
7631:
7629:
7623:
7615:
7609:
7608:
7606:
7604:
7590:
7584:
7583:
7581:
7579:
7570:. Archived from
7564:
7558:
7557:
7553:
7551:
7550:
7537:
7531:
7530:
7528:
7526:
7515:
7509:
7508:
7506:
7504:
7493:
7487:
7486:
7484:
7482:
7471:
7465:
7464:
7458:
7450:
7449:
7447:
7433:
7427:
7426:
7416:
7406:
7389:(9): 3344–3349.
7374:
7368:
7367:
7359:
7353:
7352:
7344:
7338:
7337:
7335:
7333:
7317:
7311:
7305:
7299:
7298:
7296:
7294:
7285:. Archived from
7275:
7269:
7268:
7266:
7264:
7245:
7239:
7238:
7228:
7218:
7201:(37): 16178–83.
7186:
7180:
7173:
7167:
7166:
7165:
7163:
7157:
7147:
7141:
7140:
7092:
7083:
7077:
7076:
7058:
7020:
7014:
7013:
7011:
7009:
6990:
6984:
6983:
6981:
6979:
6973:
6964:
6958:
6957:
6955:
6953:
6941:
6932:
6931:
6929:
6927:
6909:
6903:
6902:
6900:
6898:
6874:
6865:
6864:
6862:
6860:
6844:
6838:
6837:
6835:
6833:
6818:
6812:
6811:
6795:
6789:
6788:
6786:
6784:
6775:. Archived from
6764:
6758:
6757:
6755:
6753:
6732:
6726:
6725:
6723:
6721:
6704:
6698:
6697:
6695:
6693:
6672:
6663:
6662:
6660:
6658:
6637:
6631:
6630:
6628:
6626:
6613:
6604:
6598:
6597:
6595:
6593:
6578:
6572:
6571:
6569:
6567:
6557:
6549:
6540:
6539:
6537:
6535:
6525:
6516:
6507:
6506:
6504:
6502:
6487:
6478:
6477:
6475:
6473:
6461:
6455:
6454:
6452:
6450:
6437:
6428:
6422:
6421:
6419:
6417:
6402:
6396:
6395:
6393:
6391:
6376:
6370:
6369:
6367:
6365:
6354:
6348:
6347:
6345:
6343:
6328:
6322:
6321:
6318:Edmonton Journal
6309:
6303:
6302:
6300:
6298:
6292:
6284:
6278:
6277:
6249:
6243:
6242:
6240:
6238:
6223:
6217:
6216:
6214:
6212:
6207:. Calgary Herald
6196:
6190:
6189:
6187:
6185:
6175:
6167:
6161:
6160:
6158:
6156:
6150:
6142:
6133:
6132:
6130:
6128:
6118:
6109:
6103:
6102:
6101:
6099:
6089:
6081:
6075:
6074:
6073:
6071:
6065:
6058:
6047:
6041:
6040:
6033:
6027:
6026:
6015:
6009:
6008:
6006:
6004:
5998:
5992:. Archived from
5981:
5972:
5966:
5965:
5964:
5962:
5943:
5937:
5936:
5935:
5933:
5918:
5912:
5911:
5879:
5873:
5872:
5865:
5859:
5858:
5856:
5854:
5848:
5840:
5834:
5833:
5831:
5829:
5823:
5812:
5804:
5798:
5797:
5795:
5793:
5778:
5769:
5768:
5745:Energy and Fuels
5740:
5734:
5733:
5731:
5729:
5714:
5708:
5707:
5705:
5703:
5686:
5680:
5679:
5677:
5675:
5660:
5654:
5653:
5651:
5649:
5632:
5626:
5625:
5623:
5621:
5610:
5604:
5603:
5601:
5599:
5584:
5578:
5577:
5575:
5573:
5568:. 27 August 2007
5558:
5552:
5551:
5549:
5547:
5528:
5522:
5521:
5519:
5517:
5506:
5500:
5499:
5488:
5482:
5481:
5479:
5477:
5466:
5460:
5459:
5457:
5455:
5444:
5438:
5437:
5429:
5420:
5419:
5416:10.2118/18752-MS
5399:
5393:
5392:
5390:
5388:
5382:
5374:
5368:
5367:
5366:
5364:
5358:
5348:
5342:
5341:
5340:
5338:
5333:on 25 March 2014
5332:
5321:
5313:
5302:
5301:
5300:
5298:
5293:on 29 March 2015
5279:
5273:
5272:
5270:
5268:
5257:
5251:
5250:
5248:
5246:
5241:on 29 March 2008
5230:
5224:
5223:
5216:
5210:
5209:
5198:
5192:
5191:
5186:
5184:
5172:
5166:
5165:
5163:
5161:
5149:
5143:
5142:
5140:
5138:
5126:
5120:
5119:
5117:
5115:
5101:
5095:
5094:
5092:
5090:
5075:
5069:
5068:
5066:
5064:
5049:
5043:
5042:
5040:
5038:
5023:
5017:
5016:
5014:
5012:
5007:. 18 August 2009
5005:theecologist.org
4997:
4991:
4990:
4988:
4986:
4974:. 22 June 2021.
4964:
4958:
4957:
4956:
4954:
4948:
4941:
4931:
4922:
4921:
4919:
4917:
4906:
4900:
4899:
4897:
4895:
4884:
4878:
4877:
4870:
4864:
4863:
4859:
4853:
4852:
4850:
4842:
4836:
4835:
4833:
4831:
4815:
4806:
4805:
4803:
4795:
4789:
4788:
4770:
4761:
4760:
4758:
4756:
4750:
4740:
4734:
4733:
4731:
4729:
4723:
4716:
4707:
4701:
4700:
4689:
4683:
4682:
4680:
4678:
4663:
4657:
4656:
4654:
4646:
4635:
4634:
4632:
4630:
4624:
4618:. Archived from
4613:
4601:
4595:
4594:
4592:
4590:
4584:
4577:
4569:
4563:
4562:
4560:
4558:
4544:
4538:
4537:
4535:
4533:
4518:
4512:
4511:
4509:
4507:
4492:
4486:
4485:
4483:
4481:
4466:
4460:
4459:
4457:
4455:
4450:. 18 August 2009
4448:theecologist.org
4440:
4434:
4433:
4431:
4429:
4417:. 22 June 2021.
4407:
4401:
4400:
4398:
4396:
4381:
4375:
4374:
4372:
4370:
4355:
4338:
4337:
4335:
4333:
4317:
4311:
4310:
4308:
4306:
4300:
4293:
4284:
4273:
4272:
4270:
4268:
4258:
4249:
4240:
4239:
4232:
4226:
4225:
4218:
4212:
4211:
4209:
4207:
4187:
4181:
4180:
4178:
4176:
4165:
4159:
4158:
4147:
4138:
4137:
4135:
4133:
4122:
4116:
4115:
4095:
4089:
4088:
4086:
4084:
4073:
4067:
4066:
4065:
4063:
4048:
4042:
4041:
4039:
4037:
4022:
4016:
4015:
4013:
4011:
4000:
3991:
3990:
3972:
3966:
3965:
3963:
3961:
3949:
3941:
3935:
3934:
3932:
3930:
3925:on 12 March 2012
3915:
3909:
3908:
3906:
3904:
3888:
3882:
3881:
3879:
3877:
3861:
3855:
3854:
3852:
3850:
3845:. 6 October 2017
3832:
3823:
3822:
3815:
3809:
3808:
3806:
3804:
3798:
3792:. Archived from
3790:10.2118/2001-061
3784:. Vol. 61.
3775:
3766:
3747:
3746:
3740:
3738:
3723:
3717:
3716:
3707:(6): 3–5. 2006.
