Okunev culture - Knowledge

1336: 1360: 1372: 1348: 2032: 938: 1515: 1497: 3778:

painted masks that are strikingly similar to Minusinsk ones. They are distinguished by a horizontal division of the face into three zones, the presence of horns and a triangular figure above the head, as well as triangles on the chin (Fig. 2 ). Such coincidences can hardly be explained by mere chance. Even a few years before the discoveries in Ban-po, I had to pay attention to a number of features that bring the Eneolithic Afanasiev culture of the middle Yenisei closer to the culture of painted ceramics of Northern China. Apparently, the finds in Ban-po once again confirm these observations. At the same time, the noted finds and comparisons show that the appearance of images, so characteristic of the ancient stone sculptures of the middle Yenisei, not only goes back to the deep antiquity of the pre-Afanasiev time, but is apparently associated with the complex world of symbolic images of the Far East, now known from monuments of the Neolithic of Ancient China.

3176:, pp. 6–7: "The typing of MSY-SNPs allowed the definition of Y-chromosomal haplogroups (Figure 3B and Supporting Information Table S5). Four samples (3 from the Afanasievo culture and 1 from the Okunevo culture) belonged to the R1b1a1a2a haplogroup, defined by marker L23. Individual 11 from the Afanasievo culture belonged to the R1b1a1a-P297 haplogroup or one of its subclades; for this sample, results for all markers were partial because of the state of degradation of the DNA. This was notably the case for M269, L23, and M412, that are informative in defining R1b1a1a subclades. Two Okunevo samples (Kh8 and Kh17) belonged to the Q1b and Q1b1a haplogroups, respectively and three Okunevo samples (Kh12, Kh13 and Kh15) could be classified in the NO1 haplogroup, a basal subclade of haplogroup K, present in Asia." 2300:"We find that Botai_CA, CentralSteppe_EMBA, Okunevo_EMBA, and Baikal populations are deeply separated from other ancient and present-day populations and are best modeled as mixtures in different proportions of ANE ancestry and an Ancient East Asian (AEA) ancestry component represented by Baikal_EN, with mixing times dated to ~5000 BCE. ... However, in contrast to the lack of identifiable admixture from Yamnaya and Afanasievo in the CentralSteppe_EMBA, there is an admixture signal of 10–20% Yamnaya and Afanasievo in the Okunevo_EMBA samples (Fig. S21), consistent with evidence of western steppe influence. This signal is not seen on the X chromosome (qpAdm p-value for admixture on X 0.33 compared to 0.02 for autosomes), suggesting a male-derived admixture..." 1728: 1933: 1779: 1846: 1736: 1767: 1097: 33: 704: 975: 856: 786: 1791: 49: 1902: 1858: 1925: 2050:. Peyrot (2019) argues that "the Okunevo Culture is not to be identified with early Samoyedic, but with Proto-Uralic. This is consistent with Janhunen’s convincing arguments that the Ural-Altaic typological profile of Uralic and the primary split between Samoyedic and Finno-Ugric point to an eastern origin (2001; 2009), and it would be just in time for Finno-Ugric to split off and move west towards the Ural Mountains, where this branch was influenced by Proto-Indo-Iranian (e.g. Kuz’mina 2001)." 713: 1041: 1208: 1217: 1807: 1639: 1522: 1834: 1886: 1388: 1874: 1506: 1496: 1748:

statue depicts the mouth of a predator, sometimes bulls, many so-called solar symbols. They come in different styles, but usually it is a circle inscribed in a square, a kind of mandala, a symbol of the cosmos. This sign is now an official symbol, on the state flag and the state emblem of modern Khakassia. It was discussed that vertical steles might be used as the ancient tool of orientation in space - time

1443: 1194:. In the rock art of the Minusinsk Basin, images of early (end of the 3rd millennium BC) two-wheeled carts with a composite drawbar of two poles converging at an angle, which simultaneously form the body frame, are common. The design of the wagons and the profile manner of depiction indicate a connection not with Eastern Europe, but with the western regions of Central Asia and, indirectly, with Asia Minor. 982: 1163: 1238:-Mongoloid origin, with a predominance of Mongoloid. As A. V. Gromov notes, their morphological heterogeneity was striking - there are both purely Mongoloid skulls and typically Caucasoid skulls that do not reveal any traces of Mongoloid admixture. In his opinion, the appearance of the Okunev people was formed as a result of the mixing of the local Neolithic population with an influx of 930: 3836: 1335: 3822:

The early cultural exchanges between the East and the West are mainly reflected in several aspects: first, in the late Neolithic period of painted pottery culture, the Yangshao culture (5000-3000 BC) from the Central Plains spread westward, which had a great impact on Majiayao culture (3000-2000 BC),

916:

Short swords are relatively advanced with clear boundaries between the handles and the blades. A bronze spear was found at the late Okunevo cultural site, the socket of which was forged with two loose ends. The first of this kind appeared in the Asian steppe region. Besides copper and bronze weapons,

1743:

The vivid character of the art of the Okunev culture is created by monumental stone sculptures and steles carved with anthropomorphic images. The stone statues are usually tall, up to six meters in height, carved of sandstone or granite into a saber shape. The front is its narrow edge. More than 300

2707:

The Okuniev archaeological sites are mainly funerary and religious places, so the documentation of daily life is still very partial. Copper and bronze objects, ceramics and representations of chariots attest to the inclusion of these items in the cultural assemblage following the earlier Afanasyev

3777:

During the excavations of the world-famous Yanshao culture site near the village of Banpo near Xi'an, among numerous painted vessels, two large open bowls with paintings were found, especially important for comparison with images of masks from the Minusinsk-Khakass basin. Inside these bowls are

1747:

A fantastic mask looks at the viewer from it: three eyes, nostrils, a huge mouth, horns, long ears and all kinds of processes. The image moves from the front face to the wide side, and sometimes to the back. In addition to the central mask, there are often additional, smaller ones. Sometimes the

953:

The cemeteries of the Okunev culture are located, as a rule, not far from the Afanasiev ones and number from two to ten burial mounds. Sometimes burial complexes measure 40 × 40 meters. The number of graves inside the fence varies - from one to ten and even twenty. In addition to single burials,

3938:

We show how Yakutia_LNBA ancestry spread from an east Siberian origin ∼4.5kya, along with subclades of Y-chromosome haplogroup N occurring at high frequencies among present-day Uralic speakers, into Western and Central Siberia in communities associated with Seima-Turbino metallurgy: a suite of

863:

Though the ceramic styles of the Okunev are more comparable to later Incised Coarse Ware (ICW), formally and ambiguously Andronovo ceramics. But as the researchers note, the uniqueness of each of them is an important feature of the Okunev culture. Finds from the Okunev culture include lavishly

1127:

The connections between the Afanasiev and Okunev cultures are rather difficult to trace. The period of their interaction lasted only about a hundred years, but in some territories coexistence is noted. Archaeologists have identified many complexes containing signs of both Okunev and Afanasevo

945:

The Okunevo culture is represented mostly by mounds burial structures, which were composed of small, rectangular surface enclosures made of stone slabs or sandstone tiles placed vertically in the ground. Within these enclosures were graves that were also lined with stone slabs. 62 Okunevo

1664:

with drawings from burial vaults are unique. The stone slabs are dominated by realistic images of animals and masks in headdresses, which apparently had a cult character. Rock art monuments are being studied and new ones are being discovered that were not studied by previous researchers.

3595:

The impressive stone steles of the Okunev culture were originally erected at gravesites (...) anthropomorphic or zoomorphic faces or masks with geometric patterns are carved into these monument steles (...) Okunev steles end in a human head, bent slightly forward, others have a ram's

3013:

Unterländer, Martina; Palstra, Friso; Lazaridis, Iosif; Pilipenko, Aleksandr; Hofmanová, Zuzana; Groß, Melanie; Sell, Christian; Blöcher, Jens; Kirsanow, Karola; Rohland, Nadin; Rieger, Benjamin; Kaiser, Elke; Schier, Wolfram; Pozdniakov, Dimitri; Khokhlov, Aleksandr (3 March 2017).

2251:

de Barros Damgaard, Peter; Martiniano, Rui; Kamm, Jack; Moreno-Mayar, J. Víctor; Kroonen, Guus; Peyrot, Michaël; Barjamovic, Gojko; Rasmussen, Simon; Zacho, Claus; Baimukhanov, Nurbol; Zaibert, Victor; Merz, Victor; Biddanda, Arjun; Merz, Ilja; Loman, Valeriy (29 June 2018).

1814:

The Okunev culture erected monumental stelae at gravesites. They were either anthropomorphic or zoomorphic with geometric patterns. Steles often incorporated a human head, bent forward slightly. The steles were often re-used by later cultures. For example the Early Turks

1017:

Petroglyphs of the Okunev period are located in the narrow mountain valleys of Khyzyl Khaya and Khurtuy Khola, on the banks of now-dry streams in the modern Kazanovka Museum-Reserve. They are also represented among the Shalabolino Petroglyphs on the right bank of the

1371: 1359: 1347: 1539:

Hollard et al. (2018) reported the paternal haplogroups of 6 Okunevo specimens. 50% of the Okunevo males belonged to the East Eurasian haplogroup NO(xO). The other 50% belonged to East Eurasia originated West Eurasian haplogroups: including 33% assigned to

2601:"Поляков А.В. К вопросу об особенностях памятников окуневского типа Верхнего Енисея // Древние и средневековые культуры Центральной Азии (становление, развитие и взаимодействие урбанизированных и скотоводческих обществ). – СПб.: ИИМК РАН – C. 93–96" 1514: 2895:"On the early migrations of Caucasoids to Siberia and Central Asia (in connection with the Indo-European problem). Archival copy of June 21, 2018 at the Wayback Machine Archeology, Ethnography and Anthropology of Eurasia. 2009. No. 4 (40). S. 134" 954:

there are paired and collective burials. In almost every burial ground there are burials of a man with two women. The buried were laid, as in Afanasiev's time, on their backs with legs strongly bent at the knees and arms extended along the body.

