4120:
3201:
3954:
4069:
1179:
4142:
1742:. This was a journey that took four days. If burial preparations could not be completed the day of the death, guests and medicine men were required to stay with the deceased and the family in order to help mourn, while also singing songs and dancing throughout the night. Once preparations were complete, the body would be placed in an inflexed position with their knees towards their chest. Over the course of the four days it takes the spirit to journey to its place of joy, it is customary to have food kept alongside the grave at all times. A fire is set when the sun sets and is kept going throughout the night. The food is to help feed the spirit over the course of the journey, while the smoke from the fire is a directional guide. Once the four–day journey is over, a feast is held, which is led by the chief
1113:
offering land cessions as offering territorial advantages. The Ojibwe did not understand the land cession terms in the same way because of the cultural differences in understanding the uses of land. The governments of the U.S. and Canada considered land a commodity of value that could be freely bought, owned and sold. The Ojibwe believed it was a fully shared resource, along with air, water and sunlight—despite having an understanding of "territory". At the time of the treaty councils, they could not conceive of separate land sales or exclusive ownership of land. Consequently, today, in both Canada and the U.S., legal arguments in treaty-rights and treaty interpretations often bring to light the differences in cultural understanding of treaty terms to come to legal understanding of the treaty obligations.
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1491:
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1483:
4178:
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1755:
fire for four days. Over the four days, food is also offered to the spirit. Added to food offerings, tobacco is also offered as it is considered one of four sacred medicines traditionally used by Ojibwe communities. On the last night of food offerings, a feast is also held by the relatives which ends with a final smoke of the offering tobacco or the tobacco being thrown in the fire. Although conventional caskets are mainly used in today's communities, birch bark fire matches are buried along with the body as a tool to help light fires to guide their journey to
1685:
269:
4105:
1654:
3878:
3966:
3927:
4032:
3843:
1772:
4049:
1746:. At the feast, it is the chief medicine man's duty to give away certain belongings of the deceased. Those who were chosen to receive items from the deceased are required to trade in a new piece of clothing, all of which would be turned into a bundle. The bundle of new cloths and a dish is then given to the closest relative. The recipient of the bundle must then find individuals that he or she believes to be worthy, and pass on one of the new pieces of clothing.
3827:
57:
3942:
1540:. For this reason, children with French or English fathers were considered outside the clan and Ojibwe society unless adopted by an Ojibwe male. They were sometimes referred to as "white" because of their fathers, regardless if their mothers were Ojibwe, as they had no official place in the Ojibwe society. The people would shelter the woman and her children, but they did not have the same place in the culture as children born to Ojibwe fathers.
4221:
1646:
4245:
3978:
1117:
1046:
2957:
1943:
1511:, that is the official state grain of Minnesota and Michigan, and was part of the pre-colonial diet of the Ojibwe. Other staple foods of the Ojibwe were fish, maple sugar, venison and corn. They grew beans, squash, corn and potatoes and foraged for blueberries, blackberries, choke cherries, raspberries, gooseberries and huckleberries. During the summer game animals like deer, beaver, moose, goose, duck, rabbits and bear were hunted.
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976:
4197:
1294:
1919:
cough medicine. The gum is used for sores and a compound containing leaves is used as wash. The liquid balsam from bark blisters is used for sore eyes. They boil the resin twice and add it to suet or fat to make a canoe pitch. The bark gum is taken for chest soreness from colds, applied to cuts and sores, and decoction of the bark is used to induce sweating. The bark gum is also taken for
3863:
716:. They traded widely across the continent for thousands of years as they migrated, and knew of the canoe routes to move north, west to east, and then south in the Americas. The identification of the Ojibwe as a culture or people may have occurred in response to contact with Europeans. The Europeans preferred to deal with groups, and tried to identify those they encountered.
605:, and is still widely spoken, although the number of fluent speakers has declined sharply. Today, most of the language's fluent speakers are elders. Since the early 21st century, there is a growing movement to revitalize the language and restore its strength as a central part of Ojibwe culture. The language belongs to the Algonquian linguistic group and is descended from
4209:
3807:
4017:
3998:
1605:("Little" Moose-tail). The Crane totem was the most vocal among the Ojibwe, and the Bear was the largest – so large, that it was sub-divided into body parts such as the head, the ribs and the feet. Each clan had certain responsibilities among the people. People had to marry a spouse from a different clan.
1421:
The jingle dress that is typically worn by female pow wow dancers originated from the Ojibwe. Both Plains and
Woodlands Ojibwe claim the earliest form of dark cloth dresses decorated with rows of tin cones - often made from the lids of tobacco cans- that make a jingling sound when worn by the dancer.
1284:
Ojibwe communities have a strong history of political and social activism. Long before contact, they were closely aligned with Odawa and
Potawatomi people in the Council of the Three Fires. From the 1870s to 1938, the Grand General Indian Council of Ontario attempted to reconcile multiple traditional
1089:
and the Odawa who had been displaced by the
Iroquois invasion. Together they launched a massive counterattack against the Iroquois and drove them out of Michigan and southern Ontario until they were forced to flee back to their original homeland in upstate New York. At the same time the Iroquois were
1280:
had not signed treaties until the late 20th century, and most areas have no treaties yet. The government and First
Nations are continuing to negotiate treaty land entitlements and settlements. The treaties are constantly being reinterpreted by the courts because many of them are vague and difficult
812:
appeared in a vision to relate a prophecy. It said that if the
Anishinaabeg did not move farther west, they would not be able to keep their traditional ways alive because of the many new pale-skinned settlers who would arrive soon in the east. Their migration path would be symbolized by a series of
1918:
of the root as an herbal steam for rheumatic joints. They also combine the gum with bear grease and use it as an ointment for hair. They use the needle-like leaves in as part of ceremony involving the sweatbath, and use the gum for colds and inhale the leaf smoke for colds. They use the plant as a
1680:
is still used during important ceremonies about the four directions, when oral history is recounted. Teaching lodges are common today to teach the next generations about the language and ancient ways of the past. The traditional ways, ideas, and teachings are preserved and practiced in such living
1672:
and a recounting of the origins of ceremonies and rituals. Spiritual beliefs and rituals were very important to the Ojibwe because spirits guided them through life. Birch bark scrolls and petroforms were used to pass along knowledge and information, as well as for ceremonies. Pictographs were also
1754:
According to Lee
Staples, an Ojibwe spiritual leader from the Mille Lacs Indian Reservation, present day practices follow the same spiritual beliefs and remain fairly similar. When an individual dies, a fire is lit in the home of the family, who are also expected to continuously maintain the
1737:
In Ojibwe tradition, the main task after a death is to bury the body as soon as possible, the very next day or even on the day of death. This was important because it allowed the spirit of the dead to journey to its place of joy and happiness. The land of happiness where the dead reside is called
5462:
Voyages and
Travels of an Indian Interpreter and Trader Describing the Manners and Customs of the North American Indians, with an Account of the Posts Situated on the River Saint Laurence, Lake Ontario, & C., to Which Is Added a Vocabulary of the Chippeway Language ... a List of Words in the
1112:
Often, treaties known as "peace and friendship treaties" were made to establish community bonds between the Ojibwe and the
European settlers. These established the groundwork for cooperative resource-sharing between the Ojibwe and the settlers. The United States and Canada viewed later treaties
1502:, and have started a mobile kitchen to teach their communities about nutritious food preparation. The traditional Native American diet was seasonally dependent on hunting, fishing and the foraging and farming of produce and grains. The modern diet has substituted some other types of food like
465:
European powers, Canada, and the U.S. have colonized Ojibwe lands. The Ojibwe signed treaties with settler leaders to surrender land for settlement in exchange for compensation, land reserves and guarantees of traditional rights. Many
European settlers moved into the Ojibwe ancestral lands.
1554:
because they are all part of the same clan. The modified system allows for younger siblings to share the same kinship term with younger cross-cousins. Complexity wanes further from the person's immediate generation, but some complexity is retained with female relatives. For example,
1285:
models into one cohesive voice to exercise political influence over colonial legislation. In the West, 16 Plains Cree and Ojibwe bands formed the Allied Bands of Qu'Appelle in 1910 in order to redress concerns about the failure of the government to uphold Treaty 4's promises.
370:. The Ojibwe population is approximately 320,000, with 170,742 living in the U.S. as of 2010 and approximately 160,000 in Canada. In the U.S. there are 77,940 mainline Ojibwe, 76,760 Saulteaux, and 8,770 Mississauga, organized in 125 bands. In Canada they live from western
2011:
recorded 10 major divisions of the Ojibwe in the United States. He mistakenly omitted the Ojibwe located in
Michigan, western Minnesota and westward, and all of Canada. When identified major historical bands located in Michigan and Ontario are added, the count becomes 15:
4119:
1281:
to apply in modern times. The numbered treaties were some of the most detailed treaties signed for their time. The Ojibwe Nation set the agenda and negotiated the first numbered treaties before they would allow safe passage of many more British settlers to the prairies.
3953:
1559:
is "my mother's sister" or "my father's sister-in-law" – i.e., my parallel-aunt, but also "my parent's female cross-cousin". Great-grandparents and older generations, as well as great-grandchildren and younger generations, are collectively called
1720:; who takes care of the children and the people on the land and as the Ojibwe Nation spread to the corners of North America it became difficult for Asibikaashi to reach all the children, so the mothers and grandmothers wove webs for the children, which had an
882:
As the people continued to migrate westward, the "northern branch" divided into a "westerly group" and a "southerly group". The "southern branch" and the "southerly group" of the "northern branch" came together at their "sixth stopping place" on Spirit Island
1263:
In Canada, many of the land cession treaties the British made with the Ojibwe provided for their rights for continued hunting, fishing and gathering of natural resources after land sales. The government signed numbered treaties in northwestern Ontario,
1466:. In Michigan, the Chippewa-Ottawa Resource Authority manages the hunting, fishing and gathering rights about Sault Ste. Marie, and the resources of the waters of lakes Michigan and Huron. In Canada, the Grand Council of Treaty No. 3 manages the
1506:
and "Indian tacos" in place of these traditionally prepared meals. The Native Americans loss of connection to their culture is part of the "quest to reconnect to their food traditions" sparking an interest in traditional ingredients like
1359:
and recorded on birch bark scrolls and possibly on rock. The many complex pictures on the sacred scrolls communicate much historical, geometrical, and mathematical knowledge, as well as images from their spiritual pantheon. The use of
1439:(clan sign). Because of the distinct features of these burials, Ojibwe graves have been often looted by grave robbers. In the United States, many Ojibwe communities safe-guard their burial mounds through the enforcement of the 1990
1711:
groups, originated in the Ojibwe "spider web charm", a hoop with woven string or sinew meant to replicate a spider's web, used as a protective charm for infants. According to Ojibwe legend, the protective charms originate with the
1090:
subjected to attacks by the French. This was the beginning of the end of the Iroquois Confederacy as they were put on the defensive. The Ojibwe expanded eastward, taking over the lands along the eastern shores of Lake Huron and
571:. Ojibwe who subsequently moved to the prairie provinces of Canada have retained the name Saulteaux. This is disputed since some scholars believe that only the name migrated west. Ojibwe who were originally located along the
4068:
1891:
for indigestion, and also as a food, eaten boiled fresh, dried or candied with maple sugar. Muskrat and beavers store them in large caches, which they have learned to recognize and appropriate. They take an infusion of the
4257:
6390:
3558:
3762:
4487:
Activity 1. Introduction to Anishinabe/Ojibwe/Chippewa, Anishinabe/Ojibwe/Chippewa: Culture of an Indian Nation lesson plan, National Endowment for the Humanities, 2023, 400 7th Street SW., Washington, DC
1312:. Most Ojibwe, except for the Great Plains bands, have historically lived a settled (as opposed to nomadic) lifestyle, relying on fishing and hunting to supplement the cultivation of numerous varieties of
4489:
504:
predominates in Canada, but both terms are used in each country. In many Ojibwe communities throughout Canada and the U.S. since the late 20th century, more members have been using the generalized name
258:
4161:
4141:
1414:) at various reservations in the Anishinaabe-Aki (Anishinaabe Country). Many people still follow the traditional ways of harvesting wild rice, picking berries, hunting, making medicines, and making
879:(Sault Ste. Marie). Continuing their westward expansion, the Ojibwe divided into the "northern branch", following the north shore of Lake Superior, and the "southern branch", along its south shore.
2656:
3737:
3200:
1167:
and the rise of popular opinion in the U.S. against Ojibwe removal, the bands east of the Mississippi were allowed to return to reservations on ceded territory. A few families were removed to
4080:
3209:
4232:
1564:. This system of kinship reflects the Anishinaabe philosophy of interconnectedness and balance among all living generations, as well as of all generations of the past and of the future.
3786:
3877:
1186:(The Six). In addition to the northern and eastern woodlands, Ojibwe people also lived on the prairies of Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, North Dakota, western Minnesota and Montana.
4871:
5219:
Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273–379, p. 348 (Note: This source comes from the Native American ethnobotany database <
3907:
3642:
1391:), which is found naturally in distant coastal areas. Their use of such shells demonstrates there is a vast, longstanding trade network across the continent. The use and trade of
3977:
1085:, and the Sioux to the west. The Ojibwa stopped the Iroquois advance into their territory near Lake Superior in 1662. Then they formed an alliance with other tribes such as the
3552:
1206:, the newly formed United States did not fully uphold the treaty. As it was still preoccupied by war with France, Great Britain ceded to the United States much of the lands in
3711:
3747:
3742:
3732:
3717:
3664:
3582:
3221:
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2511:
2202:
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4007:
3965:
3862:
5379:
3627:
3676:
1440:
6649:
5868:
3941:
3588:
2190:
462:
Society is well respected as the keeper of detailed and complex scrolls of events, oral history, songs, maps, memories, stories, geometry, and mathematics.
3768:
1249:
4710:
4177:
3636:
3456:
1624:") The response allows the parties to establish social conduct by identifying as family, friends or enemies. Today, the greeting has been shortened to "
1155:, several hundred Ojibwe died because of the federal government's failure to deliver fall annuity payments. The government attempted to do this in the
5985:
5805:
4812:
2423:
1350:
saplings. In the contemporary era, most of the people live in modern housing, but traditional structures are still used for special sites and events.