3696:
3690:
3689:
3687:
3685:
3676:. Archived from
3670:
3664:
3663:
3661:
3659:
3644:
3635:
3624:
3623:
3621:
3619:
3603:
3579:
3571:
3554:Asphalt concrete
3474:Oil megaprojects
3442:
3437:
3436:
3294:
3293:
3263:
3262:
3261:
3242:carbon-intensive
3204:
3203:
3194:
3193:
3180:Water management
3166:
3165:
3161:
3144:
3143:
3142:
3112:
3110:
3109:
3095:
3093:
3092:
3082:
3080:
3079:
3069:
3068:
3067:
3049:
3048:
3047:
3029:
3028:
3027:
3003:
3002:
3001:
2990:nitrogen dioxide
2983:
2982:
2981:
2963:
2961:
2960:
2949:hydrogen sulfide
2776:
2142:Upon reaching a
1964:greenhouse gases
1809:road maintenance
1746:naphthenic acids
1555:
1552:
1546:
1534:
1533:
1526:
1368:
1367:
1358:
1357:
1288:
1287:
1246:
1245:
1225:
1224:
1133:
1126:
1122:
1119:
1113:
1082:
1074:
1050:
762:
761:
744:
743:
656:to a great depth
652:sedimentary rock
457:organic material
290:Euphrates rivers
149:
148:
139:
138:
90:, are a type of
88:bituminous sands
10495:
10494:
10490:
10489:
10488:
10486:
10485:
10484:
10460:
10459:
10458:
10453:
10431:
10385:
10381:John Wood Group
10371:Valaris Limited
10264:
10261:
10258:
10247:
10113:APA Corporation
10101:
10053:
9852:
9849:
9841:
9796:
9793:
9790:
9780:
9774:
9675:Classification
9659:
9582:
9576:
9512:Nationalization
9482:1979 oil crisis
9477:1973 oil crisis
9458:
9444:Water injection
9412:Steam injection
9407:Gas reinjection
9375:Artificial lift
9344:
9286:Drill stem test
9238:
9162:
9109:
9061:
8983:
8965:
8960:
8857:Wayback Machine
8837:
8832:
8826:
8805:
8784:
8760:
8737:
8716:
8695:
8693:Further reading
8690:
8689:
8672:
8671:
8667:
8653:
8644:
8627:
8626:
8622:
8617:. 3 April 2007.
8609:
8608:
8604:
8594:
8592:
8587:
8586:
8582:
8572:
8570:
8565:
8564:
8560:
8550:
8548:
8540:
8539:
8535:
8525:
8523:
8513:
8509:
8454:
8450:
8440:
8438:
8431:
8425:
8421:
8411:
8409:
8402:
8398:
8388:
8386:
8385:. National Post
8379:
8375:
8366:
8365:
8361:
8351:
8349:
8344:
8343:
8339:
8329:
8327:
8322:
8321:
8317:
8309:
8305:
8304:
8300:
8294:
8290:
8256:
8252:
8242:
8240:
8233:
8229:
8217:
8213:
8212:
8208:
8196:
8192:
8191:
8187:
8179:
8175:
8174:
8170:
8157:
8156:
8152:
8142:
8140:
8131:
8130:
8126:
8116:
8114:
8107:
8103:
8093:
8091:
8087:
8079:
8075:
8065:
8063:
8059:
8053:
8049:
8039:
8037:
8036:on 30 June 2016
8022:
8018:
8008:
8006:
8001:
8000:
7996:
7986:
7984:
7977:
7973:
7963:
7961:
7956:
7955:
7951:
7941:
7939:
7930:
7929:
7925:
7915:
7913:
7900:
7899:
7895:
7885:
7883:
7874:
7873:
7869:
7860:
7859:
7855:
7847:
7843:
7842:
7838:
7829:
7828:
7824:
7814:
7812:
7807:
7806:
7802:
7792:
7790:
7785:
7784:
7780:
7768:
7764:
7763:
7759:
7749:
7747:
7742:
7741:
7737:
7727:
7725:
7712:
7711:
7707:
7699:
7695:
7694:
7690:
7680:
7678:
7671:
7667:
7657:
7655:
7642:
7641:
7637:
7627:
7625:
7621:
7617:
7616:
7612:
7602:
7600:
7592:
7591:
7587:
7577:
7575:
7566:
7565:
7561:
7549:
7546:
7545:
7544:
7542:
7539:
7538:
7534:
7524:
7522:
7517:
7516:
7512:
7502:
7500:
7495:
7494:
7490:
7480:
7478:
7473:
7472:
7468:
7452:
7451:
7445:
7443:
7434:
7430:
7375:
7371:
7360:
7356:
7345:
7341:
7331:
7329:
7318:
7314:
7306:
7302:
7292:
7290:
7277:
7276:
7272:
7262:
7260:
7247:
7246:
7242:
7187:
7183:
7174:
7170:
7161:
7159:
7155:
7149:
7148:
7144:
7090:
7084:
7080:
7056:10.1038/517150a
7021:
7017:
7007:
7005:
6991:
6987:
6977:
6975:
6971:
6965:
6961:
6951:
6949:
6942:
6935:
6925:
6923:
6910:
6906:
6896:
6894:
6875:
6868:
6858:
6856:
6845:
6841:
6831:
6829:
6819:
6815:
6796:
6792:
6782:
6780:
6765:
6761:
6751:
6749:
6733:
6729:
6719:
6717:
6705:
6701:
6691:
6689:
6673:
6666:
6656:
6654:
6638:
6634:
6624:
6622:
6611:
6605:
6601:
6591:
6589:
6580:
6579:
6575:
6565:
6563:
6555:
6551:
6550:
6543:
6533:
6531:
6523:
6517:
6510:
6500:
6498:
6489:
6488:
6481:
6471:
6469:
6462:
6458:
6448:
6446:
6435:
6429:
6425:
6415:
6413:
6412:. 29 April 2014
6404:
6403:
6399:
6389:
6387:
6378:
6377:
6373:
6363:
6361:
6356:
6355:
6351:
6341:
6339:
6330:
6329:
6325:
6310:
6306:
6296:
6294:
6290:
6286:
6285:
6281:
6254:Catalysis Today
6250:
6246:
6236:
6234:
6225:
6224:
6220:
6210:
6208:
6197:
6193:
6183:
6181:
6173:
6169:
6168:
6164:
6154:
6152:
6148:
6144:
6143:
6136:
6126:
6124:
6116:
6110:
6106:
6097:
6095:
6087:
6083:
6082:
6078:
6069:
6067:
6063:
6056:
6048:
6044:
6035:
6034:
6030:
6017:
6016:
6012:
6002:
6000:
5996:
5990:
5979:
5973:
5969:
5960:
5958:
5957:on 2 April 2015
5945:
5944:
5940:
5931:
5929:
5920:
5919:
5915:
5880:
5876:
5867:
5866:
5862:
5852:
5850:
5846:
5842:
5841:
5837:
5827:
5825:
5824:on 7 March 2007
5821:
5810:
5806:
5805:
5801:
5791:
5789:
5780:
5779:
5772:
5741:
5737:
5727:
5725:
5715:
5711:
5701:
5699:
5687:
5683:
5673:
5671:
5661:
5657:
5647:
5645:
5633:
5629:
5619:
5617:
5612:
5611:
5607:
5597:
5595:
5594:. 18 March 2009
5586:
5585:
5581:
5571:
5569:
5560:
5559:
5555:
5545:
5543:
5530:
5529:
5525:
5515:
5513:
5508:
5507:
5503:
5490:
5489:
5485:
5475:
5473:
5468:
5467:
5463:
5453:
5451:
5446:
5445:
5441:
5430:
5423:
5400:
5396:
5386:
5384:
5380:
5376:
5375:
5371:
5362:
5360:
5356:
5350:
5349:
5345:
5336:
5334:
5330:
5319:
5315:
5314:
5305:
5296:
5294:
5281:
5280:
5276:
5266:
5264:
5261:"Jackpine mine"
5259:
5258:
5254:
5244:
5242:
5231:
5227:
5218:
5217:
5213:
5200:
5199:
5195:
5182:
5180:
5173:
5169:
5159:
5157:
5150:
5146:
5136:
5134:
5127:
5123:
5113:
5111:
5103:
5102:
5098:
5088:
5086:
5076:
5072:
5062:
5060:
5051:
5050:
5046:
5036:
5034:
5025:
5024:
5020:
5010:
5008:
4999:
4998:
4994:
4984:
4982:
4966:
4965:
4961:
4952:
4950:
4946:
4939:
4933:
4932:
4925:
4915:
4913:
4908:
4907:
4903:
4893:
4891:
4886:
4885:
4881:
4872:
4871:
4867:
4861:
4860:
4856:
4848:
4844:
4843:
4839:
4829:
4827:
4816:
4809:
4801:
4797:
4796:
4792:
4785:
4771:
4764:
4754:
4752:
4748:
4741:
4737:
4727:
4725:
4721:
4714:
4708:
4704:
4691:
4690:
4686:
4676:
4674:
4665:
4664:
4660:
4652:
4648:
4647:
4638:
4628:
4626:
4622:
4611:
4602:
4598:
4588:
4586:
4582:
4575:
4571:
4570:
4566:
4556:
4554:
4546:
4545:
4541:
4531:
4529:
4519:
4515:
4505:
4503:
4494:
4493:
4489:
4479:
4477:
4468:
4467:
4463:
4453:
4451:
4442:
4441:
4437:
4427:
4425:
4409:
4408:
4404:
4394:
4392:
4383:
4382:
4378:
4368:
4366:
4356:
4341:
4331:
4329:
4318:
4314:
4304:
4302:
4298:
4291:
4285:
4276:
4266:
4264:
4256:
4250:
4243:
4234:
4233:
4229:
4220:
4219:
4215:
4205:
4203:
4188:
4184:
4174:
4172:
4166:
4162:
4149:
4148:
4141:
4131:
4129:
4124:
4123:
4119:
4112:
4096:
4092:
4082:
4080:
4075:
4074:
4070:
4061:
4059:
4049:
4045:
4035:
4033:
4024:
4023:
4019:
4009:
4007:
4002:
4001:
3994:
3987:
3973:
3969:
3959:
3957:
3947:
3943:
3942:
3938:
3928:
3926:
3917:
3916:
3912:
3902:
3900:
3889:
3885:
3875:
3873:
3862:
3858:
3848:
3846:
3834:
3833:
3826:
3817:
3816:
3812:
3802:
3800:
3796:
3773:
3767:
3750:
3736:
3734:
3725:
3724:
3720:
3698:
3697:
3693:
3683:
3681:
3672:
3671:
3667:
3657:
3655:
3653:
3637:
3636:
3627:
3617:
3615:
3614:on 2 April 2007
3604:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3582:
3572:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3504:Project Oilsand
3438:
3431:
3428:
3382:
3353:
3319:chief economist
3291:
3289:
3260:
3257:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3226:
3201:
3199:
3198: m/a (12.3
3191:
3189:
3182:
3163:
3159:
3158:
3151:
3141:
3138:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3108:
3105:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3091:
3088:
3087:
3086:
3084:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3066:
3063:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3046:
3043:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3026:
3023:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3013:
3006:nitrogen oxides
3000:
2997:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2980:
2977:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2959:
2956:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2945:carbon monoxide
2933:
2767:
2765:
2755:
2669:
2644:producing one.