2603:[On the question of the features of the monuments of the Okunev type of the Upper Yenisei // Ancient and medieval cultures of Central Asia (formation, development and interaction of urbanized and pastoral societies).]. St.Petersburg. 867:

Okunev ceramics are typically flat-bottomed, with notable continuous ornamentation of the body, the bottom, edge of the rim and its inner side. Most often these are jar vessels, but there are also incense burners with an internal partition.

1481:, showed that the samples contained components that were most pronounced in Ancient North Eurasian, Eastern hunter-gatherers, Caucasian hunter-gatherers from Georgia and also occur from the component that is most pronounced among the 2061:

or an extinct Yeniseian branch. According to him, a Uralic affiliation is unlikely, as Uralic was spoken by people with different material culture, although contact with early Uralic-speakers is plausible. He also reject a possible

1430:

According to recent studies, modern Native American Indians are genetically close to representatives of the Okunev culture, which confirms previous craniometric studies. Their shared affinities probably come from the presence of

2729:"Archaeological Supplement B To Damgaard Et Al. 2018: Discussion Of The Archaeology Of Central Asian And East Asian Neolithic To Bronze Age Hunter-Gatherers And Early Pastoralists, Including Consideration Of Horse Domestication" 776:

In the early 1960s G. A. Maksimenkov identified an Okunev culture based on the excavations of the Chernovaya VIII burial ground, whose burials had not been disturbed by later invasions and did not contain Afanasevo ceramics.

816:

Finds from the Okunev culture include works of art, including stone statues with human faces (Tas Khyz, as well as Ulug Khurtuyakh tas) and images of birds and beasts hammered out on stone slabs or engraved on bone plaques.

1299:

While some authors have suggested that the Okunevo may have descended from more northern tribes that replaced Afanasievo cultures in this region, others believe the Okunevo culture was the result of contact between local

1080:

On the shore of the lake near the village of the same name Maly Kyzykul, during excavations in the Okunev layer, archaeologists in 1973 discovered the remains of a burnt log structure and fragments of ceramic dishes.

1174:

The settlements of this culture have been little studied. Mountain Fortress Sve mountain settlements with fortifications (about 45 were found on the territory of Khakassia) are mainly considered cult complexes.

962:

Radiocarbon AMS dating of 50 Okunevo samples are within 2600 –1800 BCE. According to these studies the Uybat period is dated as 2600 – 2300 BCE, Chernovaya as 2200 – 1900 BCE, and Razliv later than 1800 BC.

3455:"THE MOON IN THE MYTHOLOGY OF CULTURES OF THE EPOCHE OF BRONZE IN NORTH-WESTERN ASIA (the 3rd – beginning of the 2nd) ЛУНА В МИФОЛОГИИ КУЛЬТУР ЭПОХИ БРОНЗЫ СЕВЕРО-ЗАПАДНОЙ АЗИИ (III – нач. II тыс. до н.э.)" 757:

In 1955-1957 A.N. Lipsky found Okunev stone slabs with images as part of stone boxes used for burials. Lipsky, who was an ethnographer, not an archaeologist, assumed that the Okunev sites were

1760:

of solar hours calendars. A graphical drawing of vertical sundial can be seen in the divergent rays on sun-facing stele, where the tooth is a benchmark for the accurate determination of noon.

1022:, a right tributary of the Yenisei, against the village of Tes to the southeast of the village of Ilyinka, between the logs and the Shush River to the southwest of the village of Shalabolino, 2570:. Katherine V. Boyle, Colin Renfrew, Marsha Levine, McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research. Cambridge : McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge. 1257:

were descendants of the local Neolithic population, which was distinguished by its significant originality against the background of the races of the first order. The Okunev people of

3647: 1594:

In representatives of the Okunev culture from the burial ground of Syda V (Minusinsk Basin), a variety of mitochondrial DNA variants was determined. The Okunevs belonged to the

1325:

The second theory that is supported at the present time by most researchers suggests that Okunevo culture resulted from the interaction of local Neolithic hunter-gatherers with

813:

The typological horizon between the development of the Afanas’ev and Okunev steppe cultures in the Minusinsk Basin and the development of the later Andronovo type is very thin.

3427: 892:

articles. Simple copper objects were superseded by tin alloys. Bronzes were common in this culture. Tools included embedded-handled knives, leaf-shaped knives, awls,

1845: 1128:

origins. However, almost no genetic traces of Afanasevtsy have been found in the Okunev genotype, meaning Afanasiev population was displaced by the alien Okunevtsy.

2031: 1901: 3187: 1104:

Okunev culture shares some elements of its material culture, including pottery. with a number of local contemporaneous cultures from adjacent areas such as the

1790: 3922:"Postglacial genomes from foragers across Northern Eurasia reveal prehistoric mobility associated with the spread of the Uralic and Yeniseian languages" 1778: 937: 1427:

of Okunevo spcecimens, suggesting it was inherited from mostly male ancestors. The date of admixture is estimated to have been around 7,000 years ago.

1288:

According to A. V. Polyakov, the culture was formed from the local Neolithic Paleo-Siberian forest cultures and later received some admixture from the

2928:"Поляков А.В. Проблема сложения окуневской культуры в свете современных научных данных // Научное обозрение Саяно-Алтая. – 2020. – № 1 (25). – С. 3–6" 2727:

Outram, Alan K.; Polyakov, Andrey; Gromov, Andrei; Moiseyev, Vyacheslav; Weber, Andrzej W.; Bazaliiskii, Vladimir I.; O. I. Goriunova (9 May 2018).

2416:"Indo-European loanwords and exchange in Bronze Age Central and East Asia: Six new perspectives on prehistoric exchange in the Eastern Steppe Zone" 1744:

of them have been studied in the Minusinsk Basin, cur only ten are known on the right bank of the Yenisei river. Many of them are now in museums.

810:

Typical sites include Tas-Khaaz, Beltyry, Uibat III, Uibat V (in the Uybat river basin), Chernovaya VIII, Chernovaya XI, Razliv X, and Strelka.

2894: 1731:

Okunev period figurine (with drawing reconstruction), Novosibirsk Tourist-2 archaeological site. Dated 4601 ± 61 BP (3511–3127 cal BC, AMS date).

1677:. More than 300 of them have been explored on the territory of the Minusinsk Basin. Only 10 sites are known on the right bank of the Yenisei. 1656:

The Okunev people left behind monuments of art. Characteristic rock inscriptions and stone statues have become famous since the travels of

1525:

Multidimensional scaling of the Okunevo and other ancient populations from Eurasia, based on mtDNA sequences. They are very close to later

1341:

Okunev figurine from Itkul II mound 14, northern Minusinsk Basin. Uybat stage of the Okunevo Culture (second half of the 3rd millennium BC)

4437: 4142: 4077: 3406: 126: 2066:

linguistic affiliation, as although the Okunevo culture displays influence from Indo-Iranian groups, they show continuity with previous

1766: 974: 32: 3286:[Afanasyevskaya and Okunevskaya archaeological cultures of South Siberia are genetically different | RF gene pool] (in Russian) 38: 3837:"New Radiocarbon Dates and a Review of the Chronology of Prehistoric Populations from the Minusinsk Basin, Southern Siberia, Russia" 2183:"New radiocarbon dates and a review of the chronology of prehistoric populations from the Minusinsk basin, Southern Siberia, Russia" 1857: 1680:

The impressive stone steles were originally erected at gravesites and were subsequently reused more than a millennium later in the

997: 3696: 908:. Ornaments of this culture consist mainly of ring-shaped ornaments with circular cross-sections and flat joints at both ends. 3683:

As shown by the three-line Old-Turkish runic inscription, Okunev steles were still being reused in the mid-first millennium AD

3238:[Diversity of Mitochondrial DNA Variants in Okunev Culture Carriers from the Syda V Burial Ground (Minusinsk Basin)]. 3676: 3588: 3234:Пилипенко, И. В.; Пристяжнюк, М. С.; Трапезов, Р. О.; Черданцев, С. В.; Молодин, В. И.; Пилипенко, А. С. (8 September 2022). 2683: 2653: 2545: 2500: 2232: 1399:, "Okunevo Early-Middle Bronze Age") with ancient (color) and modern (grey) populations. Primary Component Analysis (detail). 721:

The "Ankhakov Stela", and the "Stela of Kopyonsky Chaatas", found near the village Onakhov. Okunev culture, circa 2000 BCE.

847:

Stone hoes, grain graters and pestles, and a reaping sickle with a copper blade and horn handle all testify to agriculture.

1403:

Autosomal DNA analysis found that the Okunevo people formed predominantly from a lineage originating from the admixture of

1253:

According to A. G. Kozintsev, the appearance of the Okunev people varies depending on the region. The Okunev people of the

3236:"Разнообразие вариантов митохондриальной ДНК у носителей окуневской культуры из могильника Сыда V (Минусинская котловина)" 1147:, the Okunev culture is generally regarded as an extension of the local non-Indo-European forest culture into the region. 1959:

triadic compositions, in which the image of a female deity or its symbol is flanked by two figures of a person or animal;

3835:

Svyatko, Svetlana V; Mallory, James P; Murphy, Eileen M; Polyakov, Andrey V; Reimer, Paula J; Schulting, Rick J (2009).

1473:

The results of the analysis of the origin of the ancient steppe populations of nomads of the Eurasian steppe (from the

1282: 4167: 3430:[Sherds from the walls of Okunev vessels, entirely ornamented - Four, first half of the 1st millennium BC.]. 2806: 2575: 2564:

Frachetti, Michael (2002). "10. Bronze Age Exploitation and Political Dynamics of the Eastern Eurasian Steppe Zone".

1727: 1131:

The similarity between some of the objects from the Okunev burial grounds and objects in the vicinity of the middle

807:

The early Uibat stage, later Chernov stage, and the final Razliv stage of Okunev culture need to be differentiated.