1132:). After losing the war in 1763, France was forced to cede its colonial claims to lands in Canada and east of the Mississippi River to Britain. After
3467:
3462:
2553:
641:
is frequently referred to as a "Central Algonquian" language; Central Algonquian is an area grouping, however, rather than a linguistic genetic one.
6028:
4283:
4031:
3227:
1447:
1022:
By the end of the 18th century, the Ojibwe controlled nearly all of present-day Michigan, northern Wisconsin, and Minnesota, including most of the
316:
6750:
4891:
4048:
3842:
3504:
2493:
2530:
2235:
1455:
527:
seams to make them waterproof. Some 19th century sources say this name described a method of ritual torture that the Ojibwe applied to enemies.
5645:
4409:
4059:
4039:
3898:
3853:
3777:
2564:
2316:
2311:
4459:
1178:
6755:
6740:
5929:
3926:
3806:
4311:
6735:
6362:
5265:
Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230–248, p. 244
915:
3997:
6745:
4384:
3089:
2597:
2558:
2086:
5463:
Iroquois, Mehegan, Shawanee, and Esquimeaux Tongues, and a Table, Shewing the Analogy between the Algonkin and the Chippeway Languages
5055:, Seven Ponds, 8 Dec. 2016, blog.sevenponds.com/cultural-perspectives/the-spirit-of-the-dead-according-to-ojibwe-beliefs.
4208:
4092:
6495:
5919:
2344:
1543:
Ojibwe understanding of kinship is complex and includes the immediate family as well as extended family. It is considered a modified
1433:
or a "spirit-house" over each mound. An historical burial mound would typically have a wooden marker, inscribed with the deceased's
4434:
2852:
2535:
2377:
2361:
1518:
until reduced and pour into a trough, where the rapidly cooling syrup was quickly processed into maple sugar using wooden paddles.
1194:
following the Seven Years' War governed the cession of land by treaty or purchase. Subsequently, France ceded most of the land in
6510:
2698:
2651:
2104:
5963:
6720:
5978:
5484:
5476:
2919:
2722:
2716:
2371:
1395:
across the continent has also been proof of a large trading network that took place for thousands of years, as far back as the
1124:
In part because of its long trading alliance, the Ojibwe allied with the French against Great Britain and its colonists in the
1380:
for certain stories and beliefs. The script is still in use, among traditional people as well as among youth on social media.
6395:
6024:
5111:
4571:
4104:
2137:
934:) upon the waters." Their second major settlement, referred to as their "seventh stopping place", was at Shaugawaumikong (or
744:
when they were in its presence. The six others remained to teach, while the one returned into the ocean. The six established
351:
3826:
1140:. They had hoped that a British victory could protect them against United States settlers' encroachment on their territory.
989:
of 1640, a report by the missionary priests to their superiors in France. Through their friendship with the French traders (
6770:
6161:
5830:
2904:
2353:
5573:
documentary featuring the history and culture of the Anishinaabe-Ojibwe people of the Great Lakes (United States-focused).
5498:
Treuer, Anton. Living Our Language: Ojibwe Tales & Oral Histories. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 2001.
4766:
5800:
3169:
2448:
2366:
2331:
1490:
952:
886:
320:
547:(/o/ + /jiib/ + /we/), meaning "those who speak stiffly" or "those who stammer", an exonym or name given to them by the
6705:
363:
5256:
Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327–525, p. 378
5177:
Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327–525, p. 374
2282:
Numerous Ojibwe First Nations, tribes, and bands exist today in Canada and the United States. See also the listing of
6710:
6700:
6187:
5971:
5909:
5638:
4978:
4930:
4643:
4601:
4556:
4278:
3594:
3080:
3004:
2770:
2478:
2145:
1990:
2986:
1972:
6715:
5934:
3570:
2939:
2785:
2754:
1136:
and adjusting to British colonial rule, the Ojibwe allied with British forces and against the United States in the
5064:
Hilger, M. Inez (1944), Chippewa Burial and Mourning Customs. American Anthropologist, 46: 564–568.
3682:
3650:
6760:
5810:
4948:
3328:
2857:
2800:
2790:
2710:
2463:
2118:
1640:
875:). Their first new political-center was referred to as their "fifth stopping place", in their present country at
829:) of their safety to move inland, the Anishinaabeg gradually migrated west along the Saint Lawrence River to the
4524:
281:
4718:
4368:
2982:
2602:
2349:
1968:
1422:
This style of dress is now popular with all tribes and is a distinctly Ojibwe contribution to Pan-Indianism.
1498:
There is renewed interest in nutritious eating among the Ojibwe, who have been expanding community gardens in
1399:. Certain types of rock used for spear and arrow heads have also been traded over large distances precontact.
6680:
5497:
5286:
Hoffman, W.J., 1891, The Midewiwin or 'Grand Medicine Society' of the Ojibwa, SI-BAE Annual Report #7, p. 198
5168:
Hoffman, W.J., 1891, The Midewiwin or 'Grand Medicine Society' of the Ojibwa, SI-BAE Annual Report #7, p. 201
3727:
3722:
2914:
2393:
2326:
1172:
999:), the Ojibwe gained guns, began to use European goods, and began to dominate their traditional enemies, the
523:(/o/ + /jiibw/ + /abwe/), meaning "those who cook/roast until it puckers", referring to their fire-curing of
17:
3959:
Chippewa baby teething on "Indians at Work" magazine while strapped to a cradleboard at a rice lake in 1940.
6480:
6449:
6405:
5631:
5412:
3988:
3316:
3163:
2894:
2737:
2674:
2498:
2483:
1908:, using a decoction of root as an enema and take an infusion of the root for "stoppage of urine". They use
1820:
1692:
1608:
Traditionally, each band had a self-regulating council consisting of leaders of the communities' clans, or
1218:
and Wisconsin, and northern Minnesota and North Dakota to settle the boundary of their holdings in Canada.
4625:
4312:"CDC – American – Indian – Alaska – Native – Populations – Racial – Ethnic – Minorities – Minority Health"
4256:
4016:
6725:
6690:
6685:
6500:
6202:
6197:
5570:
5244:
Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273–379, p. 350
5235:
Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273–379, p. 338
4970:
4741:
4023:
3688:
3606:
2581:
2540:
2443:
2220:
1160:
1057:
in 1835. In 1845 he traveled to Paris with eleven Ojibwe, who had their portraits painted and danced for
5186:
Densmore, Frances 1928 Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians. SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273–379 (p. 356)
5147:
Densmore, Frances 1928 Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians. SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273–379 (p. 346)
5126:
Densmore, Frances 1928 Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians. SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273–379 (p. 376)
4220:
1221:
In 1807, the Ojibwe joined three other tribes, the Odawa, Potawatomi and Wyandot people, in signing the
6695:
6475:
6207:
5080:
James A. Clifton, "Wisconsin Death March: Explaining the Extremes in Old Northwest Indian Removal", in
4697:
3893:
3528:
3175:
3053:
3043:
2780:
2741:
2545:
2306:
2126:
2056:
1203:
1191:
680:
1482:
5924:
5745:
3239:
3215:
3153:
2845:
2640:
2607:
2468:
2433:
2428:
2418:
2041:
1616:. In meeting others, the traditional greeting among the Ojibwe people is, "What is your 'doodem'?" ("
1031:
606:
564:
38:
5597:
4364:
Sovereign Futures: Indigenous and Settler Prophecies in Two Nineteenth-Century American "Northwests"
1550:. As with any bifurcate-merging kinship system, siblings generally share the same kinship term with
1260:(Bois Brûlé) in what is today northern Wisconsin and resulted in a decisive victory for the Ojibwe.
1151:, west of the Mississippi River. The Ojibwe resisted, and there were violent confrontations. In the
1101:
in the Lake Superior area, pushing them to the south and west. In the 1680s the Ojibwa defeated the
6596:
6572:
6485:
5914:
4788:
4196:
4184:
3705:
3699:
3693:
3370:
3245:
3099:
3065:
2967:
2765:
2747:
2704:
2575:
2413:
2291:
1953:
475:
4813:
James A. Clifton, "Wisconsin Death March: Explaining the Extremes in Old Northwest Indian Removal"
3068:(c. 1797–1880), Ojibwe-African American woman in the early Methodist Episcopal Church in Minnesota
1376:
have been used to teach important spiritual concepts, record astronomical events, and to use as a
6654:
6632:
6515:
6505:
6454:
6444:
6400:
6215:
6036:
5993:
5944:
5673:
4467:
3540:
3486:
3355:
3258:
2978:
2971:
2899:
2760:
2569:
2488:
2458:
2398:
2339:
2301:
1964:
1957:
1527:
799:
745:
492:). This word has two variations, one French (Ojibwa) and the other English (Chippewa). Although
355:
31:
5607:
5564:
4315:
6765:
6590:
6192:
5103:
3793:
3600:
3564:
3534:
3181:
3157:
2929:
2884:
2822:
2186:
2071:
2008:
1074:
1023:
956:
918:
estuary at the western end of Lake Superior. (This has since been developed as the present-day
534:
409:
393:
5307:
4362:
1353:
They have a culturally-specific form of pictorial writing, used in the religious rites of the
6584:
6566:
6560:
5613:
4920:
4834:
3971:
Chippewa Chief Ne-bah-quah-om (Big Dog) offered to fight the Sioux for the government in 1862
3670:
3656:
3576:
3522:
3492:
3376:
3233:
3076:
3017:
Ojibwe people from the 20th and 21st centuries should be listed under their specific tribes.
2795:
2731:
2473:
2321:
1804:
1783:
1585:). The word in the Ojibwe language means "my fellow clansman." The five original totems were
1459:
1234:
1129:
798:
then returned to the ocean as well. If the seventh had stayed, it would have established the
350:
According to the U.S. census, Ojibwe people are one of the largest tribal populations among
6626:
6620:
6608:
6602:
6578:
6548:
6520:
6350:
6169:
5838:
5790:
5448:
A Grammar of the Cree Language; With which is combined an analysis of the Chippeway dialect
4334:
3621:
3516:
3498:
2867:
2625:
2438:
2382:
2296:
2253:
1864:
1078:
945:
705:
675:
386:
5533:(Studies in North American Indian History) Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England.
8:
6367:
6317:
6273:
6151:
6090:
6016:
5858:
5576:
5223:> which lists the plant as Oligoneuron rigidum var. rigidum). Accessed 19 January 2018
2403:
2212:
1893:
1704:
1547:
1514:
One traditional method of making granulated sugar known among the Anishinabe was to boil
1245:
1125:
923:
630:
533:(/o/ + /zhibii'/ + /iwe/), meaning "those who keep records ", referring to their form of
524:
4244:
3204:
Map of Schoolcraft's route in 1831 showing Ojibwe settlements and roads (NAID 102278798)
6459:
6373:
6356:
6307:
6179:
6008:
5815:
5531:
The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650–1815
5096:
3022:
2646:
1925:
1887:
1713:
1494:
Vintage photo entitled, "Paul Buffalo and wife parching wild rice at their camp" – 1934
1396:
1317:
1230:
1156:
1152:
704:
and from recordings in birch bark scrolls, the Ojibwe originated from the mouth of the
626:
610:
481:
180:
5420:
Making Marriage: Husbands, Wives, and the American State in Dakota and Ojibwe Country.
5380:
Aaniin Ekidong: Ojibwe Vocabulary Project. St. Paul: Minnesota Humanities Center, 2009
4668:
1914:; melting the gum on warm stones and inhaling the fumes for headache. They also use a
6614:
6312:
5107:
4974:
4926:
4597:
4552:
3615:
3546:
3510:
3365:
3026:
1878:
1471:
1222:
1011:
region to the area of the present-day Dakotas, and forced the Fox down from northern
1008:
991:
960:
919:
872:
867:
The first significant new Ojibwe culture-center was their "fourth stopping place" on
822:
750:(clans) for people in the east, symbolized by animals. The five original Anishinaabe
614:
443:
4711:"Conversations on Reconciliation: "Tiotiá:ke and Mooniyaang: Land Acknowledgement.""
1105:
who dispersed their Huron allies and trading partners. This victory allowed them a "
268:
6554:
6100:
5876:
5065:
3813:
3290:
3072:
2408:
1858:
1848:
1826:
1544:
1463:
1277:
1133:
1082:
1058:
775:
634:
576:
572:
493:
421:
405:
375:
243:
136:
5618:
5491:
Treuer, Anton. Ojibwe in Minnesota. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society, 2010.
5402:
My Grandfather's Knocking Sticks: Ojibwe Family Life and Labor on the Reservation.
5069:
1653:
659:
with the French established the language as one of the key trade languages of the
6675:
6422:
6302:
6050:
6012:
5848:
5020:
4952:
4582:
4152:
3917:
3412:
3184:(1825–1853), first historical writer of the Ojibwe people, territorial legislator
3147:
3135:
3085:
2924:
2283:
2246:
1904:
1853:
1551:
1377:
1373:
985:
940:
648:
592:
382:
237:
156:
144:
140:
1684:
6143:
5853:
5760:
5755:
5725:
4905:
3871:, The female Ojibwe warrior the newspapers called the Chippewa Warrior Princess
3612:
Treaty of Washington (1836) – Swan Creek & Black River Bands
3131:
2811:
2194:
1910:
1691:(shown alongside a "Mask used in game" and "Ghost leg), to frighten children",
1665:
1144:
1086:
834:
759:
709:
701:
652:
4419:
2066:
St. Croix-Namekagon River valleys in eastern Minnesota and northern Wisconsin
1372:
has been common throughout the Ojibwe traditional territories. Petroforms and
6669:
6542:
6490:
6338:
6267:
6237:
5553:
5536:
White, Richard (July 31, 2000). Chippewas of the Sault. The Sault Tribe News.
4273:
4111:
3933:
3868:
3115:
3059:
3049:
3031:
2389:
1810:
1669:
1451:
1302:
1253:
1098:
1054:
1050:
1000:
901:
888:
857:
618:
560:
556:
1183:
6344:
6322:
6261:
6255:
6081:
6075:
6044:
6020:
5843:
5740:
5735:
5710:
5429:. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press. (Published originally 1929)
4876:
4168:
3119:
3109:
3103:
3037:
2160:
1869:
1743:
1700:
1499:
1450:, which manages the treaty hunting and fishing rights in the Lake Superior-
1426:
1269:
1238:
1226:
1195:
1164:
1091:
1035:
1016:
830:
767:
664:
580:
397:
332:
308:
119:
97:
5541:
We have the right to exist: A translation of aboriginal indigenous thought
335:, several distinct nations also consider themselves Ojibwe, including the
6536:
6285:
6231:
6120:
6110:
6060:
5886:
5765:
5720:
5654:
5397:
Bento-Banai, Edward (2004). Creation- From the Ojibwa. The Mishomis Book.
