Italian language - Knowledge

2786:; this diagnostic is effective if mutual intelligibility is minimal or absent (e.g. in Romance, Romanian and Portuguese), but it fails in cases such as Spanish-Portuguese or Spanish-Italian, as educated native speakers of either pairing can understand each other well if they choose to do so; however, the level of intelligibility is markedly lower between Italian-Spanish, and considerably higher between the Iberian sister languages of Portuguese-Spanish. Speakers of this latter pair can communicate with one another with remarkable ease, each speaking to the other in his own native language without slang/jargon. Nevertheless, on the basis of accumulated differences in morphology, syntax, phonology, and to some extent lexicon, it is not difficult to identify that for the Romance varieties of Italy, the first extant written evidence of languages that can no longer be considered Latin comes from the ninth and tenth centuries C.E. These written sources demonstrate certain vernacular characteristics and sometimes explicitly mention the use of the vernacular in Italy. Full literary manifestations of the vernacular began to surface around the 13th century in the form of various religious texts and poetry.Although these are the first written records of Italian varieties separate from Latin, the spoken language had probably diverged long before the first written records appeared since those who were literate generally wrote in Latin even if they spoke other Romance varieties in person. 10034:): "Pei, Mario A. "A New Methodology for Romance Classification." Word, v, 2 (Aug. 1949), 135–146. Demonstrates a comparative statistical method for determining the extent of change from the Latin for the free and checked stressed vowels of French, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Rumanian, Old Provençal, and Logudorese Sardinian. By assigning 3½ change points per vowel (with 2 points for diphthongization, 1 point for modification in vowel quantity, ½ point for changes due to nasalization, palatalization or umlaut, and −½ point for failure to effect a normal change), there is a maximum of 77 change points for free and checked stressed vowel sounds (11×2×3½=77). According to this system (illustrated by seven charts at the end of the article), the percentage of change is greatest in French (44%) and least in Italian (12%) and Sardinian (8%). Prof. Pei suggests that this statistical method be extended not only to all other phonological but also to all morphological and syntactical, phenomena.". 10051:: "In the late forties and in the fifties some new proposals for classification of the Romance languages appeared. A statistical method attempting to evaluate the evidence quantitatively was developed in order to provide not only a classification but at the same time a measure of the divergence among the languages. The earliest attempt was made in 1949 by Mario Pei (1901–1978), who measured the divergence of seven modern Romance languages from Classical Latin, taking as his criterion the evolution of stressed vowels. Pei's results do not show the degree of contemporary divergence among the languages from each other but only the divergence of each one from Classical Latin. The closest language turned out to be Sardinian with 8% of change. Then followed Italian — 12%; Spanish — 20%; Romanian — 23,5%; Provençal — 25%; Portuguese — 31%; French — 44%." 2528: 9847:«La dominazione sabauda in Sardegna può essere considerata come la fase iniziale di un lungo processo di italianizzazione dell'isola, con la capillare diffusione dell'italiano in quanto strumento per il superamento della frammentarietà tipica del contesto linguistico dell'isola e con il conseguente inserimento delle sue strutture economiche e culturali in un contesto internazionale più ampio e aperto ai contatti di più lato respiro. Proprio la variegata composizione linguistica della Sardegna fu considerata negativamente per qualunque tentativo di assorbimento dell'isola nella sfera culturale italiana.» Loi Corvetto, Ines. 1754: 18622: 8786: 680: 16113: 9111: 1025: 1403:, were read throughout the peninsula and his written dialect became the "canonical standard" that all educated Italians could understand. Dante is still credited with standardizing the Italian language. In addition to the widespread exposure gained through literature, the Florentine dialect also gained prestige due to the political and cultural significance of Florence at the time and the fact that it was linguistically an intermediate between the northern and the southern Italian dialects. Thus the dialect of 2684: 18759: 5929:: descriptive, invariable and form-changing. Descriptive adjectives are the most common, and their endings change to match the number and gender of the noun they modify. Invariable adjectives are adjectives whose endings do not change. The form-changing adjectives "buono (good), bello (beautiful), grande (big), and santo (saint)" change in form when placed before different types of nouns. Italian has three degrees for comparison of adjectives: positive, comparative, and superlative. 6190:. "To have" is used to form compound conjugation when the verb is transitive ("Ha detto", "ha fatto": he/she has said, he/she has made/done), while "to be" is used in the case of verbs of motion and some other intransitive verbs ("È andato", "è stato": he has gone, he has been). "To be" may be used with transitive verbs, but in such a case it makes the verb passive ("È detto", "è fatto": it is said, it is made/done). This rule is not absolute, and some exceptions do exist. 2739:. The most prevalent were substrata (the language of the original inhabitants), as the Italian dialects were most probably simply Latin as spoken by native cultural groups. Superstrata and adstrata were both less important. Foreign conquerors of Italy that dominated different regions at different times left behind little to no influence on the dialects. Foreign cultures with which Italy engaged in peaceful relations with, such as trade, had no significant influence either. 18742: 18634: 8800: 8655: 2289: 13923: 2676: 2087: 18598: 8814: 1252: 18708: 18646: 2794:, an Italian linguist, has asserted that in 1861 only 2.5% of the population of Italy could speak Standard Italian. He reports that in 1951 that percentage had risen to 87%. The ability to speak Italian did not necessarily mean it was in everyday use, and most people (63.5%) still usually spoke their native dialects. In addition, other factors such as mass emigration, industrialization, and urbanization, and internal migrations after 18725: 18691: 2464: 18776: 6143:. 'I see him, but not her'). Aside from personal pronouns, Italian also has demonstrative, interrogative, possessive, and relative pronouns. There are two types of demonstrative pronouns: relatively near (this) and relatively far (that); there exists a third type of demonstrative denoting vicinity only to the listener, but it has fallen out of use. Demonstratives in Italian are repeated before each noun, unlike in English. 1942: 1263: 14172: 2212:(1939–1943). Albania has a large population of non-native speakers, with over half of the population having some knowledge of the Italian language. The Albanian government has pushed to make Italian a compulsory second language in schools. The Italian language is well-known and studied in Albania, due to its historical ties and geographical proximity to Italy and to the diffusion of Italian television in the country. 18610: 15070: 13912: 8772: 1565: 18674: 10789: 2512: 10779: 4089:. Although in all these examples the second form has fallen out of usage, the dimorphism is thought to reflect the several-hundred-year period during which Italian developed as a literary language divorced from any native-speaking population, with an origin in 12th/13th-century Tuscan but with many words borrowed from 2071:, which, due to its linguistic proximity to the Italian standard language, appears both linguistically as an Italian dialect and therefore as a carrier of Italian culture, despite the French government's decades-long efforts to cut Corsica off from the Italian motherland. Italian was the official language in 2193: 2802:

beginning in 1861 were often of the uneducated lower class, and thus the emigration had the effect of increasing the percentage of literates, who often knew and understood the importance of Standard Italian, back home in Italy. A large percentage of those who had emigrated also eventually returned to

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for the most part unnecessary outside of dictionaries. Most of the time, the penultimate syllable is stressed. But if the stressed vowel is the final letter of the word, the accent is mandatory, otherwise, it is virtually always omitted. Exceptions are typically either in dictionaries, where all or

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There is no definitive date when the various Italian variants of Latin—including varieties that contributed to modern Standard Italian—began to be distinct enough from Latin to be considered separate languages. One criterion for determining that two language variants are to be considered separate

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Italian is widely taught in many schools around the world, but rarely as the first foreign language. In the 21st century, technology also allows for the continual spread of the Italian language, as people have new ways to learn how to speak, read, and write languages at their own pace and at any

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The order of words in the phrase is relatively free compared to most European languages. The position of the verb in the phrase is highly mobile. Word order often has a lesser grammatical function in Italian than in English. Adjectives are sometimes placed before their noun and sometimes after.

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Throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, the use of Standard Italian became increasingly widespread and was mirrored by a decline in the use of the dialects. An increase in literacy was one of the main driving factors (one can assume that only literates were capable of learning Standard Italian,

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and tonic pronouns. Personal pronouns are separated into three groups: subject, object (which takes the place of both direct and indirect objects), and reflexive. Second-person subject pronouns have both a polite and a familiar form. These two different types of addresses are very important in

1588:

in the 15th century, the number of printing presses in Italy grew rapidly and by the year 1500 reached a total of 56, the biggest number of printing presses in all of Europe. This enabled the production of more pieces of literature at a lower cost and Italian, as the dominant language, spread.

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As of 2022, Australia had the highest number of students learning Italian in the world. This occurred because of support by the Italian community in Australia and the Italian Government and also because of successful educational reform efforts led by local governments in Australia.

1504:, Sicily became the first Italian land to adopt Occitan lyric moods (and words) in poetry. Even in the case of Northern Italian languages, however, scholars are careful not to overstate the effects of outsiders on the natural indigenous developments of the languages. 5564:

but the actual pronunciation depends on the context and regional accent. Generally one can find a flap consonant in an unstressed position whereas is more common in stressed syllables, but there may be exceptions. Especially people from the Northern part of Italy

3415:

is neutralized before consonants and at the beginning of words: the former is used before voiceless consonants and before vowels at the beginning of words; the latter is used before voiced consonants. The two can contrast only between vowels within a word, e.g.

10192: 1584:—individuals who placed emphasis on the human body and its full potential—began to shift focus from the church to human beings themselves. The continual advancements in technology play a crucial role in the diffusion of languages. After the invention of the 1632:, as well as a renewed interest in linguistics in the 16th century, sparked a debate that raged throughout Italy concerning the criteria that should govern the establishment of a modern Italian literary and spoken language. This discussion, known as 1341:

writers of the 12th century, and, although the grammar and core lexicon are basically unchanged from those used in Florence in the 13th century, the modern standard of the language was largely shaped by relatively recent events. However, Romance

2330:, people who speak Italian as their home language are 1.1% of the total population of the country. In Australia, Italian is the second most spoken foreign language after Chinese, with 1.4% of the population speaking it as their home language. 2707:

to the Tuscan that was the historical source of Italian. They can be quite different from Italian and from each other, with some belonging to different linguistic branches of Romance. The only exceptions to this are twelve groups considered

5921:

Like in English, common nouns are capitalized when occurring at the beginning of a sentence. Unlike English, nouns referring to languages (e.g. Italian), speakers of languages, or inhabitants of an area (e.g. Italians) are not capitalized.

3468:('I present'). There are many words for which dictionaries now indicate that both pronunciations, either or , are acceptable. Word-internally between vowels, the two phonemes have merged in many regional varieties of Italian, as either 10987: 2306:, only a little over one million people in the United States speak Italian at home. Nevertheless, an Italian language media market does exist in the country. In Canada, Italian is the second most spoken non-official language when 2321:

after the official language of Spanish, although its number of speakers, mainly of the older generation, is decreasing. Italian bilingual speakers can be found scattered across the Southeast of Brazil as well as in the South. In

2250:. Italian is today used in commerce, and it is still spoken especially among elders; besides that, Italian words are incorporated as loan words in the main language spoken in the country (Tigrinya). The capital city of Eritrea, 2627:, visiting Italy to see its great historical monuments and works of art. It was expected that the visitor would learn at least some Italian, understood as language based on Florentine. In England, while the classical languages 1346:

as language spoken in the Italian Peninsula has a longer history. In fact, the earliest surviving texts that can definitely be called vernacular (as distinct from its predecessor Vulgar Latin) are legal formulae known as the

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From the late 19th to the mid-20th century, millions of Italians settled in Argentina, Uruguay, Southern Brazil and Venezuela, as well as in Canada and the United States, where they formed a physical and cultural presence.

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Italian social distinctions. All object pronouns have two forms: stressed and unstressed (clitics). Unstressed object pronouns are much more frequently used, and come before a verb conjugated for subject-verb (

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occurred in Nice case, and caused a near-disappearance of the Italian language as many of the Italian speakers in these areas migrated to Italy. In Corsica, on the other hand, almost everyone still speaks the

2841: 8690:"Not only in consideration of his deep learning and critical research, but above all as a tribute to the creative energy, freshness of style, and lyrical force which characterize his poetic masterpieces." 11382:"(...) in a large number of Italian accents, there is considerable friction involved in the pronunciation of , creating a voiced palatal lateral fricative (for which there is no established IPA symbol)" 2608:

times in much of Europe and the Mediterranean, Latin was replaced as the primary commercial language by languages of Italy, especially Tuscan and Venetian. These varieties were consolidated during the

2746:, are spoken. Regional differences can be recognized by various factors: the openness of vowels, the length of the consonants, and influence of the local language (for example, in informal situations 1640:), ran through the Italian culture until the end of the 19th century, often linked to the political debate on achieving a united Italian state. Renaissance scholars divided into three main factions: 9526: 3979:

Preservation of most intertonic vowels (those between the stressed syllable and either the beginning or ending syllable). This accounts for some of the most noticeable differences, as in the forms

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that are located around the world, in the 179 Italian schools located abroad, or in the 111 Italian lecturer sections belonging to foreign schools where Italian is taught as a language of culture.

1026: 10092: 1302:

over the course of centuries, unaffected by formal standards and teachings. They are not in any sense "dialects" of standard Italian, which itself started off as one of these local tongues, but

10983: 8892: 1176:(13% of the EU population) and it is spoken as a second language by 13.4 million EU citizens (3%). Including Italian speakers in non-EU European countries (such as Switzerland, Albania and the 11039: 2843: 10723: 4966:

yet". For monosyllabic words, the rule is different: when two orthographically identical monosyllabic words with different meanings exist, one is accented and the other is not (example:

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were the first to be learned, Italian became the second most common modern language after French, a position it held until the late 18th century when it tended to be replaced by German.

12201: 1410:

Italian was progressively made an official language of most of the Italian states predating unification, slowly replacing Latin, even when ruled by foreign powers (such as Spain in the

1149:, although Italian is neither a co-official nor a protected language in these countries. Some speakers of Italian are native bilinguals of both Italian (either in its standard form or 10815: 9357: 9292: 10024: 5953:'they love'). Noun objects normally come after the verb, as do pronoun objects after imperative verbs, infinitives and gerunds, but otherwise, pronoun objects come before the verb. 505: 10386: 10261: 3271:(commonly called "dental" for simplicity), pronounced with the blade of the tongue very close to the upper front teeth, with the tip of the tongue resting behind lower front teeth. 2254:, still has several Italian schools, established during the colonial period. In the early 19th century, Eritrea was the country with the highest number of Italians abroad, and the 1737:

in the early 19th century (who was himself of Italian-Corsican descent). This conquest propelled the unification of Italy some decades after and pushed the Italian language into a

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in Italian. There are four indefinite articles, selected by the gender of the noun they modify and by the phonological structure of the word that immediately follows the article.

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The conservative nature of Italian phonology is partly explained by its origin. Italian stems from a literary language that is derived from the 13th-century speech of the city of

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Tutti gli esseri umani nascono liberi ed eguali in dignità e diritti. Essi sono dotati di ragione e di coscienza e devono agire gli uni verso gli altri in spirito di fratellanza.

10858: 9937: 9457: 9176: 3221:

are always geminate intervocalically, including across word boundaries. Similarly, nasals, liquids, and sibilants are pronounced slightly longer in medial consonant clusters.

10576: 8703:"For her idealistically inspired writings which with plastic clarity picture the life on her native island and with depth and sympathy deal with human problems in general." 2653:

continue to be used in most languages in matters of art and music (especially classical music including opera), in the design and fashion industries, in some sports such as

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Italian immigrants to South America have also brought a presence of the language to that continent. According to some sources, Italian is the second most spoken language in

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whereas those who were illiterate had access only to their native dialect). The percentage of literates rose from 25% in 1861 to 60% in 1911, and then on to 78.1% in 1951.

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All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

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Andreose, Alvise; Renzi, Lorenzo (2013), "Geography and distribution of the Romance Languages in Europe", in Maiden, Martin; Smith, John Charles; Ledgeway, Adam (eds.),

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Today, even though for political reasons English is the most widely taught foreign language in Albanian schools, Italian is anyway the most widespread foreign language.

6150:, and various verbs are irregularly conjugated. Within each of these sets of conjugations, there are four simple (one-word) verbal conjugations by person/number in the 4037:

Compared with most other Romance languages, Italian has many inconsistent outcomes, where the same underlying sound produces different results in different words, e.g.

4665:

The Italian alphabet is typically considered to consist of 21 letters. The letters j, k, w, x, y are traditionally excluded, although they appear in loanwords such as

1919:), estimated that distance between Italian and Latin is higher than that between Sardinian and Latin. In particular, its vowels are the second-closest to Latin after 1373:

The language that came to be thought of as Italian developed in central Tuscany and was first formalized in the early 14th century through the works of Tuscan writer

1983:, the largest Italian-speaking city outside Italy, is the only canton where Italian is predominant. Italian is also used in administration and official documents in 1572:

was an influential figure in the development of the Italian language from the Tuscan dialect, as a literary medium, codifying the language for standard modern usage.

1294:, the established written language in Europe was Latin, although the great majority of people were illiterate, and only few were well versed in the language. In the 1204:

with numerous Italian words referring to music that have become international terms taken into various languages worldwide. Almost all native Italian words end with

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After unification, a huge number of civil servants and soldiers recruited from all over the country introduced many more words and idioms from their home languages—

12070: 13959: 10909: 4371:, meaning very regular spelling with an almost one-to-one correspondence between letters and sounds. In linguistic terms, the writing system is close to being a 2842: 1519:

remained in use in maritime trade alongside the Mediterranean. The increasing political and cultural relevance of Florence during the periods of the rise of the

1359:, probably from the 8th or early 9th century, contains a late form of Vulgar Latin that can be seen as a very early sample of a vernacular dialect of Italy. The 9578: 10061: 1461:"all right" is pronounced by a Roman (and by any standard Italian speaker), by a Milanese (and by any speaker whose native dialect lies to the north of the 10610: 10316: 9383: 9216: 1165: 485: 10412: 9518: 8744:"For his distinctive poetry which, with great artistic sensitivity, has interpreted human values under the sign of an outlook on life with no illusions." 4121:, was once thought to be due to borrowing of northern voiced forms, but is now generally viewed as the result of early phonetic variation within Tuscany. 10103: 9022: 6186:. Corresponding to each of the simple conjugations, there is a compound conjugation involving a simple conjugation of "to be" or "to have" followed by a 1138: 18714: 1310:

with Italian varies widely, as it does with Romance languages in general. The Romance languages of Italy can differ greatly from Italian at all levels (

18569: 16101: 16079: 10731: 3507:, as well as 23 consonants. Compared with most other Romance languages, Italian phonology is conservative, preserving many words nearly unchanged from 2149:). Italian served as Malta's official language until 1934, when it was abolished by the British colonial administration amid strong local opposition. 18811: 11043: 10871:

L'italiano come lingua acquisita o riacquisita è largamente diffuso in Venezuela: recenti studi stimano circa 200.000 studenti di italiano nel Paese

2311: 11777: 15434: 12982: 9561: 18856: 18130: 4757:

may appear in dialectal words, but its use is discouraged in contemporary standard Italian. Letters used in foreign words can be replaced with

2185:, which caused the emigration of between 230,000 and 350,000 Istrian Italians and Dalmatian Italians. Italian was the official language of the 12232: 11487: 11461: 6139:'seeing her'). Stressed object pronouns come after the verb, and are used when the emphasis is required, for contrast, or to avoid ambiguity ( 18170: 13014: 11658: 9604: 8998: 8963: 2590:

dialect of Argentina and Uruguay today has thus been heavily influenced by both standard Italian and Italian regional languages as a result.