743:. Then, on the basis of vessel finds, Teploukhov considered the population to be a transitional variant between the 3871:"The deviant typological profile of the Tocharian branch of Indo-European may be due to Uralic substrate influence" 2643: 4070: 3939:

advanced bronze casting techniques that spread explosively across an enormous region of Northern Eurasia ∼4.0kya.

2853: 2517:"Stela of Kopyonsky Chaatas. Подробное описание экспоната, аудиогид, интересные факты. Официальный сайт Artefact" 4237: 4012: 677:. It was formed from the local Neolithic Siberian forest cultures, who also showed evidence of admixture from 2159: 4452: 4287: 3309:[The faces of the Mokhovsky Log and monuments of the Okunev culture in the mountains of Oglakhty]. 2675:

The Metal Road of the Eastern Eurasian Steppe: The Formation of the Xiongnu Confederation and the Silk Road

2489:

Laporte, Luc; Large, Jean-Marc; Nespoulous, Laurent; Scarre, Chris; Steimer-Herbet, Tara (22 August 2022).

2366:"The Origin of the Okunev Population, Southern Siberia: The Evidence of Physical Anthropology and Genetics" 4406: 4376: 4182: 1932: 933:

Okunev culture standing stone. "Saralinskaya stone maiden", late 3rd millennium, early 2nd millennium BCE

4337: 4063: 2901: 3073:"Maternal genetic features of the Iron Age Tagar population from Southern Siberia (1st millennium BC)" 4222: 4132: 3284:"Афанасьевская и окуневская археологические культуры Южной Сибири генетически различны | Генофонд РФ" 2472:"Ankhakov Stela. Подробное описание экспоната, аудиогид, интересные факты. Официальный сайт Artefact" 2082: 1885: 1692: 1643: 1226: 1176: 1167: 941:

Bone comb from grave 1, mound No. 1 of the Krasny Kamen burial ground, Okunev culture, circa 2200 BCE

722: 308: 3633: 2948: 2930:[The problem of the formation of the Okunev culture in the light of modern scientific data]. 2765: 2621: 4442: 3921: 2702:

Bronze Age and Iron Age decorated megaliths and funerary complexes in Mongolia and Southern Siberia

1735: 1404: 1139:

region indicates that the bearers of the Okunev culture came to southern Siberia from the northern

607: 247: 3428:"Черепки от стенок окуневских сосудов, сплошь орнаментированные - Четыре пер. пол. I тыс. до н.э." 2038:

cultures (Summed probability distribution for new human bone dates, Afanasievo to Tagar cultures).

4371: 3823:

and then continued to spread to Xinjiang and Central Asia through the transition of Hexi corridor

2516: 1056: 888:

produced the first bronze in north-eastern Central Asia. Finds include copper and tin and rarely

628: 321: 152: 3775:. Historical and archaeological collection ( Историко-археологический сборник). pp. 53–61. 3533: 3129:"New genetic evidence of affinities and discontinuities between bronze age Siberian populations" 3722: 2067: 2063: 1455: 1436: 1432: 1412: 1408: 1326: 1314:

Maksimentkov suggested that Okunevo culture was developed by the local Neolithic tribes of the

1274: 1096: 682: 678: 511: 83: 4031:"Chronology and Periodization of the Okunevo Culture: Current State and Prospects (CC BY 4.0)" 3666: 3578: 2535: 2490: 1873: 3870: 3620: 3459:

Theory and Practice of Archaeological Research Теория и практика археологических исследований

2935: 2752: 2608: 2047: 2043: 1556:

According to Holllard (2018), 58% of Okunevo specimens carried the East Eurasian haplogroups

388: 275: 3952: 3648:"Found: grave of Siberian noblewoman up to 4,500 years old - with links to native Americans" 2365: 2314:[Chronology and Periodization of the Okunev Culture: Current Status and Prospects]. 2155: 4322: 4252: 3723:"Les premières inscriptions turques (VIe-Xe siècles) en Mongolie et en Sibérie méridionale" 1824: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1588: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1144: 1116: and Altai, the Kanay type burials of eastern 703: 1833: 8: 4247: 4177: 4137: 4117: 4047: 4004: 3968: 3511: 3471: 3454: 3372: 3323: 3128: 2471: 2381: 2328: 2054: 1820: 1657: 1070: 1063: 1023: 855: 785: 640: 2448: 2415: 2254:"The first horse herders and the impact of early Bronze Age steppe expansions into Asia" 1273:. He argues that the main ancestry of the Okunev people can be traced back to the local 1059:

on the left bank of the Bir River under Mount Kozlikha, on the banks of the Syda River.

4447: 4401: 4396: 4147: 4030: 3813: 3495: 3385: 3336: 3265: 3252: 3156: 3107: 3072: 3048: 3015: 2998: 2963: 2740: 2341: 2311: 2286: 2253: 2200: 1985: 1489:) and is widely distributed among various modern people from Siberia and Central Asia. 1420: 1239: 881: 758: 744: 262: 1435:

and Ancient East Asian ancestries in both populations dating back to the formation of

4312: 4307: 4262: 4212: 4157: 4152: 4122: 4008: 3972: 3902: 3817: 3753: 3672: 3584: 3515: 3476: 3389: 3377: 3340: 3328: 3269: 3257: 3160: 3148: 3094: 3053: 3035: 2985: 2802: 2744: 2700: 2679: 2649: 2581: 2571: 2541: 2496: 2453: 2435: 2385: 2345: 2333: 2291: 2273: 2228: 2204: 2134: 2129: 1541: 1151: 1034: 751: 740: 732: 666: 662: 603: 589: 401: 375: 111: 96: 735:

in 1928. It was named after the nearby Okunev settlement in the south of modern day

4386: 4381: 4327: 4292: 4257: 4242: 4192: 4172: 4162: 4127: 4112: 4042: 3964: 3929: 3892: 3882: 3851: 3803: 3770: 3734: 3507: 3496:"An Elk Figurine from Tourist-2, Novosibirsk: Technological and Stylistic Features" 3494:

Zotkina, L. V.; Basova, N. V.; Postnov, A. V.; Kolobova, K. A. (31 December 2020).

3466: 3367: 3318: 3247: 3191: 3140: 3102: 3084: 3043: 3027: 3016:"Ancestry and demography and descendants of Iron Age nomads of the Eurasian Steppe" 2993: 2975: 2732: 2443: 2427: 2377: 2323: 2281: 2265: 2190: 2124: 2114: 2053:

A. G. Kozintsev (2023) argues that the Okunevo culture is better associated with a

2012: 2008: 2004: 1984:

Similarities have been noted between the geometrical anthropomorphic motifs of the

1716: 1712: 1700: 1674: 1266: 1044: 1027: 1007: 988: 889: 833: 801: 797: 670: 468: 453: 440: 349: 3772:

Study of the Minusinsk stone sculptures (К изучению минусинских каменных изваяний)

3283: 3235: 4317: 4232: 4217: 4202: 3998: 3613:"HORN FIGURINES FROM AN OKUNEV BURIAL ON LAKE ITKUL, KHAKASSIA, SOUTHERN SIBERIA" 3356:"New Rock Art Site at the Riverside Cliff s in the Oglakhty Mountains (Khakasia)" 3089: 2825:[Okunevskaya Culture • Great Russian encyclopedia - electronic version]. 2673: 2312:"ХроноЛоГИЯ И Периодизация Окуневкой Културы: Современное Состяние И Перспективы" 2224:

Chronology and cultural genesis of the Paleometal epoch sites in Minusinsk basins

2071: 2035: 1989: 1591:-a1b3* was identified in the RISE674 sample (4300–3850 years ago, Okunevo_EMBA). 1482: 1416: 1304: 1293: 1262: 1254: 1113: 599: 524: 221: 208: 195: 4227: 3355: 3306: 1653:

Representative art: small amulets, stone steles up to 4 m tall and petroglyphs.

1277:(ANE) and that the anthropologic type of the Okunev people can be described as " 4391: 4361: 4332: 3240:Вестник Новосибирского государственного университета. Серия: История, филология 2980: 2868: 2119: 2102: 1971:

images of birds and ornithomorphic figures with a spiral "tuft" on their heads;

1545: 1477:

to Altai), including representatives of the Bronze Age Okunev culture from the

427: 139: 3933: 3887: 3855: 2195: 1924: 4431: 4366: 4302: 4297: 4282: 4277: 4272: 4197: 3994: 3976: 3906: 3519: 3480: 3381: 3332: 3261: 3098: 3039: 2989: 2439: 2389: 2337: 2277: 2138: 1974:

figures of a man with legs and head turned in profile, and the body in front;

1892: 1864: 1685: 1615: 1595: 1467: 1463: 1124:. Nevertheless, there is currently no sound evidence of their common origin. 1105: 1048: 950:

consisting of more than 500 burials and 60 single burials have been studied.

885: 766: 611: 362: 336: 234: 167: 3738: 2823:"Окуневская Кулътура • Большая российская энциклопедия - электронная версия" 2822: 2585: 2269: 2250: 1040: 820:

There are no significant indications of property and social stratification.

712: 4096: 3808: 3791: 3152: 3057: 2736: 2457: 2295: 2020: 1424: 1243: 1074: 1019: 905: 829: 770: 1956:

the sacred (world) mountain in the form of a triangle, divided into parts;

739:. Initially, the burials from Okunev were attributed by Teploukhov to the 4187: 2565: 1708: 1478: 1315: 1308: 1289: 1278: 1207: 1136: 762: 654: 65: 3307:"Личины Моховского Лога и памятники окуневской культуры в горах Оглахты" 3031: 2431: 1819:) often inscribed them with Old-Turkish runic inscriptions, such as the 1816: 1806: 1638: 1216: 754:, which is associated with the earliest stage of the Andronovo culture. 4347: 4104: 4086: 3897: 3792:"The Spread and Integration of Painted pottery Art along the Silk Road" 3195: 3144: 2058: 1908: 1796:

Anthropomorphic figurine. Tourist-2 site, Novossibirsk, Okunev culture.

1739:

Slab with human face. Okunev culture. State Hermitage Museum (Hall 13).