5339:
4003:
3349:
3187:
3125:
2934:
1862:
for pains near the bladder. The Ojibwa are documented to use the root of
1533:
1515:
1415:
1388:
1369:
1365:
1257:
1241:. The tribes were able to retain small pockets of land in the territory.
1137:
864:, the Anishinaabeg divided into six groups, of which the Ojibwe was one.
660:
455:
425:
304:
296:
213:
185:
176:
160:
6391:
Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Ohio
5493:
Ojibwe in Minnesota. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 2010.
1902:
after childbirth to purge afterbirth and to heal. They use the roots of
1771:
1308:
The Ojibwe have traditionally organized themselves into groups known as
6438:
6418:
6410:
6132:
6070:
5715:
5705:
5492:
4500:
3141:
2114:
1721:
1677:
1658:
1361:
1326:(wild rice) for food. Historically their typical dwelling has been the
1199:
1106:
1070:
1027:
821:
shells). After receiving assurance from their "Allied Brothers" (i.e.,
551:, who described the Ojibwe language for its differences from their own.
538:
401:
367:
340:
5623:
4967:
The World of the American Indian, A volume in the Story of Man Library
4945:
4922:
Holding Our World Together: Ojibwe Women and the Survival of Community
4830:"Treaty Between the Ottawa, Chippewa, Wyandot, and Potawatomi Indians"
4525:"Microsoft Word – dictionary best for printing 2004 ever finalpdf.doc"
2439:
Grassy Narrows First Nation (Asabiinyashkosiwagong Nitam-Anishinaabeg)
567:
for its rapids, the early Canadian settlers referred to the Ojibwe as
516:
is not known; the most common explanations for the name's origin are:
56:
6243:
6096:
5901:
5881:
5795:
5785:
5770:
5730:
5051:
Allis, Ellary. "The Spirit of The Dead According To Ojibwe Beliefs."
3883:
3446:
3093:
2862:
2805:
2621:
Removable Lake Superior Bands of Chippewa of the Chippewa Reservation
2171:
2097:
2031:
1920:
1915:
1831:
1508:
1454:
areas. The commission follows the directives of U.S. agencies to run
1355:
1148:
1012:
996:
931:
730:
671:
656:
459:
451:
436:
417:
336:
312:
164:
115:
111:
4074:
Chief medicine man Axel Pasey and family at Grand Portage Minnesota.
3128:, (1811–1888), performer, interpreter, mission worker, and herbalist
2956:
1942:
1116:
1045:
852:) developed. The "second stopping place" was in the vicinity of the
6279:
6249:
6064:
5683:
5434:
The shaman: Patterns of religious healing among the Ojibway Indians
5231:
5229:
5082:
Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters
4829:
4817:
Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters
3888:
3833:
3442:
3436:
3430:
3424:
3418:
3408:
3402:
3396:
2049:
1873:
1839:
1815:
1645:
1503:
1467:
1322:
1298:
1265:
1215:
1102:
1004:
849:
622:
413:
344:
107:
93:
5504:
The everlasting sky: New voices from the people named the Chippewa
5477:
Everything You Wanted to Know About Indians But Were Afraid to Ask
1143:
Following the war, the United States government tried to forcibly
1097:
In 1745, they adopted guns from the British in order to repel the
1081:, based mainly to the southeast of the Great Lakes in present-day
1065:
The Ojibwe were part of a long-term alliance with the Anishinaabe
429:
193:
6138:
5820:
5775:
5750:
5695:
5657:
5252:
5250:
4892:"Eating indigenously changes diets and lives of Native Americans"
4872:"In tribes across Minnesota, indigenous food movement takes root"
4789:"Which Native American Tribes Allied Themselves with the French?"
4414:
4188:
4125:
2045:
1708:
1343:
1273:
1211:
1202:
signed between Great Britain and the United States following the
1038:. In the latter area, the French Canadians called them Ojibwe or
975:
951:
The "westerly group" of the "northern branch" migrated along the
861:
860:). At their "third stopping place", near the present-day city of
826:
724:
684:
647:
is the fourth-most spoken Native language in North America after
123:
101:
89:
5226:
4995:
4613:
Three Fires Unity: The Anishnaabeg of the Lake Huron Borderlands
3248: – RS, RH1, RH2, misc. pre-confederation treaties
3172:(1879–1971), athletic manager and coach from Leroy, North Dakota
1664:
The Ojibwe have spiritual beliefs that have been passed down by
1030:
and Superior on the Canadian side and extending westward to the
983:
The first historical mention of the Ojibwe occurs in the French
6126:
6054:
5952:
5891:
5780:
5700:
5665:
4965:
Billard, Jules B. (1989). "N. Scott Momaday "I am Alive ..."".
4644:"Anishinaabemowin: Ojibwe Language | The Canadian Encyclopedia"
4238:
An Ojibwa woman and child, Red River Settlement, Manitoba, 1895
3040:(1802–1880), Ojibwe/African-American fur trader and interpreter
2909:
1835:
1581:
1536:
system, in which children were considered born to the father's
1462:, which manages their treaty hunting and fishing rights in the
1435:
1411:
1392:
1347:
1331:
1293:
1168:
1026:
area. They also controlled the entire northern shores of lakes
713:
683:
in 1855, publicized the Ojibwe culture. The epic contains many
555:
Because many Ojibwe were formerly located around the outlet of
447:
371:
85:
5247:
5098:
Native American Medicinal Plants: An Ethnobotanical Dictionary
4171:
photo entitled "Chippewa lodges, Beaver Bay, by Childs, B. F."
6116:
6086:
5592:
5559:
5357:
Smith, Huron H. (1932). "Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians".
1576:
1313:
1066:
1007:
to their west and south. They drove the Sioux from the Upper
818:
791:
439:
5582:
2174:, extending north of Lake Huron about the Mississaugi River
5996:
5687:
5587:
5511:
Summer in the spring: Ojibwe lyric poems and tribal stories
4214:
Camp fire Chippewa village Itasca State Park Minnesota 1926
1537:
1446:
Several Ojibwe bands in the United States cooperate in the
1207:
963:. Along their migration to the west, they came across many
944:) on the southern shore of Lake Superior, near the present
783:
548:
359:
354:
peoples in the U.S. In Canada, they are the second-largest
189:
5602:
5385:
Baker, Jocelyn (1936). "Ojibwa of the Lake of the Woods".
5032:
5030:
2522:
Lac Courte Oreilles Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians
2512:
Lac Courte Oreilles Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians
959:, and across the northern Great Plains until reaching the
740:
was too spiritually powerful and killed the people in the
315:
and throughout the northeastern woodlands. Ojibweg, being
3287:
Treaty of Peace with Sioux, Chippewa and Winnebago (1787)
2155:
North-central Minnesota and Mississippi River headwaters
1458:. Some Minnesota Ojibwe tribal councils cooperate in the
1049:
An Ojibwe named Boy Chief, by the noted American painter
729:(Land of the Dawn, i.e., Eastern Land) to teach them the
5220:
4435:"Maple sugaring's roots with the Ojibwe people run deep"
2701:, previously Mississaugas of the New Credit First Nation
2263:
northwest side of Lake Superior at the Canada–US border
1929:
root is used to stimulate milk flow in female patients.
5310:, Wisconsin Historical Images, accessed 23 January 2014
5027:
4996:"Aanii pronunciation: How to pronounce Aanii in Ojibwa"
1724:
purpose and were not explicitly connected with dreams.
1109:" in which they ruled uncontested in southern Ontario.
3190:(fl. 1780–1805), band leader among the northern Ojibwe
2276:
northeast of Lake Superior and west of Lake Nipissing
1814:, the resin of which was used to treat infections and
1470:
hunting and fishing rights related to the area around
1441:
Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act
5488:. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 2011.
5479:. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 2012.
4466:. Minnesota State University. Mankato. Archived from
3144:(Yellow Head), early 19th c. nonbinary warrior, guide
2728:
Osnaburg House Band of Ojibway and Cree (Historical)
930:
being to go to the "place where there is food (i.e.,
926:
cities.) The people were directed in a vision by the
5441:
The comic vision of Anishinaabe culture and religion
5289:
5268:
5201:
5189:
5150:
5129:
4955:, Milwaukee Public Museum, accessed 10 December 2011
3708: – Swan Creek & Black River Bands
3034:, Ojibwe/African-American fur trader and interpreter
1830:
is eaten as part of Ojibwe cuisine. They also use a
3230: – 1837CT, 1836CT, 1842CT and 1854CT
2946:
695:
5518:The people named the Chippewa: Narrative histories
5095:
4551:. Minnesota Historical Society Press. p. 36.
3266:Treaties with Great Britain and the United Kingdom
2424:Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians
5422:St. Paul, MN: Minnesota Historical Society Press.
5404:St. Paul, MN: Minnesota Historical Society Press.
5093:
4767:"The Atlas of Canada: Historical Indian Treaties"
3932:Kei-a-gis-gis, a Plains Ojibwe woman, painted by
3228:Great Lakes Indian Fish & Wildlife Commission
3112:(Gichi-Weshkiinh, Buffalo) (ca. 1759–1855), chief
2633:Removable Sandy Lake Band of Mississippi Chippewa
2554:Little Shell Tribe of Chippewa Indians of Montana
2525:Removable St. Croix Chippewa Indians of Wisconsin
1612:. The band was often identified by the principal
1448:Great Lakes Indian Fish & Wildlife Commission
813:smaller Turtle Islands, which was confirmed with
404:) and of the larger Anishinaabeg, which includes
61:Precontact distribution of Ojibwe-speaking people
6731:Indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands
6667:
6029:History of Native Americans in the United States
4284:History of Native Americans in the United States
3947:Leech Lake Ojibwe delegation to Washington, 1899
3531: – Ottawa, Ojibwe, and Potawatomi
3307:Chenail Ecarte (Sombra Township) Purchase (1796)
3166:(ca. 1824–1922, chief, from Cass Lake, Minnesota
2661:St. Croix Band of Chippewa Indians of Minnesota
2336:Chippewas of Lake Simcoe and Huron (Historical)
1876:. They take a compound decoction of the root of
1567:The Ojibwe people were divided into a number of
317:Indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands
2667:Snake and Knife Rivers Band of Chippewa Indians
2516:Bois Brule River Band of Lake Superior Chippewa
2494:Lac Vieux Desert Band of Lake Superior Chippewa
1856:. The South Ojibwa use a decoction of the root
1668:under the Midewiwin teachings. These include a
37:"Chippewa" redirects here. For other uses, see
3178:(White Cloud) (ca. 1830–1898), Gull Lake chief
2531:Lac du Flambeau Band of Lake Superior Chippewa
1233:, gave the United States a portion of today's
719:According to Ojibwe oral history, seven great
5979:
5639:
5520:. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
5472:. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
4060:History of the Indian Tribes of North America
4040:History of the Indian Tribes of North America
3899:History of the Indian Tribes of North America
3854:History of the Indian Tribes of North America
3778:History of the Indian Tribes of North America
2589:Lake Vermilion Band of Lake Superior Chippewa
2565:Mackinac Bands of Chippewa and Ottawa Indians
2519:Chippewa River Band of Lake Superior Chippewa
2317:Burt Lake Band of Chippewa and Ottawa Indians
2312:Biinjitiwabik Zaaging Anishnabek First Nation
5930:Joseph K. Lumsden Bahweting Anishnabe School
4615:. Phil Bellfy. 2011. University of Nebraska.
3559:Treaty of L'Arbre Croche and Michilimackinac
1402:During the summer months, the people attend
967:, or cowry shells, as told in the prophecy.
840:The first of the smaller Turtle Islands was
27:Group of indigenous peoples in North America
6363:Indigenous peoples of the Eastern Woodlands
3800:or "Flat Mouth"), a Leech Lake Ojibwe chief
2985:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2121:, about the northern boundary of Minnesota
1971:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1689:"Spider web" charm, hung on infant's cradle
1649:Pictorial notation of an Ojibwe music board
5986:
5972:
5646:
5632:
5450:. London: J.G.F. & J. Rivington, 1844.
5359:Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee
4729:– via Indigenous Contemporary Scene.
4128:, chief of La Flambeau band, photographed
3046:(1873–1949), writer, teacher and clubwoman
2630:Pokegama Lake Band of Mississippi Chippewa
2598:Fond du Lac Band of Lake Superior Chippewa
2592:Little Forks Band of Rainy River Saulteaux
2559:Little Traverse Bay Bands of Odawa Indians
2179:Dokis Band (Dokis's and Restoule's bands)
1521:
1252:Band of Ojibwe Indians and a war party of
55:
6496:Hopewell Culture National Historical Park
5443:. American Indian Quarterly, 26, 436–459.
4385:"The rock carvings of Kinoomaagewaabkong"
4356:
4354:
3624:(1837) – White Pine Treaty
3421:(1874) – Qu'Appelle Treaty
3399:(1871) – Stone Fort Treaty
3005:Learn how and when to remove this message
2345:Chippewas of Georgina Island First Nation
1991:Learn how and when to remove this message
1923:. A decoction (tea) of powdered, dried
1882:for back pain and for "female weakness".
1593:/"Ajiijaak" ("Echo-maker", i.e., Crane),
1256:Indians. The battle took place along the
970:
500:is more common in the United States, and
5588:Red Cliff Band of Lake Superior Chippewa
5470:A concise dictionary of Minnesota Ojibwe
5468:Nichols, J.D., & Nyholm, E. (1995).