2616:. The price of
2609:
2578:heavy crude oil
2570:
2549:
2543:
2538:
2506:
2492:
2454:, operates the
2403:
2395:hydroprocessing
2353:crude feedstock
2349:
2343:
2335:economic crisis
2317:
2201:desulfurization
2136:
2127:
2121:
2057:
2043:
2037:
2032:
2031:
2007:
1999:
1997:Froth treatment
1990:
1956:
1928:
1866:
1860:
1827:
1821:
1784:
1778:
1770:earth structure
1727:
1721:
1685:Syncrude Canada
1634:
1628:
1622:
1616:
1592:artificial lift
1580:
1572:open-pit mining
1556:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1535:
1531:
1524:
1504:
1502:Other countries
1471:
1465:
1459:
1399:
1393:
1387:
1378:
1365:
1363:
1355:
1353:
1343:In Madagascar,
1285:
1283:
1256:
1243:
1241:
1222:
1220:
1193:
1187:
1181:
1175:
1134:
1123:
1117:
1114:
1099:
1083:
1072:
1067:
1066:
1048:
986:
978:
915:
909:
903:
898:
897:
832:
816:
810:
759:
757:
741:
739:
695:Canadian Shield
648:mountain ranges
624:
618:
581:
544:
538:
518:
504:
470:as a fuel, and
428:
357:sour crude oils
341:
299:In Canada, the
231:
225:
201:energy security
158:light crude oil
146:
144:
136:
134:
50:synthetic crude
44:, which can be
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
10493:
10483:
10482:
10477:
10472:
10455:
10454:
10452:
10451:
10440:
10437:
10436:
10433:
10432:
10430:
10429:
10424:
10419:
10414:
10409:
10404:
10399:
10393:
10391:
10387:
10386:
10384:
10383:
10378:
10373:
10368:
10363:
10358:
10353:
10348:
10343:
10338:
10333:
10328:
10323:
10318:
10313:
10308:
10303:
10298:
10293:
10288:
10283:
10278:
10273:
10267:
10265:
10256:
10253:
10252:
10249:
10248:
10246:
10245:
10240:
10235:
10230:
10225:
10220:
10218:Surgutneftegas
10215:
10210:
10205:
10200:
10195:
10190:
10185:
10180:
10175:
10170:
10165:
10160:
10155:
10150:
10145:
10140:
10138:Eneos Holdings
10135:
10130:
10128:ConocoPhillips
10125:
10120:
10118:Cenovus Energy
10115:
10109:
10107:
10103:
10102:
10100:
10099:
10094:
10089:
10084:
10079:
10074:
10069:
10063:
10061:
10059:Energy trading
10055:
10054:
10052:
10051:
10046:
10041:
10036:
10031:
10026:
10021:
10016:
10011:
10006:
10001:
9996:
9991:
9986:
9981:
9976:
9971:
9966:
9961:
9956:
9951:
9946:
9941:
9936:
9931:
9926:
9921:
9916:
9911:
9906:
9901:
9896:
9891:
9886:
9881:
9876:
9871:
9866:
9861:
9855:
9853:
9846:
9843:
9842:
9840:
9839:
9834:
9829:
9824:
9819:
9814:
9808:
9806:
9797:
9788:
9782:
9776:
9775:
9773:
9772:
9771:
9770:
9765:
9760:
9755:
9745:
9743:Swing producer
9740:
9735:
9730:
9725:
9720:
9715:
9714:
9713:
9708:
9698:
9693:
9688:
9687:
9686:
9681:
9673:
9667:
9665:
9661:
9660:
9658:
9657:
9652:
9647:
9642:
9637:
9632:
9627:
9622:
9617:
9615:Gulf of Mexico
9612:
9607:
9602:
9597:
9592:
9586:
9584:
9578:
9577:
9575:
9574:
9569:
9564:
9559:
9554:
9549:
9544:
9539:
9534:
9529:
9524:
9519:
9514:
9509:
9504:
9502:2010s oil glut
9499:
9494:
9489:
9487:1980s oil glut
9484:
9479:
9474:
9468:
9466:
9460:
9459:
9457:
9456:
9451:
9446:
9441:
9436:
9431:
9426:
9421:
9416:
9415:
9414:
9409:
9399:
9394:
9393:
9392:
9387:
9382:
9372:
9371:
9370:
9365:
9354:
9352:
9346:
9345:
9343:
9342:
9337:
9332:
9327:
9326:
9325:
9315:
9310:
9305:
9304:
9303:
9296:Drilling fluid
9293:
9288:
9283:
9282:
9281:
9271:
9266:
9265:
9264:
9254:
9248:
9246:
9240:
9239:
9237:
9236:
9234:Seismic source
9231:
9230:
9229:
9219:
9214:
9209:
9208:
9207:
9202:
9192:
9187:
9182:
9176:
9174:
9168:
9167:
9164:
9163:
9161:
9160:
9159:
9158:
9148:
9143:
9138:
9133:
9128:
9123:
9117:
9115:
9111:
9110:
9108:
9107:
9102:
9097:
9092:
9087:
9082:
9076:
9074:
9067:
9063:
9062:
9060:
9059:
9054:
9049:
9044:
9039:
9034:
9032:Japan Cocktail
9029:
9024:
9019:
9014:
9009:
9004:
8999:
8993:
8991:
8985:
8984:
8982:
8981:
8979:Primary energy
8976:
8970:
8967:
8966:
8959:
8958:
8951:
8944:
8936:
8930:
8929:
8923:
8915:
8902:
8897:
8894:Democracy Now!
8886:
8878:
8868:
8859:
8843:
8836:
8835:External links
8833:
8831:
8830:
8824:
8809:
8803:
8788:
8783:978-0876094297
8782:
8767:
8758:
8741:
8735:
8720:
8714:
8696:
8694:
8691:
8688:
8687:
8665:
8660:Financial Post
8642:
8620:
8602:
8580:
8558:
8533:
8507:
8448:
8419:
8396:
8373:
8359:
8337:
8315:
8298:
8288:
8250:
8227:
8206:
8185:
8168:
8150:
8124:
8101:
8073:
8047:
8016:
7994:
7971:
7949:
7923:
7912:on 14 May 2007
7893:
7867:
7853:
7836:
7822:
7800:
7778:
7757:
7735:
7705:
7688:
7665:
7635:
7610:
7585:
7559:
7547:
7532:
7510:
7488:
7466:
7428:
7369:
7354:
7339:
7312:
7300:
7270:
7240:
7181:
7168:
7142:
7078:
7015:
6985:
6959:
6933:
6919:The New Yorker
6904:
6892:Bloomberg L.P.
6887:Bloomberg News
6866:
6839:
6813:
6804:Financial Post
6790:
6759:
6727:
6699:
6687:Bloomberg L.P.
6682:Bloomberg News
6664:
6652:Bloomberg L.P.