1451: 1447: 1247: 1117: 918: 877: 658: 538: 3547: 3209: 1387: 2731:[Andronovo Ornament (Morphology and Mythology] (in Russian). 1749: 1704: 1681: 1670: 1301: 1235: 1150:

The Okunev people closely interacted with successor cultures of the

1085: 893: 736: 560: 487: 3612: 3233: 3012: 2927: 2792: 2728: 2600: 2222: 2182: 4418: 4207: 2016: 1505: 1486: 1132: 765:, since he considered the Okunev people to be the ancestors of the 2848: 2103:"A Dynamic 6,000-Year Genetic History of Eurasia's Eastern Steppe" 750:

In 1947, M. N. Komarova identified an "early Okunev" stage of the

1757: 1377:

Okunev figurine from Itkul II mound 14, northern Minusinsk Basin.

1365:

Okunev figurine from Itkul II mound 14, northern Minusinsk Basin.

1353:

Okunev figurine from Itkul II mound 14, northern Minusinsk Basin.

1270: 1182:

Settlements are known on the territory of Tuva on upper Yenisei.

1011: 901: 897: 841: 837: 793: 790: 674: 650: 553: 549: 528: 74: 2849:"The Most Ancient Images of Wheeled Vehicles of Minusinsk Basin" 2537:

Die frühen Völker Eurasiens: vom Neolithikum bis zum Mittelalter

1423:

cultures. The Western Steppe Herder ancestry is absent from the

1077:, near the village of Kavkazsky, nearby the zaimka of Maidashi. 2101:

Jeong, Choongwon; Wang, Ke; Wilkin, Shevan (12 November 2020).

1753: 1696: 1666: 1647: 1462:

The Okunevo population showed also genetic affinities with the

1442: 1109: 947: 414: 4055: 1993: 1661: 1474: 1322:

forest-steppe who lived to the north of the Minusinsk Basin.

1319: 1143:

regions. While the preceding Afanasevo culture is considered

1140: 1084:

Five burials in slab boxes were excavated 1 km south of

290: 3834: 3493: 2726: 2488: 1281:", noting the specific overlaps in characteristics with the 1162: 884:

mining and metallurgy areas. Okunevtsy and the neighboring

2964:"The genomic origins of the Bronze Age Tarim Basin mummies" 1526: 1258: 1191: 1121: 917:

the Okunev culture also had charriots as attested by their

299: 56: 2794:И.В. Ковтун Андроновский Орнамент (Морфология И Мифология) 1006:

The settlements of the Okunev culture were located in the

2672:

Yang, Jianhua; Shao, Huiqiu; Pan, Ling (3 January 2020).

929: 1234:

The anthropological type of the population was of mixed

573:

Tas-Khaaza, Chernovaya VIII, Beltyry, Uibat III, Uibat V

2962:

Zhang, Fan; Ning, Chao; Scott, Ashley (November 2021).

1977:

images of characters under the arch of the "firmament";

1968:

images of anthropomorphic figures with two eagle heads;

3697:"THE KARASUK CULTURE AND ITS SOUTH-EASTERN AFFINITIES" 1962:

images of deities in pointed hats and with bull horns;

1851:

Okunev stelae, with the "Stele of Shira" in the center

904:

was also used, which indicates a rather high level of

2042:

The Okunevo culture, together with the spread of the

1953:

anthropomorphic creatures with bird and animal heads;

633: 3957:

Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia

3500:

Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia

2567:

Ancient interactions : east and west in Eurasia

2370:

Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia

1691:

Okunev stone stela collections are displayed in the

828:

The basis of the population's economic activity was

823: 3953:"Okunev Culture and the Dene-Caucasian Macrofamily" 3173: 3126: 2801:]. Izdatelʹskij dom "Kazanskaja nedvižimostʹ". 2359: 2357: 2355: 2227:(in Russian). St. Petersburg: Neva printing house. 2007:in northern China. Pottery style emerging from the 1921:The following artistic features are distinguished: 4035:Teoriya i praktika arkheologicheskikh issledovaniy 3127:Hollard, Clémence; Zvénigorosky (September 2018). 2026: 1992:in Siberia, and those on the earlier potteries of 1707:, Historical and architectural open-air museum of 1660:in 1722-1723 and subsequent academic expeditions. 1568:, while 41% carried the West Eurasian haplogroups 3768: 3704:Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities 1446:The Okunevos can be modelled as a combination of 1411:(ANE), with around 10-20% genetic admixture from 1179:is one of the first archeologically studied Sve. 4429: 3671:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 322, note 148. 2352: 1810:Okunev culture stelae. Khakassia National Museum 1393: 3920:Zeng, Tian Chen; et al. (1 October 2023). 3606: 3604: 2100: 2046:, may be in part be linked to the expansion of 1941:free scatter of figures in the pictorial field; 3360:Теория и практика археологических исследований 3311:Теория и практика археологических исследований 2961: 2316:Теория и практика археологических исследований 1916: 1784:Tourist-2 mammoth ivory anthropomorphic figure 1711:and ceramics collections are displayed in the 1292:by a group of mostly male pastoralists of the 490:Depression), with other contemporary cultures 4071: 3071:Pilipenko, Aleksandr S. (20 September 2018). 2799:Andronovo Ornament (Morphology and Mythology) 1190:The Okunev people used two- and four-wheeled 1100:Earliest Bronze Age cultures in Central Asia. 3601: 3353: 3304: 2495:. Archaeopress Publishing Ltd. p. 750. 1088:on the northern outskirts of a pine forest. 836:(cattle, sheep, and goats), supplemented by 3583:. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 137–139. 2671: 4078: 4064: 3751: 3668:History of Central Asia, The: 4-volume set 3580:History of Central Asia, The: 4-volume set 3548:"A figure of the "Solar Divine" (a stele)" 2698: 2645:History of Central Asia, The: 4-volume set 1947:elongated proportions of stylized figures; 1911:runic characters, circa 7th-8th century CE 1513: 645:'Okunev culture'), also known as 4046: 3950: 3896: 3886: 3807: 3796:Region - Educational Research and Reviews 3470: 3371: 3354:Miklashevich, Е. А. (27 September 2022). 3322: 3251: 3133:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 3106: 3088: 3070: 3047: 2997: 2979: 2892: 2563: 2533: 2447: 2363: 2327: 2309: 2285: 2194: 2128: 2118: 2011:are known to have spread westward to the 1722: 1391:Genetic proximity of the Okunev culture ( 864:decorated jug-like and conical vessels. 3610: 2598: 2220: 2030: 1965:images of Janus anthropomorphic deities; 1931: 1923: 1805: 1734: 1726: 1637: 1441: 1386: 1225:Okunev culture anthropomorphic statues, 1197: 1161: 1095: 1039: 1037:, east of the village of Bolshoi Telek. 936: 928: 854: 784: 3993: 3694: 3185: 2778: 2180: 1551: 1534: 981: 4430: 3868: 3664: 3576: 3452: 2790: 2641: 2150: 2148: 1944:the presence of anthropomorphic masks; 1772:Tourist-2 ivory anthropomorphic figure 1669:are common in the territory of modern 796:. First half of the II millennium BC. 789:Ceramics of the Okunev Culture on the 438: 48: 4059: 4000:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture 3789: 3720: 3572: 3570: 3568: 3401: 3399: 3122: 3120: 3118: 2722: 2720: 2718: 2716: 2667: 2665: 2637: 2635: 2633: 2631: 2559: 2557: 2413: 2409: 2407: 2405: 2403: 2401: 2399: 2364:Kozintsev, A. G. (31 December 2020). 2310:Лазаретов, И. П. (22 December 2019). 1502: 425: 412: 399: 386: 373: 360: 347: 334: 319: 306: 273: 260: 245: 232: 219: 206: 193: 180: 165: 150: 137: 124: 94: 81: 36: 3969:10.17746/1563-0110.2023.51.2.066-073 3919: 3512:10.17746/1563-0110.2020.48.4.075-083 3305:Miklashevich, Е. А. (2 April 2022). 3186:Hollard, Clémence (September 2018). 2925: 2772: 2540:(in German). C.H.Beck. p. 379. 2382:10.17746/1563-0110.2020.48.4.135-145 2246: 2244: 2216: 2214: 1801: 1185: 966: 466: 451: 297: 288: 109: 72: 63: 54: 3869:Peyrot, Michaël (2 December 2019). 3752:MAGAIL, Jérôme; ESIN, Yuri (2022). 3665:Baumer, Christoph (18 April 2018). 3577:Baumer, Christoph (18 April 2018). 3453:Ковтун, И. В. (24 September 2019). 3064: 2699:MAGAIL, Jérôme; ESIN, Yuri (2020). 2642:Baumer, Christoph (18 April 2018). 2145: 1928:Reproduction of Okunevo petroglyphs 1907:Tschirkowo stela, reinscribed with 1091: 13: 4438:Archaeological cultures of Siberia 4028: 3565: 3396: 3253:10.25205/1818-7919-2022-21-7-53-71 3115: 3006: 2713: 2662: 2628: 2554: 2396: 1642:Okunev culture monumental stelae. 1283:Indigenous peoples of the Americas 1120:, and the Okunevo-like culture of 780: 14: 4464: 3951:Kozintsev, A. G. (13 July 2023). 2414:Bjørn, Rasmus G. (January 2022). 2241: 2211: 1261:show stronger influence from the 896:, and temporal rings. Along with 824:Livestock, horse, and agriculture 731:Okunev culture was discovered by 16:Bronze Age archaeological culture 3769:Kiselov (Киселёв), С.В. (1962). 2893:Kozintsev, A. G (21 June 2018). 2846: 2113:(4): 890–904, Figure 1 A, B, C. 1900: 1884: 1872: 1856: 1844: 1832: 1789: 1777: 1765: 1504: 1495: 1382: 1370: 1358: 1346: 1334: 1215: 1206: 1066:in the village of Novopokrovka. 980: 973: 769:, based on parallels in art and 711: 702: 486:Location of the Okunev culture ( 47: 31: 4029:I., Lazaretov (December 2019). 3944: 3913: 3862: 3828: 3783: 3762: 3745: 3714: 3688: 3658: 3640: 3540: 3526: 3487: 3446: 3420: 3347: 3298: 3276: 3227: 3202: 3179: 3174:Hollard & Zvénigorosky 2018 3167: 2955: 2919: 2886: 2861: 2854:American Journal of Archaeology 2840: 2815: 2784: 2692: 2592: 2527: 2509: 2482: 2027:Possible linguistic affiliation 1950:a variety of fantastic animals; 4238:Liaoning bronze dagger culture 4085: 3790:Zhang, Kai (4 February 2021). 3611:Poliakov, Andrey; Esin, Yury. 3534:"Bronze Age. Hall 13 panorama" 2464: 2303: 2174: 2094: 2044:Seima-Turbino material culture 1936:Petroglyphs with deer figures. 1630:) subbranches of haplogroups. 1470:, and Altai hunter-gatherers. 1157: 1001:Location of the Okunev culture 1: 3407:"Martyanov Museum. Minusinsk" 2160:The Great Soviet Encyclopedia 2087: 1997: 1673:and the southern part of the 871: 516:Indigenous peoples of Siberia 491: 4288:South-Western Iberian Bronze 4048:10.14258/tpai(2019)4(28).-02 3758:. Archaeopress. p. 749. 3472:10.14258/tpai(2019)3(27).-06 3373:10.14258/tpai(2022)34(3).-03 3324:10.14258/tpai(2022)34(1).-03 3090:10.1371/journal.pone.0204062 2329:10.14258/tpai(2019)4(28).-02 1646:, Hall of Stone Sculptures, 1454:and Tarim_EMBA (essentially 7: 3188:"Supporting Information S1" 2534:Parzinger, Hermann (2006). 2420:Evolutionary Human Sciences 2077: 1917:Artistic features of images 761:and attributed them to the 634: 10: 4469: 4338:Wilburton-Wallington Phase 3987: 2981:10.1038/s41586-021-04052-7 2869:"Окуневский сборник, 1997" 2120:10.1016/j.cell.2020.10.015 1988:and Okunev culture of the 1589:mitochondrial haplogroup A 1010:, on the middle and upper 924: 911: 850: 696:Okunev culture petroglyphs 688: 661:dated from the end of the 653:archaeological culture of 4415: 4346: 4223:Indus Valley Civilisation 4133:Armorican Tumulus culture 4103: 4093: 3934:10.1101/2023.10.01.560332 3888:10.1163/22125892-00701007 3875:Indo-European Linguistics 3856:10.1017/S0033822200033798 3536:. State Hermitage Museum. 2648:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 2599:Poliakov, Andrey (2020). 2196:10.1017/S0033822200033798 2130:21.11116/0000-0007-77BF-D 2083:Chebaki Fortress Sve-Takh 1693:Khakassia National Museum 1644:Khakassia National Museum 1227:Khakassia National Museum 1108:’, Elunino, Karacol, and 957: 880:based on the ores of the 723:Khakassia National Museum 623: 595: 585: 577: 569: 559: 544: 534: 520: 510: 502: 26: 3432:collections.hermitage.ru 1415:, as represented by the 1405:Ancient Northeast Asians 876:Okunevtsy had developed 747:and Andronovo cultures. 673:on the middle and upper 608:Seima-Turbino phenomenon 581:unique artistic heritage 4183:Deverel–Rimbury culture 3739:10.3406/arasi.1990.1278 2270:10.1126/science.aar7711 2221:Poliakov, A.V. (2022). 2070:, rather than with the 2068:Ancient Paleo-Siberians 1437:Ancient Paleo-Siberians 1409:Ancient North Eurasians 1275:Ancient North Eurasians 1177:The fortress of Chebaki 1057:Krasnoturansky District 683:Ancient North Eurasians 3809:10.32629/RERR.V3I1.242 3755:Megaliths of the World 3695:JETTMAR, KARL (1950). 