5323:
5301:
5036:
3296:Indenture to the Toronto Purchase (1805)
3199:
2853:Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa Indians
2685:Rabbit Lake Band of Mississippi Chippewa
2536:Red Cliff Band of Lake Superior Chippewa
2378:Chippewas of Nawash Unceded First Nation
2362:Chippewas of Nawash Unceded First Nation
1683:
1652:
1644:
1575:) named primarily for animals and birds
1489:
1481:
1292:
1225:. The agreement, between the tribes and
1177:
1115:
1044:
974:
723:(Cowrie shells) appeared to them in the
323:, are known by several names, including
267:
6511:Shawnee Woodland Native American Museum
5653:
5436:. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
4964:
4855:
4806:
4739:
4717:. Montréal. 6 June 2017. Archived from
4382:
4360:
4329:
4327:
4325:
4306:
4304:
4086:Historic 1849 petition of Ojibwe chiefs
3702: – Sault Ste. Marie Band
3696: – Ottawa & Chippewa
3609: – Ottawa & Chippewa
3334:Lake Simcoe-Nottawasaga Purchase (1818)
3236: – Treaty 5 and Treaty 9
2699:Mississaugas of the Credit First Nation
2652:Sandy Lake Band of Mississippi Chippewa
1248:was an October 1842 battle between the
979:Five Ojibwe chiefs in the 19th century.
14:
6751:Native American tribes in North Dakota
6668:
4546:
4351:
3836:, war chief, modeled 1855, carved 1856
3775:/" Foot Prints "), Ojibwe chief, from
3653:(1842) – Copper Treaty
2830:Buffalo Point First Nation (Saulteaux)
2723:Ojibways of the Pic River First Nation
2717:Ojibway Nation of Saugeen First Nation
2691:Rice Lake Band of Mississippi Chippewa
2679:Gull Lake Band of Mississippi Chippewa
2657:Rice Lake Band of Mississippi Chippewa
2372:Chippewas of Saugeen Ojibway Territory
2203:Ottawa Lake (Lac Courte Oreilles) Band
6025:Native Americans in the United States
5967:
5627:
5384:
5356:
5328:. Minnesota Historical Society Press.
5295:
5274:
5207:
5195:
5156:
5135:
5047:
5045:
4918:
4858:Ojibwa People of Forests and Prairies
4819:, 1987, 5:1–40, accessed 2 March 2010
4660:
4432:
4098:Wells American Indian picture writing
3738:Treaty of Isabella Reservation (1864)
2775:Lac des Bois Band of Chippewa Indians
2664:Kettle River Band of Chippewa Indians
1824:are smoked in pipes to attract game.
1693:Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin
1342:(pointed-lodge), made of birch bark,
5485:The Assassination of Hole in the Day
4786:
4464:eMuseum @ Minnesota State University
4335:"Ojibwe | The Canadian Encyclopedia"
4322:
4301:
2983:adding citations to reliable sources
2950:
2615:Lake Winnibigoshish Band of Chippewa
2354:Chippewas of Mnjikaning First Nation
1969:adding citations to reliable sources
1936:
1766:
1727:
1634:
362:. They are one of the most numerous
79:Regions with significant populations
6756:Native American tribes in Wisconsin
6741:Native American tribes in Minnesota
6650:Native American place names in Ohio
5801:Teachings of the Seven Grandfathers
5087:
4822:
4630:the Canadian Museum of Civilization
4626:"First Nations Culture Areas Index"
4574:Books and Islands in Ojibwe Country
3474:Treaty No. 9, Adhesions (1929–1930)
3452:Treaty No. 5, Adhesions (1908–1910)
3278:Indian Officers' Land Treaty (1783)
3242: – 1886CT and 1889CT
2842:Pauingassi First Nation (Saulteaux)
2449:Keeseekoowenin Ojibway First Nation
2367:Chippewa of the Thames First Nation
2332:Chippewas of Kettle and Stony Point
229: ᐊᓂᔑᓈᐯᒃ / ᐊᓂᔑᓈᐯᐠ
24:
6736:Native American tribes in Michigan
5506:. New York: Crowell-Collier Press.
5457:. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart.
5373:
5042:
4433:Redix, Erik M. (October 8, 2018).
4383:Spencer, Kelly (August 31, 2020).
3212: – 1836CT fisheries
3210:Chippewa Ottawa Resource Authority
3195:
3062:(1818–1869), missionary and writer
2506:Ontonagon Band of Chippewa Indians
2197:) in Ontario, near Lake Nipissing
1802:Plants used by the Ojibwe include
687:that originate from Ojibwe words.
637:among the northern Plains tribes.
541:used in Midewiwin sacred rites; or
416:people. Historically, through the
358:population, surpassed only by the
25:
6782:
6746:Native American tribes in Montana
5910:Anishinabek Educational Institute
5547:
4746:Histoire Sociale / Social History
4694:The Horse, the Wheel and Language
4314:. 2 December 2012. Archived from
4279:Timeline of First Nations history
3595:Second Treaty of Prairie du Chien
3304:Between the Lakes Purchase (1792)
3284:Between the Lakes Purchase (1784)
2771:Red Lake Band of Chippewa Indians
2479:Lake Nipigon Ojibway First Nation
1808:, used for urinary problems, and
272:Manoomin picking, 1905, Minnesota
6384:Prehistoric communities or sites
5995:
5543:. New York: Black Thistle Press.
5334:The Chippewa and Their Neighbors
4993:
4742:"The Ojibwa of southern Ontario"
4255:
4243:
4231:
4226:Medicine man from Cass Lake 1911
4219:
4207:
4195:
4176:
4160:
4140:
4118:
4103:
4091:
4079:
4067:
4047:
4030:
4015:
3996:
3976:
3964:
3952:
3940:
3925:
3906:
3876:
3861:
3841:
3825:
3805:
3785:
3761:
3571:First Treaty of Prairie du Chien
3371:Ojibewa Indians of Lake Superior
3325:Head-of-the-Lake Purchase (1806)
3122:Ojibwe/African-American sculptor
2955:
2947:Notable historical Ojibwe people
2940:Wikwemikong Unceded First Nation
2839:Little Grand Rapids First Nation
2786:Sagamok Anishnawbek First Nation
2755:Pembina Band of Chippewa Indians
2181:
1941:
1770:
1532:Traditionally, the Ojibwe had a
1198:to Great Britain. Even with the
696:Precontact and spiritual beliefs
597:The Ojibwe language is known as
227: Anishinaabek
5513:. Minneapolis: The Nodin Press.
5317:
5280:
5259:
5238:
5213:
5180:
5171:
5162:
5141:
5120:
5074:
5058:
5012:
4987:
4958:
4939:
4912:
4898:
4884:
4864:
4849:
4780:
4759:
4733:
4703:
4686:
4666:
4636:
4618:
4606:
4587:
4565:
4540:
4517:
4367:(Doctor of Philosophy thesis).
3480:Treaties with the United States
3384:Manitoulin Island Treaty (1862)
3329:Lake Simcoe-Lake Huron Purchase
3310:London Township Purchase (1796)
2858:Wabaseemoong Independent Nation
2801:Sault Tribe of Chippewa Indians
2791:Saginaw Chippewa Tribal Council
2711:North Caribou Lake First Nation
2503:L'Anse Band of Chippewa Indians
2464:Lac des Mille Lacs First Nation
1749:
1641:Anishinaabe traditional beliefs
1237:and a section of Ohio near the
837:, and then to the Great Lakes.
609:. Its sister languages include
435:The Ojibwe are known for their
72:170,742 in United States (2010)
5609:Ojibwe Stories: Gaganoonididaa
5525:History of the Ojibway People.
4648:www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca
4493:
4481:
4452:
4426:
4402:
4389:Norfolk & Tillsonburg News
4376:
4369:University of British Columbia
4339:www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca
4149:Ojibwe Wigwam at Grand Portage
4135:, possibly in Washington, D.C.
3983:"One Called From A Distance" (
3820:), by Benjamin Armstrong, 1891
2603:Grand Portage Band of Chippewa
2350:Chippewas of Rama First Nation
2191:Little French River (Ziibiins)
1762:
1732:
1425:The Ojibwe bury their dead in
1190:In British North America, the
808:At a later time, one of these
484:for this Anishinaabe group is
420:branch, they were part of the
13:
1:
6721:First Nations in Saskatchewan
5761:Mishi-ginebig ("great snake")
5556:, recorded by Frances Desmore
5418:Denial, Catherine J. (2013).
5409:The Chippewa of Lake Superior
5070:10.1525/aa.1944.46.4.02a00240
5018:Jim Great Elk Waters (2002),
4549:History of the Ojibway People
4289:
4183:Pictographs on Mazinaw Rock,
4129:
4037:Ojibwe woman and child, from
3728:Treaty of Old Crossing (1864)
3723:Treaty of Old Crossing (1863)
3445:(1905–1906) –
3377:Ojibewa Indians of Lake Huron
3281:The Crawford Purchases (1783)
3275:Treaty of Fort Niagara (1781)
3272:Treaty of Fort Niagara (1764)
3156:(1800–1842), author, wife of
2499:Keweenaw Bay Indian Community
2394:Rocky Boys Indian Reservation
2327:Chapleau Ojibway First Nation
2187:French River (Wemitigoj-Sibi)
2081:south shore of Lake Superior
2005:History of the Ojibway People
1757:Gaagige Minawaanigozigiwining
1740:Gaagige Minawaanigozigiwining
1015:. The latter allied with the
247: ᐊᓂᐦᔑᓈᐯᒧᐎᓐ
6481:Fort Ancient (Lebanon, Ohio)
6396:Archaeological sites in Ohio
5920:Canadian residential schools
5413:University of Oklahoma Press
5024:, Seven Locks Press, p. 111.
5021:View from the Medicine Lodge
4856:Johnson, Michael G. (2016).
4673:Countries and Their Cultures
4547:Warren, William W. (1984) .
4361:Jelsing, Kaden Mark (2023).
4202:Ojibwe hunter in winter 1908
3712:Treaty of Sac and Fox Agency
3317:Penetanguishene Bay Purchase
3313:Land for Joseph Brant (1797)
3170:Alfred Michael "Chief" Venne
3025:(1824–1863), historian from
2935:Whitewater Lake First Nation
2925:Whitefish River First Nation
2895:Wabigoon Lake Ojibway Nation
2878:Chapleau Ojibwe First Nation
2875:Brunswick House First Nation
2738:Mishkeegogamang First Nation
2688:Removable Mille Lacs Indians
2682:Otter Tail Band of Pillagers
2675:White Earth Band of Chippewa
2618:Leech Lake Band of Pillagers
2484:Lake Superior Chippewa Tribe
2208:Odaawaa-zaaga'iganiwininiwag
1885:The Ojibwe eat the corms of
1821:Symphyotrichum novae-angliae
469:
7:
6771:Upper Peninsula of Michigan
6501:Johnson-Humrickhouse Museum
6203:Two Mile Square Reservation
6198:Nawash-Kinjoano Reservation
5579:from Ojibwe Waasa-Inaabidaa
5523:Warren, William W. (1851).
5407:Danziger, E.J. Jr. (1978).
5387:Canadian Geographic Journal
5324:Densmore, Frances (1970) .
5308:"Portrait of Stephen Bonga"
4971:National Geographic Society
4740:Schmalz, Peter (May 1992).
4581:September 26, 2007, at the
4267:
4006:, Ojibwe chief, painted by
3748:Treaty of Washington (1867)
3743:Treaty of Washington (1866)
3733:Treaty of Washington (1864)
3718:Treaty of Washington (1863)
3689:Treaty of Washington (1855)
3607:Treaty of Washington (1836)
3361:Manitoulin Agreement (1836)
2920:Whitefish Lake First Nation
2910:Washagamis Bay First Nation
2905:Walpole Island First Nation
2586:Bois Forte Band of Chippewa
2582:Bois Forte Band of Chippewa
2541:Sokaogon Chippewa Community
2444:Islands in the Trent Waters
2140:in Wisconsin and Minnesota
2096:upper Mississippi River in
2023:(in double-vowel spelling)
1601:("Tender", i.e., Bear) and
1486:Wild rice harvesting – 1934
1297:Plains Ojibwe performing a
1161:Upper Peninsula of Michigan
856:(Concave Waterfalls, i.e.,
586:
392:The Ojibwe are part of the
262: ᐊᓂᔑᓈᐯᐘᑭ
10:
6787:
6476:Flint Ridge State Memorial
6208:Upper Sandusky Reservation
5560:Ojibwe People's Dictionary
5094:Daniel E. Moerman (2009).
4698:Princeton University Press
3754:
3665:Treaty of Potawatomi Creek
3553:Treaty of Saúlt Ste. Marie
3529:Treaty of St. Louis (1816)
3346:Long Woods Purchase (1822)
3343:The Rideau Purchase (1819)
3259:La Grande Paix de Montréal
3224: – Treaty 8
3218: – Treaty 3
3160:, born in Sault Ste. Marie
3088:(1825–1868), Chief of the
3054:Lac Courte Oreilles Ojibwe
2915:Whitefish Bay First Nation
2781:Rolling River First Nation
2742:New Osnaburgh First Nation
2612:Cass Lake Band of Chippewa
2546:St. Croix Chippewa Indians
2307:Bay Mills Indian Community
1638:
1525:
1477:
1288:
1204:American Revolutionary War
1192:Royal Proclamation of 1763
1077:. They fought against the
690:
681:Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
590:
473:
450:, and their harvesting of
387:Algonquian language family
303:ᐅᒋᐺᐘᑭ) covers much of the
36:
29:
6706:First Nations in Manitoba
6642:
6529:
6468:
6431:
6383:
6331:
6295:
6224:
6178:
6160:
6035:
6006:
5943:
5925:Hannahville Indian School
5900:
5867:
5829:
5682:
5664:
5400:Child, Brenda J. (2014).
5102:. Timber Press. pp.
4919:Child, Brenda J. (2012).