6647:Bloomberg News
6632:
6599:
6573:
6541:
6508:
6479:
6456:
6423:
6397:
6371:
6349:
6323:
6304:
6279:
6244:
6218:
6191:
6162:
6134:
6112:Gray, Murray.
6104:
6092:Alberta Energy
6076:
6042:
6028:
6010:
5988:
5967:
5938:
5913:
5894:(3): 274–282.
5874:
5860:
5835:
5799:
5770:
5735:
5709:
5681:
5655:
5627:
5605:
5579:
5553:
5538:Archived from
5523:
5501:
5483:
5461:
5439:
5421:
5394:
5369:
5343:
5303:
5274:
5252:
5225:
5211:
5208:. 19 May 2008.
5193:
5167:
5144:
5121:
5096:
5070:
5044:
5018:
4992:
4959:
4923:
4901:
4879:
4865:
4854:
4837:
4807:
4790:
4784:978-0810859937
4783:
4762:
4735:
4702:
4684:
4658:
4636:
4625:on 1 June 2010
4596:
4564:
4539:
4513:
4487:
4461:
4435:
4402:
4389:Canadian Press
4376:
4339:
4312:
4274:
4241:
4227:
4213:
4202:on 18 May 2013
4182:
4160:
4139:
4117:
4110:
4090:
4068:
4057:New York Times
4043:
4017:
3992:
3985:
3967:
3936:
3910:
3883:
3872:. pp. 2–9
3856:
3824:
3810:
3748:
3718:
3691:
3665:
3651:
3625:
3590:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3581:
3580:
3565:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3539:Utah oil sands
3536:
3531:
3529:Stranded asset
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3445:
3444:
3443:
3427:
3424:
3420:Fort Chipewyan
3397:Fort Chipewyan
3381:
3378:
3352:
3349:
3258:
3225:
3222:
3181:
3178:
3150:
3147:
3139:
3106:
3089:
3076:
3064:
3044:
3036:sulfur dioxide
3024:
3009:
2998:
2978:
2957:
2932:
2929:
2925:benzo(a)pyrene
2754:
2751:
2697:imported crude
2668:
2665:
2641:Cost estimates
2608:
2605:
2569:
2566:
2542:
2539:
2491:
2488:
2468:
2467:
2449:
2439:
2429:
2411:Western Canada
2407:oil refineries
2402:
2399:
2384:
2383:
2376:
2361:
2342:
2339:
2316:
2313:
2252:
2251:
2237:
2227:
2221:
2215:
2135:
2132:
2120:
2117:
2039:Main article:
2036:
2035:Energy balance
2033:
2008:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1989:
1986:
1955:
1952:
1950:energy costs.
1927:
1924:
1919:Devon Canada's
1915:ConocoPhillips
1911:Cenovus Energy
1862:Main article:
1859:
1856:
1820:
1817:
1780:Main article:
1777:
1774:
1766:embankment dam
1723:Main article:
1720:
1717:
1632:Surface mining
1618:Main article:
1615:
1614:Surface mining
1612:
1600:water flooding
1579:
1576:
1558:
1557:
1538:
1536:
1529:
1523:
1520:
1503:
1500:
1480:heavy fuel oil
1461:Main article:
1458:
1455:
1417:consortium of
1389:Main article:
1386:
1383:
1377:
1374:
1318:Tunguska Basin
1255:
1254:Other deposits
1252:
1177:Main article:
1174:
1171:
1136:
1135:
1086:
1084:
1077:
1071:
1068:
1059:open-pit mines
987:
979:
977:
974:
925:, Saskatchewan
905:Main article:
902:
899:
892:(AER) and the
833:
825:
809:
806:
798:surface mining
617:
614:
610:oil refineries
580:
579:Major deposits
577:
537:
534:
526:unconsolidated
503:
500:
427:
424:
351:The price per
340:
337:
237:dates back to
224:
221:
209:oil-sand crude
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10492:
10481:
10478:
10476:
10473:
10471:
10468:
10467:
10465:
10450:
10442:
10441:
10438:
10428:
10425:
10423:
10420:
10418:
10415:
10413:
10410:
10408:
10405:
10403:
10400:
10398:
10395:
10394:
10392:
10388:
10382:
10379:
10377:
10374:
10372:
10369:
10367:
10364:
10362:
10359:
10357:
10354:
10352:
10349:
10347:
10344:
10342:
10339:
10337:
10334:
10332:
10329:
10327:
10324:
10322:
10319:
10317:
10314:
10312:
10309:
10307:
10304:
10302:
10299:
10297:
10294:
10292:
10289:
10287:
10284:
10282:
10279:
10277:
10274:
10272:
10269:
10268:
10266:
10263:
10254:
10244:
10243:Valero Energy
10241:
10239:
10236:
10234:
10231:
10229:
10226:
10224:
10221:
10219:
10216:
10214:
10211:
10209:
10208:Suncor Energy
10206:
10204:
10201:
10199:
10196:
10194:
10191:
10189:
10186:
10184:
10181:
10179:
10176:
10174:
10171:
10169:
10166:
10164:
10161:
10159:
10156:
10154:
10151:
10149:
10146:
10144:
10141:
10139:
10136:
10134:
10131:
10129:
10126:
10124:
10121:
10119:
10116:
10114:
10111:
10110:
10108:
10104:
10098:
10095:
10093:
10090:
10088:
10085:
10083:
10080:
10078:
10075:
10073:
10070:
10068:
10065:
10064:
10062:
10060:
10056:
10050:
10047:
10045:
10042:
10040:
10037:
10035:
10032:
10030:
10027:
10025:
10022:
10020:
10017:
10015:
10012:
10010:
10007:
10005:
10002:
10000:
9997:
9995:
9992:
9990:
9987:
9985:
9982:
9980:
9977:
9975:
9972:
9970:
9967:
9965:
9962:
9960:
9957:
9955:
9952:
9950:
9947:
9945:
9942:
9940:
9937:
9935:
9932:
9930:
9927:
9925:
9922:
9920:
9917:
9915:
9912:
9910:
9907:
9905:
9902:
9900:
9897:
9895:
9892:
9890:
9887:
9885:
9882:
9880:
9877:
9875:
9872:
9870:
9867:
9865:
9862:
9860:
9857:
9856:
9854:
9851:
9844:
9838:
9837:TotalEnergies
9835:
9833:
9830:
9828:
9825:
9823:
9820:
9818:
9815:
9813:
9810:
9809:
9807:
9805:
9801:
9798:
9795:
9786:
9783:
9781:organisations
9779:Companies and
9777:
9769:
9766:
9764:
9761:
9759:
9756:
9754:
9751:
9750:
9749:
9746:
9744:
9741:
9739:
9736:
9734:
9731:
9729:
9726:
9724:
9721:
9719:
9718:Petrocurrency
9716:
9712:
9709:
9707:
9704:
9703:
9702:
9699:
9697:
9694:
9692:
9691:Oil shale gas
9689:
9685:
9682:
9680:
9677:
9676:
9674:
9672:
9671:Abbreviations
9669:
9668:
9666:
9662:
9656:
9653:
9651:
9648:
9646:
9643:
9641:
9638:
9636:
9633:
9631:
9630:Permian Basin
9628:
9626:
9623:
9621:
9618:
9616:
9613:
9611:
9608:
9606:
9603:
9601:
9598:
9596:
9593:
9591:
9588:
9587:
9585:
9579:
9573:
9570:
9568:
9567:United States
9565:
9563:
9560:
9558:
9555:
9553:
9550:
9548:
9545:
9543:
9540:
9538:
9535:
9533:
9530:
9528:
9527:Seven Sisters
9525:
9523:
9520:
9518:
9515:
9513:
9510:
9508:
9505:
9503:
9500:
9498:
9495:
9493:
9490:
9488:
9485:
9483:
9480:
9478:
9475:
9473:
9470:
9469:
9467:
9465:
9461:
9455:
9452:
9450:
9447:
9445:
9442:
9440:
9437:
9435:
9432:
9430:
9427:
9425:
9422:
9420:
9417:
9413:
9410:
9408:
9405:
9404:
9403:
9400:
9398:
9395:
9391:
9388:
9386:
9383:
9381:
9378:
9377:
9376:
9373:
9369:
9366:
9364:
9361:
9360:
9359:
9356:
9355:
9353:
9351:
9347:
9341:
9338:
9336:
9333:
9331:
9328:
9324:
9321:
9320:
9319:
9316:
9314:
9311:
9309:
9306:
9302:
9299:
9298:
9297:
9294:
9292:
9289:
9287:
9284:
9280:
9277:
9276:
9275:
9272:
9270:
9267:
9263:
9260:
9259:
9258:
9255:
9253:
9250:
9249:
9247:
9245:
9241:
9235:
9232:
9228:
9225:
9224:
9223:
9220:
9218:
9215:
9213:
9210:
9206:
9203:
9201:
9198:
9197:
9196:
9193:
9191:
9188:
9186:
9183:
9181:
9180:Core sampling
9178:
9177:
9175:
9173:
9169:
9157:
9154:
9153:
9152:
9149:
9147:
9144:
9142:
9139:
9137:
9134:
9132:
9129:
9127:
9124:
9122:
9119:
9118:
9116:
9112:
9106:
9103:
9101:
9098:
9096:
9093:
9091:
9088:
9086:
9083:
9081:
9078:
9077:
9075:
9071:
9068:
9064:
9058:
9055:
9053:
9050:
9048:
9045:
9043:
9040:
9038:
9035:
9033:
9030:
9028:
9025:
9023:
9020:
9018:
9017:Indian Basket
9015:
9013:
9010:
9008:
9005:
9003:
9000:
8998:
8995:
8994:
8992:
8990:
8986:
8980:
8977:
8975:
8972:
8971:
8968:
8964:
8957:
8952:
8950:
8945:
8943:
8938:
8937:
8934:
8927:
8924:
8922:
8919:
8916:
8912:
8908:
8903:
8901:
8898:
8896:
8895:
8890:
8887:
8885:
8883:
8879:
8876:
8872:
8869:
8867:
8864:
8860:
8858:
8854:
8851:
8847:
8844:
8842:
8839:
8838:
8827:
8821:
8817:
8816:
8810:
8806:
8800:
8796:
8795:
8789:
8785:
8779:
8775:
8774:
8768:
8765:
8761:
8755:
8750:
8749:
8742:
8738:
8732:
8728:
8727:
8721:
8717:
8711:
8706:
8705:
8698:
8697:
8683:
8679:
8675:
8669:
8662:
8661:
8656:
8651:
8649:
8647:
8638:
8634:
8630:
8624:
8616:
8612:
8606:
8590:
8584:
8568:
8562:
8547:
8543:
8537:
8522:
8518:
8511:
8503:
8499:
8494:
8489:
8484:
8479:
8475:
8471:
8467:
8463:
8459:
8452:
8437:
8430:
8423:
8407:
8400:
8384:
8377:
8369:
8363:
8347:
8341:
8325:
8319:
8308:
8302:
8292:
8286:
8281:
8277:
8273:
8269:
8265:
8261:
8254:
8238:
8231:
8223:
8216:
8210:
8202:
8195:
8189:
8178:
8172:
8165:. April 2008.
8164:
8160:
8154:
8138:
8134:
8128:
8112:
8105:
8086:
8085:
8077:
8058:
8051:
8035:
8031:
8027:
8020:
8004:
7998:
7982:
7975:
7959:
7953:
7937:
7933:
7927:
7911:
7907:
7903:
7897:
7881:
7877:
7871:
7863:
7857:
7846:
7840:
7832:
7826:
7810:
7804:
7788:
7782:
7774:
7767:
7761:
7745:
7739:
7723:
7719:
7715:
7714:"Reclamation"
7709:
7698:
7692:
7676:
7669:
7653:
7649:
7645:
7639:
7620:
7614:
7599:
7595:
7589:
7573:
7569:
7563:
7555:
7536:
7520:
7514:
7498:
7492:
7476:
7470:
7462:
7456:
7441:
7440:
7432:
7424:
7420:
7415:
7410:
7405:
7400:
7396:
7392:
7388:
7384:
7380:
7373:
7365:
7358:
7350:
7343:
7327:
7323:
7316:
7310:
7304:
7288:
7284:
7280:
7274:
7258:
7254:
7250:
7244:
7236:
7232:
7227:
7222:
7217:
7212:
7208:
7204:
7200:
7196:
7192:
7185:
7178:
7172:
7154:
7153:
7146:
7138:
7134:
7130:
7126:
7122:
7118:
7114:
7110:
7106:
7102:
7098:
7097:
7089:
7082:
7074:
7070:
7066:
7062:
7057:
7052:
7048:
7044:
7040:
7036:
7032:
7031:
7026:
7019:
7004:
7000:
6996:
6989:
6970:
6963:
6947:
6940:
6938:
6921:
6920:
6915:
6908:
6893:
6889:
6888:
6883:
6879:
6873:
6871:
6854:
6850:
6843:
6828:
6824:
6817:
6809:
6805:
6801:
6794:
6778:
6774:
6770:
6763:
6748:
6744:
6743:
6738:
6731:
6716:
6715:
6710:
6703:
6688:
6684:
6683:
6678:
6671:
6669:
6653:
6649:
6648:
6643:
6636:
6621:
6617:
6610:
6603:
6587:
6583:
6577:
6561:
6554:
6548:
6546:
6529:
6522:
6515:
6513:
6496:
6495:neb-one.gc.ca
6492:
6486:
6484:
6467:
6460:
6445:
6441:
6434:
6427:
6411:
6407:
6401:
6385:
6381:
6375:
6359:
6353:
6337:
6333:
6327:
6319:
6315:
6308:
6289:
6283:
6275:
6271:
6267:
6263:
6260:(1–4): 3–15.
6259:
6255:
6248:
6232:
6228:
6222:
6206:
6202:
6195:
6179:
6172:
6166:
6147:
6141:
6139:
6122:
6115:
6108:
6093:
6086:
6080:
6062:
6055:
6054:
6046:
6039:
6032:
6024:
6020:
6014:
5995:
5991:
5985:
5978:
5971:
5956:
5952:
5948:
5942:
5927:
5923:
5917:
5909:
5905:
5901:
5897:
5893:
5889:
5885:
5878:
5870:
5864:
5845:
5839:
5820:
5816:
5809:
5803:
5787:
5783:
5777:
5775:
5766:
5762:
5758:
5754:
5750:
5746:
5739:
5724:
5720:
5713:
5698:
5697:
5692:
5685:
5670:
5666:
5659:
5644:
5643:
5638:
5631:
5615:
5609:
5593:
5589:
5583:
5567:
5563:
5557:
5541:
5537:
5533:
5527:
5511:
5505:
5497:
5493:
5487:
5472:. Cenovus.com
5471:
5465:
5450:. Cenovus.com
5449:
5443:
5435:
5428:
5426:
5417:
5413:
5409:
5405:
5398:
5379:
5373:
5355:
5354:
5347:
5329:
5325:
5318:
5312:
5310:
5308:
5292:
5288:
5284:
5278:
5262:
5256:
5240:
5236:
5229:
5221:
5215:
5207:
5203:
5197:
5190:
5178:
5171:
5155:
5148:
5133:. Global News
5132:
5125:
5110:
5106:
5100:
5085:
5081:
5074:
5059:. 5 June 2023
5058:
5057:Bloomberg.com
5054:
5048:
5032:
5028:
5022:
5006:
5002:
4996:
4981:
4977:
4973:
4969:
4963:
4945:
4938:
4937:
4930:
4928:
4912:. Oilweek.com
4911:
4905:
4889:
4883:
4875:
4869:
4858:
4847:
4841:
4825:
4821:
4814:
4812:
4800:
4794:
4786:
4780:
4776:
4769:
4767:
4747:
4739:
4720:
4713:
4706:
4698:
4694:
4688:
4672:
4668:
4662:
4651:
4645:
4643:
4641:
4621:
4617:
4610:
4606:
4600:
4581:
4574:
4568:
4553:
4549:
4543:
4528:
4524:
4517:
4502:. 5 June 2023
4501:
4500:Bloomberg.com
4497:
4491:
4475:
4471:
4465:
4449:
4445:
4439:
4424:
4420:
4416:
4412:
4406:
4390:
4386:
4380:
4365:
4361:
4354:
4352:
4350:
4348:
4346:
4344:
4327:
4323:
4316:
4301:on 7 May 2013
4297:
4290:
4283:
4281:
4279:
4262:
4255:
4248:
4246:
4237:
4231:
4223:
4217:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4186:
4171:
4164:
4156:
4152:
4146:
4144:
4127:
4121:
4113:
4111:9780771020995
4107:
4103:
4102:
4094:
4078:
4072:
4058:
4054:
4047:
4032:. 22 May 2019
4031:
4027:
4021:
4005:
3999:
3997:
3988:
3982:
3978:
3971:
3955:
3954:
3946:
3940:
3924:
3920:
3914:
3898:
3894:
3887:
3871:
3867:
3860:
3844:
3842:
3837:
3831:
3829:
3820:
3814:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3772:
3765:
3763:
3761:
3759:
3757:
3755:
3753:
3745:
3732:
3728:
3722:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3695:
3679:
3675:
3669:
3654:
3648:
3643:
3642:
3634:
3632:
3630:
3613:
3609:
3602:
3600:
3598:
3596:
3591:
3576:
3570:
3566:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3446:
3441:
3440:Energy portal
3435:
3430:
3423:
3421:
3415:
3412:
3409:
3406:In 2010, the
3404:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3389:
3387:
3377:
3373:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3348:
3346:
3343:According to
3341:
3339:
3335:
3332:In 2014, the
3330:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3311:
3309:
3303:
3301:
3297:
3287:
3284:; 74,000,000
3283:
3279:
3274:
3270:
3265:
3251:
3246:
3243:
3239:
3234:
3231:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3211:
3207:
3197:
3187:
3177:
3174:
3173:boreal forest
3170:
3156:
3146:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3099:
3057:
3053:
3037:
3033:
3017:
3012:
3007:
2991:
2987:
2971:
2967:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2928:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2799:
2797:
2789:
2784:
2764:
2760:
2750:
2746:
2743:
2739:
2733:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2713:
2709:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2688:
2686:
2685:carbon bubble
2682:
2678:
2674:
2664:
2662:
2656:
2654:
2649:
2645:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2631:
2626:
2623:(WTI) oil at
2622:
2619:
2615:
2604:
2602:
2598:
2592:
2590:
2585:
2583:
2582:hydroelectric
2579:
2575:
2565:
2563:
2560:(CNOOC), and
2559:
2555:
2548:
2537:
2532:
2530:
2525:
2523:
2519:
2514:
2512:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2490:United States
2487:
2483:
2479:
2477:
2473:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2450:
2447:
2443:
2440:
2437:
2434:operates the
2433:
2430:
2427:
2424:operates the
2423:
2422:Suncor Energy
2420:
2419:
2418:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2398:
2396:
2391:
2389:
2381:
2377:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2359:
2358:
2357:
2354:
2348:
2338:
2336:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2312:
2309:
2305:
2300:
2294:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2271:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2249:
2245:
2242:operates its
2241:
2238:
2235:
2231:
2228:
2225:
2222:
2219:
2216:
2213:
2212:Suncor Energy
2210:
2209:
2208:
2204:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2193:de-asphalting
2190:
2185:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2145:
2140:
2131:
2126:
2116:
2113:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2087:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2070:
2067:
2063:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2042:
2028:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2005:
1994:
1985:
1981:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1965:
1960:
1951:
1947:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1933:
1923:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1895:
1891:
1886:
1883:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1865:
1855:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1835:
1832:
1826:
1816:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1789:
1783:
1773:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1736:
1735:Fort McMurray
1731:
1726:
1716:
1714:
1713:TotalEnergies
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1681:
1679:
1678:Suncor Energy
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1627:
1621:
1611:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1575:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1554:
1542:
1537:
1528:
1527:
1519:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1499:
1496:
1491:
1487:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1470:
1464:
1454:
1450:
1448:
1442:
1438:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1407:Suncor Energy
1404:
1398:
1392:
1382:
1373:
1371:
1361:
1350:
1346:
1341:
1339:
1335:
1334:Timan-Pechora
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1314:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1281:
1275:
1273:
1269:
1260:
1251:
1249:
1239:
1236:In 2009, the
1234:
1232:
1228:
1218:
1213:
1210:
1206:
1205:Orinoco River
1197:
1192:
1186:
1180:
1170:
1167:
1162:
1160:
1155:
1151:
1150:Guyana Shield
1147:
1143:
1132:
1129:
1121:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1097:
1096:
1092:
1087:This section
1085:
1081:
1076:
1075:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1054:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1021:
1019:
1014:
1012:
1008:
1004:
996:
991:
984:
973:
970:
966:
961:
959:
955:
951:
946:
944:
940:
936:
932:
924:
919:
914:
913:CFB Cold Lake
908:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
878:boreal forest
875:
871:
867:
865:
859:
857:
853:
849:
845:
837:
830:
820:
815:
805:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
782:
780:
776:
775:
769:
765:
755:
751:
747:
737:
733:
729:
725:
720:
717:
713:
709:
705:
700:
696:
692:
691:igneous rocks
688:
684:
679:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
632:Pacific Plate
629:
623:
613:
611:
607:
603:
599:
598:North America
595:
591:
587:
576:
574:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
543:
533:
530:
527:
523:
517:
513:
509:
499:
497:
493:
492:synthetic oil
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
464:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
433:
423:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
384:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
349:
347:
336:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
314:
310:
306:
302:
297:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
262:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
230:
220:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
181:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
154:
152:
142:
132:
128:
124:
120:
115:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
84:crude bitumen
81:
77:
71:
70:United States
67:
62:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
35:
30:
26:
22:
10346:Schlumberger
10276:Baker Hughes
10168:Marathon Oil
10158:Imperial Oil
10153:Husky Energy
10143:Galp Energia
10133:Devon Energy
10019:Saudi Aramco
9999:Petrovietnam
9944:NNPC Limited
9848:National oil
9757:
9728:Petrofiction
9696:Orphan wells
9664:Other topics
9635:Persian Gulf
9562:Saudi Arabia
9532:Standard Oil
9340:Well logging
9217:Petrophysics
8910:
8892:
8881:
8865:
8814:
8793:
8772:
8763:
8747:
8725:
8703:
8677:
8668:
8658:
8637:the original
8632:
8623:
8614:
8605:
8593:. Retrieved
8583:
8571:. Retrieved
8561:
8549:. Retrieved
8545:
8536:
8526:19 September
8524:. Retrieved
8521:Toronto Star
8520:
8510:
8465:
8461:
8451:
8439:. Retrieved
8422:
8410:. Retrieved
8399:
8387:. Retrieved
8376:
8362:
8350:. Retrieved
8340:
8328:. Retrieved
8318:
8301:
8291:
8285:(supplement)
8263:
8259:
8253:
8241:. Retrieved
8230:
8224:. June 2006.
8209:
8188:
8171:
8153:
8141:. Retrieved
8137:the original
8127:
8115:. Retrieved
8104:
8092:. Retrieved
8083:
8076:
8064:. Retrieved
8050:
8038:. Retrieved
8034:the original
8029:
8019:
8007:. Retrieved
7997:
7985:. Retrieved
7974:
7962:. Retrieved
7952:
7940:. Retrieved
7935:
7926:
7914:. Retrieved
7910:the original
7896:
7884:. Retrieved
7880:the original
7870:
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7839:
7825:
7813:. Retrieved
7803:
7791:. Retrieved
7781:
7772:
7760:
7748:. Retrieved
7738:
7726:. Retrieved
7722:the original
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7691:
7679:. Retrieved
7668:
7656:. Retrieved
7652:the original
7647:
7638:
7626:. Retrieved
7613:
7601:. Retrieved
7588:
7576:. Retrieved
7572:the original
7568:"About CASA"
7562:
7535:
7523:. Retrieved
7513:
7501:. Retrieved
7491:
7479:. Retrieved
7469:
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7438:
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7330:. Retrieved
7326:The Guardian
7325:
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7303:
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7287:the original
7273:
7261:. Retrieved
7257:the original
7252:
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7194:
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7028:
7018:
7006:. Retrieved
6998:
6988:
6976:. Retrieved
6974:(Report). BP
6962:
6950:. Retrieved
6924:. Retrieved
6922:. Condé Nast
6917:
6907:
6885:
6857:. Retrieved
6853:the original
6842:
6830:. Retrieved
6816:
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6793:
6781:. Retrieved
6777:the original
6762:
6750:. Retrieved
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6718:. Retrieved
6712:
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6532:. Retrieved
6527:
6499:. Retrieved
6494:
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6459:
6447:. Retrieved
6439:
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6414:. Retrieved
6400:
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6374:
6362:. Retrieved
6352:
6340:. Retrieved
6335:
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6282:
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6230:
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6204:
6194:
6182:. Retrieved
6177:
6165:
6153:. Retrieved
6125:. Retrieved
6120:
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6096:, retrieved
6094:, 4 May 2011
6091:
6079:
6068:, retrieved
6061:the original
6052:
6045:
6037:
6031:
6022:
6013:
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5994:the original
5970:
5959:, retrieved
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5950:
5941:
5930:, retrieved
5925:
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5887:
5877:
5869:"Technology"
5863:
5851:. Retrieved
5838:
5826:. Retrieved
5819:the original
5814:
5802:
5790:. Retrieved
5785:
5748:
5744:
5738:
5726:. Retrieved
5723:Schlumberger
5712:
5700:. Retrieved
5694:
5684:
5672:. Retrieved
5668:
5658:
5646:. Retrieved
5640:
5630:
5618:. Retrieved
5608:
5596:. Retrieved
5592:The Oil Drum
5582:
5570:. Retrieved
5566:The Oil Drum
5556:
5544:. Retrieved
5540:the original
5526:
5514:. Retrieved
5504:
5495:
5486:
5474:. Retrieved
5464:
5452:. Retrieved
5442:
5433:
5410:. OnePetro.