1936: 1433:. As Tuscan-derived Italian came to be used throughout Italy, features of local speech were naturally adopted, producing various versions of 10811: 10345: 9550: 9341: 9276: 2169:

is an official minority language in the country, with many schools and public announcements published in both languages. The 2001 census in

14215: 14160: 13645: 12997: 10757: 10022: 9409: 11755: 10257: 9868:, according to whom "the idiom of the Roman court was as good as the Florentine one, and better understood by all" (G. Rossi, ed. (1930). 9435: 5786:'rivers, m. pl.', thus assignment of gender is arbitrary in terms of form, enough so that terms may be identical but of distinct genders: 1963:), although its use there has moderately declined since the 1970s. It is official both on the national level and on regional level in two 16241: 13952: 11136: 10390: 10287: 2703:

Italian". The Romance dialects of Italy are local evolutions of spoken Latin that pre-date the establishment of Italian, and as such are

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Learning to Read and Write: A Cross-Linguistic Perspective (Cambridge Studies in Cognitive and Perceptual Development, Series Number 2)

9263:...if the Romance languages are compared with Latin, it is seen that by most measures Sardinian and Italian are least differentiated... 1074:

Romance languages). Spoken by about 85 million people, including 67 million native speakers (2024), Italian is an official language in

992: 490: 10838: 9691:

L'italiano di oggi ha ancora in gran parte la stessa grammatica e usa ancora lo stesso lessico del fiorentino letterario del Trecento.

14631: 14138: 13743: 10344:. European Commission: Directorate General for Education and Culture and Directorate General Press and Communication. February 2006. 9963: 3395: 2646:, Italian is known by a large part of the ecclesiastical hierarchy and is used in substitution for Latin in some official documents. 1418:), although the masses kept speaking primarily their local vernaculars. Italian was also one of the many recognised languages in the 10032: 9941: 9915: 9464: 2258:

grew from 4,000 during World War I to nearly 100,000 at the beginning of World War II. In Asmara there are two Italian schools, the

1298:, as in most of Europe, most would instead speak a local vernacular. These dialects, as they are commonly referred to, evolved from 13650: 11017: 10674: 4349:

do not usually permit verbs and polysyllabic nouns to end with consonants, except in poetry and song, so foreign words may receive

1827:, etc. Only 2.5% of Italy's population could speak the Italian standardized language properly when the nation was unified in 1861. 4946:

most stressed vowels are commonly marked. Accents can optionally be used to disambiguate words that differ only by stress, as for

839: 14040: 13215: 10235: 9703: 9489: 8993: 5552:, which is always single. Geminate plosives and affricates are realized as lengthened closures. Geminate fricatives, nasals, and 1180:) and on other continents, the total number of speakers is approximately 85 million. Italian is the main working language of the 11114: 10698: 10568: 9250: 18533: 16094: 13945: 12427: 12151: 10558:

Zonova, Tatiana. "The Italian language: soft power or dolce potere?." Rivista di Studi Politici Internazionali (2013): 227–231.

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S'italianu in Sardìnnia candu, cumenti e poita d'ant impostu : 1720–1848; poderi e lìngua in Sardìnnia in edadi spanniola

9314: 2267: 2228: 10812:"Los segundos idiomas más hablados de Sudamérica | AméricaEconomía – El sitio de los negocios globales de América Latina" 9674: 16692: 14877: 14067: 13893: 13056: 12313: 12044: 11700: 11617: 10651: 9999: 9909: 9753: 9634: 8918: 8635: 8619: 2810:, as Italy unified under Standard Italian and continues to do so aided by mass media from newspapers to radio to television, 2292: 16624: 14364: 10537: 4101:

in the entire Romance-language area, passes only about 30 kilometres or 20 miles north of Florence.) Dual outcomes of Latin

2489:, every year there are more than 200,000 foreign students who study the Italian language; they are distributed among the 90 13690: 12965: 12773: 3189:. Geminate consonants shorten the preceding vowel (or block phonetic lengthening) and the first element of the geminate is 1071: 16427: 16422: 15501: 11067:"From the Periphery to the Center Stage: The Mainstreaming of Italian in the Australian Education System (1960s to 1990s)" 2847: 18662: 18228: 16366: 16254: 15427: 15400:

Venetian is either grouped with the rest of the Italo-Dalmatian or the Gallo-Italic languages, depending on the linguist.

13019: 12882: 10044: 10015: 3130: 3112: 2486: 2134: 720: 16527: 16417: 16109: 14416: 11539: 10498: 5806:. There are a number of nouns that have a masculine singular and a feminine plural, most commonly of the pattern m. sg. 2735:

that all languages in regular use are subject to, and to some extent to the presence of three other types of languages:

18841: 16642: 15682: 15650: 13738: 13323: 12950: 12783: 12544: 12095: 12064: 11987: 11551: 10727: 10189:""Un nizzardo su quattro prese la via dell'esilio" in seguito all'unità d'Italia, dice lo scrittore Casalino Pierluigi" 3140: 1720: 14186: 12361: 10905: 10891: 3690:, and has changed little in the last 700 years or so. Furthermore, the Tuscan dialect is the most conservative of all 18836: 18163: 17481: 16087: 12970: 12945: 12788: 12299: 12285: 12161: 10531: 10471: 9582: 9351: 9286: 2022:

complained about the referendum that allowed France to annex Savoy and Nice, and a group of his followers (among the

1501: 1193: 1119: 542: 475: 465: 11570:

On a hypothetical 'transparency scale' of writing systems, Italian orthography should be placed close to one extreme

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A fourth faction claimed that the best Italian was the one that the papal court adopted, which was a mixture of the

18826: 17541: 14153: 13342: 12623: 12509: 9150: 9124: 8757:"Who emulates the jesters of the Middle Ages in scourging authority and upholding the dignity of the downtrodden." 5187: 4386: 3377: 3071: 3018: 2467: 1955:

and is spoken fluently by the majority of the countries' populations. Italian is the third most spoken language in

1367: 845: 500: 220: 18564: 18435: 18248: 16829: 16434: 16234: 14730: 14306: 13466: 13378: 13225: 13220: 13051: 12919: 8897: 7681: 4862: 3041: 2623:

Italy came to enjoy increasing artistic prestige within Europe. A mark of the educated gentlemen was to make the

1415: 1360: 1173: 710: 11725: 10312: 9379: 9209: 2219:, Italian is still understood by some in former colonies such as Libya. Although it was the primary language in 1425:

Italy has always had a distinctive dialect for each city because the cities, until recently, were thought of as

1111: 18846: 18680: 18523: 18273: 17629: 17530: 15420: 13414: 13002: 12479: 10416: 8662: 4894: 985: 17500: 10438: 10166: 8731:"For his lyrical poetry, which with classical fire expresses the tragic experience of life in our own times." 2818:

is not uncommon in emigrant communities among older speakers. Both situations normally involve some degree of

18851: 18445: 17437: 17115: 15890: 15710: 15705: 15668: 15636: 14072: 13665: 13496: 13383: 12914: 12909: 10446: 8983: 8923: 6036:'a different shirt'. There are seven forms for definite articles, both singular and plural. In the singular: 5617: 5241: 5215: 4405: 4314: 3079: 3025: 2731:

The differences in the evolution of Latin in the different regions of Italy can be attributed to the natural

2138: 2058:

did not agree to it. Italian is generally understood in Corsica by the population resident therein who speak

1772: 852: 834: 670: 605: 12056:

The Big Book of Italian Verbs: 900 Fully Conjugated Verbs in All Tenses. With IPA Transcription, 2nd Edition

10935: 623: 18831: 18821: 18538: 18490: 18360: 18355: 18156: 14045: 13424: 13363: 13348: 13200: 13061: 12514: 10599: 9873: 8968: 8913: 4938: 4874: 3055: 3048: 3004: 2182: 2150: 1115: 17564: 16967: 15700: 11998:"The sound pattern of Standard Italian, as compared with the varieties spoken in Florence, Milan and Rome" 11443: 8604: 8589: 8574: 8559: 8544: 8529: 8514: 8499: 8484: 8469: 8454: 8439: 8404: 8389: 8374: 8359: 8344: 8329: 8314: 8246: 8233: 8220: 8207: 8171: 8156: 8141: 8126: 8111: 8096: 8081: 8066: 8051: 8036: 8001: 7986: 7971: 7956: 7941: 7926: 7911: 7896: 7881: 7866: 7831: 7816: 7801: 7786: 7771: 7756: 7741: 7726: 7711: 7696: 7365: 7341: 7317: 7300: 7283: 7266: 7244: 7241: 7191: 7188: 7185: 7149: 7132: 7124: 7089: 7086: 7058: 7055: 7032: 7029: 7005: 6988: 6985: 6955: 6920: 6916: 6893: 6876: 6859: 6842: 6825: 6822: 6818: 6815: 6811: 6782: 6765: 6761: 6757: 6709: 6692: 6689: 6653: 6650: 6647: 6613: 6610: 6607: 6604: 6580: 6576: 6552: 6534: 6499: 6482: 6464: 6461: 6437: 6420: 6402: 6399: 6396: 6392: 6356: 6339: 6312: 6309: 6306: 6277: 6255: 5985: 5973: 5969: 5628: 5620: 5606: 5602: 5598: 5574: 5561: 5553: 5549: 5545: 5541: 5537: 5533: 5529: 5517: 5510: 5503: 5499: 5429: 5417: 5403: 5389: 5370: 5356: 5340: 5328: 5283: 5279: 5263: 5259: 5205: 5177: 5150: 5146: 5142: 5138: 5130: 5122: 5114: 5107: 5100: 5096: 5057: 5053: 5037: 4658: 4651: 4644: 4637: 4630: 4626: 4622: 4610: 4603: 4596: 4584: 4577: 4570: 4566: 4551: 4544: 4537: 4530: 4515: 4511: 4495: 4483: 4461: 4457: 4450: 4442: 4430: 4426: 4418: 4399: 4380: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4238: 4234: 4227: 4220: 4216: 4209: 4194: 4190: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4137: 4133: 4102: 4030: 4023: 4016: 4009: 4002: 3995: 3973: 3942: 3911: 3873: 3858: 3849: 3835: 3822: 3772: 3668: 3653: 3624: 3588: 3547: 3504: 3492: 3488: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3450: 3439: 3427: 3420: 3412: 3408: 3401: 3386: 3371: 3363: 3359: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3319: 3307: 3303: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3261: 3255: 3251: 3238: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3182: 3178: 2239:

the sole official language of the country. A few hundred Italian settlers returned to Libya in the 2000s.

1895:

One study, analyzing the degree of differentiation of Romance languages in comparison to Latin (comparing

1713:

in Florence (1582–1583), the official legislative body of the Italian language, led to the publication of

18816: 18806: 18005: 17443: 16412: 16341: 15784: 14146: 14003: 13768: 13486: 13332: 13114: 13024: 12924: 12810: 12778: 12463: 8908: 4926: 4898: 3705:

The following are some of the conservative phonological features of Italian, as compared with the common

2782:

languages rather than variants of a single language is that they have evolved so that they are no longer

2709: 2599: 2209: 2166: 2035: 1597: 1516: 568: 17: 18748: 15791: 11441: 2527: 18588: 18495: 18320: 17726: 17298: 16733: 16291: 16227: 16198: 14933: 14522: 13998: 13993: 13823: 13451: 13271: 13178: 13151: 13086: 12960: 12494: 12420: 11769: 8903: 3295: 3103: 2951: 2490: 1209: 15571: 14168: 10640:"Una quantificazione della penetrazione della lingua italiana in Albania tramite la televisione (III)" 3389:

is realised as a trill with one or two contacts. Some literature treats the single-contact trill as a

1453:

in some contexts and the pronunciation of stressed "e", and of "s" between vowels in many words: e.g.

18801: 18500: 18462: 17313: 17225: 16834: 16675: 16390: 16319: 16301: 16284: 16279: 16269: 15771: 14746: 14255: 13853: 13619: 13542: 13506: 12524: 12489: 12484: 9558: 8933: 5213: 5185: 4403: 4384: 4094: 3699: 3393: 3375: 3367: 3349: 3341: 3311: 3063: 3011: 2695:—other than standard Italian and some languages spoken among immigrant communities—are often called " 2326:, Italian is the most spoken language after Spanish and Portuguese, with around 200,000 speakers. In 2232: 1994:

and France, especially in the southeastern part of the country. Italian was the official language in

1852: 1485: 1462: 978: 758: 741: 215: 195: 38: 12171:

Prifti, Elton (2014). "Enèrgeia in trasformazione: elementi analitici di linguistica migrazionale".

9110: 7262: 2532: 2281:

but fell out of use after government, educational and economic infrastructure were destroyed in the

1733:

An important event that helped the diffusion of Italian was the conquest and occupation of Italy by

18420: 18018: 17922: 16795: 16743: 16522: 16470: 16117: 15483: 15469: 15012: 15003: 14408: 14035: 13988: 13868: 13858: 13838: 13808: 13763: 13461: 13303: 13235: 13205: 13185: 13066: 12742: 12707: 12504: 11491: 11465: 3351: 3245: 2965: 2259: 1916: 1855:, a classification that includes most other central and southern Italian languages and the extinct 1760:

set the basis for the modern Italian language and helping create linguistic unity throughout Italy.

1753: 1315: 1189: 664: 11650: 11426: 2277:

through colonialism and was the sole official language of administration and education during the

2075:

until 1860, when it was replaced by the French. This was due to the annexation of the surrounding

929: 18390: 18350: 18330: 18310: 18213: 17386: 16977: 16931: 16812: 16785: 16724: 16661: 16607: 16314: 16274: 15841: 15812: 15804: 15766: 15747: 15728: 15676: 15644: 15553: 15529: 15172: 15157: 14943: 14851: 14708: 14585: 14388: 13748: 13511: 13368: 13338: 13313: 13230: 13190: 13129: 13028: 12793: 12763: 10338: 9547: 6147: 5834:

Latin nouns). An instance of neuter gender also exists in pronouns of the third person singular.

3695: 3400:. Single-contact trills can also occur elsewhere, particularly in unstressed syllables. Geminate 2981: 2958: 2335: 1419: 1051: 361: 343: 210: 185: 16982: 12375: 10753: 9405: 2859: 2177:) in the country (some 0.42% of the total population). Their numbers dropped dramatically after 30:

This article is about the Italian language. For the regional varieties of standard Italian, see

18765: 18528: 18325: 18104: 17320: 16738: 16684: 16336: 16068: 15511: 15298: 15215: 15130: 14938: 14648: 13446: 13434: 13210: 13195: 12887: 12529: 11747: 10145: 9431: 9054:, it is spoken by about half the population. It is also spoken by a minority in the village of 8843: 3299: 2889: 2654: 2236: 2080: 2003: 1708: 1686: 1633: 1477: 1307: 1142: 782: 679: 575: 533: 15626: 15540: 11144: 10642:[A quantification of the diffusion of the Italian language in Albania via television] 10283: 7120: 2798:, contributed to the proliferation of Standard Italian. The Italians who emigrated during the 1741:

used not only among clerks, nobility, and functionaries in the Italian courts but also by the

1671: 18650: 18548: 18480: 18450: 18405: 18400: 18375: 18233: 18136: 18081: 17887: 17882: 17535: 17513: 17404: 17332: 17155: 16817: 16580: 16208: 16136: 15864: 15752: 15733: 15720: 15443: 15361: 15210: 14714: 14557: 14354: 13753: 13680: 13660: 13574: 13523: 13281: 13261: 13071: 12665: 12633: 12519: 12499: 12413: 11949: 11924: 11899: 11874: 11849: 11824: 10461: 8948: 8861: 6096: 5934: 5248: 5064:

existed in Latin, it either disappeared or, in a few cases before a back vowel, changed to :

4762: 4499: 4350: 3343: 3160: 3090: 2972: 2925: 2916: 2783: 2736: 1964: 1690: 1627: 1621: 1577: 1430: 1366:

The Italian language has progressed through a long and slow process, which started after the

18518: 17800: 16768: 15739: 14680: 12319: 12054: 4375:. The most important of the few exceptions are the following (see below for more details): 3526: 3278:

alveolar . The stop component of the "apical" affricates is actually laminal denti-alveolar.

18440: 18430: 18380: 18340: 18298: 18293: 18288: 18278: 18263: 18258: 18253: 18238: 18223: 18218: 18208: 18203: 18198: 18193: 18086: 17860: 17476: 17449: 17375: 17235: 17034: 16962: 16914: 16908: 16871: 16854: 16203: 15921: 15524: 15205: 15182: 14953: 14813: 14767: 14508: 13604: 13419: 13308: 13286: 12940: 12838: 12722: 12590: 12392: 8855: 5830:'pairs, f. pl.'), and thus are sometimes considered neuter (these are usually derived from 5759: 4372: 4368: 2988: 2935: 2613: 2536: 2307: 2263: 1924: 1668:

was not dignified enough because it used elements from non-lyric registers of the language.