3914:Kay be sen day way We Win
3583:Treaty of Butte des Morts
3340:Rice Lake Purchase (1818)
3301:The McKee Purchase (1790)
3240:Red Lake Band of Chippewa
3222:Grand Council of Treaty 8
3216:Grand Council of Treaty 3
3154:Jane Johnston Schoolcraft
3150:(fl. late 19th c.), chief
2846:Poplar River First Nation
2833:Hollow Water First Nation
2819:Berens River First Nation
2816:Southeast Tribal Council
2641:Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe
2608:Leech Lake Band of Ojibwe
2469:Lac La Croix First Nation
2434:Henvey Inlet First Nation
2429:Garden River First Nation
2419:Fort William First Nation
1163:. Through the efforts of
496:exist in the literature,
251:
233:
221:
217: ᐊᓂᔑᓈᐯ
203:
175:
170:
155:
150:
135:
130:
83:
78:
71:
66:
54:
39:Chippewa (disambiguation)
6711:First Nations in Ontario
6701:First Nations in Alberta
6597:Battle of Fallen Timbers
6573:Treaty of Camp Charlotte
6486:Fort Hill State Memorial
6188:Blanchard's Fork Reserve
6001:Native Americans in Ohio
5935:U.S. residential schools
5915:Bug-O-Nay-Ge-Shig School
5598:Southeast Tribal Council
5593:Mississaugi First Nation
4593:Johnston, Basil. (2007)
4294:
4185:Bon Echo Provincial Park
4057:, an Ojibwe woman, from
3706:Treaty of Detroit (1855)
3700:Treaty of Detroit (1855)
3694:Treaty of Detroit (1855)
3411:(1873) –
3337:Ajetance Purchase (1818)
3322:St. Joseph Island (1798)
3246:Union of Ontario Indians
3066:Margaret Bonga Fahlstrom
2872:Beaverhouse First Nation
2836:Black River First Nation
2766:Poplar Hill First Nation
2748:Slate Falls First Nation
2705:Mississaugi First Nation
2624:White Oak Point Band of
2576:Minnesota Chippewa Tribe
2459:Koocheching First Nation
2414:Eabametoong First Nation
2292:Aamjiwnaang First Nation
1932:
1456:several wilderness areas
1410:for a social gathering (
1383:Some ceremonies use the
1320:, and the harvesting of
1053:, who made portraits at
512:The meaning of the name
476:List of Ojibwa ethnonyms
74:160,000 in Canada (2014)
6716:First Nations in Quebec
6655:Indian removals in Ohio
6516:SunWatch Indian Village
6506:New Indian Ridge Museum
6455:Thunderbird (mythology)
6216:Indian removals in Ohio
5583:Batchewana First Nation
5539:Wub-e-ke-niew. (1995).
5529:White, Richard (1991).
5465:. London: Robson, 1791.
4793:www.teachinghistory.org
4110:Wildfire, English name
4008:Thomas Loraine McKenney
3487:Treaty of Fort McIntosh
3468:The Mississauga Indians
3356:Saugeen Tract Agreement
3044:Jeanne L'Strange Cappel
2900:Wahnapitae First Nation
2881:Matachewan First Nation
2863:Wabauskang First Nation
2827:Brokenhead First Nation
2761:Pikangikum First Nation
2570:Magnetawan First Nation
2489:Bad River Chippewa Band
2399:Curve Lake First Nation
2340:Beausoleil First Nation
2302:Batchewana First Nation
2272:Noopiming Azhe-ininiwag
2259:Wazhashk-Onigamininiwag
2230:north of Lake Superior
2226:Zagaakwaandagowininiwag
1631:(pronounced "Ah-nee").
1528:Anishinaabe clan system
1522:Kinship and clan system
1120:A Chippeway Widow, 1838
381:The Ojibwe language is
299:people whose homeland (
32:Ojibwe (disambiguation)
6761:Native American tribes
6591:Siege of Fort Recovery
6193:Moravian Indian Grants
5731:Grand Medicine Society
5566:Ojibwe Waasa-Inaabidaa
4595:Anishinaubae Thesaurus
4501:"Batchewana – History"
3794:Aysh-ke-bah-ke-ko-zhay
3535:Treaty of Miami Rapids
3205:
3182:William Whipple Warren
3158:Henry Rowe Schoolcraft
2930:Whitesand First Nation
2889:Wahgoshig First Nation
2885:Mattagami First Nation
2823:Bloodvein First Nation
2812:Shawanaga First Nation
2087:Mississippi River Band
2062:Biitan-akiing-enabijig
1696:
1661:
1650:
1495:
1487:
1406:for the spiritual and
1338:(domed-lodge) or as a
1305:
1187:
1121:
1075:Council of Three Fires
1062:
980:
971:Contact with Europeans
957:Red River of the North
825:) and "Father" (i.e.,
670:The popularity of the
575:and made their way to
446:, mining and trade in
394:Council of Three Fires
273:
6567:Yellow Creek massacre
5614:Public Radio Exchange
5453:Johnston, B. (1976).
5425:Densmore, F. (1979).
5221:http://naeb.brit.org/
4835:World Digital Library
4262:Minnesota Ojibwa 1910
3671:Treaty of Fond du Lac
3657:Isle Royale Agreement
3628:Treaty of Flint River
3577:Treaty of Fond du Lac
3523:Treaty of Springwells
3493:Treaty of Fort Harmar
3234:Nishnawbe Aski Nation
3203:
3106:missionary and writer
3077:Roman Catholic priest
2796:Sagkeeng First Nation
2732:Cat Lake First Nation
2474:Lac Seul First Nation
2322:Caldwell First Nation
2284:Saulteaux communities
1872:, which may refer to
1805:Agrimonia gryposepala
1687:
1673:used for ceremonies.
1656:
1648:
1493:
1485:
1460:1854 Treaty Authority
1334:), built either as a
1296:
1235:Southeastern Michigan
1214:, Michigan, parts of
1181:
1130:French and Indian War
1119:
1048:
978:
902:46.68750°N 92.18917°W
474:Further information:
311:, extending into the
271:
171:Related ethnic groups
6681:Algonquian ethnonyms
6633:Treaty of St. Mary's
6627:Treaty of Fort Meigs
6621:Treaty of Brownstown
6609:Treaty of Grouseland
6603:Treaty of Greenville
6579:Northwest Indian War
6549:Raid on Pickawillany
6521:Zane Shawnee Caverns
6450:Petroglyphs in Ohio
6406:Petroglyphs in Ohio
6351:Glacial Kame culture
6332:Prehistoric cultures
6296:Historic communities
6170:Algonquian languages
5791:Seven fires prophecy
5603:Wabun Tribal Council
5577:Ojibwe migratory map
5554:Ojibwe Song Pictures
5516:Vizenor, G. (1984).
5509:Vizenor, G. (1981).
5502:Vizenor, G. (1972).
5439:Gross, L.W. (2002).
4969:. Washington, D.C.:
4410:"BEACH HOUSE – MYTH"
3677:Treaty of Leech Lake
3622:Treaty of St. Peters
3541:Treaty of St. Mary's
3517:Treaty of Brownstown
3499:Treaty of Greenville
3463:The Chippewa Indians
3390:Treaties with Canada
3253:Treaties with France
2979:improve this section
2868:Wabun Tribal Council
2626:Mississippi Chippewa
2453:Riding Mountain Band
2383:Saugeen First Nation
2297:Aroland First Nation
2254:Muskrat Portage Band
2241:Waaswaaganiwininiwag
2236:Lac du Flambeau Band
2136:along headwaters of
2092:Gichi-ziibiwininiwag
1965:improve this section
1865:Uvularia grandiflora
1182:Plains Ojibwe Chief
1079:Iroquois Confederacy
1073:peoples, called the
946:La Pointe, Wisconsin
736:of life. One of the
706:Saint Lawrence River
700:According to Ojibwe
676:The Song of Hiawatha
257:
242:
212:
30:For other uses, see
6368:Monongahela culture
6318:Muskingum (village)
6180:Former reservations
6152:Western Confederacy
6017:Northwest Territory
5811:Traditional beliefs
5432:Grim, J.A. (1983).
5367:The Canadian Indian
4318:on 2 December 2012.
3683:Treaty of La Pointe
3651:Treaty of La Pointe
3643:Supplemental Treaty
3589:Treaty of Green Bay
2740:(formerly known as
2404:Cutler First Nation
2352:(formerly known as
2213:Lac Courte Oreilles
2166:Misi-zaagiwininiwag
2132:Manoominikeshiinyag
2077:Gichi-gamiwininiwag
1895:Antennaria howellii
1705:Pan-Indian Movement
1246:Battle of the Brule
1229:, representing the
1059:King Louis Philippe
907:46.68750; -92.18917
898: /
854:Wayaanag-gakaabikaa
766:(Echo-maker, i.e.,
225:Ojibweg ᐅᒋᐺᒃ / ᐅᒋᐺᐠ
51:
6726:Great Lakes tribes
6691:Anishinaabe groups
6686:Algonquian peoples
6585:St. Clair's defeat
6561:Lord Dunmore's War
6460:Underwater panther
6376:(Late Prehistoric)
6374:Whittlesey culture
6347:(Late Prehistoric)
6308:Lenape settlements
6009:Prehistory of Ohio
5844:Birch bark scrolls
5816:Underwater panther
5353:(1938, repr. 1971)
5346:(1937, repr. 1969)
4951:2015-06-23 at the
3851:, an Ojibwe, from
3769:A-na-cam-e-gish-ca
3206:
3079:and activist from
3023:Francis Assikinack
2647:Mille Lacs Indians
2409:Dokis First Nation
2189:region (including
2072:Lake Superior Band
2037:Baawitigowininiwag
1926:Onoclea sensibilis
1888:Sagittaria cuneata
1834:as a quick-acting
1782:. You can help by
1697:
1662:
1651:
1571:(clans; singular:
1496:
1488:
1397:Hopewell tradition
1306:
1231:Michigan Territory
1188:
1173:Potawatomi removal
1157:Keweenaw Peninsula
1153:Sandy Lake Tragedy
1147:all the Ojibwe to
1122:
1063:
981:
655:. Many decades of
385:, a branch of the
364:Indigenous peoples
274:
181:Algonquian peoples
47:
6696:Anishinaabe lands
6663:
6662:
6615:Treaty of Detroit
6359:(Middle Woodland)
6313:Lower Shawneetown
5961:
5960:
5113:978-0-88192-987-4
3773:Aanakamigishkaang
3637:Treaty of Saganaw
3633:Saganaw Treaties
3616:Treaty of Detroit
3601:Treaty of Chicago
3565:Treaty of Chicago
3547:Treaty of Saginaw
3511:Treaty of Detroit
3457:Williams Treaties
3366:Robinson Treaties
3118:(ca. 1844–1907),
3081:Gordon, Wisconsin
3027:Manitoulin Island
3015:
3014:
3007:
2280:
2279:
2151:Makandwewininiwag
2009:William W. Warren
2001:
2000:
1993:
1879:Ribes glandulosum
1800:
1799:
1728:Funeral practices
1703:, adopted by the
1635:Spiritual beliefs
1545:bifurcate merging
1472:Lake of the Woods
1223:Treaty of Detroit
1128:(also called the
992:coureurs des bois
961:Pacific Northwest
916:Saint Louis River
914:) located in the
873:Manitoulin Island
862:Detroit, Michigan
663:and the northern
579:are known as the
563:colonists called
535:pictorial writing
444:birchbark scrolls
424:, with the Cree,
266:
265:
199:
198:
184:Especially other
48:Ojibwe (Chippewa)
16:(Redirected from
6778:
6341:(Early Woodland)
6225:Historic figures
6000:
5999:
5988:
5981:
5974:
5965:
5964:
5877:Birchbark biting
5688:myth and stories
5648:
5641:
5634:
5625:
5624:
5619:Ojibwe Astronomy
5455:Ojibway heritage
5427:Chippewa customs
5394:
5362:
5344:Ojibwa Sociology
5329:
5326:Chippewa Customs
5311:
5305:
5299:
5293:
5287:
5284:
5278:
5272:
5266:
5263:
5257:
5254:
5245:
5242:
5236:
5233:
5224:
5217:
5211:
5205:
5199:
5193:
5187:
5184:
5178:
5175:
5169:
5166:
5160:
5154:
5148:
5145:
5139:
5133:
5127:
5124:
5118:
5117:
5101:
5091:
5085:
5078:
5072:
5062:
5056:
5049:
5040:
5034:
5025:
5016:
5010:
5009:
5007:
5006:
4991:
4985:
4984:
4962:
4956:
4946:"Ojibwe Culture"
4943:
4937:
4936:
4916:
4910:
4909:
4902:
4896:
4895:
4888:
4882:
4881:
4868:
4862:
4861:
4860:. Firefly Books.
4853:
4847:
4846:
4844:
4843:
4826:
4820:
4810:
4804:
4803:
4801:
4799:
4787:Gevinson, Alan.
4784:
4778:
4777:
4775:
4773:
4763:
4757:
4756:
4754:
4752:
4737:
4731:
4730:
4728:
4726:
4707:
4701:
4692:Anthony, David.
4690:
4684:
4683:
4681:
4679:
4664:
4658:
4657:
4655:
4654:
4640:
4634:
4633:
4622:
4616:
4610:
4604:
4591:
4585:
4572:Louise Erdrich,
4569:
4563:
4562:
4544:
4538:
4537:
4535:
4534:
4529:
4521:
4515:
4514:
4512:
4511:
4497:
4491:
4485:
4479:
4478:
4476:
4475:
4456:
4450:
4449:
4447:
4445:
4430:
4424:
4423:
4418:. Archived from
4406:
4400:
4399:
4397:
4395:
4380:
4374:
4372:
4358:
4349:
4348:
4346:
4345:
4331:
4320:
4319:
4308:
4259:
4247:
4235:
4223:
4211:
4199:
4180:
4164:
4144:
4134:
4131:
4122:
4107:
4095:
4083:
4071:
4051:
4034:
4019:
4000:
3989:White Earth Band
3980:
3968:
3956:
3944:
3929:
3910:
3894:St. Croix Ojibwe
3880:
3865:
3845:
3829:
3814:Beautifying Bird
3809:
3798:Eshkibagikoonzhe
3789:
3765:
3291:Toronto Purchase
3090:Mississippi Band
3073:Philip B. Gordon
3010:
3003:
2999:
2996:
2990:
2959:
2951:
2110:Goojijiwininiwag
2042:Sault Ste. Marie
2015:
2014:
1996:
1989:
1985:
1982:
1976:
1945:
1937:
1868:for pain in the
1859:Viola canadensis
1849:Silene latifolia
1827:Allium tricoccum
1795:
1792:
1774:
1767:
1657:Frame of Ojibwe
1630:
1622:Awanen gidoodem?
1618:Aaniin gidoodem?
1597:(Pintail Duck),
1552:parallel cousins
1464:Arrowhead Region
1278:British Columbia
1126:Seven Years' War
1032:Turtle Mountains
1019:for protection.