3628:Cite journal requires 2943:Cite journal requires 2760:Cite journal requires 2737:10.5281/ZENODO.1240521 2616:Cite journal requires 2492:Megaliths of the World 2181:Svyatko, S.V. (2009). 2039: 2015:, and then further to 1937: 1929: 1811: 1740: 1732: 1723:Anthropomorphic images 1650: 1633: 1459: 1433:Ancient North Eurasian 1413:Western Steppe Herders 1400: 1327:Western Steppe Herders 1242:from the territory of 1171: 1101: 1073:, on the banks of the 1052: 942: 934: 860: 804: 767:American Paleo-Indians 679:Western Steppe Herders 3721:Bazin, Louis (1990). 3020:Nature Communications 2791:Kovtun, Igor (2016). 2048:Proto-Uralic speakers 2034: 1935: 1927: 1879:Okunev culture steles 1809: 1738: 1730: 1641: 1445: 1390: 1198:Physical anthropology 1165: 1114:western Siberia 1099: 1043: 940: 932: 858: 788: 506:Okuniev , Okunevskaya 4253:Mumun pottery period 4005:Taylor & Francis 1867:'s expedition, 1887. 1825:Yenisei inscriptions 1552:Maternal haplogroups 1535:Paternal haplogroups 998:class=notpageimage| 635:Okunevskaya kul'tura 4453:Bronze Age cultures 4248:Minoan civilization 4178:Deer stones culture 4138:Atlantic Bronze Age 4118:Aegean civilization 3032:10.1038/ncomms14615 2678:. Springer Nature. 2432:10.1017/ehs.2022.16 1863:Stelae sketched by 1821:Orkhon inscriptions 1658:D. G. Messerschmidt 1071:Minusinsky District 1064:Kuraginsky district 1024:Kuraginsky District 624:Окуневская культура 23: 4397:Leyla-Tepe culture 4354:and Transcaucasia) 4168:Chinese Bronze Age 4148:Bronze Age Britain 3196:10.1002/ajpa.23607 3145:10.1002/ajpa.23607 2926:Poliakov, Andrey. 2264:(6396): eaar7711. 2189:. 51 №1: 243–273. 2040: 1986:Afanasievo culture 1938: 1930: 1812: 1741: 1733: 1651: 1460: 1401: 1172: 1102: 1053: 943: 935: 861: 805: 521:Geographical range 21: 4425: 4424: 4308:Terramare culture 4263:Nordic Bronze Age 4213:Hallstatt culture 4158:Canegrate culture 4153:Bronze Age Europe 4123:Andronovo culture 3678:978-1-83860-868-2 3652:siberiantimes.com 3590:978-1-83860-868-2 2974:(7884): 256–261. 2685:978-981-329-155-3 2655:978-1-83860-868-2 2547:978-3-406-54961-8 2502:978-1-80327-321-1 2234:978-5-907298-32-3 2055:Yeniseian-related 1802:Monumental steles 1398: 1186:Wheeled transport 1112:cultures of 1035:Idrinsky district 967:Geographic extent 752:Andronovo culture 741:Andronovo culture 733:Sergei Teploukhov 681:and pre-existing 667:2nd millennium BC 663:3rd millennium BC 644: 632: 617: 616: 604:Andronovo culture 590:Afanasevo culture 565:Okunev settlement 503:Alternative names 4460: 4355: 4328:Urnfield culture 4293:Srubnaya culture 4258:Mycenaean Greece 4243:Lusatian culture 4193:Ewart Park Phase 4173:Cycladic culture 4163:Catacomb culture 4128:Apennine culture 4113:Abashevo culture 4080: 4073: 4066: 4057: 4056: 4052: 4050: 4025: 4023: 4021: 3981: 3980: 3948: 3942: 3941: 3917: 3911: 3910: 3900: 3890: 3866: 3860: 3859: 3841: 3832: 3826: 3825: 3811: 3787: 3781: 3780: 3766: 3760: 3759: 3749: 3743: 3742: 3718: 3712: 3711: 3701: 3692: 3686: 3685: 3662: 3656: 3655: 3644: 3638: 3637: 3631: 3626: 3624: 3616: 3608: 3599: 3598: 3574: 3563: 3562: 3560: 3558: 3544: 3538: 3537: 3530: 3524: 3523: 3491: 3485: 3484: 3474: 3450: 3444: 3443: 3441: 3439: 3424: 3418: 3417: 3415: 3413: 3403: 3394: 3393: 3375: 3351: 3345: 3344: 3326: 3302: 3296: 3295: 3293: 3291: 3280: 3274: 3273: 3255: 3231: 3225: 3224: 3222: 3220: 3206: 3200: 3199: 3183: 3177: 3171: 3165: 3164: 3124: 3113: 3112: 3110: 3092: 3068: 3062: 3061: 3051: 3010: 3004: 3003: 3001: 2983: 2959: 2953: 2952: 2946: 2941: 2939: 2931: 2923: 2917: 2916: 2914: 2912: 2906: 2900:. Archived from 2899: 2890: 2884: 2883: 2881: 2879: 2865: 2859: 2858: 2844: 2838: 2837: 2835: 2833: 2819: 2813: 2812: 2788: 2782: 2776: 2770: 2769: 2763: 2758: 2756: 2748: 2724: 2711: 2710: 2705:. Archaeopress. 2696: 2690: 2689: 2669: 2660: 2659: 2639: 2626: 2625: 2619: 2614: 2612: 2604: 2596: 2590: 2589: 2561: 2552: 2551: 2531: 2525: 2524: 2513: 2507: 2506: 2486: 2480: 2479: 2468: 2462: 2461: 2451: 2411: 2394: 2393: 2361: 2350: 2349: 2331: 2307: 2301: 2299: 2289: 2248: 2239: 2238: 2218: 2209: 2208: 2198: 2178: 2172: 2171: 2169: 2167: 2156:"Okunev Culture" 2152: 2143: 2142: 2132: 2122: 2098: 2057:group, possibly 2013:Majiayao culture 2009:Yangshao culture 2005:Yangshao culture 2002: 1999: 1904: 1888: 1876: 1860: 1848: 1836: 1793: 1781: 1769: 1717:Saint Petersburg 1713:Hermitage Museum 1701:Martyanov Museum 1684:-era kurgans of 1675:Krasnoyarsk Krai 1544:, and 16% with 1517: 1509: 1508: 1499: 1487:Samoyedic people 1397: 1396: 1392: 1374: 1362: 1350: 1338: 1305:hunter-gatherers 1267:Catacomb culture 1219: 1210: 1168:Chebaki fortress 1152:Andronovo circle 1092:Related cultures 1028:Krasnoyarsk Krai 984: 983: 977: 890:arsenical bronze 834:animal husbandry 802:Saint Petersburg 798:Hermitage Museum 715: 706: 639: 637: 627: 625: 496: 493: 479: 477: 464: 462: 449: 447: 436: 434: 423: 421: 410: 408: 397: 395: 384: 382: 371: 369: 358: 356: 345: 343: 332: 330: 317: 315: 304: 302: 295: 293: 286: 284: 271: 269: 258: 256: 243: 241: 230: 228: 217: 215: 204: 202: 191: 189: 178: 176: 163: 161: 158:Northeast Asians 148: 146: 135: 133: 122: 120: 107: 105: 92: 90: 79: 77: 70: 68: 61: 59: 51: 50: 43: 41: 35: 24: 20: 4468: 4467: 4463: 4462: 4461: 4459: 4458: 4457: 4443:Bronze Age Asia 4428: 4427: 4426: 4421: 4411: 4407:Khojaly–Gadabay 4377:Shulaveri-Shomu 4353: 4352:(North Caucasus 4351: 4350: 4342: 4323:Únětice culture 4318:Tumulus culture 4233:Karasuk culture 4218:Helladic period 4208:Argaric culture 4203:Glazkov culture 4099: 4089: 4084: 4019: 4017: 4015: 3990: 3985: 3984: 3949: 3945: 3918: 3914: 3867: 3863: 3839: 3833: 3829: 3788: 3784: 3767: 3763: 3750: 3746: 3727:Arts Asiatiques 3719: 3715: 3699: 3693: 3689: 3679: 3663: 3659: 3646: 3645: 3641: 3629: 3627: 3618: 3617: 3609: 3602: 3591: 3575: 3566: 3556: 3554: 3546: 3545: 3541: 3532: 3531: 3527: 3492: 3488: 3451: 3447: 3437: 3435: 3426: 3425: 3421: 3411: 3409: 3405: 3404: 3397: 3352: 3348: 3303: 3299: 3289: 3287: 3282: 3281: 3277: 3232: 3228: 3218: 3216: 3208: 3207: 3203: 3184: 3180: 3172: 3168: 3125: 3116: 3083:(9): e0204062. 3069: 3065: 3011: 3007: 2960: 2956: 2944: 2942: 2933: 2932: 2924: 2920: 2910: 2908: 2907:on 21 June 2018 2904: 2897: 2891: 2887: 2877: 2875: 2867: 2866: 2862: 2845: 2841: 2831: 2829: 2821: 2820: 2816: 2809: 2789: 2785: 2777: 2773: 2761: 2759: 2750: 2749: 2725: 2714: 2697: 2693: 2686: 2670: 2663: 2656: 2640: 2629: 2617: 2615: 2606: 2605: 2597: 2593: 2578: 2562: 2555: 2548: 2532: 2528: 2515: 2514: 2510: 2503: 2487: 2483: 2470: 2469: 2465: 2412: 2397: 2362: 2353: 2308: 2304: 2249: 2242: 2235: 2219: 2212: 2179: 2175: 2165: 2163: 2154: 2153: 2146: 2099: 2095: 2090: 2080: 2072:Yamnaya culture 2036:Minusinsk Basin 2029: 2001: 4000 BCE 2000: 1990:Minusinsk basin 1919: 1912: 1905: 1896: 1889: 1880: 1877: 1868: 1861: 1852: 1849: 1840: 1837: 1804: 1797: 1794: 1785: 1782: 1773: 1770: 1725: 1636: 1554: 1537: 1532: 1531: 1530: 1524: 1519: 1518: 1511: 1510: 1503: 1500: 1394: 1385: 1378: 1375: 1366: 1363: 1354: 1351: 1342: 1339: 1294:Yamnaya culture 1255:Minusinsk Basin 1232: 1231: 1230: 1229: 1222: 1221: 1220: 1212: 1211: 1200: 1188: 1160: 1094: 1045:Minusinsk basin 1008:Minusinsk basin 1004: 1003: 1002: 1000: 994: 993: 992: 991: 989:Minusinsk basin 985: 969: 960: 927: 914: 874: 853: 826: 783: 781:Characteristics 763:Paleolithic era 729: 728: 727: 726: 718: 717: 716: 708: 707: 698: 697: 691: 671:Minusinsk Basin 657:from the early 647:Okunevo culture 600:Karasuk culture 578:Characteristics 525:Minusinsk Basin 498: 495: -2000 BC 494: 484: 483: 482: 481: 480: 473: 469: 467: 465: 458: 454: 452: 450: 441: 439: 437: 428: 426: 424: 415: 413: 411: 402: 400: 398: 389: 387: 385: 376: 374: 372: 363: 361: 359: 350: 348: 346: 340: 337: 335: 333: 327: 325: 322: 320: 318: 313: 311: 309: 307: 305: 300: 298: 296: 291: 289: 287: 280: 276: 274: 272: 263: 261: 259: 252: 248: 246: 244: 235: 233: 231: 222: 220: 218: 209: 207: 205: 196: 194: 192: 183: 181: 179: 172: 168: 166: 164: 157: 153: 151: 149: 140: 138: 136: 127: 125: 123: 116: 112: 110: 108: 101: 97: 95: 93: 87: 84: 82: 80: 75: 73: 71: 66: 64: 62: 57: 55: 53: 52: 44: 39: 37: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4466: 4456: 4455: 4450: 4445: 4440: 4423: 4422: 4416: 4413: 4412: 4410: 4409: 4404: 4399: 4394: 4392:Maykop culture 4389: 4384: 4379: 4374: 4369: 4364: 4358: 4356: 4344: 4343: 4341: 4340: 4335: 4333:Wessex culture 4330: 4325: 4320: 4315: 4310: 4305: 4300: 4295: 4290: 4285: 4280: 4275: 4270: 4268:Okunev culture 4265: 4260: 4255: 4250: 4245: 4240: 4235: 4230: 4225: 4220: 4215: 4210: 4205: 4200: 4195: 4190: 4185: 4180: 4175: 4170: 4165: 4160: 4155: 4150: 4145: 4140: 4135: 4130: 4125: 4120: 4115: 4109: 4107: 4101: 4100: 4094: 4091: 4090: 4083: 4082: 4075: 4068: 4060: 4054: 4053: 4026: 4013: 3995:Mallory, J. P. 3989: 3986: 3983: 3982: 3943: 3912: 3861: 3850:(1): 243–273. 