5407:
5397:
5385:. Retrieved
5372:
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5346:
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5323:
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5291:the original
5286:
5277:
5265:. Retrieved
5255:
5243:. Retrieved
5239:the original
5228:
5214:
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5188:
5181:. Retrieved
5170:
5158:. Retrieved
5147:
5135:. Retrieved
5124:
5112:. Retrieved
5109:Mother Jones
5108:
5099:
5087:. Retrieved
5083:
5073:
5061:. Retrieved
5056:
5047:
5035:. Retrieved
5030:
5021:
5009:. Retrieved
5004:
4995:
4983:. Retrieved
4972:The Guardian
4971:
4962:
4951:, retrieved
4944:the original
4935:
4914:. Retrieved
4904:
4892:. Retrieved
4882:
4868:
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4840:
4828:. Retrieved
4824:the original
4793:
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4753:. Retrieved
4738:
4726:. Retrieved
4719:the original
4705:
4697:the original
4687:
4675:. Retrieved
4661:
4627:. Retrieved
4620:the original
4605:O.P. Strausz
4599:
4587:. Retrieved
4580:the original
4567:
4555:. Retrieved
4552:Mother Jones
4551:
4542:
4530:. Retrieved
4526:
4516:
4504:. Retrieved
4499:
4490:
4478:. Retrieved
4473:
4464:
4452:. Retrieved
4447:
4438:
4426:. Retrieved
4415:The Guardian
4414:
4405:
4393:. Retrieved
4388:
4379:
4367:. Retrieved
4363:
4330:. Retrieved
4325:
4315:
4303:. Retrieved
4296:the original
4287:Hein, Fran.
4265:. Retrieved
4230:
4216:
4204:. Retrieved
4200:the original
4195:
4185:
4173:. Retrieved
4163:
4155:the original
4130:. Retrieved
4120:
4100:
4093:
4081:. Retrieved
4071:
4060:, retrieved
4056:
4046:
4034:. Retrieved
4029:
4020:
4008:. Retrieved
3976:
3970:
3958:. Retrieved
3951:
3939:
3927:. Retrieved
3923:the original
3913:
3901:. Retrieved
3896:
3886:
3874:. Retrieved
3869:
3859:
3847:. Retrieved
3839:
3813:
3801:. Retrieved
3794:the original
3781:
3777:
3742:
3735:. Retrieved
3730:
3721:
3704:
3700:
3694:
3682:. Retrieved
3678:the original
3668:
3656:. Retrieved
3640:
3616:. Retrieved
3612:the original
3569:
3489:Orinoco Belt
3416:
3413:
3405:
3390:
3383:
3374:
3354:
3342:
3331:
3312:
3304:
3299:
3295:
3280:(66,000,000
3266:
3247:
3235:
3227:
3218:
3214:
3205:
3195:
3185:
3183:
3152:
3115:
3052:hydrocarbons
3010:
2986:nitric oxide
2941:Wood Buffalo
2934:
2917:phenanthrene
2905:
2800:
2793:
2747:
2734:
2714:
2710:
2701:Barack Obama
2689:
2675:(CAPP), the
2670:
2657:
2650:
2646:
2614:price of oil
2610:
2601:Saudi Arabia
2593:
2586:
2571:
2550:
2526:
2515:
2507:
2484:
2480:
2469:
2460:Lloydminster
2452:Husky Energy
2442:Shell Canada
2432:Imperial Oil
2426:Petro-Canada
2404:
2392:
2385:
2350:
2347:oil refinery
2318:
2295:
2272:
2253:
2240:Shell Canada
2205:
2186:
2160:terminal in
2158:Husky Energy
2152:
2148:
2141:
2137:
2128:
2088:
2083:cogeneration
2071:
2058:
2027:Albian Sands
1991:
1982:
1968:
1961:
1957:
1948:
1938:
1936:
1931:
1929:
1907:Husky Energy
1894:oil reserves
1887:
1867:
1847:Shell Canada
1839:Imperial Oil
1836:
1828:
1813:salt caverns
1785:
1754:hydrocarbons
1740:
1705:Imperial Oil
1695:in 2003 and
1689:Shell Canada
1682:
1672:rock. Since
1647:
1644:image, 2009.
1608:oil in place
1581:
1567:
1564:strip mining
1561:
1548:
1540:
1510:oil company
1505:
1492:
1488:
1472:
1451:
1443:
1439:
1435:Teck Cominco
1431:Petro-Canada
1419:Shell Canada
1415:Albian Sands
1400:
1379:
1369:
1359:
1342:
1322:East Siberia
1315:
1289:
1276:
1265:
1247:
1235:
1231:oil in place
1229: m) of
1226:
1214:
1202:
1166:Orinoco Belt
1163:
1154:source rocks
1139:
1124:
1115:
1100:Please help
1088:
1036:
1022:
1015:
1000:
969:CF-18 Hornet
962:
958:surface mine
947:
928:
860:
841:
783:
772:
763:
754:oil in place
745:
721:
699:unconformity
680:
672:source rocks
625:
604:the oil and
594:Saskatchewan
586:oil in place
582:
552:oil reserves
548:oil in place
545:
519:
495:
487:
483:
476:paving roads
465:
431:
429:
426:Nomenclature
388:Saudi Arabia
385:
355:of heavier,
350:
342:
328:Henry Kelsey
301:First Nation
298:
266:Mesopotamian
263:
251:Homo sapiens
243:Neanderthals
232:
182:
170:Orinoco Belt
155:
150:
140:
116:
87:
83:
79:
75:
74:
25:
10316:Halliburton
10188:Phillips 66
10009:QatarEnergy
9979:Petrobangla
9914:KazMunayGas
9804:Supermajors
9753:heavy crude
9640:Prudhoe Bay
9620:Niger Delta
9600:Caspian Sea
9363:Concessions
9313:Measurement
9279:Geosteering
9262:Squeeze job
9172:Exploration
9121:Consumption
9080:Consumption
9073:Natural gas
9002:Bonny Light
8595:18 February
8573:18 February
8412:28 November
8389:28 November
7793:12 February
7750:11 February
7728:10 December
7446:24 February
7332:21 February
7263:9 September
6999:cbc.ca/news
6592:24 December
6562:. June 2015
6121:ualberta.ca
6098:25 December
6070:22 February
5932:13 December
5476:18 February
5454:18 February
5363:25 February
5287:Mena Report
4728:18 February
4589:17 February
4322:"Petroleum"
4083:17 February
4062:17 February
3960:11 February
3929:30 December
3899:. About.com
3897:Archaeology
3737:28 February
3509:Pyrobitumen
3370:carcinogens
3315:Fatih Birol
3169:reclamation
3123:Peace River
3054:(THC), and
2884:Sierra Club
2556:(Sinopec),
2291:oil tankers
2283:tank trucks
2258:and on the
1974:API degrees
1829:The use of
1801:rural roads
1691:opened its
1217:heavy crude
1018:Peace River
1013:formation.
976:Peace River
943:asphaltenes
870:Peace River
732:Peace River
468:natural gas
402:, the 1979
371:(WTI). The
365:sweeter oil
326:fur trader
294:Pechelbronn
274:Babylonians
247:stone tools
239:Paleolithic
52:heavy oil,
10464:Categories
10366:Transocean
10233:Tullow Oil
10223:TechnipFMC
9989:PetroChina
9827:ExxonMobil
9733:Shale band
9610:East Texas
9583:and fields
9397:Downstream
9350:Production
9257:Completion
9185:Geophysics
9126:Production
9085:Production
9022:Indonesian
8997:Argus Sour
8989:Benchmarks
8871:Jiri Rezac
8764:Oil sands.
8441:7 November
8434:(Report).
8266:(3): 134.
8243:19 October
8117:1 December
8094:1 December
8066:30 January
7681:6 November
7628:6 November
7603:6 November
7578:7 November
7554:emissions"
7525:16 January
7503:6 November
7481:6 November
7283:TreeHugger
7107:: 187–90.
7008:6 November
6978:6 November
6952:6 November
6926:6 November
6897:6 November
6895:Retrieved
6859:6 November
6832:6 November
6825:(Report).