1446: 961: 17870: 17283: 16351: 15564: 15107: 15099: 14620: 14207: 14191: 10062:"Portland State Multicultural Topics in Communications Sciences & Disorders | Italian" 9955: 7082: 6530: 5595: 3518: 2157:

in the country. The official census, carried out in 2002, reported 2,258 ethnic Italians (

8: 18626: 18543: 18485: 18425: 18415: 18395: 18385: 18370: 18365: 18345: 18315: 18283: 18268: 18243: 18179: 17571: 17463: 17431: 17425: 17046: 17006: 16972: 16800: 16564: 15941: 15584: 15491: 15477: 15152: 15113: 14857: 14503: 14336: 14311: 13888: 13878: 13833: 13599: 13564: 13559: 13276: 12897: 12833: 12753: 9879: 9494: 9051: 8791: 8725: 7128: 6643: 6203:

Note: the plural form of verbs could also be used as an extremely formal (for example to

6163: 5710:'girl') or simply grammatical with no possible reference to biological gender (masculine 5287: 4909:"(he) can". The grave accent is used over any vowel to indicate word-final stress, as in 4362: 3710: 3614: 3555: 3035: 2996: 2587: 2353: 1881: 1489: 1331: 1197: 938: 920: 18697: 17834: 17267: 16942: 16876: 16172: 15777: 15690: 15611: 15287: 14834: 14612: 10672: 2732: 18638: 18455: 18410: 18335: 18305: 18076: 17805: 17661: 17619: 17585: 17579: 17469: 17412: 17369: 17352: 17090: 17083: 16919: 16707: 16648: 16504: 16492: 16371: 16309: 16031: 15983: 15872: 15139: 14948: 14898: 14495: 14486: 14472: 14290: 14235: 14176: 14082: 14013: 13863: 13848: 13828: 13685: 13626: 13579: 13501: 13358: 13328: 13318: 13293: 13266: 13173: 13166: 13102: 12858: 12853: 12570: 12224: 12188: 12131: 12019: 11799: 11088: 10493: 9865: 9800: 8928: 8887: 8828: 8805: 6112: 5831: 5695: 4318: 4090: 3650: 3313: 3268: 2884: 2696: 2692: 2666: 2547: 2369: 2278: 2186: 2174: 2055: 2019: 1920: 1877: 1869: 1856: 1848: 1777: 1757: 1616:

sway: the island's linguistic composition, roofed by the prestige of Spanish among the

1392: 1378: 1352: 1212:('e' and 'o' have mid-low and mid-high sounds). Italian has contrast between short and 1154: 1067: 887: 877: 862: 768: 270: 130: 17854: 16346: 15598: 10227: 9989: 9707: 9503: 8685: 8658: 6251: 2011: 656: 18033: 18012: 17932: 17892: 17751: 17679: 17673: 17597: 17489: 17399: 17340: 17252: 17210: 17011: 16957: 16763: 16748: 16719: 16702: 16612: 16575: 16544: 16532: 16451: 16439: 16356: 16331: 16325: 16250: 16219: 16047: 16000: 15965: 15906: 15858: 15827: 15758: 15292: 15282: 15274: 15200: 15090: 15020: 14989: 14976: 14967: 14912: 14906: 14891: 14737: 14675: 14657: 14563: 14539: 14462: 14435: 14421: 14393: 14344: 14321: 14211: 14199: 14195: 13813: 13803: 13675: 13589: 13554: 13481: 13471: 13249: 13119: 13033: 12863: 12843: 12817: 12805: 12600: 12595: 12580: 12575: 12560: 12309: 12295: 12281: 12228: 12192: 12157: 12091: 12060: 12040: 11983: 11696: 11613: 11547: 11106: 11092: 10784: 10691: 10527: 10467: 9995: 9905: 9759: 9749: 9640: 9630: 9347: 9282: 9242: 8958: 8943: 8938: 6167: 6104: 5957: 5668: 5084: 3722: 3714: 3242: 3120: 2896: 2835: 2717: 2713: 2563: 2551: 2520: 2409: 2403: 2255: 2154: 2126: 2068: 2059: 2043: 2031: 2023: 1889: 1800: 1645: 1593: 1512: 1411: 1348: 1295: 1169: 1161: 1047: 952: 812: 205: 17875: 16844: 16822: 15496: 14760: 14721: 14571: 11449:

Rhotics. New data and perspectives (Proc. of’r-atics-3, Libera Università di Bolzano

9804: 5627:. Phonetic is common in Central and Southern Italy as an intervocalic allophone of 3446:

is the initial sound of a word, if the compound is still felt as such: for example,

2015: 716: 695: Areas where it is a minority language or where it was the majority in the past 17986: 17976: 17961: 17949: 17865: 17814: 17778: 17756: 17743: 17737: 17666: 17655: 17559: 17524: 17508: 17357: 17345: 17278: 17242: 17230: 17198: 17123: 17095: 17068: 16898: 16893: 16881: 16861: 16849: 16790: 16697: 16654: 16595: 16590: 16585: 16549: 16480: 16361: 16166: 16162: 16146: 16023: 15916: 15911: 15817: 15460: 15451: 15031: 14885: 14827: 14806: 14790: 14783: 14774: 14700: 14549: 14531: 14441: 14375: 14369: 14359: 14272: 14239: 14227: 14095: 14057: 14050: 14020: 14008: 13883: 13705: 13655: 13636: 13584: 13491: 13429: 13409: 13397: 13353: 13156: 13136: 13124: 12987: 12868: 12585: 12448: 12440: 12366: 12328: 12306:

CLIC: Cultura e Lingua d'Italia in CD-ROM / Culture and Language of Italy on CD-ROM

12263: 12216: 12180: 12123: 12023: 12009: 11078: 10850: 10133:

the largest city in Ticino, and the largest Italian-speaking city outside of Italy.

9895: 9891: 9790: 8872: 8867: 8711: 6179: 6175: 6116: 5802:

as a non-gendered default plural marker. These nouns often, but not always, denote

5672: 5581: 5525: 4309:

Standard Italian also differs in some respects from most nearby Italian languages:

3718: 3691: 3672: 3628: 3592: 3551: 3542: 3275: 2879: 2874: 2799: 2743: 2670: 2506: 2359: 2303: 2299: 2282: 2158: 2110: 2051: 1873: 1836: 1818: 1660:, claimed the language might be based only on the great literary classics, such as 1508: 1493: 1434: 1280: 1235: 1213: 1150: 1126: 1107: 1042: 1019: 872: 775: 352: 329: 307: 190: 73: 31: 17761: 17711: 12955: 10639: 10569:"Albanian government makes Italian an obligatory language in professional schools" 3534: 2778:

in the area of Tuscany, Rome and Venice respectively for the infinitive "to go").

2007: 1473:"at home" is for Roman, or for standard, for Milanese and generally northern. 18602: 18070: 18056: 17937: 17839: 17829: 17773: 17624: 17612: 17552: 17547: 17362: 17291: 17273: 17247: 17220: 17150: 17107: 17019: 17000: 16952: 16839: 16805: 16758: 16753: 16475: 16407: 16379: 16052: 15992: 15946: 15621: 15558: 15366: 15347: 15317: 15265: 15246: 15162: 15038: 14864: 14753: 14670: 14665: 14625: 14594: 14231: 14030: 13793: 13783: 13778: 13773: 13670: 13594: 13456: 12975: 12873: 12758: 12658: 12565: 12143: 10678: 10521: 10028: 9565: 9554: 9043: 8978: 8973: 8953: 8882: 8877: 8819: 8739: 6273: 6187: 6183: 6151: 5684: 5676: 5652: 5610: 5374: 5237: 5233: 5228:. Other Romance languages and, to an extent, English have similar variations for 4124:

Some other features that distinguish Italian from the Western Romance languages:

3706: 3150: 2908: 2901: 2791: 2757: 2749: 2704: 2643: 2247: 2146: 2122: 2047: 1976: 1844: 1714: 1374: 1356: 1303: 1268: 943: 911: 822: 817: 807: 334: 296: 177: 165: 110: 17073: 15519: 13937: 11513: 11421: 11419: 9662:, vol. 2, Contexts, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 302–308 4402:

at the end of words and before the letters a, o, and u but represents the sound

4383:

at the end of words and before the letters a, o, and u but represents the sound

2773: 1549:

in Italian, was seen as a time of rebirth, which is the literal meaning of both

1230:"History of Italian" redirects here. For the history of the Italian people, see 18121: 18028: 18023: 17944: 17824: 17786: 17518: 17078: 17024: 16994: 16886: 16570: 16498: 16444: 15951: 15822: 15695: 15616: 15606: 15592: 15353: 15229: 15192: 15177: 15025: 14984: 14820: 14326: 14316: 14282: 14223: 14120: 14090: 14025: 13926: 13873: 13843: 13788: 13695: 13569: 13516: 13476: 13146: 13141: 12992: 12892: 12848: 12800: 12748: 12702: 12670: 12628: 12605: 10093:"Recensement Fédéral de la Population 2000 — Le Paysage Linguistique en Suisse" 8988: 8698: 5699: 3811: 3190: 2945: 2819: 2725: 2679:

Linguistic map of Italy according to Clemente Merlo and Carlo Tagliavini (1937)

2632: 2555: 2516: 2216: 2197: 2076: 1975:. In the latter canton, however, it is only spoken by a small minority, in the 1885: 1780:, further defined the standard by "rinsing" his Milanese "in the waters of the 1698: 1613: 1609: 1585: 1507:

The economic might and relatively advanced development of Tuscany at the time (

1481: 1337:

The standard Italian language has a poetic and literary origin in the works of

1276: 1177: 897: 892: 882: 763: 470: 419: 318: 289: 265: 17167: 14115: 12268: 12251: 12220: 12014: 11997: 11587:

The Sounds, Forms, and Uses of Italian: An Introduction to Italian Linguistics

10854: 10488: 9900: 9779:"Information Technology and Economic Change: The Impact of the Printing Press" 9210:"Languages covered by the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages" 5937:, so nominative pronouns are usually absent, with subject indicated by verbal 18795: 18063: 17966: 17954: 17686: 17394: 17051: 16989: 16485: 16141: 16006: 15658: 15534: 15322: 15251: 15238: 15167: 15045: 14602: 14219: 14203: 14062: 13798: 13439: 13009: 12697: 12675: 12534: 12147: 11416: 10888:

Instituto Nacional de Estadística Instituto Nacional de Estadística – Uruguay

9748:. Hill, Bennett D., Buckler, John. (8th ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin. 9629:(2nd ed.). New York: New Amsterdam. pp. 13, 22, 19–20, 21, 35, 37. 9499: 9098: 9047: 6573:(in the sense of "I am fond of you", between lovers, friends, relatives etc.) 6155: 5658: 5586: 5454: 5088: 3880: 3390: 2699:", a label that can be very misleading if it is understood to mean "dialects 2224: 1960: 1945: 1738: 1702: 1531:

made its dialect, or rather a refined version of it, a standard in the arts.

1385: 1185: 966: 828: 431: 301: 9763: 9644: 6064:

used for both masculine and feminine singular before vowels. In the plural:

5133:

when between vowels and when clustered with voiced consonants. Intervocalic

2765: 2683: 18614: 17845: 17705: 17145: 17100: 16182: 16177: 16131: 15548: 15372: 15147: 15075: 14349: 13916: 13723: 13528: 13298: 12902: 12768: 12717: 12692: 12381: 11651:"Collins Italian Dictionary | Translations, Definitions and Pronunciations" 10883: 8777: 6171: 5680: 5467: 5459: 4882: 4854: 4346: 3508: 2795: 2579: 2396: 2340: 2178: 2063: 1984: 1840: 1649: 1576:

During this time, long-existing beliefs stemming from the teachings of the

1569: 1299: 1099: 1059: 1055: 404: 325: 260: 97: 12184: 10284:"Dal Piemonte alla Francia: la perdita dell'identità nizzarda e savoiarda" 10099: 9853:

Lingue, letterature, nazioni. Centri e periferie tra Europa e Mediterraneo

9177:"Pope Francis to receive Knights of Malta grand master Thursday – English" 5125:

word-initially before a vowel, when clustered with a voiceless consonant (

3560: 640: 17907: 17900: 17637: 17203: 16112: 15380: 14243: 13818: 13758: 13728: 13081: 12712: 11330: 11328: 9795: 9778: 9035: 6135:. 'You see her.'), after (in writing, attached to) non-conjugated verbs ( 6100: 5688: 5570: 2823: 2636: 2609: 2550:

were used, and some continue to use this regional language. Examples are

2364: 1956: 1742: 1705:

dialects. Eventually, Bembo's ideas prevailed, and the foundation of the

1655: 1540: 1528: 1520: 1291: 1083: 902: 399: 160: 102: 17172: 15412: 12353: 11693:

Practice Makes Perfect: Complete Italian Grammar, Premium Second Edition

11083: 11066: 8654: 5524:

Italian has geminate, or double, consonants, which are distinguished by

4705:("my ex-girlfriend"), "Ex-Jugoslavia" ("Former Yugoslavia"). The letter 1157:, most frequently the language spoken at home in their place of origin. 17215: 17185: 17177: 17133: 17128: 16778: 16537: 15882: 14690: 14427: 13076: 12685: 11609: 11192: 11190: 11188: 11186: 9103: 8893:

List of countries and territories where Italian is an official language

6159: 5938: 5915: 5557: 5169: 4750: 3186: 2815: 2807: 2675: 2624: 2390: 2348: 2145:, where nearly two-thirds of the population can speak it fluently (see 2106: 2086: 1952: 1912: 1900: 1864: 1781: 1617: 1426: 1407:

became the basis for what would become the official language of Italy.

1343: 1327: 1262: 1217: 1079: 394: 92: 18731: 18148: 12347:"Grande dizionario della lingua italiana. Prototipo edizione digitale" 12135: 11325: 9519:"Despite Brexit, English Remains The EU's Most Spoken Language By Far" 5433: 2482:

has 4.94 million English speakers learning the Italian language.

2288: 2192: 17981: 17819: 17161: 16456: 15850: 14467: 14110: 14100: 13983: 11221: 11219: 11217: 9985: 9039: 6120: 6020:, used before any consonant sound, and its abbreviated form, written 5926: 5344: 4758: 4454: 2811: 2575: 2567: 2442: 2422: 2333:

The main Italian-language newspapers published outside Italy are the

2323: 2318: 1904: 1896: 1812: 1693:, insisted that each local vernacular contribute to the new standard. 1592:

Italian became the language used in the courts of every state in the

1581: 1450: 1311: 1134: 649: 633: 615: 597: 255: 17607: 12333:(with a similar list of other Italian-modern languages dictionaries) 11717: 11404: 11394: 11392: 11183: 5437: 4317:, although metaphony is a feature characterizing nearly every other 2546:

In some cases, colonies were established where variants of regional

1251: 18597: 17766: 17602: 17418: 16866: 16714: 14797: 14105: 13733: 13718: 13713: 13614: 12648: 12643: 12202:"On the articulatory classification of (alveolo)palatal consonants" 12127: 11009: 10313:"Il monegasco, una lingua che si studia a scuola ed è obbligatoria" 10158: 8813: 8752: 6208: 6204: 5591: 5528:

and intensity. Length is distinctive for all consonants except for

5393: 5165: 5017:("year"). In the spoken language, the letter is always silent. The 4697:

is traditionally used; it is also common to use the Latin particle

4445:

pronounced , thus n also represents in the position preceding it:

4098: 3733: 3683: 2650: 2617: 2605: 2583: 2479: 2463: 2447: 2162: 2114: 2095: 1785: 1734: 1682: 1678:

preferred the version spoken by ordinary people in their own times.

1675: 1661: 1605: 1524: 1404: 1272: 1231: 1181: 1130: 789: 728: 556: 510: 480: 424: 150: 126: 17971: 11442:"A preliminary contribution to the study of phonetic variation of 11301: 11277: 11214: 10523:

Language contact and minority languages on the littorals of Europe

6016:'an uncle of mine'. The feminine singular indefinite articles are 5794:

meaning 'end, ending' (e.g. of a movie) is feminine, and both are

1941: 17590: 17455: 17193: 16617: 16602: 15327: 14843: 14398: 14383: 12680: 12405: 11605: 11514:"DOP: Dizionario di Ortografia e Pronunzia della lingua italiana" 11389: 11265: 10931: 10371:

The Malta Language Question: A Case Study in Cultural Imperialism

9819:

Lo spazio linguistico corso tra insularità e destino di frontiera

8716:"For his bold and ingenious revival of dramatic and scenic art." 5803: 5664: 5360: 5034: 4738: 4722: 4714: 4425:) before the letters c and g when these represent velar plosives 3730: 3687: 2742:

Throughout Italy, regional varieties of Standard Italian, called

2721: 2559: 2471: 2434: 2374: 2327: 2310:

are not grouped together, with 375,645 claiming Italian as their

2274: 2243: 2205: 2170: 2118: 2091: 2039: 2027: 1972: 1601: 1338: 1323: 1146: 1103: 1095: 1091: 724: 560: 552: 548: 443: 436: 136: 120: 18782: 12114:

Hall, Robert A. Jr. (1944). "Italian phonemes and orthography".

11313: 11255: 11253: 11251: 11249: 11065:

Hajek, John; Aliani, Renata; Slaughter, Yvette (November 2022).

10638:

Longo, Maurizio; Ademi, Esmeralda; Bulija, Mirjana (June 2010).

5694:

There are two basic classes of nouns in Italian, referred to as

3698:

less than 160 kilometres (100 mi) to the north (across the

2042:

until 1859. Giuseppe Garibaldi called for the inclusion of the "

1564: 684:

Geographical distribution of the Italian language in the world:

17792: 17138: 17061: 17041: 16773: 14685: 13373: 10439:"Population by Ethnicity, by Towns/Municipalities, 2001 Census" 8649: 6127: 6119:, pejorative, attenuating, etc., which are also used to create 6108: 6000:

is used before a word beginning with any other sound. The noun

4730: 4718: 2571: 2251: 2130: 2099: 2072: 1991: 1980: 1968: 1908: 1492:

and its related dialects were largely unaffected by the Franco-

1319: 1279:

as the most prominent literary language in all of Italy in the

1087: 537: 448: 116: 106: 6178:(present tense and past tense), one simple conjugation in the 18656: 17056: 17029: 14171: 12653: 12436: 11289: 11246: 9055: 5566: 5025:

additionally marks the contrasting open pronunciation of the

4726: 2851: 2628: 2562:

near Puebla, Mexico; each continues to use a derived form of

2220: 2142: 1995: 1515:

remained widespread in medieval Italian commercial life, and

1442: 1437:. The most characteristic differences, for instance, between 1205: 1201: 1075: 1063: 389: 200: 87: 12397: 2002:

until 1860, when they were both annexed by France under the

1788:'s river), as he states in the preface to his 1840 edition. 1624:

to the Italian cultural sphere). The rediscovery of Dante's

13161: 12638: 8850: 6324: 5933:

Subject nouns generally come before the verb. Italian is a

5495: 5103:

depending on context, with few minimal pairs. For example:

4734: 3177:

Between two vowels, or between a vowel and an approximant (

2850:, 1–7 of the Bible being read by a speaker of Italian from 2639:, for instance, wrote some of his early poetry in Italian. 1999: 1794: 1497: 1438: 10459: 5758:

is a general neutral plural. A third category of nouns is

4093:

farther to the north, with different sound outcomes. (The

2478:

given time. For example, the free website and application

1725:

in 1604 followed by the first Italian dictionary in 1612.