3827: 3782: 3761: 3744: 3713: 3687: 3677: 3657: 3639: 3630:|journal= 3600: 3589: 3564: 3539: 3525: 3486: 3461:(in Russian). 3445: 3419: 3395: 3346: 3313:(in Russian). 3297: 3275: 3242:(in Russian). 3226: 3210:"A-a1b3 MTree" 3201: 3178: 3166: 3114: 3063: 3005: 2954: 2945:|journal= 2918: 2885: 2860: 2847:Esin, Yury N. 2839: 2814: 2807: 2783: 2781:, pp. 4–6 2771: 2762:|journal= 2712: 2691: 2684: 2661: 2654: 2627: 2618:|journal= 2591: 2576: 2553: 2546: 2526: 2508: 2501: 2481: 2463: 2395: 2376:(4): 135–145. 2351: 2318:(in Russian). 2302: 2240: 2233: 2210: 2173: 2144: 2092: 2091: 2089: 2086: 2079: 2076: 2028: 2025: 1982: 1981: 1978: 1975: 1972: 1969: 1966: 1963: 1960: 1957: 1954: 1951: 1948: 1945: 1942: 1918: 1915: 1914: 1913: 1906: 1899: 1897: 1890: 1883: 1881: 1878: 1871: 1869: 1862: 1855: 1853: 1850: 1843: 1841: 1838: 1831: 1803: 1800: 1799: 1798: 1795: 1788: 1786: 1783: 1776: 1774: 1771: 1764: 1724: 1721: 1635: 1632: 1553: 1550: 1536: 1533: 1521: 1520: 1512: 1501: 1494: 1493: 1492: 1491: 1466:, some of the 1384: 1381: 1380: 1379: 1376: 1369: 1367: 1364: 1357: 1355: 1352: 1345: 1343: 1340: 1333: 1224: 1223: 1214: 1213: 1205: 1204: 1203: 1202: 1201: 1199: 1196: 1187: 1184: 1159: 1156: 1093: 1090: 996: 995: 987: 986: 979: 978: 972: 971: 970: 968: 965: 959: 956: 926: 923: 913: 910: 873: 870: 859:Okunev pottery 852: 849: 825: 822: 782: 779: 720: 719: 710: 709: 701: 700: 699: 695: 694: 693: 692: 690: 687: 649:, was a south 620:Okunev culture 615: 614: 597: 593: 592: 587: 583: 582: 579: 575: 574: 571: 567: 566: 563: 557: 556: 546: 542: 541: 536: 532: 531: 522: 518: 517: 514: 508: 507: 504: 500: 499: 485: 46: 45: 30: 29: 28: 27: 22:Okunev culture 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4465: 4454: 4451: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4441: 4439: 4436: 4435: 4433: 4420: 4414: 4408: 4405: 4403: 4400: 4398: 4395: 4393: 4390: 4388: 4385: 4383: 4380: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4370: 4368: 4365: 4363: 4360: 4359: 4357: 4349: 4345: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4331: 4329: 4326: 4324: 4321: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4311: 4309: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4299: 4298:Tagar culture 4296: 4294: 4291: 4289: 4286: 4284: 4283:Samus culture 4281: 4279: 4278:Penard Period 4276: 4274: 4273:Ordos culture 4271: 4269: 4266: 4264: 4261: 4259: 4256: 4254: 4251: 4249: 4246: 4244: 4241: 4239: 4236: 4234: 4231: 4229: 4226: 4224: 4221: 4219: 4216: 4214: 4211: 4209: 4206: 4204: 4201: 4199: 4198:Ezero culture 4196: 4194: 4191: 4189: 4186: 4184: 4181: 4179: 4176: 4174: 4171: 4169: 4166: 4164: 4161: 4159: 4156: 4154: 4151: 4149: 4146: 4144: 4141: 4139: 4136: 4134: 4131: 4129: 4126: 4124: 4121: 4119: 4116: 4114: 4111: 4110: 4108: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4092: 4088: 4081: 4076: 4074: 4069: 4067: 4062: 4061: 4058: 4049: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4027: 4016: 4010: 4006: 4002: 4001: 3996: 3992: 3991: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3947: 3940: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3916: 3908: 3904: 3899: 3894: 3889: 3884: 3881:(1): 72–121. 3880: 3876: 3872: 3865: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3838: 3831: 3824: 3819: 3815: 3810: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3786: 3779: 3774: 3773: 3765: 3757: 3756: 3748: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3717: 3709: 3705: 3698: 3691: 3684: 3680: 3674: 3670: 3669: 3661: 3653: 3649: 3643: 3635: 3622: 3614: 3607: 3605: 3597: 3592: 3586: 3582: 3581: 3573: 3571: 3569: 3553: 3549: 3543: 3535: 3529: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3490: 3482: 3478: 3473: 3468: 3465:(3): 66–101. 3464: 3460: 3456: 3449: 3433: 3429: 3423: 3408: 3402: 3400: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3374: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3350: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3325: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3301: 3285: 3279: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3254: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3230: 3215: 3214:www.yfull.com 3211: 3205: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3182: 3175: 3170: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3123: 3121: 3119: 3109: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3091: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3067: 3059: 3055: 3050: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3009: 3000: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2982: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2958: 2950: 2937: 2929: 2922: 2903: 2896: 2889: 2874: 2870: 2864: 2856: 2855: 2850: 2843: 2828: 2824: 2818: 2810: 2808:9785990913103 2804: 2800: 2796: 2795: 2787: 2780: 2775: 2767: 2754: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2723: 2721: 2719: 2717: 2709: 2704: 2703: 2695: 2687: 2681: 2677: 2676: 2668: 2666: 2657: 2651: 2647: 2646: 2638: 2636: 2634: 2632: 2623: 2610: 2602: 2595: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2577:1-902937-19-8 2573: 2569: 2568: 2560: 2558: 2549: 2543: 2539: 2538: 2530: 2522: 2521:ar.culture.ru 2518: 2512: 2504: 2498: 2494: 2493: 2485: 2477: 2476:ar.culture.ru 2473: 2467: 2459: 2455: 2450: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2410: 2408: 2406: 2404: 2402: 2400: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2360: 2358: 2356: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2330: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2306: 2297: 2293: 2288: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2247: 2245: 2236: 2230: 2226: 2225: 2217: 2215: 2206: 2202: 2197: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2177: 2161: 2157: 2151: 2149: 2140: 2136: 2131: 2126: 2121: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2097: 2093: 2085: 2084: 2075: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2060: 2056: 2051: 2049: 2045: 2037: 2033: 2024: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1979: 1976: 1973: 1970: 1967: 1964: 1961: 1958: 1955: 1952: 1949: 1946: 1943: 1940: 1939: 1934: 1926: 1922: 1910: 1903: 1898: 1894: 1887: 1882: 1875: 1870: 1866: 1859: 1854: 1847: 1842: 1839:Okunev stelae 1835: 1830: 1829: 1828: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1808: 1792: 1787: 1780: 1775: 1768: 1763: 1762: 1761: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1745: 1737: 1729: 1720: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1689: 1687: 1686:Tagar Culture 1683: 1678: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1663: 1659: 1654: 1649: 1645: 1640: 1631: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1616:East Eurasian 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1596:West Eurasian 1592: 1590: 1585: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1549: 1547: 1543: 1528: 1523: 1516: 1507: 1498: 1490: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1471: 1469: 1468:Tarim mummies 1465: 1464:Botai culture 1457: 1453: 1449: 1444: 1440: 1438: 1434: 1428: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1389: 1383:Paleogenetics 1373: 1368: 1361: 1356: 1349: 1344: 1337: 1332: 1331: 1330: 1328: 1323: 1321: 1317: 1312: 1310: 1307:with western 1306: 1303: 1297: 1295: 1291: 1286: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1251: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1228: 1218: 1209: 1195: 1193: 1183: 1180: 1178: 1169: 1164: 1155: 1153: 1148: 1146: 1145:Indo-European 1142: 1138: 1134: 1129: 1125: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1098: 1089: 1087: 1082: 1078: 1076: 1072: 1067: 1065: 1060: 1058: 1050: 1049:Yenisey river 1046: 1042: 1038: 1036: 1031: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1015: 1013: 1009: 999: 990: 976: 964: 955: 951: 949: 939: 931: 922: 920: 909: 907: 903: 899: 895: 891: 887: 886:Samus culture 883: 879: 869: 865: 857: 848: 845: 843: 839: 835: 831: 830:stock-raising 821: 818: 814: 811: 808: 803: 799: 795: 792: 791:Yenisei River 787: 778: 774: 772: 768: 764: 760: 759:pre-Afanasiev 755: 753: 748: 746: 742: 738: 734: 724: 714: 705: 686: 684: 680: 676: 672: 668: 665:to the early 664: 660: 656: 652: 648: 642: 636: 630: 621: 613: 612:Tagar culture 609: 605: 601: 598: 594: 591: 588: 584: 580: 576: 572: 568: 564: 562: 558: 555: 551: 547: 543: 540: 537: 533: 530: 526: 523: 519: 515: 513: 509: 505: 501: 489: 478: 476: 475: 463: 461: 460: 448: 446: 445: 435: 433: 432: 422: 420: 419: 409: 407: 406: 396: 394: 393: 383: 381: 380: 370: 368: 367: 357: 355: 354: 344: 342: 331: 329: 316: 303: 294: 285: 283: 282: 279:Seima-Turbino 270: 268: 267: 257: 255: 254: 242: 240: 239: 229: 227: 226: 216: 214: 213: 203: 201: 200: 190: 188: 187: 177: 175: 174: 162: 160: 159: 147: 145: 144: 134: 132: 131: 121: 119: 118: 106: 104: 103: 91: 89: 78: 69: 60: 42: 34: 25: 19: 4267: 4097:Chalcolithic 4041:(4): 15–50. 