913:
912:
910:
909:
908:
903:
899:
896:
895:
894:
891:
869:Manidoo Minising
639:Anishinaabemowin
607:Proto-Algonquian
599:Anishinaabemowin
577:southern Ontario
573:Mississagi River
565:Sault Ste. Marie
422:Iron Confederacy
396:(along with the
383:Anishinaabemowin
376:British Columbia
244:Anishinaabemowin
201:
200:
67:Total population
59:
52:
46:
21:
6786:
6785:
6781:
6780:
6779:
6777:
6776:
6775:
6666:
6665:
6664:
6659:
6638:
6525:
6464:
6427:
6423:Wilderness Road
6379:
6370:(Late Woodland)
6327:
6303:Hell Town, Ohio
6291:
6220:
6174:
6156:
6037:Historic tribes
6031:
6013:History of Ohio
6002:
5994:
5992:
5962:
5957:
5939:
5896:
5863:
5825:
5678:
5660:
5652:
5550:
5482:Treuer, Anton.
5475:Treuer, Anton.
5446:Howse, Joseph.
5376:
5374:Further reading
5320:
5315:
5314:
5306:
5302:
5294:
5290:
5285:
5281:
5273:
5269:
5264:
5260:
5255:
5248:
5243:
5239:
5234:
5227:
5218:
5214:
5206:
5202:
5194:
5190:
5185:
5181:
5176:
5172:
5167:
5163:
5155:
5151:
5146:
5142:
5134:
5130:
5125:
5121:
5114:
5092:
5088:
5079:
5075:
5063:
5059:
5050:
5043:
5035:
5028:
5017:
5013:
5004:
5002:
4992:
4988:
4981:
4963:
4959:
4953:Wayback Machine
4944:
4940:
4933:
4917:
4913:
4904:
4903:
4899:
4890:
4889:
4885:
4880:. 23 July 2018.
4870:
4869:
4865:
4854:
4850:
4841:
4839:
4828:
4827:
4823:
4811:
4807:
4797:
4795:
4785:
4781:
4771:
4769:
4765:
4764:
4760:
4750:
4748:
4738:
4734:
4724:
4722:
4709:
4708:
4704:
4691:
4687:
4677:
4675:
4665:
4661:
4652:
4650:
4642:
4641:
4637:
4624:
4623:
4619:
4611:
4607:
4592:
4588:
4583:Wayback Machine
4570:
4566:
4559:
4545:
4541:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4523:
4522:
4518:
4509:
4507:
4499:
4498:
4494:
4486:
4482:
4473:
4471:
4458:
4457:
4453:
4443:
4441:
4431:
4427:
4408:
4407:
4403:
4393:
4391:
4381:
4377:
4359:
4352:
4343:
4341:
4333:
4332:
4323:
4310:
4309:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4270:
4263:
4260:
4251:
4248:
4239:
4236:
4227:
4224:
4215:
4212:
4203:
4200:
4191:
4181:
4172:
4165:
4156:
4153:Eastman Johnson
4145:
4136:
4132:
4123:
4114:
4108:
4099:
4096:
4087:
4084:
4075:
4072:
4063:
4052:
4043:
4035:
4026:
4020:
4011:
4001:
3992:
3981:
3972:
3969:
3960:
3957:
3948:
3945:
3936:
3930:
3921:
3918:Eastman Johnson
3911:
3902:
3881:
3872:
3866:
3857:
3846:
3837:
3830:
3821:
3810:
3801:
3790:
3781:
3766:
3757:
3752:
3477:
3413:Northwest Angle
3387:
3352:Purchase (1827)
3198:
3196:Ojibwe treaties
3193:
3148:Chief Rocky Boy
3136:Red Lake Ojibwe
3134:, 19th-century
3086:Hole in the Day
3011:
3000:
2994:
2991:
2976:
2960:
2949:
2944:
2451:(also known as
2247:Wisconsin River
2221:Bois Forte Band
2138:St. Croix River
2105:Rainy Lake Band
2022:
1997:
1986:
1980:
1977:
1962:
1946:
1935:
1905:Solidago rigida
1818:. The roots of
1796:
1790:
1787:
1780:needs expansion
1765:
1752:
1735:
1730:
1643:
1637:
1628:
1530:
1524:
1480:
1429:. Many erect a
1378:mnemonic device
1374:medicine wheels
1291:
1171:as part of the
986:Jesuit Relation
973:
936:Zhaagawaamikong
906:
904:
900:
897:
892:
889:
887:
885:
884:
782:(Tender, i.e.,
712:of what is now
698:
693:
595:
593:Ojibwe language
589:
507:Anishinaabe(-g)
494:many variations
478:
472:
352:Native American
309:northern plains
307:region and the
261:
259:Anishinaabewaki
256:
246:
241:
228:
226:
216:
211:
183:
157:Ojibwe religion
106:United States (
105:
73:
62:
49:
45:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6784:
6774:
6773:
6768:
6763:
6758:
6753:
6748:
6743:
6738:
6733:
6728:
6723:
6718:
6713:
6708:
6703:
6698:
6693:
6688:
6683:
6678:
6661:
6660:
6658:
6657:
6652:
6646:
6644:
6640:
6639:
6637:
6636:
6630:
6624:
6618:
6612:
6606:
6600:
6594:
6588:
6582:
6576:
6570:
6564:
6558:
6552:
6546:
6540:
6533:
6531:
6527:
6526:
6524:
6523:
6518:
6513:
6508:
6503:
6498:
6493:
6488:
6483:
6478:
6472:
6470:
6466:
6465:
6463:
6462:
6457:
6452:
6447:
6445:Mounds in Ohio
6442:
6435:
6433:
6429:
6428:
6426:
6425:
6413:
6408:
6403:
6401:Mounds in Ohio
6398:
6393:
6387:
6385:
6381:
6380:
6378:
6377:
6371:
6365:
6360:
6354:
6348:
6342:
6335:
6333:
6329:
6328:
6326:
6325:
6320:
6315:
6310:
6305:
6299:
6297:
6293:
6292:
6290:
6289:
6283:
6277:
6271:
6265:
6259:
6253:
6247:
6241:
6235:
6228:
6226:
6222:
6221:
6219:
6218:
6210:
6205:
6200:
6195:
6190:
6184:
6182:
6176:
6175:
6173:
6172:
6166:
6164:
6158:
6157:
6155:
6154:
6146:
6141:
6136:
6130:
6124:
6114:
6104:
6094:
6084:
6079:
6073:
6068:
6058:
6048:
6041:
6039:
6033:
6032:
6007:
6004:
6003:
5991:
5990:
5983:
5976:
5968:
5959:
5958:
5956:
5955:
5949:
5947:
5941:
5940:
5938:
5937:
5932:
5927:
5922:
5917:
5912:
5906:
5904:
5898:
5897:
5895:
5894:
5889:
5884:
5879:
5873:
5871:
5865:
5864:
5862:
5861:
5856:
5854:Ottawa dialect
5851:
5846:
5841:
5835:
5833:
5827:
5826:
5824:
5823:
5818:
5813:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5778:
5773:
5768:
5763:
5758:
5756:Medicine wheel
5753:
5748:
5743:
5738:
5733:
5728:
5726:Gitche Manitou
5723:
5718:
5713:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5692:
5690:
5680:
5679:
5677:
5676:
5670:
5668:
5662:
5661:
5651:
5650:
5643:
5636:
5628:
5622:
5621:
5616:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5580:
5574:
5562:
5557:
5549:
5548:External links
5546:
5545:
5544:
5537:
5534:
5527:
5521:
5514:
5507:
5500:
5495:
5489:
5480:
5473:
5466:
5458:
5451:
5444:
5437:
5430:
5423:
5416:
5405:
5398:
5395:
5382:
5375:
5372:
5371:
5370:
5365:F. Symington,
5363:
5354:
5347:
5337:
5332:H. Hickerson,
5330:
5319:
5316:
5313:
5312:
5300:
5298:, p. 382.
5288:
5279:
5277:, p. 420.
5267:
5258:
5246:
5237:
5225:
5212:
5210:, p. 363.
5200:
5198:, p. 396.
5188:
5179:
5170:
5161:
5159:, p. 361.
5149:
5140:
5138:, p. 104.
5128:
5119:
5112:
5086:
5084:, 1987, 5:1–40
5073:
5057:
5041:
5039:, p. 113.
5026:
5011:
4986:
4979:
4973:. p. 13.
4957:
4938:
4931:
4911:
4897:
4883:
4863:
4848:
4821:
4805:
4779:
4758:
4732:
4721:on 4 June 2021
4702:
4700:, 2007, p. 102
4685:
4667:Roy, Loriene.
4659:
4635:
4617:
4605:
4586:
4564:
4557:
4539:
4516:
4492:
4480:
4451:
4425:
4422:on 2018-06-30.
4401:
4375:
4350:
4321:
4299:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4287:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4269:
4266:
4265:
4264:
4261:
4254:
4252:
4250:Ojibwa village
4249:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4194:
4192:
4182:
4175:
4173:
4166:
4159:
4157:
4146:
4139:
4137:
4124:
4117:
4115:
4109:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4066:
4064:
4053:
4046:
4044:
4036:
4029:
4027:
4021:
4014:
4012:
4002:
3995:
3993:
3982:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3939:
3937:
3931:
3924:
3922:
3912:
3905:
3903:
3882:
3875:
3873:
3867:
3860:
3858:
3847:
3840:
3838:
3831:
3824:
3822:
3811:
3804:
3802:
3791:
3784:
3782:
3767:
3760:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3709:
3703:
3697:
3691:
3686:
3680:
3674:
3668:
3662:
3661:
3660:
3648:
3647:
3646:
3640:
3631:
3625:
3619:
3613:
3610:
3604:
3598:
3592:
3586:
3580:
3574:
3568:
3562:
3556:
3550:
3544:
3538:
3532:
3526:
3520:
3514:
3508:
3502:
3496:
3490:
3483:
3482:
3481:
3476:
3475:
3472:
3471:
3470:
3465:
3453:
3450:
3440:
3434:
3428:
3422:
3416:
3406:
3400:
3393:
3392:
3391:
3386:
3385:
3382:
3381:
3380:
3374:
3362:
3359:
3353:
3347:
3344:
3341:
3338:
3335:
3332:
3326:
3323:
3320:
3314:
3311:
3308:
3305:
3302:
3299:
3298:
3297:
3288:
3285:
3282:
3279:
3276:
3273:
3269:
3268:
3267:
3263:
3262:
3255:
3254:
3250:
3249:
3243:
3237:
3231:
3225:
3219:
3213:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3191:
3185:
3179:
3173:
3167:
3161:
3151:
3145:
3139:
3132:Medweganoonind
3129:
3123:
3113:
3107:
3097:
3083:
3069:
3063:
3057:
3047:
3041:
3035:
3029:
3019:
3013:
3012:
2963:
2961:
2954:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2891:
2890:
2887:
2882:
2879:
2876:
2873:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2849:
2848:
2843:
2840:
2837:
2834:
2831:
2828:
2825:
2820:
2814:
2809:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2777:
2776:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2752:
2751:
2750:
2745:
2735:
2726:
2720:
2714:
2708:
2702:
2696:
2695:
2694:
2693:
2692:
2689:
2686:
2683:
2680:
2672:
2671:
2670:
2669:
2668:
2665:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2638:
2637:
2636:
2635:
2634:
2631:
2622:
2619:
2616:
2613:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2594:
2593:
2590:
2587:
2573:
2567:
2562:
2556:
2551:
2550:
2549:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2527:
2526:
2523:
2520:
2517:
2509:
2508:
2507:
2504:
2496:
2491:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2387:
2386:
2385:
2380:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2358:
2357:
2347:
2342:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2288:
2278:
2277:
2274:
2269:
2268:Nopeming Band
2265:
2264:
2261:
2256:
2250:
2249:
2243:
2238:
2232:
2231:
2228:
2223:
2217:
2216:
2210:
2205:
2199:
2198:
2195:Restoule River
2183:
2180:
2176:
2175:
2168:
2163:
2157:
2156:
2153:
2148:
2142:
2141:
2134:
2129:
2123:
2122:
2112:
2107:
2101:
2100:
2094:
2089:
2083:
2082:
2079:
2074:
2068:
2067:
2064:
2059:
2057:Border-Sitters
2053:
2052:
2039:
2034:
2028:
2027:
2024:
2019:
1999:
1998:
1981:September 2017
1949:
1947:
1940:
1934:
1931:
1911:Abies balsamea
1846:subspecies of
1798:
1797:
1777:
1775:
1764:
1761:
1751:
1748:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1670:creation story
1666:oral tradition
1639:Main article:
1636:
1633:
1562:aanikoobijigan
1548:kinship system
1526:Main article:
1523:
1520:
1479:
1476:
1290:
1287:
972:
969:
835:Lake Nipissing
817:shells (i.e.,
710:Atlantic coast
697:
694:
692:
689:
591:Main article:
588:
585:
553:
552:
542:
528:
471:
468:
264:
263:
253:
249:
248:
235:
231:
230:
223:
219:
218:
205:
197:
196:
173:
172:
168:
167:
153:
152:
148:
147:
133:
132:
128:
127:
81:
80:
76:
75:
69:
68:
64:
63:
60:
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6783:
6772:
6769:
6767:
6766:Plains tribes
6764:
6762:
6759:
6757:
6754:
6752:
6749:
6747:
6744:
6742:
6739:
6737:
6734:
6732:
6729:
6727:
6724:
6722:
6719:
6717:
6714:
6712:
6709:
6707:
6704:
6702:
6699:
6697:
6694:
6692:
6689:
6687:
6684:
6682:
6679:
6677:
6674:
6673:
6671:
6656:
6653:
6651:
6648:
6647:
6645:
6641:
6634:
6631:
6628:
6625:
6622:
6619:
6616:
6613:
6610:
6607:
6604:
6601:
6598:
6595:
6592:
6589:
6586:
6583:
6580:
6577:
6574:
6571:
6568:
6565:
6562:
6559:
6556:
6555:Pontiac's War
6553:
6550:
6547:
6544:
6543:Nanfan Treaty
6541:
6538:
6535:
6534:
6532:
6528:
6522:
6519:
6517:
6514:
6512:
6509:
6507:
6504:
6502:
6499:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6491:Fort Recovery
6489:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6474:
6473:
6471:
6467:
6461:
6458:
6456:
6453:
6451:
6448:
6446:
6443:
6440:
6437:
6436:
6434:
6430:
6424:
6420:
6417:
6414:
6412:
6409:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6399:
6397:
6394:
6392:
6389:
6388:
6386:
6382:
6375:
6372:
6369:
6366:
6364:
6361:
6358:
6355:
6352:
6349:
6346:
6343:
6340:
6337:
6336:
6334:
6330:
6324:
6321:
6319:
6316:
6314:
6311:
6309:
6306:
6304:
6301:
6300:
6298:
6294:
6287:
6284:
6281:
6278:
6275:
6272:
6269:
6268:Little Turtle
6266:
6263:
6260:
6257:
6254:
6251:
6248:
6245:
6242:
6239:
6238:Buckongahelas
6236:
6233:
6230:
6229:
6227:
6223:
6217:
6214:
6211:
6209:
6206:
6204:
6201:
6199:
6196:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6186:
6185:
6183:
6181:
6177:
6171:
6168:
6167:
6165:
6163:
6159:
6153:
6150:
6147:
6145:
6142:
6140:
6137:
6134:
6131:
6128:
6125:
6122:
6118:
6115:
6112:
6108:
6105:
6102:
6098:
6095:
6092:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6077:
6074:
6072:
6069:
6066:
6062:
6059:
6056:
6052:
6049:
6046:
6043:
6042:
6040:
6038:
6034:
6030:
6026:
6022:
6018:
6014:
6010:
6005:
5998:
5989:
5984:
5982:
5977:
5975:
5970:
5969:
5966:
5954:
5951:
5950:
5948:
5946:
5942:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5918:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5907:
5905:
5903:
5899:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5874:
5872:
5870:
5866:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5847:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5837:
5836:
5834:
5832:
5828:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5806:Turtle Island
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5746:Little people
5744:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5693:
5691:
5689:
5685:
5681:
5675:
5672:
5671:
5669:
5667:
5663:
5659:
5656:
5649:
5644:
5642:
5637:
5635:
5630:
5629:
5626:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5611:
5610:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5578:
5575:
5572:
5568:
5567:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5555:
5552:
5551:
5542:
5538:
5535:
5532:
5528:
5526:
5522:
5519:
5515:
5512:
5508:
5505:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5490:
5487:
5486:
5481:
5478:
5474:
5471:
5467:
5464:
5459:
5456:
5452:
5449:
5445:
5442:
5438:
5435:
5431:
5428:
5424:
5421:
5417:
5414:
5410:
5406:
5403:
5399:
5396:
5392:
5388:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5377:
5368:
5364:
5361:(4): 327–525.