727:

characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see

701: Areas where Italian-speaking communities are present 12386: 12122:(2). American Association of Teachers of Italian: 72–82. 11236: 11234: 10090: 2806:

Although use of the Italian dialects has declined in the

2511: 1137:. Italian is included under the languages covered by the 12344: 9343:

Historical Linguistics: A cognitive grammar introduction

5623:

is present as a phoneme only in loanwords: for example,

3778:

Word that are an exception to this rule exist, such as:

2302:

in the Americas and Australia. Although over 17 million

1843:(colloquial spoken Latin). Standard Italian is based on 12346: 10830: 9432:"Lei n. 2.812/2021 - Do Município de Santa Teresa / ES" 16249: 11364: 11352: 11340: 11231: 9851:. Quoted in Putzu, Ignazio; Mazzon, Gabriella (2012). 9727: 9725: 6048:, which corresponds to the uses with the consonant of 4869:"why, because". In dictionaries, it is also used over 4689:

has become common in standard Italian with the prefix

2173:

reported 19,636 ethnic Italians (Istrian Italians and

1164:

in Europe, being one of the official languages of the

18586: 12249: 11410: 11196: 11171: 5548:, which are always geminate when between vowels, and 2090:

Percent of inhabitants with Italian native tongue in

2062:, which is an Italo-Romance idiom similar to Tuscan. 1664:

and some part of Boccaccio). The purists thought the

16941: 15065: 11064: 10387:"La tutela delle minoranze linguistiche in Slovenia" 9406:"Lei n. 5.048/2023 - Do Município de Encantado / RS" 8767: 5033:

is also used in combinations with other letters. No

4464:

spelt with c or g before the letters i and e :

2803:

Italy, often more educated than when they had left.

2566:

dating back to the 19th century. Other examples are

1166:

Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe

12920:

Austrian occupation and Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia

11996:Bertinetto, Pier Marco; Loporcaro, Michele (2005). 11995: 11626: 11540:"Chapter 2: The acquisition of Italian orthography" 11334: 11307: 11283: 11225: 10443:

Census of Population, Households and Dwellings 2001

10215:

Le français et les langues historiques de la France

9722: 9023:

European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages

5040:exists in Italian. In nativized foreign words, the 2728:, from which Standard Italian derives and evolved. 1139:

European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages

12142: 11398: 11202: 11159: 10102:: Office fédéral de la statistique. Archived from 5750:'girls'). For a group composed of boys and girls, 3404:manifests as a trill with three to seven contacts. 2500: 1620:, would therein make for a rather slow process of 1500:from France during the Middle Ages, but after the 13967: 12256:Journal of the International Phonetic Association 12209:Journal of the International Phonetic Association 12002:Journal of the International Phonetic Association 10480: 9888:Sforza Pallavicino: A Jesuit Life in Baroque Rome 9849:I Savoia e le "vie" dell'unificazione linguistica 3235:are the only consonants that cannot be geminated. 2210:annexation of the country to the Kingdom of Italy 1070:(meaning that Italian and Sardinian are the most 18793: 15098: 10637: 10486: 9625:Lepschy, Anna Laura; Lepschy, Giulio C. (1988). 9571: 4237:is not preserved, and vowel changes rather than 3868: 3558: 3503:Italian has a seven-vowel system, consisting of 3442:when intervocalic, except when the intervocalic 3430:'spindle'. According to Canepari, although, the 1580:began to be understood from new perspectives as 1381:. Dante's epic poems, known collectively as the 1275:(bottom) were influential in establishing their 11589:. University of Toronto Press. pp. 21, 66. 9034:Italian is the main language of the valleys of 5580:Of special interest to the linguistic study of 4421:, which is pronounced (as in the English word 2712:", which are officially recognized as distinct 2026:) took refuge in Italy in the following years. 1062:. Italian is the least divergent language from 37:"Italiano" redirects here. For other uses, see 11546:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 10–33. 11137:"Lingue di Minoranza e Scuola: Carta Generale" 11042:. Esteri.it. 28 September 2007. Archived from 10307: 10305: 9660:The Cambridge History of the Romance Languages 9624: 9458:"MULTILINGVISM ŞI LIMBI MINORITARE ÎN ROMÂNIA" 3956: 3925: 3894: 3862: 3721:). Some of these features are also present in 1951:Italian is the official language of Italy and 1804: 1234:. For the history of the Italian culture, see 18164: 16235: 16095: 15428: 15011: 14154: 13953: 12421: 11542:. In Harris, Margaret; Hatano, Giyoo (eds.). 9864:This faction was headed by Vincenzo Calmeta, 9657: 9605:List of Italian musical terms used in English 9490:"Europeans and their languages - Report - en" 8999:List of Italian musical terms used in English 8964:Italian-language international radio stations 8841: 8832: 7649: 7634: 7619: 7604: 7589: 7574: 7559: 7544: 7529: 7514: 7357: 7351: 7333: 7327: 7310: 7293: 7276: 7254: 7234: 7228: 7213: 7207: 7201: 7177: 7171: 7165: 7159: 7142: 7111: 7105: 7099: 7074: 7068: 7048: 7042: 7021: 7015: 6998: 6977: 6971: 6965: 6948: 6942: 6936: 6930: 6909: 6903: 6886: 6869: 6852: 6835: 6804: 6798: 6792: 6775: 6749: 6743: 6737: 6731: 6725: 6719: 6702: 6681: 6675: 6669: 6663: 6635: 6629: 6623: 6596: 6590: 6568: 6562: 6544: 6521: 6515: 6509: 6492: 6474: 6453: 6447: 6430: 6412: 6384: 6378: 6372: 6366: 6349: 6331: 6322: 6299: 6293: 6287: 6265: 6243: 6227: 6218: 5918:for gender and number (singular and plural). 5790:meaning 'aim', 'purpose' is masculine, while 5734:'boys'), and feminine nouns typically end in 4313:Perhaps most noticeable is the total lack of 3962: 3950: 3931: 3919: 3900: 3888: 3844: 3838: 2814:is still frequently encountered in Italy and 2394: 1937:Geographical distribution of Italian speakers 1892:. Estimates may differ according to sources. 1822: 1810: 1792: 1765: 1706: 1653: 1625: 1556: 1544: 1467: 1455: 1397: 1383: 1032: 1009: 986: 780: 689: Areas where it is the majority language 581: 573: 359: 350: 60: 54: 15237: 12294:, LED Edizioni Universitarie, Milano, 2003, 12280:, LED Edizioni Universitarie, Milano, 1992, 12250:Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004). 11982:, Understanding Language series, Routledge, 11715: 11584: 10692:"L'emigrazione italiana in Africa orientale" 10276: 9880:"Language and Idiom in Sforza Pallavicino's 8650:Nobel Prizes for Italian language literature 3968: 3937: 3906: 3853: 2270:(Italian international senior high school). 1550: 1172:. It is the third-most-widely spoken native 18131:languages with more than 5 million speakers 11718:"Dizionario italiano-inglese WordReference" 10958:"Come si informano gli italiani all'estero" 10884:"Encuesta Telefónica de Idiomas (ETI) 2019" 10849:(2). Università degli Studi di Milano: 20. 10389:(in Italian). 22 April 2020. Archived from 10302: 5718:'coast'). Masculine nouns typically end in 5208:when word-final and before the back vowels 5180:when word-final and before the back vowels 3286:are apical alveolar in most environments. 2720:(a language spoken on the French island of 2612:with the strength of Italy and the rise of 1718: 18171: 18157: 17714:(mixed Romani–Ibero- and Occitano-Romance) 16242: 16228: 16102: 16088: 15435: 15421: 14161: 14147: 13960: 13946: 12428: 12414: 11585:Clivio, Gianrenzo; Danesi, Marcel (2000). 11580: 11578: 10836: 10460:Thammy Evans & Rudolf Abraham (2013). 10381: 10379: 10151: 10091:Lüdi, Georges; Werlen, Iwar (April 2005). 9948: 9541: 9482: 9151:"Centro documentazione per l'integrazione" 9125:"Centro documentazione per l'integrazione" 7318:/loˈstudjodellitaˈljanoaˈɡuttsalinˈdʒeɲɲo/ 5493:is stressed. For example, it is silent in 5172:depending on following vowels. The letter 5149:being more dominant in northern Italy and 3830:Preservation of geminate consonants, e.g. 3248:, commonly called "dental" for simplicity. 2215:Due to heavy Italian influence during the 1930: 993: 979: 678: 15442: 12267: 12039:] (in Italian), Bologna: Zanichelli, 12013: 11082: 11032: 10984:"Il giornale italo-brasiliano (Fanfulla)" 10519: 9899: 9794: 9398: 9021:Recognized as a minority language by the 9017: 9015: 7312:Lo studio dell'italiano aguzza l'ingegno. 6207:people in monarchies) singular form (see 6004:'uncle' selects masculine singular, thus 4713:and in some Italian place-names, such as 2660: 2010:", or the emigration of a quarter of the 1764:Italian literature's first modern novel, 1496:influences introduced to Italy mainly by 18812:Languages attested from the 10th century 14494: 12398:Articles related to the Italian language 12199: 12030: 11599: 11488:"Dizionario d'ortografia e di pronunzia" 11462:"Dizionario d'ortografia e di pronunzia" 11370: 11358: 11346: 11319: 11295: 11271: 11259: 11240: 10520:Lodge, R. Anthony; Pugh, Stefan (2007). 10331: 10220: 9677:. Istituto della Enciclopedia italiana. 8653: 5698:, masculine and feminine. Gender may be 4410:(as the first sound in the English word 4391:(as the first sound in the English word 3814:accent and historical standard Italian) 3645:"to win, earn, gain" < Vulgar Latin * 2839: 2693:other languages spoken as the vernacular 2682: 2674: 2526: 2510: 2468:Italian Secondary School in Rijeka/Fiume 2462: 2287: 2191: 2085: 1990:Italian is also spoken by a minority in 1940: 1752: 1563: 1355:that date from 960 to 963, although the 1192:as well as the official language of the 1168:and one of the working languages of the 18178: 14975: 12292:Capitoli di Storia Linguistica Italiana 12085: 12052: 12033:Il MªPi – Manuale di pronuncia italiana 11770:"Universal Declaration of Human Rights" 11748:"Universal Declaration of Human Rights" 11602:Il MªPI – Manuale di pronuncia italiana 11575: 10376: 10144:The Vatican City State appendix to the 10084: 9877: 9776: 9731: 9672: 9339: 8994:List of English words of Italian origin 7307:The study of Italian sharpens the mind. 6146:There are three regular sets of verbal 5956:There are both indefinite and definite 5590:, or "Tuscan Throat", the weakening or 3434:standard has been replaced by a modern 3185:), consonants can be both singleton or 2038:. Italian was the official language of 1612:well into the late 18th century, under 1429:. Those dialects now have considerable 721:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 14: 18794: 12170: 12104: 11690: 11686: 11684: 11682: 11680: 11678: 11676: 11645: 11643: 11641: 11632: 11165: 10616:from the original on 23 September 2015 10489:"Election Opens Old Wounds in Trieste" 9706:. Italian-language.biz. Archived from 9510: 9360:from the original on 18 September 2023 9321:from the original on 18 September 2023 9295:from the original on 18 September 2023 9157:from the original on 23 September 2015 9094: 9012: 4761:equivalent native Italian letters and 3634:; Italian usually prefers the shorter 18152: 16223: 16083: 15991: 15416: 14142: 13941: 12409: 12396: 12278:Studi di Storia della Lingua Italiana 12173:Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie 11977: 11537: 11383: 10990:from the original on 14 December 2022 10964:from the original on 14 December 2022 10894:from the original on 28 October 2020. 10814:. Americaeconomia.com. 16 July 2015. 10597: 10373:, Valletta: Said International, 1993. 10195:from the original on 19 February 2020 9870:La secchia rapita, L’oceano e le rime 9743: 9620: 9618: 9616: 9614: 9612: 9346:. John Benjamins Publishing Company. 9222:from the original on 13 December 2022 9204: 9202: 9092: 9090: 9088: 9086: 9084: 9082: 9080: 9078: 9076: 9074: 8919:Italian language in the United States 8636:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 8620:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 8412: 8240:two thousand (and) twenty-four (2024) 2293:Italian language in the United States 2242:Italian was the official language of 2227:, Italian greatly declined under the 1748: 1511:) gave its language weight, although 1102:. It has official minority status in 1041: 1018: 72: 18663: 12966:Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy 12113: 11950:"The Nobel Prize in Literature 1997" 11925:"The Nobel Prize in Literature 1975" 11900:"The Nobel Prize in Literature 1959" 11875:"The Nobel Prize in Literature 1934" 11850:"The Nobel Prize in Literature 1926" 11825:"The Nobel Prize in Literature 1906" 11758:from the original on 7 January 2022. 11208: 11177: 11020:from the original on 23 October 2022 10912:from the original on 6 November 2015 10861:from the original on 2 February 2017 10818:from the original on 19 October 2015 10792:from the original on 11 October 2017 10540:from the original on 8 December 2022 10501:from the original on 9 February 2010 10405: 10290:from the original on 5 November 2021 10264:from the original on 3 November 2021 10217:, Éditions Jean-Paul Gisserot, p.113 9502:. pp. 10 and 19. Archived from 9386:from the original on 27 January 2024 7667: 6182:, and one simple conjugation in the 5560:. There is only one vibrant phoneme 4565:before another vowel represent only 4449:. Elsewhere the letter n represents 4417:The letter n represents the phoneme 2737:substrata, superstrata, and adstrata 2300:immigrant and expatriate communities 2006:, a development that triggered the " 1127:immigrant and expatriate communities 12362:Swadesh list in English and Italian 12153:The Sounds of the World's Languages 11695:. New York: McGraw-Hill Education. 11673: 11638: 10906:"2011 Census QuickStats: Australia" 10704:from the original on 20 August 2013 10689: 10466:. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 11. 10431: 10319:from the original on 17 August 2022 10238:from the original on 2 January 2018 10169:from the original on 15 August 2013 9984: 9938:"I Promessi sposi or The Betrothed" 9918:from the original on 1 October 2022 9579:"Italian — University of Leicester" 9516: 9438:from the original on 11 August 2024 9412:from the original on 11 August 2024 9340:Winters, Margaret E. (8 May 2020). 9253:from the original on 6 January 2020 9187:from the original on 13 August 2023 9131:from the original on 1 January 2016 8661:, the first Italian to receive the 8287: 6040:, which corresponds to the uses of 5964:is masculine singular, used before 5798:in the plural, a clear instance of 5129:), and when doubled; it symbolizes 3990:Slower consonant development, e.g. 3736:of consonants between vowels, e.g. 3290:are laminal denti-alveolar before 2687:Italy's ethno-linguistic minorities 2487:Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs 2204:It formerly had official status in 2135:Venetian rule in the Ionian Islands 2105:It formerly had official status in 1809:("slave", that is "your servant"), 1721:Floris italicae linguae libri novem 1196:. Italian has a significant use in 24: 18135:Languages between parentheses are 14337:Intermediate Southern (Neapolitan) 12435: 12073:from the original on 27 April 2024 11728:from the original on 7 August 2015 11600:Canepari, Luciano (January 1999). 11560:from the original on 27 April 2024 11117:from the original on 27 April 2024 10728:United States Bureau of the Census 10654:from the original on 8 August 2014 10648:Education et Sociétés Plurilingues 10607:Education et Sociétés Plurilingues 10579:from the original on 9 August 2018 10526:. Logos Verlag. pp. 235–238. 10351:from the original on 3 August 2008 10098:(in French, German, and Italian). 9966:from the original on 30 April 2021 9882:Trattato dello stile e del dialogo 9783:The Quarterly Journal of Economics 9737: 9609: 9274: 9199: 9071: 6174:), two simple conjugations in the 6126:There are 27 pronouns, grouped in 4933:), with a few exceptions, such as 4793:(including in the standard prefix 4453:pronounced , including before the 4398:The letter g represents the sound 4379:The letter c represents the sound 2657:and especially in culinary terms. 2139:Kingdom of Italy in the Dodecanese 1608:, which on the contrary underwent 460:An order and various organisations 25: 18868: 18570:Sovereign Military Order of Malta 18015:(unknown further classification) 12345:Salvatore Battaglia (1961–2002). 12338: 12037:Handbook of Italian Pronunciation 11780:from the original on 31 July 2021 11661:from the original on 15 July 2017 11335:Bertinetto & Loporcaro (2005) 11308:Bertinetto & Loporcaro (2005) 11284:Bertinetto & Loporcaro (2005) 11226:Bertinetto & Loporcaro (2005) 10760:from the original on 4 March 2016 10315:(in Italian). 15 September 2014. 9704:"History of the Italian language" 9681:from the original on 10 July 2015 7373: 6056:which corresponds to the uses of 4356: 4257:"female friend(s)" (cf. Romanian 3407:The phonemic distinction between 3159: 3139: 3129: 3111: 3102: 3078: 3070: 3062: 3054: 3047: 3040: 3024: 3017: 3010: 3003: 2987: 2980: 2971: 2964: 2957: 2950: 2934: 2924: 2915: 2724:) is closely related to medieval 2165:(0.11% of the total population). 1830: 1502:Norman conquest of southern Italy 1208:, and the language has a 7-vowel 1194:Sovereign Military Order of Malta 466:Sovereign Military Order of Malta 18774: 18757: 18740: 18723: 18706: 18689: 18672: 18644: 18632: 18620: 18608: 18596: 16111: 15394: 15068: 14187:Historical linguistic minorities 14170: 13977:Italian languages & dialects 13922: 13921: 13910: 11942: 11917: 11892: 11867: 11842: 11817: 11800:"Giosue Carducci | Italian poet" 11792: 11762: 11740: 11709: 11593: 11531: 11506: 11399:Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996) 11141:Minoranze-linguistiche-scuola.it 10938:from the original on 24 May 2022 10932:"QUOTIDIANI ITALIANI ALL'ESTERO" 10487:James M. Markham (6 June 1987). 10258:"Mediterraneo e lingua italiana" 9529:from the original on 7 June 2023 9109: 8812: 8798: 8784: 8770: 6107:. There are numerous productive 5914:Nouns, adjectives, and articles 3955:"I did" (cf. Romanian dialectal 3370:. In a large number of accents, 2858:This section is an excerpt from 2593: 2304:Americans are of Italian descent 2298:Italian is also spoken by large 1923:. As in most Romance languages, 1478:Gallo-Italic linguistic panorama 1261: 1250: 1125:Italian is also spoken by large 846:The Last Letters of Jacopo Ortis 501:Mediterranean Universities Union 13651:Orders, decorations, and medals 11970: 11480: 11454: 11434: 11411:Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004) 11376: 11197:Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004) 11129: 11099: 11058: 11002: 10976: 10950: 10924: 10898: 10876: 10804: 10772: 10746: 10724:"Language Spoken at Home: 2000" 10716: 10683: 10666: 10631: 10600:"La lingua italiana in Albania" 10591: 10561: 10552: 10513: 10453: 10363: 10339:"Europeans and their Languages" 10250: 10207: 10181: 10163:Monaco-IQ Business Intelligence 10138: 10121: 10054: 10037: 10008: 9978: 9930: 9858: 9841: 9828: 9811: 9770: 9696: 9666: 9651: 9597: 9450: 9424: 9372: 9333: 9028: 8898:The Italian Language Foundation 8612: 6198: 5754:is the plural, suggesting that 4340: 3694:, radically different from the 2716:by the law. On the other hand, 2501:Influence and derived languages 2273:Italian was also introduced to 2268:Liceo Sperimentale "G. Marconi" 2262:(Italian primary school with a 2141:). Italian is widely spoken in 1946:Italian language in Switzerland 1391:, to which another Tuscan poet 1361:Commodilla catacomb inscription 18139:of the language on their left. 18009:(Western Romance-based pidgin) 11446:in Italian and Italo-Romance." 11071:History of Education Quarterly 10191:(in Italian). 28 August 2017. 9956:"Similar languages to Italian" 9307: 9268: 9235: 9169: 9143: 9117: 8831:(includes "Italian dialects", 6452:(for a good night sleeping) / 5726:'boy'), with plural marked by 5164:vary in pronunciation between 4324:No simplification of original 3480: 2860:Italian phonology § Consonants 2710:historical language minorities 1959:(after German and French; see 1534: 1174:language in the European Union 13: 1: 18857:Subject–verb–object languages 12327:(in Italian). it – via 11451:(2011): 209–226, pp. 213–214. 