6783:7 November
6752:7 November
6720:7 November
6692:6 November
6690:Retrieved
6657:6 November
6655:Retrieved
6566:6 November
6558:(Report).
6534:6 November
6231:platts.com
5792:29 January
5674:7 December
5648:7 December
5620:7 December
5572:7 December
5546:7 December
5297:2 December
5160:1 December
5137:1 December
4755:23 January
4395:6 February
4369:6 February
4332:6 February
4126:"Coal Tar"
4036:29 January
4010:29 January
3903:23 October
3849:28 January
3586:References
3286:short tons
3278:megatonnes
3155:overburden
3127:Fort McKay
2872:MoveOn.org
2856:Greenpeace
2757:See also:
2725:Orimulsion
2562:PetroChina
2545:See also:
2534:See also:
2494:See also:
2371:(HDS) and
2345:See also:
2182:condensate
2123:See also:
2045:See also:
1823:See also:
1658:overburden
1630:See also:
1624:See also:
1551:April 2022
1476:Orimulsion
1467:See also:
1395:See also:
1376:Production
1372: m).
1189:See also:
1183:See also:
911:See also:
812:See also:
788:is in the
687:depressing
683:Cretaceous
676:oil shales
620:See also:
540:See also:
529:sandstones
506:See also:
459:, usually
449:human-made
437:by-product
414:, and the
313:birch bark
255:reed boats
227:See also:
123:Kazakhstan
66:California
10361:TC Energy
10262:companies
10092:Trafigura
10039:Sonatrach
9984:Petrobras
9974:Pertamina
9884:Ecopetrol
9850:companies
9794:companies
9792:petroleum
9768:tight oil
9763:oil shale
9758:oil sands
9738:Shale gas
9679:sweet oil
9650:Venezuela
9625:North Sea
9581:Provinces
9572:Venezuela
9419:Midstream
9114:Petroleum
8974:Petroleum
8040:27 August
7983:. Reuters
7815:14 August
7041:: 150–2.
6274:0920-5861
5908:0920-4105
5853:14 August
5828:17 August
5765:0887-0624
5702:13 August
4980:0261-3077
4423:0261-3077
4206:7 October
3876:1 January
3744:molasses.
3575:shale oil
3519:Shale gas
3479:Oil shale
3282:long tons
3050:), total
3034:(PM2.5),
2880:Patagonia
2844:manganese
2693:tight oil
2618:benchmark
2597:Venezuela
2568:Economics
2330:shale gas
2315:Venezuela
2299:tight oil
2279:tank cars
2170:benchmark
2091:shale gas
2047:Shale gas
1805:oily sand
1797:disposing
1756:residual
1737:, Alberta
1670:limestone
1666:sandstone
1584:oil wells
1457:Venezuela
1349:Bemolanga
1345:Tsimiroro
1338:Tatarstan
1209:Venezuela
1207:Basin in
1089:does not
1070:Venezuela
954:sulfurous
941:and less
901:Cold Lake
808:Athabasca
728:Cold Lake
606:transport
522:heavy oil
496:tar sands
488:tar sands
484:oil sands
432:tar sands
430:The name
381:tidewater
367:—such as
305:Athabasca
270:Sumerians
219:(NRCan).
131:Venezuela
112:petroleum
80:tar sands
76:Oil sands
21:Oil shale
10449:Category
10356:Subsea 7
10336:Petrofac
10331:NOV Inc.
10311:GE Power
10306:Enbridge
10260:services
10082:Mercuria
10072:Glencore
10034:Sonangol
9994:Petronas
9929:Naftogaz
9701:Peak oil
9684:sour oil
9439:Upstream
9434:Refining
9429:Pipeline
9385:Pumpjack
9380:Gas lift
9301:invasion
9244:Drilling
9131:Reserves
9090:Reserves
8853:Archived
8682:Archived
8678:CBC News
8615:CBC News
8502:19995964
8143:21 March
8062:(Report)
7916:16 April
7886:16 April
7455:citation
7423:24596429
7328:. London
7293:18 April
7235:20805486
7162:12 April
7129:25567285
7103:(7533).
7065:25567276
7037:(7533).
6878:Shilling
6808:Archived
6625:24 April
6501:20 April
6384:BBC News
6342:16 April
6211:28 April
6184:28 April
6155:23 April
6127:28 April
6003:24 March
5961:24 March
5598:19 March
5408:All Days
5337:12 April
5031:NBC News
4953:12 April
4629:18 April
4474:NBC News
4364:CBC News
4267:22 April
4175:22 April
3426:See also
3230:IHS CERA
2915:(PAH)s (
2836:selenium
2824:chromium
2804:vanadium
2511:fracking
2341:Refining
2308:Enbridge
2268:pentanes
2218:Syncrude
2197:Cracking
2162:Hardisty
2144:refinery
2125:Upgrader
2105:and the
2075:gasifier
1978:catalyst
1793:wellbore
1411:Syncrude
1298:Garfield
1159:Tertiary
1118:May 2014
931:Edmonton
781:(SAGD).
558:. Rapid
490:because
472:coal tar
441:coal gas
178:bacteria
166:molasses
110:form of
46:upgraded
10024:Sinopec
10014:Rosneft
9894:Gazprom
9889:Equinor
9817:Chevron
9464:History
9330:Tracers
9252:Blowout
9141:Exports
9136:Imports
9100:Exports
9095:Imports
8863:Bitumen
8633:Reuters
8493:2789758
8470:Bibcode
8352:9 April
8330:9 April
8268:Bibcode
8203:. 2005.
8030:Reuters
7964:4 April
7942:4 April
7658:9 April
7414:3948256
7391:Bibcode
7226:2941314
7203:Bibcode
7137:4454113
7109:Bibcode
7073:4449048
7043:Bibcode
6773:Reuters
6616:ceri.ca
6586:eia.gov
6528:ceri.ca
6408:. U.S.
5728:8 April
5669:Oilweek
5516:11 July
5114:21 June
5089:21 June
5063:21 June
5037:21 June
5011:21 June
4985:21 June
4894:23 July
4677:22 June
4557:21 June
4532:21 June
4506:21 June
4480:21 June
4454:21 June
4428:21 June
3843:(NRCan)
3618:10 July
3386:arsenic
3321:of the
3210:Calgary
3186:ex-situ
3162:⁄
3056:methane
2970:Ammonia
2968:(TRS),
2900:venting
2896:flaring
2868:350.org
2832:arsenic
2828:cadmium
2820:mercury
2630:in-situ
2574:bitumen
2520:called
2464:bitumen
2367:(HDM),
2322:naphtha
2166:Alberta
2097:making
2022:bitumen
2018:bitumen
1939:in situ
1932:in situ
1882:drilled
1851:Celsius
1758:bitumen
1750:benzene
1654:bitumen
1604:Celsius
1586:into a
1568:in-situ
1541:updated
1508:Italian
1447:ecocide
1362:and 397
1330:Siligir
1326:Olenyok
1270:in the
1173:Orinoco
1110:removed
1095:sources
1053:barrels
1045:bitumen
1003:Alberta
939:alkanes
896:(CAPP).
852:Alberta
848:bitumen
802:in-situ
774:in-situ
750:bitumen
736:England
712:viscous
706:as the
693:of the
664:kerogen
630:by the
602:extract
590:Alberta
502:Geology
480:asphalt
259:mummies
223:History
168:. The
108:viscous
104:bitumen
42:bitumen
38:Alberta
10390:Others
10341:Saipem
10238:Tüpraş
10228:TNK-BP
10213:Sunoco
10203:Repsol
10163:Lukoil
10106:Others
10077:Gunvor
9711:timing
9645:Russia
9557:Norway
9542:France
9537:Canada
8822:
8801:
8780:
8756:
8733:
8712:
8551:8 June
8500:
8490:
7421:
7411:
7233:
7223:
7135:
7127:
7096:Nature
7071:
7063:
7030:Nature
6472:28 May
6449:22 May
6416:28 May
6390:11 May
6364:6 July
6338:. 2015
6272:
6023:Platts
5986:
5906:
5763:
5387:21 May
5245:21 May
5183:6 July
4978:
4830:14 May
4781:
4751:. USGS
4421:
4305:4 June
4132:13 May
4108:
3983:
3803:4 June
3684:14 May
3658:13 May
3649:
3393:cancer
3317:, the
2988:(NO),
2966:sulfur
2947:(CO),
2923:, and
2921:pyrene
2886:, and
2840:copper
2816:cobalt
2808:nickel
2502:, and
2401:Canada
2351:Heavy
2134:Canada
2079:syngas
2077:whose
2053:, and
2030:unit."
2016:(AOS)
1662:muskeg
1385:Canada
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