5360:
5355:
5352:
5348:
5345:
5341:
5338:
5335:
5331:
5327:
5322:
5321:
5309:
5304:
5297:
5292:
5283:
5276:
5271:
5262:
5253:
5251:
5241:
5232:
5230:
5222:
5216:
5209:
5204:
5197:
5192:
5183:
5174:
5165:
5158:
5153:
5144:
5137:
5132:
5123:
5115:
5109:
5105:
5100:
5099:
5090:
5083:
5077:
5071:
5067:
5061:
5054:
5048:
5046:
5038:
5037:Densmore 1970
5033:
5031:
5023:
5022:
5015:
5001:
4997:
4994:Team, Forvo.
4990:
4982:
4980:0-87044-799-8
4976:
4972:
4968:
4961:
4954:
4950:
4947:
4942:
4934:
4932:9781101560259
4928:
4924:
4923:
4915:
4907:
4901:
4893:
4887:
4879:
4878:
4873:
4867:
4859:
4852:
4837:
4836:
4831:
4825:
4818:
4814:
4809:
4794:
4790:
4783:
4768:
4762:
4747:
4743:
4736:
4720:
4716:
4712:
4706:
4699:
4695:
4689:
4674:
4670:
4663:
4649:
4645:
4639:
4631:
4627:
4621:
4614:
4609:
4603:
4602:0-87013-753-0
4599:
4596:
4590:
4584:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4568:
4560:
4558:0-87351-162-X
4554:
4550:
4543:
4526:
4520:
4506:
4505:batchewana.ca
4502:
4496:
4490:
4484:
4470:on 2010-04-09
4469:
4465:
4461:
4455:
4440:
4436:
4429:
4421:
4417:
4416:
4411:
4405:
4390:
4386:
4379:
4371:. p. 57.
4370:
4366:
4365:
4357:
4355:
4340:
4336:
4330:
4328:
4326:
4317:
4313:
4307:
4305:
4300:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4274:Amikwa people
4272:
4271:
4258:
4253:
4246:
4241:
4234:
4229:
4222:
4217:
4210:
4205:
4198:
4193:
4190:
4186:
4179:
4174:
4170:
4163:
4158:
4154:
4150:
4143:
4138:
4127:
4121:
4116:
4113:
4112:Edmonia Lewis
4106:
4101:
4094:
4089:
4082:
4077:
4070:
4065:
4062:
4061:
4056:
4050:
4045:
4042:
4041:
4033:
4028:
4025:
4022:Ojibwe chief
4018:
4013:
4009:
4005:
3999:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3979:
3974:
3967:
3962:
3955:
3950:
3943:
3938:
3935:
3934:George Catlin
3928:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3909:
3904:
3901:
3900:
3895:
3891:
3890:
3885:
3879:
3874:
3870:
3869:Hanging Cloud
3864:
3859:
3856:
3855:
3850:
3844:
3839:
3835:
3828:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3808:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3788:
3783:
3780:
3779:
3774:
3770:
3764:
3759:
3758:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3713:
3710:
3707:
3704:
3701:
3698:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3684:
3681:
3678:
3675:
3672:
3669:
3666:
3663:
3658:
3655:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3644:
3641:
3638:
3635:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3626:
3623:
3620:
3617:
3614:
3611:
3608:
3605:
3602:
3599:
3596:
3593:
3590:
3587:
3584:
3581:
3578:
3575:
3572:
3569:
3566:
3563:
3560:
3557:
3554:
3551:
3548:
3545:
3542:
3539:
3536:
3533:
3530:
3527:
3524:
3521:
3518:
3515:
3512:
3509:
3506:
3505:Fort Industry
3503:
3500:
3497:
3494:
3491:
3488:
3485:
3484:
3479:
3478:
3473:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3454:
3451:
3448:
3444:
3441:
3438:
3435:
3432:
3429:
3426:
3423:
3420:
3417:
3414:
3410:
3407:
3404:
3401:
3398:
3395:
3394:
3389:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3375:
3372:
3369:
3368:
3367:
3363:
3360:
3357:
3354:
3351:
3348:
3345:
3342:
3339:
3336:
3333:
3330:
3327:
3324:
3321:
3318:
3315:
3312:
3309:
3306:
3303:
3300:
3295:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3286:
3283:
3280:
3277:
3274:
3271:
3270:
3265:
3264:
3260:
3257:
3256:
3252:
3251:
3247:
3244:
3241:
3238:
3235:
3232:
3229:
3226:
3223:
3220:
3217:
3214:
3211:
3208:
3207:
3202:
3189:
3186:
3183:
3180:
3177:
3174:
3171:
3168:
3165:
3162:
3159:
3155:
3152:
3149:
3146:
3143:
3140:
3137:
3133:
3130:
3127:
3124:
3121:
3117:
3116:Edmonia Lewis
3114:
3111:
3108:
3105:
3102:(1802–1856),
3101:
3098:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3078:
3075:(1885–1948),
3074:
3070:
3067:
3064:
3061:
3060:George Copway
3058:
3056:woman warrior
3055:
3051:
3050:Hanging Cloud
3048:
3045:
3042:
3039:
3036:
3033:
3032:Stephen Bonga
3030:
3028:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3009:
3006:
2998:
2995:December 2021
2988:
2984:
2980:
2974:
2973:
2969:
2964:This section
2962:
2958:
2953:
2952:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2880:
2877:
2874:
2871:
2870:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2847:
2844:
2841:
2838:
2835:
2832:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2774:
2773:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2756:
2753:
2749:
2746:
2743:
2739:
2736:
2733:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2721:
2718:
2715:
2712:
2709:
2706:
2703:
2700:
2697:
2690:
2687:
2684:
2681:
2678:
2677:
2676:
2673:
2666:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2627:
2623:
2620:
2617:
2614:
2611:
2610:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2591:
2588:
2585:
2584:
2583:
2580:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2524:
2521:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2513:
2510:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2486:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2454:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2391:
2390:Chippewa Cree
2388:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2375:
2374:, historical
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2355:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2267:
2266:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2248:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2218:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2178:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2099:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2025:
2020:
2018:English Name
2017:
2016:
2013:
2010:
2006:
1995:
1992:
1984:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1960:
1959:
1955:
1950:This section
1948:
1944:
1939:
1938:
1930:
1928:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1913:
1912:
1907:
1906:
1901:
1900:
1896:
1890:
1889:
1883:
1881:
1880:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1866:
1861:
1860:
1855:
1851:
1850:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1828:
1823:
1822:
1817:
1813:
1812:
1811:Pinus strobus
1807:
1806:
1794:
1785:
1781:
1778:This section
1776:
1773:
1769:
1768:
1760:
1758:
1747:
1745:
1741:
1725:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1679:
1674:
1671:
1667:
1660:
1655:
1647:
1642:
1632:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1606:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1583:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1565:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1549:
1546:
1541:
1539:
1535:
1529:
1519:
1517:
1512:
1510:
1505:
1501:
1492:
1484:
1475:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1452:Lake Michigan
1449:
1444:
1442:
1438:
1437:
1432:
1428:
1427:burial mounds
1423:
1419:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1400:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1381:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1358:
1357:
1351:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1324:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1304:
1303:George Catlin
1300:
1295:
1286:
1282:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1242:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1219:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1185:
1180:
1176:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1165:Chief Buffalo
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1134:Pontiac's War
1131:
1127:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1099:Dakota people
1095:
1093:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1060:
1056:
1055:Fort Snelling
1052:
1051:George Catlin
1047:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1020:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
993:
988:
987:
977:
968:
966:
962:
958:
954:
949:
947:
943:
942:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
911:
880:
878:
874:
870:
865:
863:
859:
858:Niagara Falls
855:
851:
848:(present-day
847:
843:
838:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
811:
806:
804:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
748:
743:
739:
735:
733:
728:
727:
722:
717:
715:
711:
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703:
688:
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682:
679:, written by
678:
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628:
624:
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616:
612:
608:
604:
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594:
584:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
557:Lake Superior
550:
546:
543:
540:
536:
532:
529:
526:
522:
519:
518:
517:
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510:
508:
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423:
419:
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411:
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403:
399:
395:
390:
388:
384:
379:
377:
373:
369:
366:north of the
365:
361:
357:
356:First Nations
353:
348:
346:
342:
338:
334:
331:. As a large
330:
326:
322:
321:the subarctic
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
292:
287:
283:
279:
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109:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
82:
77:
70:
65:
58:
53:
50:ᐅᒋᑉᐧᐁ (ᒋᑉᐯᐧᐊ)
40:
33:
19:
18:Ojibwe people
6643:Other topics
6545:(1701, 1726)
6415:
6345:Fort Ancient
6323:Pickawillany
6262:Kakowatcheky
6256:Joseph Brant
6212:
6148:
6106:
6045:Chalahgawtha
6021:Ohio Country
5741:Jingle dress
5736:Jiibayaabooz
5711:Dreamcatcher
5608:
5565:
5540:
5530:
5524:
5517:
5510:
5503:
5483:
5469:
5461:
5454:
5447:
5440:
5433:
5426:
5419:
5408:
5401:
5390:
5386:
5366:
5358:
5351:Ojibwa Woman
5350:
5343:
5333:
5325:
5318:Bibliography
5303:
5291:
5282:
5270:
5261:
5240:
5215:
5203:
5191:
5182:
5173:
5164:
5152:
5143:
5131:
5122:
5097:
5089:
5081:
5076:
5060:
5052:
5019:
5014:
5003:. Retrieved
4999:
4989:
4966:
4960:
4941:
4921:
4914:
4906:"Anishinabe"
4900:
4886:
4877:Star Tribune
4875:
4866:
4857:
4851:
4840:. Retrieved
4838:. 1807-11-17
4833:
4824:
4816:
4808:
4798:23 September
4796:. Retrieved
4792:
4782:
4770:. Retrieved
4761:
4749:. Retrieved
4745:
4735:
4723:. Retrieved
4719:the original
4714:
4705:
4693:
4688:
4676:. Retrieved
4672:
4662:
4651:. Retrieved
4647:
4638:
4629:
4620:
4612:
4608:
4594:
4589:
4573:
4567:
4548:
4542:
4531:. Retrieved
4519:
4508:. Retrieved
4504:
4495:
4483:
4472:. Retrieved
4468:the original
4463:
4460:"Anishinabe"
4454:
4442:. Retrieved
4438:
4428:
4420:the original
4413:
4404:
4392:. Retrieved
4388:
4378:
4363:
4342:. Retrieved
4338:
4316:the original
4169:stereoscopic
4148:
4058:
4054:
4038:
3984:
3913:
3897:
3896:chief, from
3887:
3852:
3848:
3818:Nenaa'angebi
3817:
3797:
3776:
3772:
3443:Treaty No. 9
3437:Treaty No. 8
3431:Treaty No. 6
3425:Treaty No. 5
3419:Treaty No. 4
3409:Treaty No. 3
3403:Treaty No. 2
3397:Treaty No. 1
3176:Waabaanakwad
3110:Kechewaishke
3038:George Bonga
3016:
3001:
2992:
2977:Please help
2965:
2808:First Nation
2757:(Historical)
2643:, Minnesota
2578:, Minnesota
2548:of Wisconsin
2452:
2281:
2271:
2258:
2240:
2225:
2215:, Wisconsin
2207:
2165:
2161:Mississaugas
2150:
2131:
2127:Ricing-Rails
2109:
2091:
2076:
2061:
2036:
2004:
2002:
1987:
1978:
1963:Please help
1951:
1924:
1909:
1903:
1898:
1894:
1886:
1884:
1877:
1870:solar plexus
1863:
1857:
1847:
1843:
1825:
1819:
1809:
1803:
1801:
1788:
1784:adding to it
1779:
1756:
1753:
1750:Contemporary
1744:medicine man
1739:
1736:
1717:
1714:Spider Woman
1701:dreamcatcher
1698:
1688:
1681:ceremonies.