10447:Croatian Bureau of Statistics 9548:Europeans and their Languages 9463:(in Romanian). Archived from 9065: 8984:Languages of the Vatican City 8924:Italian language in Venezuela 5675:exist for personal pronouns ( 5667:is typical of the grammar of 5618:voiced postalveolar fricative 4921:-mid vowel, a stressed final 4745:, an alternative spelling of 4414:) before the letters e and i. 4395:) before the letters e and i. 4241:are used to mark the plural: 2770:replace the standard Italian 2491:Institutes of Italian Culture 1880:, 82% with Spanish, 80% with 1872:is 89% with French, 87% with 1728: 1604:(but not in the neighbouring 1052:Indo-European language family 835:Pontifical Academy of Arcadia 12308:, Interlinea, Novara, 2008, 9874:Francesco Sforza Pallavicino 9746:A history of Western society 8969:Lessico etimologico italiano 8914:Italian language in Slovenia 7139:I do not understand Italian. 5313:Before back vowel (A, O, U) 4701:to mean "former(ly)" as in: 3709:languages (French, Spanish, 3340:, where they are pronounced 2829: 2458: 2345:L'Informazione di San Marino 2153:is an officially recognized 2151:Italian language in Slovenia 2034:to France in 1769 after the 1110:, and the municipalities of 798: 7: 18006:Mediterranean Lingua Franca 13691:Water supply and sanitation 13115:Italian geographical region 12983:Monarchy and the World Wars 12925:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies 12811:War of the Sicilian Vespers 12464:Timeline of Italian history 12321:Treccani Italian Dictionary 11428:A Handbook of Pronunciation 10837:Bernasconi, Giulia (2012). 10165:. Lydia Porter. 2007–2013. 9581:. .le.ac.uk. Archived from 8909:Italian language in Croatia 8763: 6068:is the masculine plural of 5996:, while masculine singular 5556:are realized as lengthened 5127:⟨p, f, c, ch⟩ 4351:extra terminal vowel sounds 4289:"three, six" (cf. Romanian 2600:Mediterranean Lingua Franca 2167:Italian language in Croatia 1416:Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia 1368:Western Roman Empire's fall 1043:[ˈliŋɡwaitaˈljaːna] 10: 18873: 17708:(mixed Portuguese–Spanish) 16734:Gallo-Italic of Basilicata 16528:Central−Southern Calabrian 14934:Gallo-Italic of Basilicata 14417:Central-Southern Calabrian 13610:Inventions and discoveries 13020:Fall of the Fascist regime 13003:Fourth War of Independence 12961:Expedition of the Thousand 12951:Second War of Independence 12107:Enciclopedia dell'italiano 12053:Berloco, Fabrizio (2018). 12031:Canepari, Luciano (1992), 11724:(in Italian and English). 10780:"Data tables, 2016 Census" 10650:(in Italian) (28): 53–63. 10609:(in Italian) (22): 51–56. 10232:, Encyclopedia Britannica" 9777:Dittmar, Jeremiah (2011). 9673:Coletti, Vittorio (2011). 9627:The Italian language today 8904:Italian language in Brazil 7662: 7215:(Voi) avete ragione/torto! 6748:("I am sorry", if male) / 6595:(for male/males or mixed) 6084:is the plural of feminine 5656: 5650: 5646: 5506:, but it is pronounced in 5477:is silent in the digraphs 5316:Before front vowel (I, E) 5137:varies regionally between 4709:appears in the first name 4441:. The letter q represents 4360: 3605:"same" < Vulgar Latin * 3482: 2857: 2833: 2664: 2597: 2535:, in Spanish, Italian and 2504: 2453:La gazzetta del Sud Africa 1934: 1241: 1229: 1225: 1220:(doubling) of consonants. 36: 29: 18842:Languages of Vatican City 18557: 18509: 18471: 18186: 18113: 18097: 18048: 17997: 17921: 17725: 17698: 17647: 17499: 17385: 17331: 17312: 17263: 16930: 16683: 16674: 16635: 16515: 16400: 16389: 16300: 16262: 16191: 16155: 16124: 16061: 16040: 16022: 15982: 15964: 15934: 15899: 15881: 15849: 15840: 15803: 15719: 15667: 15635: 15583: 15510: 15468: 15459: 15450: 15340: 15310: 15273: 15264: 15228: 15191: 15138: 15129: 15089: 15085: 15063: 15002: 14966: 14924: 14876: 14747:Comasco-Lecchese dialects 14699: 14656: 14647: 14611: 14593: 14584: 14548: 14530: 14521: 14485: 14453: 14407: 14335: 14299: 14281: 14263: 14254: 14250: 14183: 14129: 14081: 13976: 13906: 13704: 13550: 13541: 13405: 13396: 13384:Security and intelligence 13257: 13248: 13110: 13101: 13044: 12971:Third War of Independence 12946:First War of Independence 12933: 12826: 12735: 12616: 12553: 12472: 12456: 12447: 12403: 12367:Italorussian (Италоруссо) 12269:10.1017/S0025100304001628 12221:10.1017/S0025100312000199 12200:Recasens, Daniel (2013), 12105:Simone, Raffaele (2010). 12086:Palermo, Massimo (2015). 12015:10.1017/S0025100305002148 11655:www.collinsdictionary.com 11274:, pp. 57, 84, 88–89. 10908:. Censusdata.abs.gov.au. 10839:"L'Italiano in Venezuela" 9901:10.1163/9789004517240_008 9838:, pp. 80–93, Iskra, 2006. 9380:"World Population Review" 8842: 8663:Nobel Prize in Literature 6754:("I am sorry", if female) 5925:There are three types of 5381: 5320: 5315: 5312: 3580:, Spanish and Portuguese 3461:meaning 'I perceive') vs 3385:Intervocalically, single 3167: 3165: 3154: 3145: 3124: 3096: 3094: 3085: 3030: 3000: 2977: 2940: 2900: 2888: 2878: 2873: 2691:In Italy, almost all the 2558:is used, and the town of 1979:. Ticino, which includes 1707: 1188:(common language) in the 781: 759:Italo-Dalmatian languages 707: 677: 663: 647: 631: 613: 595: 590: 574: 567: 524: 377:Official language in 375: 370: 340: 315: 283: 248: 174: 156: 146: 80: 68: 53: 48: 39:Italiano (disambiguation) 18837:Languages of Switzerland 17016:North American dialects 16523:Extreme Southern Italian 16118:Languages of Switzerland 13062:Istrian–Dalmatian exodus 13057:Institutional referendum 11978:Ashby, Patricia (2011), 11538:Cossu, Giuseppe (1999). 11322:, pp. 57–59, 88–89. 10677:17 December 2008 at the 10598:Longo, Maurizio (2007). 10129:Retail Market Study 2015 9878:Bellini, Eraldo (2022). 9005: 6567:(between lovers only) / 6458:(for a good night awake) 6193: 5738:, with plural marked by 5224:before the front vowels 5196:before the front vowels 5044:is silent. For example, 4937:, with a stressed final 4885:is used over word-final 4857:is used over word-final 4105:between vowels, such as 2533:San Francisco, Argentina 2260:Italian School of Asmara 2198:its colonial possessions 2183:Istrian–Dalmatian exodus 2079:to France following the 1853:Italo-Dalmatian language 1851:, and is, therefore, an 1395:later affixed the title 1377:, written in his native 1363:is also a similar case. 1190:Roman Catholic hierarchy 740:This article is part of 366:"(Signed Exact Italian)" 163:: 65 million (2022) 18827:Languages of San Marino 16435:Central−Northern Latian 15683:Eastern Lower Carniolan 15651:Eastern Upper Carniolan 14307:Central-Northern Latian 13585:Emigration and diaspora 12794:Guelphs and Ghibellines 12779:the Sardinian Judicates 11980:Understanding Phonetics 11804:Encyclopædia Britannica 11691:Danesi, Marcel (2008). 11431:, chapter 3: «Italian». 10855:10.13130/2037-3597/1921 10213:Abalain, Hervé, (2007) 10148:is entirely in Italian. 10027:10 January 2023 at the 9744:McKay, John P. (2006). 9247:Encyclopædia Britannica 8247:/dueˌmilaˈventikwattro/ 7492: 7366:/mipjatʃe//mipjattʃono/ 7342:/didovessˈɛi//didoveˈɛ/ 7209:(Lei) ha ragione/torto! 7203:(Tu) hai ragione/torto! 7150:/nonkaˌpiskolitaˈljano/ 7144:Non capisco l'italiano. 5487:⟨a, o, u⟩ 5300:⟨a, o, u⟩ 5210:⟨a, o, u⟩ 5182:⟨a, o, u⟩ 4997:(present indicative of 4873:to indicate a stressed 4861:to indicate a stressed 4741:, among others, and in 4498:. It is used to form a 3810:"needle", (only in the 3696:Gallo-Italian languages 3332:do not contrast before 3193:. For example, compare 2229:rule of Muammar Gaddafi 2217:Italian colonial period 1931:Geographic distribution 1823: 1805: 1638:problem of the language 1420:Austro-Hungarian Empire 1334:as distinct languages. 1155:local language of Italy 362:italiano segnato esatto 18229:Bosnia and Herzegovina 16739:Gallo-Italic of Sicily 16069:Yugoslav Sign Language 14939:Gallo-Italic of Sicily 14731:Bustocco and Legnanese 13467:Science and technology 13415:Italian regions by GDP 13216:Marine protected areas 12888:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 10146:Acta Apostolicae Sedis 10127:Marc-Christian Riebe, 9553:6 January 2016 at the 8900:(in the United States) 8844:Accademia della Crusca 8833: 8665: 7650: 7635: 7620: 7605: 7590: 7575: 7560: 7545: 7530: 7515: 7362:(for multiple objects) 7358: 7352: 7334: 7328: 7311: 7294: 7277: 7255: 7251:Where is the bathroom? 7235: 7229: 7214: 7208: 7202: 7178: 7172: 7166: 7160: 7143: 7112: 7106: 7100: 7075: 7069: 7049: 7043: 7022: 7016: 6999: 6978: 6972: 6966: 6949: 6943: 6937: 6931: 6910: 6904: 6887: 6870: 6853: 6836: 6805: 6799: 6793: 6776: 6750: 6744: 6738: 6732: 6726: 6724:(only "I am sorry") / 6720: 6716:Excuse me / I am sorry 6703: 6682: 6676: 6670: 6664: 6636: 6630: 6624: 6597: 6591: 6569: 6563: 6545: 6522: 6516: 6510: 6493: 6475: 6454: 6448: 6431: 6413: 6385: 6379: 6373: 6367: 6350: 6332: 6323: 6300: 6294: 6288: 6266: 6244: 6228: 6219: 5762:for gender, ending in 5691:), but not for nouns. 4613:'biology'). Elsewhere 4494:'year' both represent 4205:"eye" (cf. Portuguese 4026:; but note Portuguese 3969: 3963: 3957: 3951: 3938: 3932: 3926: 3924:"eight" (cf. Romanian 3920: 3907: 3901: 3895: 3893:"peace" (cf. Romanian 3889: 3869: 3863: 3854: 3845: 3839: 3559: 3541: 3533: 3525: 3523:"fourteen" < Latin 3517: 3472:(northern-central) or 2854: 2772: 2764: 2756: 2748: 2688: 2680: 2661:Languages and dialects 2539: 2524: 2474: 2395: 2385:(United Kingdom), the 2295: 2201: 2102: 2081:Treaty of Turin (1860) 1948: 1811: 1793: 1766: 1761: 1719: 1709:Accademia della Crusca 1687:Baldassare Castiglione 1654: 1634:questione della lingua 1626: 1600:used on the island of 1573: 1557: 1551: 1545: 1468: 1456: 1398: 1384: 1308:Mutual intelligibility 1143:Bosnia and Herzegovina 1054:that evolved from the 1033: 1010: 783:Accademia della Crusca 709:This article contains 582: 576:Accademia della Crusca 534:Bosnia and Herzegovina 360: 351: 61: 55: 18847:Languages of Slovenia 17226:Poitevin–Saintongeais 15891:Eastern Herzegovinian 15711:South White Carniolan 15706:North White Carniolan 15502:North Pohorje–Remšnik 15444:Languages of Slovenia 15362:Italian Sign Language 15311:Other German dialects 14454:Other Italo-Dalmatian 13666:Public administration 12774:the Holy Roman Empire 12185:10.1515/zrp-2014-0001 12156:. Oxford: Blackwell. 11298:, pp. 58, 88–89. 11262:, pp. 68, 75–76. 9825:, 43, pp. 79–80, 2003 9675:"Storia della lingua" 9564:29 April 2013 at the 9278:The peoples of Europe 8949:Italian Sign Language 8934:Italian musical terms 8862:Enciclopedia Italiana 8657: 7332:(general, informal)/ 7295:Il conto, per favore. 7096:Do you speak English? 6927:How much? / How many? 6601:(for female/females) 5935:null-subject language 5278:indicate "softness" ( 5060:respectively. (Where 4863:front close-mid vowel 4281:"female friend(s)"); 4167:"eight" (cf. Spanish 4097:, the most important 4095:La Spezia–Rimini Line 4005:"leaf" (cf. Romanian 3744:"life" (cf. Romanian 3700:La Spezia–Rimini Line 3457:meaning 'before' and 3438:which always prefers 3436:neutral pronunciation 3254:are pre-velar before 2846: 2784:mutually intelligible 2686: 2678: 2570:, an Italian–Spanish 2530: 2515:Municipalities where 2514: 2466: 2401:(United States), the 2291: 2195: 2089: 1944: 1756: 1691:Gian Giorgio Trissino 1648:, headed by Venetian 1628:De vulgari eloquentia 1578:Roman Catholic Church 1567: 1517:Ligurian (or Genoese) 1463:La Spezia–Rimini Line 1353:province of Benevento 1330:) and are classified 790:Enciclopedia Treccani 18852:Languages of Croatia 18180:Languages of Europe 17035:St. Marys Bay French 16559:Neapolitan–Calabrese 16156:Major dialect groups 14814:Southwestern Lombard 13894:World Heritage Sites 13349:Council of Ministers 13087:Coronavirus pandemic 12485:Currency and coinage 12088:Linguistica italiana 11040:"Dati e statistiche" 10756:. Netcapricorn.com. 10690:Podestà, Gian Luca. 9872:. Bari. p. 235) and 9568:, published in 2012. 9050:. In the village of 8856:CILS (Qualification) 7301:/ilˌkontoperfaˈvore/ 7198:You are right/wrong! 7065:I do not understand. 6989:/kwalˈɛilˌsu.oˈnome/ 6141:Vedo lui, ma non lei 6024:used before vowels: 6012:'an old uncle,' but 5766:in the singular and 5288:affricate consonants 5268:⟨i, e⟩ 5230:⟨c, g⟩ 5226:⟨e, i⟩ 5198:⟨e, i⟩ 4939:back close-mid vowel 4901:respectively, as in 4895:front open-mid vowel 4875:back close-mid vowel 4373:phonemic orthography 4332:(which often became 3879:Preservation of all 3843:"year" (cf. Spanish 3764:"foot" (cf. Spanish 3476:(southern-central). 2451:(Australia) and the 2336:L'Osservatore Romano 2308:varieties of Chinese 2266:department) and the 2248:Italian colonisation 2235:population and made 2046:" within Italy when 2036:Treaty of Versailles 1799:is derived from the 1447:syntactic gemination 1414:, or Austria in the 1370:in the 5th century. 1020:[itaˈljaːno] 962:Syntactic gemination 74:[itaˈljaːno] 18832:Languages of Sicily 18822:Languages of Monaco 18472:States with limited 17387:Galician–Portuguese 16413:Central Marchigiano 15114:Vaccarizzo Albanian 13425:Automotive industry 13364:Metropolitan cities 12910:Early Modern period 12883:Kingdom of Sardinia 12834:Italian city-states 11604:(second ed.). 11337:, pp. 134–135. 11084:10.1017/heq.2022.30 10734:on 12 February 2020 10109:on 29 November 2007 9710:on 3 September 2006 9470:on 14 December 2019 9243:"Romance languages" 8792:Vatican City portal 8726:Salvatore Quasimodo 8281:/ˈmilleˈmiˈljardi/ 8243:duemilaventiquattro 7356:(for one object) / 7324:Where are you from? 7125:/parˌlateinˈɡleːse/ 6973:Qual è il suo nome? 6389:(general, informal) 6164:imperfective aspect 6095:There are numerous 4927:back open-mid vowel 4925:is almost always a 4899:back open-mid vowel 4573:with no /i/ sound ( 4369:shallow orthography 4363:Italian orthography 3994:> Italo-Western 3883:final vowels, e.g. 3453:('I foresee', with 3267:Dentalized laminal 3264:have two variants: 3201:('fact'). However, 2868: 2867:Consonant phonemes 2588:Rioplatense Spanish 2531:Trilingual sign in 2419:L'Italia del Popolo 2415:Il punto d'incontro 2354:Corriere del Ticino 2231:, who expelled the 2189:from 1492 to 1807. 1672:Niccolò Machiavelli 1476:In contrast to the 1198:musical terminology 1160:Italian is a major 526:Recognised minority 357:"(Signed Italian)" 18817:Languages of Italy 18807:Fusional languages 17801:Catalan Ribagorçan 17648:Pyrenean–Mozarabic 16920:Judaeo-Piedmontese 16830:Bustocco–Legnanese 16625:Northern Calabrian 16125:Official languages 16041:Minority languages 15900:Standard varieties 14949:Judaeo-Piedmontese 14925:Other Gallo-Italic 14177:Languages of Italy 14083:Pidgin & Mixed 13487:Telecommunications 12854:Maritime republics 11954:www.nobelprize.org 11929:www.nobelprize.org 11904:www.nobelprize.org 11879:www.nobelprize.org 11854:www.nobelprize.org 11829:www.nobelprize.org 11716:Kellogg, Michael. 11425:Luciano Canepari, 11147:on 10 October 2017 11107:"Italian Language" 10843:Italiano LinguaDue 10494:The New York Times 10230:Sardinian language 10072:on 6 February 2017 9866:Alessandro Tassoni 9796:10.1093/qje/qjr035 8929:Italian literature 8888:Italian honorifics 8829:Languages of Italy 8806:Switzerland portal 8666: 8413:Months of the year 7403:what (standalone) 7039:Yes, I understand. 6962:What is your name? 6166:, past tense with 6030:una camicia bianca 5483:⟨gi⟩ 5479:⟨ci⟩ 5469:⟨gh⟩ 5461:⟨ch⟩ 5276:⟨gi⟩ 5272:⟨ci⟩ 5256:⟨gh⟩ 5252:⟨ch⟩ 4831:⟨cs⟩ 4827:⟨zz⟩ 4819:⟨ss⟩ 4787:⟨ch⟩ 4771:⟨ge⟩ 4767:⟨gi⟩ 4479:is always silent: 4277:"male friend(s)", 4249:"male friend(s)", 3572:"week" < Latin 2866: 2855: 2714:minority languages 2689: 2681: 2667:Languages of Italy 2578:and especially in 2548:languages of Italy 2540: 2525: 2519:is co-official in 2475: 2370:La Voce del Popolo 2296: 2202: 2187:Republic of Ragusa 2175:Dalmatian Italians 2103: 2056:Victor Emmanuel II 2020:Giuseppe Garibaldi 2014:to Italy, and the 1949: 1870:lexical similarity 1849:Florentine dialect 1839:, a descendant of 1778:Alessandro Manzoni 1762: 1758:Alessandro Manzoni 1749:Contemporary times 1574: 1555:(from French) and 1393:Giovanni Boccaccio 1151:regional varieties 131:Slovenian Littoral 18584: 18583: 18578: 18577: 18146: 18145: 18122:extinct languages 18044: 18043: 17721: 17720: 17680:Navarro-Aragonese 17565:Peruvian Ribereño 17490:Judaeo-Portuguese 17405:Galician–Asturian 17308: 17307: 17299:Old Gallo-Romance 17253:Wisconsin Walloon 16670: 16669: 16643:Dalmatian Romance 16251:Romance languages 16217: 16216: 16199:Swiss-German Sign 16077: 16076: 16018: 16017: 15960: 15959: 15930: 15929: 15836: 15835: 15772:Lower Sava Valley 15410: 15409: 15389: 15388: 15336: 15335: 15293:Southern Bavarian 15260: 15259: 15224: 15223: 15216:Triestine Serbian 15125: 15124: 15100:Arbëresh language 15061: 15060: 15057: 15056: 14998: 14997: 14962: 14961: 14715:Brianzöö dialects 14643: 14642: 14580: 14579: 14517: 14516: 14481: 14480: 14136: 14135: 13935: 13934: 13902: 13901: 13537: 13536: 13472:Southern question 13392: 13391: 13324:Political parties 13272:Foreign relations 13244: 13243: 13097: 13096: 12818:Kingdom of Naples 12806:Kingdom of Sicily 12354:Il Nuovo De Mauro 12314:978-88-8212-637-7 12046:978-88-08-24624-0 11722:WordReference.com 11702:978-1-259-58772-6 11619:978-88-08-24624-0 11440:Romano, Antonio. 11180:, pp. 77–78. 10788:. 2 August 2017. 10785:Statistics Canada 10575:. February 2014. 10393:on 15 August 2022 10001:978-0-397-00400-3 9991:Story of Language 9911:978-90-04-51724-0 9755:978-0-618-52273-6 9636:978-0-941533-22-5 9281:. Рипол Классик. 9107:(25th ed., 2022) 8959:Italian Knowledge 8944:Italian profanity 8939:Italian phonology 8761: 8760: 8633:Article 1 of the 8617:Article 1 of the 8610: 8609: 8410: 8409: 8285: 8284: 8184: 8183: 8177: 8176: 8007: 8006: 7837: 7836: 7660: 7659: 7641:/ˈmeze/, /ˈmese/ 7490: 7489: 7409:/ˈkɔza/, /ˈkɔsa/ 7371: 7370: 7290:The bill, please. 