4038: 4034: 4018:. Retrieved 3999: 3963:(2): 66–73. 3960: 3956: 3946: 3937: 3925: 3915: 3878: 3874: 3864: 3847: 3843: 3830: 3821: 3799: 3795: 3785: 3776: 3771: 3764: 3754: 3747: 3733:(1): 52–53. 3730: 3726: 3716: 3707: 3703: 3690: 3682: 3667: 3660: 3651: 3642: 3621:cite journal 3594: 3579: 3555:. Retrieved 3551: 3542: 3528: 3503: 3499: 3489: 3462: 3458: 3448: 3436:. Retrieved 3434:(in Russian) 3431: 3422: 3410:. Retrieved 3366:(3): 40–54. 3363: 3359: 3349: 3317:(1): 47–74. 3314: 3310: 3300: 3288:. Retrieved 3278: 3246:(7): 53–71. 3243: 3239: 3229: 3217:. Retrieved 3213: 3204: 3181: 3169: 3136: 3132: 3080: 3076: 3066: 3023: 3019: 3008: 2971: 2967: 2957: 2936:cite journal 2921: 2909:. Retrieved 2902:the original 2888: 2876:. Retrieved 2873:kronk.spb.ru 2872: 2863: 2852: 2842: 2830:. Retrieved 2826: 2817: 2798: 2793: 2786: 2779:Mallory 1997 2774: 2753:cite journal 2706: 2701: 2694: 2674: 2644: 2609:cite journal 2594: 2566: 2536: 2529: 2520: 2511: 2491: 2484: 2475: 2466: 2423: 2419: 2373: 2369: 2322:(4): 15–50. 2319: 2315: 2305: 2261: 2257: 2223: 2186: 2176: 2164:. Retrieved 2110: 2106: 2096: 2081: 2064:Indo-Iranian 2052: 2041: 2021:Central Asia 1983: 1920: 1813: 1746: 1742: 1690: 1679: 1655: 1652: 1593: 1586: 1555: 1538: 1529:populations. 1472: 1461: 1429: 1425:X chromosome 1402: 1324: 1313: 1309:pastoralists 1298: 1287: 1263:Pits culture 1252: 1244:Central Asia 1240:Afanasyevtsy 1233: 1189: 1181: 1173: 1149: 1130: 1126: 1103: 1083: 1079: 1068: 1061: 1054: 1032: 1016: 1005: 961: 952: 944: 915: 906:metalworking 882:Sayano-Altai 875: 866: 862: 846: 827: 819: 815: 812: 809: 806: 775: 771:anthropology 756: 749: 730: 655:pastoralists 646: 619: 618: 471: 470: 456: 455: 443: 442: 430: 429: 417: 416: 404: 403: 391: 390: 378: 377: 365: 364: 352: 351: 338: 323: 314:CIVILIZATION 278: 277: 265: 264: 250: 249: 237: 236: 224: 223: 211: 210: 198: 197: 185: 184: 182: 170: 169: 155: 154: 142: 141: 129: 128: 114: 113: 99: 98: 85: 18: 4372:Kura–Araxes 4303:Tarim Basin 4188:Elp culture 3898:1887/139205 3844:Radiocarbon 3557:14 December 3438:19 December 3412:15 December 3290:21 December 3219:14 December 2911:14 December 2878:14 December 2832:14 December 2187:Radiocarbon 1980:solar sign. 1709:Novosibirsk 1546:R1b1a2-M269 1479:Sayan-Altai 1458:) ancestry. 1407:(ANA) with 1316:Krasnoyarsk 1290:Caspian Sea 1279:Americanoid 1158:Settlements 1137:Lake Baikal 1047:, with the 919:petroglyphs 596:Followed by 586:Preceded by 570:Major sites 4432:Categories 4402:Jar-Burial 4348:Bronze Age 4228:Late Jomon 4105:Bronze Age 4087:Bronze Age 4014:1884964982 3552:nav.shm.ru 3139:(1): 6–7. 2088:References 2059:Burushaski 2003:), of the 1909:Old Turkic 1891:"Stele of 1750:milestones 1452:Baikal EBA 1448:Afanasievo 1421:Afanasievo 1265:and early 1248:Kazakhstan 1118:Kazakhstan 1075:Tuba River 1020:Tuba River 878:metallurgy 872:Metallurgy 745:Afanasievo 659:Bronze Age 539:Bronze Age 266:Chemurchek 253:Xiajiadian 4448:Khakassia 4313:Trzciniec 3977:1563-0110 3907:2212-5884 3818:234007445 3802:(1): 18. 3615:: Fig.10. 3520:1563-0110 3506:(4): 75. 3481:2712-8202 3390:252687323 3382:2712-8202 3341:248362290 3333:2712-8202 3270:252230589 3262:1818-7919 3161:205337212 3099:1932-6203 3040:2041-1723 3026:: 14615. 2990:1476-4687 2827:bigenc.ru 2745:165645181 2440:2513-843X 2390:1563-0110 2346:213334623 2338:2712-8202 2278:0036-8075 2205:129736828 2139:0092-8674 1705:Minusinsk 1671:Khakassia 1483:Nganasans 1302:Neolithic 1236:Caucasoid 1086:Minusinsk 894:fishhooks 737:Khakassia 629:romanized 561:Type site 488:Minusinsk 405:Zhukaigou 379:Xichengyi 115:Sintashta 100:Andronovo 4419:Iron Age 4387:Trialeti 4382:Colchian 4020:13 March 3997:(1997). 3153:29900529 3077:PLOS ONE 3058:28256537 2708:culture. 2586:52221476 2458:37599704 2449:10432883 2296:29743352 2166:13 March 2078:See also 2017:Xinjiang 1817:Gökturks 1682:Scythian 1135:and the 1133:Ob River 651:Siberian 472:Catacomb 457:Abashevo 444:Shijiahe 353:Longshan 3988:Sources 3926:BioRxiv 3108:6147448 3049:5337992 2999:8580821 2426:: e23. 2287:6748862 2258:Science 1865:Aspelin 1758:sundial 1754:gnomons 1667:Menhirs 1417:Yamnaya 1395: 1271:Ukraine 1110:Krotovo 1069:In the 1062:In the 1055:In the 1033:In the 1012:Yenisei 948:kurgans 925:Burials 912:Warfare 902:casting 898:forging 851:Pottery 842:fishing 838:hunting 794:Siberia 689:History 675:Yenisei 669:in the 643: 631:: 554:1800 BC 550:2700 BC 529:Siberia 512:Horizon 474:Culture 459:Culture 341:culture 328:KINGDOM 281:culture 225:Karakol 212:Glazkov 199:Elunino 173:mummies 156:Ancient 117:culture 102:culture 76:ASSYRIA 4362:Kurgan 4011: 3975: 3905: 3816: 3675: 3587: 3518: 3479: 3388: 3380: 3339: 3331: 3268: 3260: 3159: 3151: 3105: 3097: 3056: 3046: 3038: 2996: 2988: 2968:Nature 2805: 2743: 2682: 2652: 2584: 2574: 2544: 2499: 2456: 2446: 2438: 2388: 2344: 2336: 2294: 2284: 2276: 2231: 2203: 2162:. 1979 2137: 1697:Abakan 1662:Steles 1648:Abakan 1614:) and 958:Dating 535:Period 527:South 431:Baodun 418:Shimao 326:MIDDLE 312:VALLEY 186:Okunev 143:Vakhsh 4367:Koban 3840:(PDF) 3814:S2CID 3700:(PDF) 3596:head. 3386:S2CID 3337:S2CID 3266:S2CID 3157:S2CID 2905:(PDF) 2898:(PDF) 2797:[ 2741:S2CID 2342:S2CID 2201:S2CID 1994:Banpo 1893:Shira 1475:Urals 1320:Kansk 1192:carts 1141:taiga 1106:Samus 622:(ru: 545:Dates 392:Linya 366:Qijia 339:Kerma 324:EGYPT 310:INDUS 292:SUMER 251:Lower 238:Samus 171:Tarim 86:Jeul- 40:-2000 4143:BMAC 4022:2015 4009:ISBN 3973:ISSN 3903:ISSN 3673:ISBN 3634:help 3585:ISBN 3559:2022 3516:ISSN 3477:ISSN 3440:2022 3414:2022 3378:ISSN 3329:ISSN 3292:2022 3258:ISSN 3221:2022 3149:PMID 3095:ISSN 3054:PMID 3036:ISSN 2986:ISSN 2949:help 2913:2022 2880:2022 2834:2022 2803:ISBN 2766:help 2680:ISBN 2650:ISBN 2622:help 2582:OCLC 2572:ISBN 2542:ISBN 2497:ISBN 2454:PMID 2436:ISSN 2386:ISSN 2334:ISSN 2292:PMID 2274:ISSN 2229:ISBN 2168:2015 2135:ISSN 2107:Cell 2019:and 1752:and 1626:and 1610:and 1587:The 1527:Saka 1259:Tuva 1246:and 1166:The 1122:Tuva 840:and 832:and 641:lit. 301:ELAM 130:BMAC 67:MARI 58:EBLA 4043:doi 3965:doi 3930:doi 3893:hdl 3883:doi 3852:doi 3804:doi 3735:doi 3508:doi 3467:doi 3368:doi 3319:doi 3248:doi 3192:doi 3141:doi 3137:167 3103:PMC 3085:doi 3044:PMC 3028:doi 2994:PMC 2976:doi 2972:599 2733:doi 2444:PMC 2428:doi 2378:doi 2324:doi 2282:PMC 2266:doi 2262:360 2191:doi 2125:hdl 2115:doi 2111:183 1823:or 1715:in 1703:in 1699:, 1695:in 1634:Art 1580:or 1564:or 1542:Q1b 1456:ANE 1419:or 1296:. 1269:of 602:, 548:c. 88:mun 4434:: 4417:↓ 4095:↑ 4039:28 4037:. 4033:. 4007:. 4003:. 3971:. 3961:51 3959:. 3955:. 3936:. 3928:. 3924:. 3901:. 3891:. 3877:. 3873:. 3848:51 3846:. 3842:. 3820:. 3812:. 3798:. 3794:. 3731:45 3729:. 3725:. 3708:22 3706:. 3702:. 3681:. 3650:. 3625:: 3623:}} 3619:{{ 3603:^ 3593:. 3567:^ 3550:. 3514:. 3504:48 3502:. 3498:. 3475:. 3463:27 3457:. 3398:^ 3384:. 3376:. 3364:34 3362:. 3358:. 3335:. 3327:. 3315:34 3264:. 3256:. 3244:21 3212:. 3190:. 3155:. 3147:. 3135:. 3131:. 3117:^ 3101:. 3093:. 3081:13 3079:. 3075:. 3052:. 3042:. 3034:. 3022:. 3018:. 2992:. 2984:. 2970:. 2966:. 2940:: 2938:}} 2934:{{ 2871:. 2851:. 2757:: 2755:}} 2751:{{ 2739:. 2715:^ 2664:^ 2630:^ 2613:: 2611:}} 2607:{{ 2580:. 2556:^ 2519:. 2474:. 2452:. 2442:. 2434:. 2422:. 2418:. 2398:^ 2384:. 2374:48 2372:. 2368:. 2354:^ 2340:. 2332:. 2320:28 2290:. 2280:. 2272:. 2260:. 2256:. 2243:^ 2213:^ 2199:. 2185:. 2158:. 2147:^ 2133:. 2123:. 2109:. 2105:. 2074:. 2023:. 1998:c. 1895:". 1827:. 1756:- 1719:. 1688:. 1622:, 1606:, 1602:, 1584:. 1576:, 1572:, 1560:, 1548:. 1450:, 1439:. 1329:. 1318:- 1311:. 1285:. 1250:. 1154:. 1030:. 1026:, 1014:. 921:. 900:, 844:. 800:, 773:. 685:. 638:, 626:, 610:, 606:, 552:- 492:c. 4079:e 4072:t 4065:v 4051:. 4045:: 4024:. 3979:. 3967:: 3932:: 3909:. 3895:: 3885:: 3879:7 3858:. 3854:: 3806:: 3800:3 3741:. 3737:: 3710:. 3654:. 3636:) 3632:( 3561:. 3522:. 3510:: 3483:. 3469:: 3442:. 3416:. 3392:. 3370:: 3343:. 3321:: 3294:. 3272:. 3250:: 3223:. 3198:. 3194:: 3163:. 3143:: 3111:. 3087:: 3060:. 3030:: 3024:8 3002:. 2978:: 2951:) 2947:( 2915:. 2882:. 2857:. 2836:. 2811:. 2768:) 2764:( 2747:. 2735:: 2688:. 2658:. 2624:) 2620:( 2588:. 2550:. 2523:. 2505:. 2478:. 2460:. 2430:: 2424:4 2392:. 2380:: 2348:. 2326:: 2298:. 2268:: 2237:. 2207:. 2193:: 2170:. 2141:. 2127:: 2117:: 1996:( 1815:( 1628:D 1624:C 1620:A 1618:( 1612:T 1608:J 1604:H 1600:U 1598:( 1582:J 1578:H 1574:U 1570:T 1566:D 1562:C 1558:A 1485:( 1170:. 1051:. 725:. 497:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index