1675:
1663:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1607:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1589:(Bullhead),
1586:
1580:
1579:(pronounced
1572:
1568:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1542:
1531:
1513:
1500:food deserts
1497:
1445:
1434:
1430:
1424:
1420:
1408:niimi'idimaa
1407:
1403:
1401:
1384:
1382:
1354:
1352:
1340:nasawa'ogaan
1339:
1335:
1327:
1321:
1309:
1307:
1283:
1270:Saskatchewan
1262:
1243:
1239:Maumee River
1227:William Hull
1220:
1196:Upper Canada
1189:
1142:
1123:
1111:
1096:
1092:Georgian Bay
1064:
1039:
1036:North Dakota
1021:
990:
984:
982:
964:
950:
939:
935:
927:
881:
876:
868:
866:
853:
845:
841:
839:
831:Ottawa River
814:
809:
807:
802:
795:
787:
779:
771:
763:
755:
751:
746:
742:Waabanakiing
741:
737:
731:
726:Waabanakiing
725:
720:
718:
702:oral history
699:
674:
669:
665:Great Plains
651:, Cree, and
644:
643:
638:
602:
598:
596:
581:Mississaugas
568:
559:, which the
554:
544:
530:
520:
513:
511:
506:
501:
497:
489:
485:
479:
464:
434:
391:
380:
349:
333:ethnic group
328:
324:
300:
290:
289:
285:
277:
275:
207:
120:North Dakota
98:Saskatchewan
44:Ethnic group
6581:(1785–1795)
6539:(1609-1701)
6537:Beaver Wars
6441:(sculpture)
6286:Tenskwatawa
6232:Blue Jacket
6121:Anishinaabe
6111:Anishinaabe
6061:Erie people
5887:Ribbon work
5766:Mudjekeewis
5721:Elbow witch
5674:Clan system
5655:Anishinaabe
5393:(1): 47–54.
5349:R. Landes,
4925:. Penguin.
4751:1 September
4394:January 31,
4147:Details of
4133: 1862
4004:Pee-Che-Kir
3985:Midwewinind
3892:/"Six"), a
3849:Caa-tou-see
3350:Huron Tract
3188:Zheewegonab
3126:Maungwudaus
3120:Mississauga
3104:Mississauga
3100:Peter Jones
2021:Ojibwe Name
1852:is used as
1791:August 2013
1763:Ethnobotany
1733:Traditional
1718:Asibikaashi
1716:, known as
1699:The modern
1603:Moozwaanowe
1591:Baswenaazhi
1534:patrilineal
1516:maple syrup
1416:maple sugar
1404:jiingotamog
1389:cowry shell
1370:pictographs
1366:petroglyphs
1258:Brule River
1138:War of 1812
1009:Mississippi
953:Rainy River
941:Chequamegon
905: /
893:092°11′21″W
800:Thunderbird
794:). The six
764:Baswenaazhi
661:Great Lakes
657:fur trading
645:Ojibwemowin
603:Ojibwemowin
539:pictographs
531:ozhibii'iwe
456:maple syrup
426:Assiniboine
374:to eastern
305:Great Lakes
297:Anishinaabe
238:Ojibwemowin
214:Anishinaabe
186:Anishinaabe
177:Assiniboine
161:Catholicism
6670:Categories
6419:Ohio River
6411:Tower Site
6133:Piankeshaw
6071:Honniasont
5859:Potawatomi
5839:Algonquian
5716:Drumkeeper
5706:Deer Woman
5411:. Norman:
5296:Smith 1932
5275:Smith 1932
5208:Smith 1932
5196:Smith 1932
5157:Smith 1932
5136:Smith 1932
5053:SevenPonds
5005:2021-03-07
4842:2013-08-03
4653:2021-01-31
4533:2011-01-02
4510:2021-01-31
4474:2010-03-16
4344:2021-01-31
4290:References
3164:John Smith
3142:Ozaawindib
3052:, 19th c.
2561:, Michigan
2115:Rainy Lake
1722:apotropaic
1678:sweatlodge
1659:sweatlodge
1610:odoodemaan
1595:Aan'aawenh
1587:Wawaazisii
1557:ninooshenh
1431:jiibegamig
1362:petroforms
1336:waginogaan
1301:dance. By
1200:Jay Treaty
1184:Sha-có-pay
1107:golden age
1071:Potawatomi
938:, French,
890:46°41′15″N
846:Mooniyaang
788:Moozoonsii
772:Aan'aawenh
756:Wawaazisii
631:Potawatomi
521:ojiibwabwe
402:Potawatomi
368:Rio Grande
341:Nipissings
301:Ojibwewaki
288:; plural:
255:Ojibwewaki
6439:Birdstone
6353:(Archaic)
6288:(Shawnee)
6282:(Shawnee)
6276:(Wyandot)
6274:Roundhead
6264:(Shawnee)
6246:(Shawnee)
6244:Cornstalk
6234:(Shawnee)
6162:Languages
6129:(Shawnee)
6103:speaking)
6097:Mosopelea
6093:speaking)
6091:Iroquoian
6078:(Wyandot)
6047:(Shawnee)
5902:Education
5882:Quillwork
5831:Languages
5796:Shingebis
5786:Pukwudgie
5771:Nanabozho
5612:from the
5460:Long, J.
5340:R. Landes
5000:Forvo.com
4155:, c. 1906
4024:Rocky Boy
3987:) of the
3884:Jack-O-Pa
3447:James Bay
3094:Minnesota
2966:does not
2806:Saulteaux
2734:, Ontario
2725:, Ontario
2719:, Ontario
2713:, Ontario
2707:, Ontario
2572:, Ontario
2392:Tribe of
2172:Lake Erie
2170:north of
2146:Pillagers
2098:Minnesota
2032:Saulteaux
2026:Location
1952:does not
1921:gonorrhea
1916:decoction
1899:neodioica
1832:decoction
1509:wild rice
1356:Midewiwin
1346:bark and
1328:wiigiwaam
1250:La Pointe
1149:Minnesota
1040:Saulteaux
1024:Red River
1013:Wisconsin
997:voyageurs
932:wild rice
877:Baawiting
754:were the
672:epic poem
653:Inuktitut
627:Menominee
611:Blackfoot
569:Saulteurs
488:(plural:
470:Etymology
460:Midewiwin
452:wild rice
437:birchbark
418:Saulteaux
410:Nipissing
406:Algonquin
337:Saulteaux
313:subarctic
295:) are an
165:Methodism
131:Languages
116:Minnesota
112:Wisconsin
6416:See also
6357:Hopewell
6280:Tecumseh
6258:(Mohawk)
6250:Egushawa
6240:(Lenape)
6213:See also
6149:See also
6065:Iroquois
6051:Delaware
5684:Religion
4949:Archived
4772:March 1,
4678:9 August
4669:"Ojibwa"
4579:Archived
4444:June 10,
4439:MinnPost
4268:See also
4167:Vintage
4055:Tshusick
3889:Zhaagobe
3834:Beshekee
3832:Bust of
3792:Bust of
2245:head of
2050:Michigan
2044:area of
2007:(1855),
1874:pleurisy
1840:infusion
1816:gangrene
1569:doodemag
1504:frybread
1468:Treaty 3
1323:manoomin
1299:snowshoe
1266:Manitoba
1216:Illinois
1103:Iroquois
1083:New York
924:Superior
850:Montreal
844:, where
842:Mooniyaa
790:(Little
760:Bullhead
685:toponyms
615:Cheyenne
587:Language
525:moccasin
498:Chippewa
458:. Their
414:Oji-Cree
345:Oji-Cree
329:Chippewa
234:Language
179:, other
151:Religion
108:Michigan
94:Manitoba
84:Canada (
6469:Museums
6432:Culture
6270:(Miami)
6252:(Odawa)
6144:Wyandot
6139:Shawnee
6135:(Miami)
5945:Housing
5821:Wendigo
5776:Nokomis
5751:Manitou
5696:Aayaase
5658:culture
4725:7 March
4715:Onishka
4415:YouTube
4189:Ontario
4126:Aamoons
3991:, 1894.
3755:Gallery
3459:(1923)
3293:(1787)
3092:of the
2987:removed
2972:sources
2046:Ontario
2003:In his
1973:removed
1958:sources
1842:of the
1709:New Age
1695:(1929).
1478:Cuisine
1412:powwows
1387:shell (
1344:juniper
1289:Culture
1274:Alberta
1212:Indiana
1159:in the
827:Abenaki
823:Mi'kmaq
778:Duck),
776:Pintail
708:on the
691:History
635:Shawnee
545:ojiibwe
502:Ojibway
490:Ojibweg
325:Ojibway
319:and of
291:Ojibweg
252:Country
137:English
124:Montana
102:Alberta
90:Ontario
6676:Ojibwe
6635:(1818)
6629:(1817)
6623:(1808)
6617:(1807)
6611:(1805)
6605:(1795)
6599:(1794)
6593:(1794)
6587:(1791)
6575:(1774)
6569:(1774)
6563:(1774)
6557:(1763)
6551:(1752)
6530:Events
6127:Pekowi
6107:Ojibwe
6101:Siouan
6055:Lenape
5953:Wigwam
5892:Wampum
5849:Ojibwe
5781:Powwow
5701:Baykok
5666:Family
5369:(1969)
5336:(1970)
5110:
4977:
4929:
4600:
4576:(2003)
4555:
4010:, 1843
3920:, 1857
3812:Chief
3714:(1859)
3685:(1854)
3679:(1847)
3673:(1847)
3667:(1846)
3659:(1844)
3645:(1839)
3639:(1838)
3630:(1837)
3618:(1837)
3603:(1833)
3597:(1829)
3591:(1828)
3585:(1827)
3579:(1826)
3573:(1825)
3567:(1821)
3561:(1820)
3555:(1820)
3549:(1819)
3543:(1818)
3537:(1817)
3525:(1815)
3519:(1808)
3513:(1807)
3507:(1805)
3501:(1795)
3495:(1789)
3489:(1785)
3449:Treaty
3439:(1899)
3433:(1876)
3427:(1875)
3415:Treaty
3405:(1871)
3379:(1850)
3373:(1850)
3358:(1836)
3331:(1815)
3319:(1798)
3261:(1701)
3096:Ojibwe
2185:Along
1854:physic
1836:emetic
1620:" or "
1614:doodem
1582:doodem
1577:totems
1573:doodem
1436:doodem
1393:copper
1385:miigis
1368:, and
1348:willow
1332:wigwam
1318:squash
1272:, and
1254:Dakota
1169:Kansas
1145:remove
1001:Lakota
965:miigis
928:miigis
920:Duluth
815:miigis
810:miigis
803:doodem
796:miigis
786:) and
752:doodem
747:doodem
738:miigis
721:miigis
714:Quebec
649:Navajo
633:, and
561:French
537:, and
514:Ojibwe
486:Ojibwe
482:exonym
448:copper
440:canoes
428:, and
412:, and
372:Quebec
343:, and
278:Ojibwe
240:ᐅᒋᐺᒧᐎᓐ
222:People
208:Ojibwe
204:Person
192:, and
145:French
141:Ojibwe
86:Quebec
6339:Adena
6117:Odawa
6087:Mingo
6082:Miami
6076:Huron
5106:–53.
4815:, in
4528:(PDF)
4373:ᐅᒋᐻᐘᑭ
4295:Notes
3916:, by
3138:chief
2119:River
1933:Bands
1897:ssp.
1838:. An
1626:Aanii
1599:Nooke
1314:maize
1310:bands
1087:Huron
1067:Odawa
1028:Huron
819:cowry
792:Moose
780:Nooke
768:Crane
430:Metis
398:Odawa
282:syll.
194:Métis
5108:ISBN
4975:ISBN
4927:ISBN
4800:2011
4774:2018
4753:2018
4727:2021
4680:2016
4598:ISBN
4553:ISBN
4446:2023
4396:2021
3455:The
3364:The
3071:Fr.
2970:any
2968:cite
2193:and
2117:and
2048:and
1956:any
1954:cite
1844:alba
1707:and
1676:The
1538:clan
1316:and
1244:The
1208:Ohio
1069:and
1017:Sauk
1003:and
995:and
784:Bear
732:mide
619:Cree
549:Cree
480:The
454:and
400:and
360:Cree
293:ᐅᒋᐺᒃ
276:The
190:Cree
5869:Art
5571:PBS
5066:doi
4151:by
2981:by
1967:by
1786:.
1034:of
1005:Fox
833:to
770:),
762:),
734:way
623:Fox
601:or
327:or
286:ᐅᒋᐺ
210:ᐅᒋᐺ
6672::
6421:–
6027:–
6023:–
6019:–
6015:–
6011:–
5686:,
5569:–
5391:12
5389:.
5342:,
5249:^
5228:^
5104:52
5044:^
5029:^
4998:.
4874:.
4832:.
4791:.
4744:.
4713:.
4696:,
4671:.
4646:.
4628:.
4503:.
4462:.
4437:.
4412:.
4387:.
4353:^
4337:.
4324:^
4303:^
4187:,
4130:c.
2286:.
2182:—
1759:.
1474:.
1443:.
1418:.
1364:,
1276:.
1268:,
1210:,
1175:.
1094:.
1042:.
955:,
948:.
805:.
667:.
629:,
625:,
621:,
617:,
613:,
583:.
509:.
442:,
432:.
408:,
389:.
378:.
347:.
339:,
284::
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159:,
143:,
139:,
122:,
118:,
114:,
110:,
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92:,
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6119:(
6113:)
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6099:(
6089:(
6067:)
6063:(
6057:)
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5980:t
5973:v
5647:e
5640:t
5633:v
5415:.
5116:.
5068::
5008:.
4983:.
4935:.
4908:.
4894:.
4845:.
4802:.
4776:.
4755:.
4682:.
4656:.
4632:.
4561:.
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3008:)
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2997:)
2993:(
2989:.
2975:.
2744:)
2455:)
2356:)
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1988:(
1983:)
1979:(
1975:.
1961:.
1793:)
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1330:(
1061:.
922:/
883:(
871:(
774:(
758:(
280:(
126:)
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20:)
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