6500:/ˌbwɔn‿appeˈtito/ 6483:/ˌbwɔnadʒorˈnata/ 6168:perfective aspect 6076:is the plural of 6032:'a white shirt', 5912: 5911: 5822:'miles, f. pl.'; 5782:'river, m. sg.', 5714:'cost', feminine 5669:Romance languages 5491:⟨i⟩ 5475:⟨i⟩ 5451:⟨h⟩ 5444: 5443: 5202:⟨g⟩ 5174:⟨c⟩ 5162:⟨g⟩ 5158:⟨c⟩ 5135:⟨s⟩ 5119:⟨s⟩ 5093:⟨z⟩ 5081:⟨z⟩ 5077:⟨s⟩ 5062:⟨h⟩ 5042:⟨h⟩ 5031:⟨h⟩ 5027:⟨o⟩ 5019:⟨h⟩ 4979:⟨h⟩ 4954:"principles", or 4943:⟨ó⟩ 4923:⟨o⟩ 4915:⟨é⟩ 4891:⟨o⟩ 4887:⟨e⟩ 4871:⟨o⟩ 4859:⟨e⟩ 4847:⟨y⟩ 4843:⟨i⟩ 4839:⟨e⟩ 4835:⟨x⟩ 4823:⟨z⟩ 4815:⟨s⟩ 4811:⟨w⟩ 4807:⟨v⟩ 4803:⟨u⟩ 4799:⟨o⟩ 4791:⟨k⟩ 4783:⟨c⟩ 4779:⟨j⟩ 4775:⟨i⟩ 4755:⟨j⟩ 4707:⟨j⟩ 4687:⟨x⟩ 4595:precede stressed 3686:in the region of 3511:. Some examples: 3292:/t,d,t͡s,d͡z,s,z/ 3171: 3170: 2844: 2836:Italian phonology 2604:Starting in late 2552:Rio Grande do Sul 2521:Rio Grande do Sul 2485:According to the 2410:Corriere Italiano 2404:Corriere Canadese 2379:Corriere d'Italia 2256:Italian Eritreans 2155:minority language 2127:Venetian Dalmatia 2044:Corsican Italians 2032:Republic of Genoa 2024:Italian Savoyards 1847:, especially its 1596:, as well as the 1594:Italian Peninsula 1412:Kingdom of Naples 1349:Placiti Cassinesi 1296:Italian Peninsula 1184:, serving as the 1170:Council of Europe 1003: 1002: 829:The Divine Comedy 813:Placiti Cassinesi 772: 735: 734: 717:rendering support 713:phonetic symbols. 569:Regulated by 546: 452: 440: 428: 306:Various forms of 170:Total: 68 million 139:(Western Croatia) 16:(Redirected from 18864: 18802:Italian language 18787: 18779: 18778: 18777: 18770: 18762: 18761: 18760: 18753: 18752:from Wikiversity 18745: 18744: 18743: 18736: 18728: 18727: 18726: 18719: 18711: 18710: 18709: 18702: 18694: 18693: 18692: 18685: 18677: 18676: 18675: 18665: 18659:Italian language 18649: 18648: 18647: 18637: 18636: 18635: 18625: 18624: 18623: 18613: 18612: 18611: 18601: 18600: 18592: 18510:Dependencies and 18446:Northern Ireland 18187:Sovereign states 18173: 18166: 18159: 18150: 18149: 17667:Judaeo-Aragonese 17656:Andalusi Romance 17509:Amazonic Spanish 17346:Western Asturian 17329: 17328: 17268:Franco-Provençal 16939: 16938: 16835:Comasco–Lecchese 16693:Emilian–Romagnol 16681: 16680: 16481:Regional Italian 16471:Italo-Australian 16398: 16397: 16320:Megleno-Romanian 16244: 16237: 16230: 16221: 16220: 16116: 16115: 16104: 16097: 16090: 16081: 16080: 16009: 15989: 15988: 15867: 15847: 15846: 15794: 15787: 15785:Zagorje-Trbovlje 15780: 15761: 15742: 15685: 15653: 15601: 15574: 15567: 15543: 15486: 15466: 15465: 15457: 15456: 15437: 15430: 15423: 15414: 15413: 15401: 15398: 15375: 15356: 15301: 15271: 15270: 15235: 15234: 15136: 15135: 15116: 15096: 15095: 15087: 15086: 15078: 15073: 15072: 15071: 15048: 15041: 15034: 15009: 15008: 14973: 14972: 14915: 14901: 14894: 14878:Emilian–Romagnol 14867: 14860: 14846: 14837: 14830: 14823: 14816: 14809: 14800: 14793: 14786: 14777: 14770: 14763: 14756: 14749: 14740: 14733: 14724: 14717: 14654: 14653: 14634: 14613:Franco-Provençal 14591: 14590: 14566: 14528: 14527: 14523:Occitano-Romance 14492: 14491: 14444: 14430: 14409:Extreme Southern 14378: 14273:Regional Italian 14261: 14260: 14252: 14251: 14208:Franco-Provençal 14175: 14174: 14163: 14156: 14149: 14140: 14139: 14096:Italian Eritrean 13969:Italian language 13962: 13955: 13948: 13939: 13938: 13925: 13924: 13917:Italy portal 13914: 13913: 13854:National symbols 13548: 13547: 13403: 13402: 13255: 13254: 13108: 13107: 12988:Kingdom of Italy 12915:Napoleonic Italy 12454: 12453: 12430: 12423: 12416: 12407: 12406: 12394: 12393: 12376:Italian proverbs 12358: 12350: 12332: 12326: 12273: 12271: 12246: 12245: 12243: 12237: 12231:, archived from 12206: 12196: 12167: 12144:Ladefoged, Peter 12139: 12110: 12101: 12082: 12080: 12078: 12049: 12027: 12017: 11992: 11965: 11964: 11962: 11960: 11946: 11940: 11939: 11937: 11935: 11921: 11915: 11914: 11912: 11910: 11896: 11890: 11889: 11887: 11885: 11871: 11865: 11864: 11862: 11860: 11846: 11840: 11839: 11837: 11835: 11821: 11815: 11814: 11812: 11810: 11796: 11790: 11789: 11787: 11785: 11766: 11760: 11759: 11744: 11738: 11737: 11735: 11733: 11713: 11707: 11706: 11688: 11671: 11670: 11668: 11666: 11647: 11636: 11630: 11624: 11623: 11597: 11591: 11590: 11582: 11573: 11572: 11567: 11565: 11535: 11529: 11528: 11526: 11524: 11518:dop.netadcom.com 11510: 11504: 11503: 11501: 11499: 11490:. Archived from 11484: 11478: 11477: 11475: 11473: 11464:. Archived from 11458: 11452: 11445: 11438: 11432: 11423: 11414: 11408: 11402: 11396: 11387: 11380: 11374: 11368: 11362: 11356: 11350: 11344: 11338: 11332: 11323: 11317: 11311: 11305: 11299: 11293: 11287: 11281: 11275: 11269: 11263: 11257: 11244: 11238: 11229: 11223: 11212: 11206: 11200: 11194: 11181: 11175: 11169: 11163: 11157: 11156: 11154: 11152: 11143:. Archived from 11133: 11127: 11126: 11124: 11122: 11103: 11097: 11096: 11086: 11062: 11056: 11055: 11053: 11051: 11046:on 7 August 2011 11036: 11030: 11029: 11027: 11025: 11006: 11000: 10999: 10997: 10995: 10980: 10974: 10973: 10971: 10969: 10954: 10948: 10947: 10945: 10943: 10928: 10922: 10921: 10919: 10917: 10902: 10896: 10895: 10880: 10874: 10873: 10868: 10866: 10834: 10828: 10827: 10825: 10823: 10808: 10802: 10801: 10799: 10797: 10776: 10770: 10769: 10767: 10765: 10750: 10744: 10743: 10741: 10739: 10730:. Archived from 10720: 10714: 10713: 10711: 10709: 10703: 10696: 10687: 10681: 10670: 10664: 10663: 10661: 10659: 10645: 10635: 10629: 10628: 10623: 10621: 10615: 10604: 10595: 10589: 10588: 10586: 10584: 10565: 10559: 10556: 10550: 10549: 10547: 10545: 10517: 10511: 10510: 10508: 10506: 10484: 10478: 10477: 10457: 10451: 10450: 10435: 10429: 10428: 10426: 10424: 10419:on 6 August 2011 10415:. Archived from 10409: 10403: 10402: 10400: 10398: 10383: 10374: 10369:Hull, Geoffrey, 10367: 10361: 10360: 10358: 10356: 10350: 10343: 10335: 10329: 10328: 10326: 10324: 10309: 10300: 10299: 10297: 10295: 10286:. 16 June 2018. 10280: 10274: 10273: 10271: 10269: 10254: 10248: 10247: 10245: 10243: 10224: 10218: 10211: 10205: 10204: 10202: 10200: 10185: 10179: 10178: 10176: 10174: 10155: 10149: 10142: 10136: 10125: 10119: 10118: 10116: 10114: 10108: 10097: 10088: 10082: 10081: 10079: 10077: 10068:. Archived from 10058: 10052: 10041: 10035: 10012: 10006: 10005: 9982: 9976: 9975: 9973: 9971: 9952: 9946: 9945: 9944:on 18 July 2011. 9940:. Archived from 9934: 9928: 9927: 9925: 9923: 9903: 9892:Brill Publishers 9862: 9856: 9845: 9839: 9832: 9826: 9817:Toso, Fiorenzo. 9815: 9809: 9808: 9798: 9789:(3): 1133–1172. 9774: 9768: 9767: 9741: 9735: 9729: 9720: 9719: 9717: 9715: 9700: 9694: 9693: 9688: 9686: 9670: 9664: 9663: 9655: 9649: 9648: 9622: 9607: 9601: 9595: 9594: 9592: 9590: 9575: 9569: 9545: 9539: 9538: 9536: 9534: 9514: 9508: 9507: 9486: 9480: 9479: 9477: 9475: 9469: 9462: 9454: 9448: 9447: 9445: 9443: 9428: 9422: 9421: 9419: 9417: 9402: 9396: 9395: 9393: 9391: 9376: 9370: 9369: 9367: 9365: 9337: 9331: 9330: 9328: 9326: 9311: 9305: 9304: 9302: 9300: 9272: 9266: 9265: 9260: 9258: 9239: 9233: 9231: 9229: 9227: 9221: 9214: 9206: 9197: 9196: 9194: 9192: 9183:. 21 June 2016. 9173: 9167: 9166: 9164: 9162: 9147: 9141: 9140: 9138: 9136: 9121: 9115: 9114: 9113: 9096: 9059: 9032: 9026: 9019: 8873:Regional Italian 8868:Italian alphabet 8847: 8846: 8836: 8822: 8817: 8816: 8808: 8803: 8802: 8801: 8794: 8789: 8788: 8787: 8780: 8775: 8774: 8773: 8728: 8712:Luigi Pirandello 8668: 8667: 8606: 8591: 8576: 8561: 8546: 8531: 8516: 8501: 8486: 8471: 8456: 8441: 8417: 8416: 8406: 8391: 8376: 8361: 8346: 8331: 8316: 8292: 8291: 8288:Days of the week 8248: 8235: 8222: 8209: 8187: 8186: 8173: 8158: 8143: 8128: 8113: 8098: 8097:/ˌventiˈtʃinkwe/ 8083: 8082:/ˌventiˈkwattro/ 8068: 8053: 8038: 8014: 8013: 8003: 7988: 7973: 7958: 7943: 7928: 7913: 7898: 7883: 7868: 7844: 7843: 7833: 7818: 7803: 7788: 7773: 7758: 7743: 7728: 7713: 7698: 7672: 7671: 7668: 7653: 7638: 7623: 7608: 7593: 7578: 7563: 7548: 7533: 7518: 7497: 7496: 7378: 7377: 7367: 7361: 7355: 7343: 7337: 7331: 7319: 7314: 7302: 7297: 7285: 7280: 7268: 7258: 7246: 7243: 7238: 7232: 7225:What time is it? 7217: 7211: 7205: 7193: 7190: 7187: 7181: 7175: 7169: 7163: 7151: 7146: 7134: 7133:/ˌparlainˈɡlese/ 7126: 7115: 7113:Parlate inglese? 7109: 7103: 7091: 7088: 7078: 7072: 7060: 7057: 7052: 7046: 7034: 7031: 7025: 7019: 7007: 7002: 6990: 6987: 6981: 6975: 6969: 6957: 6952: 6946: 6940: 6934: 6922: 6918: 6913: 6907: 6895: 6890: 6878: 6873: 6861: 6856: 6844: 6839: 6827: 6824: 6820: 6817: 6813: 6808: 6802: 6796: 6784: 6779: 6767: 6763: 6759: 6753: 6747: 6741: 6735: 6729: 6723: 6711: 6706: 6699:You are welcome! 6694: 6693:/tirinˈɡrattsjo/ 6691: 6685: 6679: 6673: 6667: 6655: 6652: 6649: 6639: 6633: 6627: 6615: 6612: 6609: 6606: 6600: 6594: 6582: 6578: 6572: 6566: 6554: 6553:/ˌbwɔnaforˈtuna/ 6548: 6536: 6525: 6519: 6513: 6501: 6496: 6484: 6478: 6471:Have a nice day! 6466: 6463: 6457: 6451: 6439: 6434: 6422: 6416: 6404: 6401: 6398: 6394: 6388: 6382: 6376: 6370: 6358: 6353: 6341: 6335: 6329: 6314: 6311: 6308: 6303: 6297: 6291: 6279: 6269: 6257: 6247: 6231: 6222: 6214: 6213: 6180:conditional mood 6176:subjunctive mood 6103:with subsequent 6034:un'altra camicia 5987: 5975: 5971: 5840: 5839: 5818:'mile, m. sg.', 5778:'laws, f. pl.'; 5630: 5622: 5608: 5604: 5600: 5582:Regional Italian 5576: 5573:) may pronounce 5569:, Aosta Valley, 5563: 5555: 5551: 5547: 5543: 5539: 5535: 5531: 5519: 5512: 5505: 5501: 5492: 5488: 5484: 5480: 5476: 5470: 5462: 5457:in the digraphs 5452: 5431: 5419: 5405: 5391: 5372: 5358: 5342: 5330: 5308: 5307: 5301: 5285: 5281: 5277: 5273: 5269: 5265: 5261: 5257: 5253: 5231: 5227: 5219: 5212:. It symbolizes 5211: 5207: 5203: 5199: 5191: 5184:. It symbolizes 5183: 5179: 5175: 5163: 5159: 5152: 5148: 5144: 5140: 5136: 5132: 5128: 5124: 5120: 5116: 5109: 5102: 5098: 5094: 5082: 5078: 5071: 5068:"I pull" ← Lat. 5063: 5059: 5055: 5043: 5039: 5032: 5028: 5020: 5001:"to have") from 4980: 4944: 4924: 4916: 4913:"youth". Unlike 4892: 4888: 4872: 4860: 4848: 4844: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4756: 4708: 4688: 4660: 4653: 4646: 4639: 4632: 4628: 4624: 4612: 4605: 4598: 4586: 4579: 4572: 4568: 4553: 4546: 4539: 4532: 4517: 4513: 4497: 4490:'they have' and 4485: 4463: 4459: 4452: 4444: 4432: 4428: 4420: 4409: 4401: 4390: 4382: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4319:Italian language 4284: 4240: 4236: 4229: 4223:); but Romanian 4222: 4218: 4211: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4185: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4116: 4108: 4104: 4080: 4064: 4052: 4040: 4032: 4025: 4018: 4011: 4004: 3997: 3993: 3975: 3972: 3966: 3960: 3954: 3948: 3944: 3941: 3935: 3929: 3923: 3917: 3913: 3910: 3904: 3898: 3892: 3886: 3875: 3872: 3866: 3860: 3857: 3851: 3848: 3842: 3837: 3833: 3824: 3817: 3805: 3797: 3789: 3781: 3774: 3759: 3739: 3692:Italian dialects 3670: 3655: 3648: 3626: 3608: 3590: 3575: 3564: 3549: 3530: 3506: 3495:do not contrast. 3494: 3490: 3487:in most accents 3486: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3452: 3441: 3429: 3423:'melted' versus 3422: 3414: 3410: 3403: 3399: 3388: 3381: 3373: 3365: 3361: 3355: 3347: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3321: 3317: 3309: 3305: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3263: 3257: 3253: 3240: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3184: 3180: 3163: 3143: 3133: 3115: 3106: 3082: 3074: 3066: 3058: 3051: 3044: 3028: 3021: 3014: 3007: 2991: 2984: 2975: 2968: 2961: 2954: 2938: 2928: 2919: 2869: 2865: 2845: 2800:Italian diaspora 2744:Regional Italian 2705:sister languages 2697:Italian dialects 2671:Regional Italian 2554:, Brazil, where 2507:Italian diaspora 2455:(South Africa). 2439:La Voce d'Italia 2400: 2360:laRegione Ticino 2283:Somali Civil War 2159:Istrian Italians 2133:(because of the 2121:(because of the 2111:Venetian Albania 2109:(because of the 2052:Kingdom of Italy 2048:Rome was annexed 2030:passed from the 1927:is distinctive. 1837:Romance language 1826: 1816: 1808: 1798: 1769: 1767:I promessi sposi 1724: 1712: 1711: 1659: 1631: 1598:prestige variety 1560: 1554: 1548: 1509:Late Middle Ages 1471: 1459: 1435:Regional Italian 1401: 1389: 1304:sister languages 1281:Late Middle Ages 1265: 1254: 1236:culture of Italy 1108:Slovenian Istria 1066:, together with 1048:Romance language 1045: 1040: 1036: 1030: 1029: 1028: 1022: 1017: 1013: 995: 988: 981: 921:Verb conjugation 786: 785: 776:Regional Italian 766: 750:Italian language 737: 736: 700: 694: 688: 682: 673: 659: 643: 636: 627: 626: 618: 609: 608: 600: 585: 579: 578: 543:2 municipalities 540: 528:language in 446: 434: 422: 365: 356: 353:Italiano segnato 346: 330:Italian alphabet 321: 308:regional Italian 180: 76: 64: 58: 46: 45: 32:Regional Italian 27:Romance language 21: 18872: 18871: 18867: 18866: 18865: 18863: 18862: 18861: 18792: 18791: 18790: 18780: 18775: 18773: 18769:from Wikivoyage 18763: 18758: 18756: 18746: 18741: 18739: 18729: 18724: 18722: 18718:from Wikisource 18712: 18707: 18705: 18695: 18690: 18688: 18678: 18673: 18671: 18668: 18664:sister projects 18661:at Knowledge's 18655: 18645: 18643: 18633: 18631: 18621: 18619: 18609: 18607: 18595: 18587: 18585: 18580: 18579: 18574: 18553: 18511: 18505: 18491:Northern Cyprus 18473: 18467: 18361:North Macedonia 18182: 18177: 18147: 18142: 18109: 18093: 18071:Pannonian Latin 18057:African Romance 18040: 17993: 17924: 17917: 17855:Judeo-Provençal 17728: 17717: 17694: 17643: 17553:Chilean Chilote 17495: 17381: 17322: 17318: 17315: 17304: 17292:Moselle Romance 17259: 17108:Missouri French 17069:Franco-Ontarian 16944: 16933: 16926: 16666: 16631: 16608:Southern Latian 16511: 16476:Maltese Italian 16408:Central Italian 16392: 16385: 16380:Common Romanian 16296: 16280:Italo-Dalmatian 16258: 16248: 16218: 16213: 16187: 16151: 16120: 16110: 16108: 16078: 16073: 16057: 16036: 16014: 16005: 15978: 15956: 15926: 15895: 15877: 15863: 15832: 15813:Slovenian Hills 15799: 15790: 15783: 15776: 15767:Kozje-Bizeljsko 15757: 15748:Central Styrian 15738: 15729:Central Savinja 15715: 15681: 15677:Lower Carniolan 15669:Lower Carniolan 15663: 15649: 15645:Upper Carniolan 15637:Upper Carniolan 15631: 15597: 15579: 15570: 15563: 15554:Inner Carniolan 15539: 15530:Natisone Valley 15506: 15482: 15446: 15441: 15411: 15406: 15405: 15404: 15399: 15395: 15385: 15371: 15352: 15332: 15318:Austrian German 15306: 15297: 15256: 15247:Calabrian Greek 15220: 15187: 15173:Natisone Valley 15158:Inner Carniolan 15121: 15112: 15081: 15074: 15069: 15067: 15053: 15044: 15037: 15030: 14994: 14958: 14926: 14920: 14911: 14897: 14890: 14872: 14863: 14856: 14852:Eastern Lombard 14842: 14833: 14826: 14819: 14812: 14805: 14796: 14789: 14782: 14773: 14766: 14759: 14752: 14745: 14736: 14729: 14720: 14713: 14709:Western Lombard 14695: 14639: 14630: 14607: 14576: 14562: 14544: 14513: 14477: 14455: 14449: 14440: 14426: 14403: 14389:Southern Latian 14374: 14355:Castelmezzanese 14331: 14295: 14277: 14246: 14179: 14169: 14167: 14137: 14132: 14125: 14077: 13972: 13966: 13936: 13931: 13911: 13898: 13869:Public holidays 13700: 13646:Life expectancy 13533: 13388: 13304:Law enforcement 13240: 13093: 13040: 13029:Social Republic 12993:Colonial Empire 12976:Capture of Rome 12929: 12822: 12731: 12624:Ancient peoples 12612: 12549: 12510:Historic states 12468: 12443: 12434: 12399: 12356: 12341: 12336: 12324: 12318: 12241: 12239: 12235: 12204: 12164: 12098: 12076: 12074: 12067: 12047: 11990: 11973: 11968: 11958: 11956: 11948: 11947: 11943: 11933: 11931: 11923: 11922: 11918: 11908: 11906: 11898: 11897: 11893: 11883: 11881: 11873: 11872: 11868: 11858: 11856: 11848: 11847: 11843: 11833: 11831: 11823: 11822: 11818: 11808: 11806: 11798: 11797: 11793: 11783: 11781: 11768: 11767: 11763: 11746: 11745: 11741: 11731: 11729: 11714: 11710: 11703: 11689: 11674: 11664: 11662: 11649: 11648: 11639: 11631: 11627: 11620: 11598: 11594: 11583: 11576: 11563: 11561: 11554: 11536: 11532: 11522: 11520: 11512: 11511: 11507: 11497: 11495: 11494:on 22 July 2011 11486: 11485: 11481: 11471: 11469: 11468:on 22 July 2011 11460: 11459: 11455: 11439: 11435: 11424: 11417: 11409: 11405: 11397: 11390: 11381: 11377: 11371:Recasens (2013) 11369: 11365: 11359:Canepari (1992) 11357: 11353: 11347:Canepari (1992) 11345: 11341: 11333: 11326: 11320:Canepari (1992) 11318: 11314: 11306: 11302: 11296:Canepari (1992) 11294: 11290: 11282: 11278: 11272:Canepari (1992) 11270: 11266: 11260:Canepari (1992) 11258: 11247: 11241:Canepari (1992) 11239: 11232: 11224: 11215: 11207: 11203: 11195: 11184: 11176: 11172: 11164: 11160: 11150: 11148: 11135: 11134: 11130: 11120: 11118: 11105: 11104: 11100: 11063: 11059: 11049: 11047: 11038: 11037: 11033: 11023: 11021: 11008: 11007: 11003: 10993: 10991: 10982: 10981: 10977: 10967: 10965: 10956: 10955: 10951: 10941: 10939: 10930: 10929: 10925: 10915: 10913: 10904: 10903: 10899: 10882: 10881: 10877: 10864: 10862: 10835: 10831: 10821: 10819: 10810: 10809: 10805: 10795: 10793: 10778: 10777: 10773: 10763: 10761: 10752: 10751: 10747: 10737: 10735: 10722: 10721: 10717: 10707: 10705: 10701: 10694: 10688: 10684: 10679:Wayback Machine 10671: 10667: 10657: 10655: 10643: 10636: 10632: 10619: 10617: 10613: 10602: 10596: 10592: 10582: 10580: 10567: 10566: 10562: 10557: 10553: 10543: 10541: 10534: 10518: 10514: 10504: 10502: 10485: 10481: 10474: 10458: 10454: 10437: 10436: 10432: 10422: 10420: 10411: 10410: 10406: 10396: 10394: 10385: 10384: 10377: 10368: 10364: 10354: 10352: 10348: 10341: 10337: 10336: 10332: 10322: 10320: 10311: 10310: 10303: 10293: 10291: 10282: 10281: 10277: 10267: 10265: 10256: 10255: 10251: 10241: 10239: 10226: 10225: 10221: 10212: 10208: 10198: 10196: 10187: 10186: 10182: 10172: 10170: 10157: 10156: 10152: 10143: 10139: 10126: 10122: 10112: 10110: 10106: 10095: 10089: 10085: 10075: 10073: 10060: 10059: 10055: 10042: 10038: 10029:Wayback Machine 10013: 10009: 10002: 9983: 9979: 9969: 9967: 9954: 9953: 9949: 9936: 9935: 9931: 9921: 9919: 9912: 9863: 9859: 9846: 9842: 9833: 9829: 9816: 9812: 9775: 9771: 9756: 9742: 9738: 9730: 9723: 9713: 9711: 9702: 9701: 9697: 9684: 9682: 9671: 9667: 9656: 9652: 9637: 9623: 9610: 9602: 9598: 9588: 9586: 9577: 9576: 9572: 9566:Wayback Machine 9555:Wayback Machine 9546: 9542: 9532: 9530: 9517:Keating, Dave. 9515: 9511: 9506:on 28 May 2024. 9488: 9487: 9483: 9473: 9471: 9467: 9460: 9456: 9455: 9451: 9441: 9439: 9430: 9429: 9425: 9415: 9413: 9404: 9403: 9399: 9389: 9387: 9378: 9377: 9373: 9363: 9361: 9354: 9338: 9334: 9324: 9322: 9313: 9312: 9308: 9298: 9296: 9289: 9273: 9269: 9256: 9254: 9241: 9240: 9236: 9225: 9223: 9219: 9212: 9208: 9207: 9200: 9190: 9188: 9175: 9174: 9170: 9160: 9158: 9149: 9148: 9144: 9134: 9132: 9123: 9122: 9118: 9108: 9097: 9072: 9068: 9063: 9062: 9033: 9029: 9020: 9013: 9008: 9003: 8979:Veronese Riddle 8974:Sicilian School 8954:Italian Studies 8883:Italian grammar 8878:Italian exonyms 8820:Language portal 8818: 8811: 8804: 8799: 8797: 8790: 8785: 8783: 8776: 8771: 8769: 8766: 8740:Eugenio Montale 8724: 8686:Giosuè Carducci 8659:Giosuè Carducci 8652: 8615: 8415: 8290: 8278:mille miliardi 8185: 8009: 7912:/kwatˈtorditʃi/ 7839: 7665: 7495: 7376: 7284:/ˌkwantoˈkɔsta/ 7273:How much is it? 7267:/doˌvɛilˈbaɲɲo/ 7256:Dov'è il bagno? 7090:/nonˌɔkkaˈpito/ 6986:/ˌkometiˈkjami/ 6979:Come si chiama? 6967:Come ti chiami? 6581:/tiˌvɔʎʎoˈbɛne/ 6535:/arriveˈdertʃi/ 6489:Enjoy the meal! 6476:Buona giornata! 6465:/ˌbwɔnaseˈrata/ 6313:/naturalˈmente/ 6310:/ˌtʃertaˈmente/ 6201: 6196: 6188:past participle 6184:imperative mood 6152:indicative mood 6010:uno zio anziano 5949:'(s)he loves', 5826:'pair, m. sg., 5774:'law, f. sg.', 5770:in the plural: 5661: 5655: 5653:Italian grammar 5649: 5611:Tuscan language 5518:/ˌfar.maˈtʃi.e/ 5511:/ˌfar.maˈtʃi.a/ 5490: 5486: 5482: 5478: 5474: 5468: 5460: 5450: 5375:edible dormouse 5299: 5275: 5271: 5270:. The digraphs 5267: 5255: 5251: 5238:hard and soft G 5234:hard and soft C 5229: 5225: 5209: 5201: 5197: 5181: 5173: 5161: 5157: 5134: 5126: 5118: 5110:"mosquito" and 5092: 5080: 5076: 5069: 5061: 5052:are pronounced 5041: 5030: 5026: 5018: 4978: 4942: 4922: 4914: 4890: 4886: 4870: 4858: 4846: 4842: 4838: 4834: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4818: 4814: 4810: 4806: 4802: 4798: 4790: 4786: 4782: 4778: 4774: 4770: 4766: 4754: 4706: 4686: 4365: 4359: 4343: 4282: 4198: 4183: 4160: 4144: 4129: 4114: 4106: 4078: 4063:(ex)dēroteolāre 4062: 4050: 4038: 3991: 3946: 3915: 3884: 3831: 3815: 3803: 3795: 3787: 3779: 3757: 3737: 3707:Western Romance 3646: 3606: 3573: 3524: 3505:/a,ɛ,e,i,ɔ,o,u/ 3501: 3500: 3374:is a fricative 3368:alveolo-palatal 3356:, respectively. 3181:) or a liquid ( 2895: 2891: 2883: 2863: 2840: 2838: 2832: 2792:Tullio De Mauro 2673: 2663: 2644:Catholic Church 2602: 2596: 2574:once spoken in 2509: 2503: 2461: 2381:(Germany), the 2279:colonial period 2147:Maltese Italian 2123:Venetian Istria 2012:Niçard Italians 2004:Treaty of Turin 1977:Italian Grisons 1939: 1933: 1833: 1817:comes from the 1751: 1731: 1715:Agnolo Monosini 1546:il Rinascimento 1537: 1486:Italo-Dalmatian 1375:Dante Alighieri 1357:Veronese Riddle 1288: 1287: 1286: 1285: 1284: 1269:Dante Alighieri 1266: 1257: 1256: 1255: 1244: 1239: 1228: 1214:long consonants 1038: 1034:lingua italiana 1024: 1023: 1015: 999: 823:Dolce Stil Novo 818:Sicilian School 808:Veronese Riddle 715:Without proper 703: 702: 698: 696: 692: 690: 686: 669: 655: 639: 632: 622: 621: 614: 604: 603: 596: 563: 559: 555: 551: 547: 536: 529: 527: 520: 462: 461: 456: 455: 416: 415: 410: 409: 386: 385: 378: 371:Official status 358: 347: 342: 335:Italian Braille 333: 322: 317: 297:Maltese Italian 279: 251: 244: 216:Italo-Dalmatian 196:Latino-Faliscan 181: 178:Language family 176: 169: 164: 142: 111:Italian Grisons 62:lingua italiana 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 18870: 18860: 18859: 18854: 18849: 18844: 18839: 18834: 18829: 18824: 18819: 18814: 18809: 18804: 18789: 18788: 18771: 18754: 18737: 18735:from Wikibooks 18720: 18703: 18701:from Wikiquote 18686: 18657: 18654: 18653: 18651:European Union 18641: 18629: 18617: 18605: 18582: 18581: 18576: 18575: 18573: 18572: 18567: 18565:European Union 18561: 18559: 18558:Other entities 18555: 18554: 18552: 18551: 18546: 18541: 18536: 18531: 18526: 18521: 18515: 18513: 18512:other entities 18507: 18506: 18504: 18503: 18498: 18493: 18488: 18483: 18477: 18475: 18469: 18468: 18466: 18465: 18460: 18459: 18458: 18453: 18448: 18443: 18436:United Kingdom 18433: 18428: 18423: 18418: 18413: 18408: 18403: 18398: 18393: 18388: 18383: 18378: 18373: 18368: 18363: 18358: 18353: 18348: 18343: 18338: 18333: 18328: 18323: 18318: 18313: 18308: 18303: 18301: 18296: 18291: 18286: 18281: 18276: 18271: 18266: 18261: 18256: 18251: 18249:Czech Republic 18246: 18241: 18236: 18231: 18226: 18221: 18216: 18211: 18206: 18201: 18196: 18190: 18188: 18184: 18183: 18176: 18175: 18168: 18161: 18153: 18144: 18143: 18141: 18140: 18133: 18124: 18114: 18111: 18110: 18108: 18107: 18101: 18099: 18095: 18094: 18092: 18091: 18090: 18089: 18084: 18074: 18067: 18060: 18052: 18050: 18046: 18045: 18042: 18041: 18039: 18038: 18037: 18036: 18031: 18026: 18021: 18010: 18001: 17999: 17995: 17994: 17992: 17991: 17990: 17989: 17984: 17979: 17974: 17969: 17959: 17958: 17957: 17952: 17942: 17941: 17940: 17929: 17927: 17919: 17918: 17916: 17915: 17914: 17913: 17912: 17911: 17897: 17896: 17895: 17890: 17880: 17879: 17878: 17868: 17863: 17858: 17851: 17850: 17849: 17842: 17837: 17832: 17822: 17812: 17811: 17810: 17809: 17808: 17803: 17795: 17790: 17787:Judaeo-Catalan 17783: 17782: 17781: 17776: 17771: 17770: 17769: 17764: 17754: 17746: 17733: 17731: 17723: 17722: 17719: 17718: 17716: 17715: 17709: 17702: 17700: 17696: 17695: 17693: 17692: 17691: 17690: 17676: 17671: 17670: 17669: 17659: 17651: 17649: 17645: 17644: 17642: 17641: 17634: 17633: 17632: 17627: 17622: 17617: 17616: 17615: 17610: 17605: 17600: 17595: 17594: 17593: 17576: 17575: 17574: 17569: 17568: 17567: 17557: 17556: 17555: 17542:Latin American 17538: 17533: 17521: 17519:Judaeo-Spanish 17516: 17511: 17505: 17503: 17497: 17496: 17494: 17493: 17486: 17485: 17484: 17479: 17474: 17473: 17472: 17460: 17459: 17458: 17446: 17441: 17434: 17422: 17415: 17410: 17409: 17408: 17397: 17391: 17389: 17383: 17382: 17380: 17379: 17372: 17367: 17366: 17365: 17355: 17350: 17349: 17348: 17337: 17335: 17326: 17310: 17309: 17306: 17305: 17303: 17302: 17295: 17288: 17287: 17286: 17281: 17276: 17264: 17261: 17260: 17258: 17257: 17256: 17255: 17250: 17240: 17239: 17238: 17233: 17223: 17218: 17213: 17208: 17207: 17206: 17201: 17196: 17191: 17190: 17189: 17182: 17181: 17180: 17170: 17165: 17148: 17143: 17142: 17141: 17136: 17131: 17121: 17120: 17119: 17112: 17111: 17110: 17105: 17104: 17103: 17093: 17088: 17087: 17086: 17081: 17076: 17071: 17066: 17065: 17064: 17059: 17049: 17044: 17039: 17038: 17037: 17032: 17014: 17009: 16997: 16992: 16987: 16986: 16985: 16980: 16970: 16965: 16960: 16955: 16949: 16947: 16936: 16928: 16927: 16925: 16924: 16923: 16922: 16912: 16905: 16904: 16903: 16902: 16901: 16896: 16891: 16890: 16889: 16884: 16879: 16869: 16864: 16859: 16858: 16857: 16852: 16847: 16842: 16832: 16827: 16826: 16825: 16810: 16809: 16808: 16803: 16788: 16783: 16782: 16781: 16776: 16771: 16766: 16761: 16756: 16746: 16741: 16736: 16731: 16730: 16729: 16728: 16727: 16722: 16712: 16711: 16710: 16705: 16689: 16687: 16678: 16672: 16671: 16668: 16667: 16665: 16664: 16662:Judaeo-Italian 16659: 16658: 16657: 16652: 16639: 16637: 16633: 16632: 16630: 16629: 16628: 16627: 16622: 16621: 16620: 16615: 16610: 16605: 16600: 16599: 16598: 16588: 16583: 16578: 16573: 16556: 16555: 16554: 16553: 16552: 16542: 16541: 16540: 16530: 16519: 16517: 16513: 16512: 16510: 16509: 16508: 16507: 16495: 16490: 16489: 16488: 16483: 16478: 16473: 16461: 16460: 16459: 16449: 16448: 16447: 16442: 16437: 16432: 16431: 16430: 16425: 16420: 16404: 16402: 16395: 16387: 16386: 16384: 16383: 16376: 16375: 16374: 16369: 16364: 16359: 16354: 16349: 16344: 16339: 16334: 16322: 16317: 16315:Istro-Romanian 16312: 16306: 16304: 16298: 16297: 16295: 16294: 16289: 16288: 16287: 16282: 16272: 16266: 16264: 16263:Major branches 16260: 16259: 16255:classification 16247: 16246: 16239: 16232: 16224: 16215: 16214: 16212: 16211: 16206: 16201: 16195: 16193: 16192:Sign languages 16189: 16188: 16186: 16185: 16180: 16175: 16170: 16159: 16157: 16153: 16152: 16150: 16149: 16144: 16139: 16134: 16128: 16126: 16122: 16121: 16107: 16106: 16099: 16092: 16084: 16075: 16074: 16072: 16071: 16065: 16063: 16062:Sign languages 16059: 16058: 16056: 16055: 16050: 16044: 16042: 16038: 16037: 16035: 16034: 16028: 16026: 16020: 16019: 16016: 16015: 16013: 16012: 16011: 16010: 15997: 15995: 15986: 15980: 15979: 15977: 15976: 15970: 15968: 15962: 15961: 15958: 15957: 15955: 15954: 15949: 15944: 15938: 15936: 15932: 15931: 15928: 15927: 15925: 15924: 15919: 15914: 15909: 15903: 15901: 15897: 15896: 15894: 15893: 15887: 15885: 15879: 15878: 15876: 15875: 15870: 15869: 15868: 15855: 15853: 15844: 15842:Serbo-Croatian 15838: 15837: 15834: 15833: 15831: 15830: 15825: 15820: 15815: 15809: 15807: 15801: 15800: 15798: 15797: 15796: 15795: 15788: 15781: 15769: 15764: 15763: 15762: 15750: 15745: 15744: 15743: 15731: 15725: 15723: 15717: 15716: 15714: 15713: 15708: 15703: 15698: 15693: 15688: 15687: 15686: 15673: 15671: 15665: 15664: 15662: 15661: 15656: 15655: 15654: 15641: 15639: 15633: 15632: 15630: 15629: 15624: 15619: 15614: 15609: 15604: 15603: 15602: 15589: 15587: 15581: 15580: 15578: 15577: 15576: 15575: 15568: 15556: 15551: 15546: 15545: 15544: 15532: 15527: 15522: 15516: 15514: 15508: 15507: 15505: 15504: 15499: 15494: 15489: 15488: 15487: 15474: 15472: 15463: 15454: 15448: 15447: 15440: 15439: 15432: 15425: 15417: 15408: 15407: 15403: 15402: 15392: 15391: 15390: 15387: 15386: 15384: 15383: 15378: 15377: 15376: 15364: 15359: 15358: 15357: 15354:Italian Hebrew 15344: 15342: 15338: 15337: 15334: 15333: 15331: 15330: 15325: 15320: 15314: 15312: 15308: 15307: 15305: 15304: 15303: 15302: 15299:South Tyrolean 15290: 15285: 15279: 15277: 15268: 15262: 15261: 15258: 15257: 15255: 15254: 15249: 15243: 15241: 15232: 15226: 15225: 15222: 15221: 15219: 15218: 15213: 15208: 15203: 15197: 15195: 15193:Serbo-Croatian 15189: 15188: 15186: 15185: 15180: 15175: 15170: 15165: 15160: 15155: 15150: 15144: 15142: 15133: 15127: 15126: 15123: 15122: 15120: 15119: 15118: 15117: 15104: 15102: 15093: 15083: 15082: 15080: 15079: 15064: 15062: 15059: 15058: 15055: 15054: 15052: 15051: 15050: 15049: 15042: 15035: 15023: 15017: 15015: 15013:Rhaeto-Romance 15006: 15004:Rhaeto-Romance 15000: 14999: 14996: 14995: 14993: 14992: 14987: 14981: 14979: 14970: 14964: 14963: 14960: 14959: 14957: 14956: 14951: 14946: 14941: 14936: 14930: 14928: 14922: 14921: 14919: 14918: 14917: 14916: 14904: 14903: 14902: 14895: 14882: 14880: 14874: 14873: 14871: 14870: 14869: 14868: 14861: 14849: 14848: 14847: 14840: 14839: 14838: 14831: 14824: 14810: 14803: 14802: 14801: 14787: 14780: 14779: 14778: 14771: 14764: 14757: 14743: 14742: 14741: 14727: 14726: 14725: 14705: 14703: 14697: 14696: 14694: 14693: 14688: 14683: 14678: 14673: 14668: 14662: 14660: 14651: 14645: 14644: 14641: 14640: 14638: 14637: 14636: 14635: 14623: 14617: 14615: 14609: 14608: 14606: 14605: 14599: 14597: 14588: 14582: 14581: 14578: 14577: 14575: 14574: 14569: 14568: 14567: 14554: 14552: 14546: 14545: 14543: 14542: 14536: 14534: 14525: 14519: 14518: 14515: 14514: 14512: 14511: 14506: 14500: 14498: 14489: 14483: 14482: 14479: 14478: 14476: 14475: 14470: 14465: 14459: 14457: 14451: 14450: 14448: 14447: 14446: 14445: 14433: 14432: 14431: 14419: 14413: 14411: 14405: 14404: 14402: 14401: 14396: 14391: 14386: 14381: 14380: 14379: 14367: 14362: 14357: 14352: 14347: 14341: 14339: 14333: 14332: 14330: 14329: 14324: 14319: 14314: 14309: 14303: 14301: 14297: 14296: 14294: 14293: 14287: 14285: 14279: 14278: 14276: 14275: 14269: 14267: 14258: 14248: 14247: 14184: 14181: 14180: 14166: 14165: 14158: 14151: 14143: 14134: 14133: 14130: 14127: 14126: 14124: 14123: 14118: 14113: 14108: 14103: 14098: 14093: 14087: 14085: 14079: 14078: 14076: 14075: 14070: 14065: 14060: 14055: 14054: 14053: 14043: 14038: 14033: 14028: 14023: 14018: 14017: 14016: 14011: 14001: 13996: 13991: 13986: 13980: 13978: 13974: 13973: 13965: 13964: 13957: 13950: 13942: 13933: 13932: 13930: 13929: 13919: 13907: 13904: 13903: 13900: 13899: 13897: 13896: 13891: 13886: 13881: 13876: 13871: 13866: 13861: 13856: 13851: 13846: 13841: 13836: 13831: 13826: 13821: 13816: 13811: 13806: 13801: 13796: 13791: 13786: 13781: 13776: 13771: 13766: 13761: 13756: 13751: 13746: 13741: 13736: 13731: 13726: 13721: 13716: 13710: 13708: 13702: 13701: 13699: 13698: 13693: 13688: 13683: 13678: 13673: 13668: 13663: 13658: 13653: 13648: 13643: 13642: 13641: 13640: 13639: 13624: 13623: 13622: 13612: 13607: 13602: 13597: 13592: 13587: 13582: 13577: 13572: 13567: 13562: 13557: 13551: 13545: 13539: 13538: 13535: 13534: 13532: 13531: 13526: 13521: 13520: 13519: 13514: 13509: 13499: 13494: 13489: 13484: 13479: 13477:Stock exchange 13474: 13469: 13464: 13459: 13454: 13449: 13444: 13443: 13442: 13437: 13427: 13422: 13417: 13412: 13406: 13400: 13394: 13393: 13390: 13389: 13387: 13386: 13381: 13379:Municipalities 13376: 13371: 13366: 13361: 13356: 13351: 13346: 13339:Prime Minister 13336: 13326: 13321: 13316: 13311: 13306: 13301: 13296: 13291: 13290: 13289: 13279: 13274: 13269: 13264: 13258: 13252: 13246: 13245: 13242: 13241: 13239: 13238: 13233: 13228: 13226:Regional parks 13223: 13221:National parks 13218: 13213: 13208: 13203: 13198: 13193: 13188: 13183: 13182: 13181: 13171: 13170: 13169: 13164: 13159: 13149: 13144: 13139: 13134: 13133: 13132: 13130:Climate change 13122: 13117: 13111: 13105: 13099: 13098: 13095: 13094: 13092: 13091: 13090: 13089: 13084: 13079: 13074: 13069: 13064: 13059: 13048: 13046: 13042: 13041: 13039: 13038: 13037: 13036: 13031: 13022: 13017: 13012: 13007: 13006: 13005: 12995: 12990: 12980: 12979: 12978: 12973: 12968: 12963: 12958: 12953: 12948: 12937: 12935: 12931: 12930: 12928: 12927: 12922: 12917: 12912: 12907: 12906: 12905: 12895: 12893:Duchy of Savoy 12890: 12885: 12880: 12879: 12878: 12877: 12876: 12871: 12866: 12861: 12851: 12846: 12841: 12830: 12828: 12824: 12823: 12821: 12820: 12815: 12814: 12813: 12803: 12801:Lombard League 12798: 12797: 12796: 12791: 12786: 12781: 12776: 12771: 12766: 12761: 12756: 12751: 12739: 12737: 12733: 12732: 12730: 12729: 12728: 12727: 12726: 12725: 12723:Western Empire 12715: 12710: 12708:Roman conquest 12705: 12700: 12690: 12689: 12688: 12683: 12678: 12673: 12668: 12663: 12662: 12661: 12656: 12651: 12646: 12641: 12636: 12629:Italic peoples 12620: 12618: 12614: 12613: 12611: 12610: 12609: 12608: 12603: 12598: 12593: 12588: 12583: 12578: 12573: 12568: 12557: 12555: 12551: 12550: 12548: 12547: 12542: 12537: 12532: 12527: 12522: 12517: 12512: 12507: 12502: 12497: 12492: 12487: 12482: 12476: 12474: 12470: 12469: 12467: 12466: 12460: 12458: 12451: 12445: 12444: 12433: 12432: 12425: 12418: 12410: 12404: 12401: 12400: 12391: 12390: 12378: 12373: 12364: 12359: 12351: 12340: 12339:External links 12337: 12335: 12334: 12316: 12302: 12288: 12274: 12262:(1): 117–121. 12247: 12197: 12168: 12162: 12148:Maddieson, Ian 12140: 12128:10.2307/475860 12111: 12102: 12097:978-8815258847 12096: 12083: 12066:978-8894034813 12065: 12050: 12045: 12028: 12008:(2): 131–151. 11993: 11989:978-0340928271 11988: 11974: 11972: 11969: 11967: 11966: 11941: 11916: 11891: 11866: 11841: 11816: 11791: 11761: 11739: 11708: 11701: 11672: 11637: 11625: 11618: 11592: 11574: 11553:978-0521621847 11552: 11530: 11505: 11479: 11453: 11433: 11415: 11413:, p. 118. 11403: 11401:, p. 221. 11388: 11375: 11363: 11351: 11339: 11324: 11312: 11310:, p. 134. 11300: 11288: 11286:, p. 133. 11276: 11264: 11245: 11230: 11228:, p. 132. 11213: 11201: 11199:, p. 117. 11182: 11170: 11158: 11128: 11098: 11057: 11031: 11001: 10986:(in Italian). 10975: 10960:(in Italian). 10949: 10934:(in Italian). 10923: 10897: 10875: 10845:(in Italian). 10829: 10803: 10771: 10745: 10715: 10682: 10665: 10630: 10590: 10560: 10551: 10532: 10512: 10479: 10472: 10452: 10430: 10404: 10375: 10362: 10330: 10301: 10275: 10260:(in Italian). 10249: 10219: 10206: 10180: 10150: 10137: 10120: 10083: 10053: 10036: 10007: 10000: 9994:. Lippincott. 9977: 9947: 9929: 9910: 9857: 9840: 9834:Cardia, Amos. 9827: 9810: 9769: 9754: 9736: 9721: 9695: 9665: 9650: 9635: 9608: 9596: 9570: 9540: 9509: 9481: 9449: 9423: 9397: 9371: 9352: 9332: 9306: 9287: 9275:Fleure, H. J. 9267: 9234: 9198: 9168: 9142: 9116: 9069: 9067: 9064: 9061: 9060: 9027: 9010: 9009: 9007: 9004: 9002: 9001: 8996: 8991: 8986: 8981: 8976: 8971: 8966: 8961: 8956: 8951: 8946: 8941: 8936: 8931: 8926: 8921: 8916: 8911: 8906: 8901: 8895: 8890: 8885: 8880: 8875: 8870: 8865: 8858: 8853: 8848: 8838: 8825: 8824: 8823: 8809: 8795: 8781: 8765: 8762: 8759: 8758: 8755: 8750: 8746: 8745: 8742: 8737: 8733: 8732: 8729: 8722: 8718: 8717: 8714: 8709: 8705: 8704: 8701: 8699:Grazia Deledda 8696: 8692: 8691: 8688: 8683: 8679: 8678: 8675: 8672: 8651: 8648: 8647: 8646: 8631: 8630: 8614: 8611: 8608: 8607: 8602: 8597: 8593: 8592: 8587: 8582: 8578: 8577: 8572: 8567: 8563: 8562: 8557: 8552: 8548: 8547: 8542: 8537: 8533: 8532: 8527: 8522: 8518: 8517: 8512: 8507: 8503: 8502: 8497: 8492: 8488: 8487: 8482: 8477: 8473: 8472: 8467: 8462: 8458: 8457: 8452: 8447: 8443: 8442: 8437: 8432: 8428: 8427: 8424: 8421: 8414: 8411: 8408: 8407: 8402: 8397: 8393: 8392: 8387: 8382: 8378: 8377: 8372: 8367: 8363: 8362: 8357: 8352: 8348: 8347: 8342: 8337: 8333: 8332: 8327: 8322: 8318: 8317: 8312: 8307: 8303: 8302: 8299: 8296: 8289: 8286: 8283: 8282: 8279: 8276: 8272: 8271: 8268: 8265: 8261: 8260: 8257: 8254: 8250: 8249: 8244: 8241: 8237: 8236: 8231: 8228: 8224: 8223: 8218: 8215: 8211: 8210: 8205: 8202: 8198: 8197: 8194: 8191: 8182: 8181: 8175: 8174: 8169: 8164: 8160: 8159: 8154: 8149: 8145: 8144: 8139: 8134: 8130: 8129: 8127:/ˌventiˈsɛtte/ 8124: 8119: 8115: 8114: 8109: 8104: 8100: 8099: 8094: 8089: 8085: 8084: 8079: 8074: 8070: 8069: 8064: 8059: 8055: 8054: 8049: 8044: 8040: 8039: 8034: 8029: 8025: 8024: 8021: 8018: 8011: 8005: 8004: 7999: 7994: 7990: 7989: 7984: 7979: 7975: 7974: 7969: 7964: 7960: 7959: 7957:/ditʃasˈsɛtte/ 7954: 7949: 7945: 7944: 7939: 7934: 7930: 7929: 7924: 7919: 7915: 7914: 7909: 7904: 7900: 7899: 7894: 7889: 7885: 7884: 7879: 7874: 7870: 7869: 7864: 7859: 7855: 7854: 7851: 7848: 7841: 7835: 7834: 7829: 7824: 7820: 7819: 7814: 7809: 7805: 7804: 7799: 7794: 7790: 7789: 7784: 7779: 7775: 7774: 7769: 7764: 7760: 7759: 7754: 7749: 7745: 7744: 7739: 7734: 7730: 7729: 7724: 7719: 7715: 7714: 7709: 7704: 7700: 7699: 7694: 7689: 7685: 7684: 7679: 7676: 7666: 7664: 7661: 7658: 7657: 7654: 7647: 7643: 7642: 7639: 7632: 7628: 7627: 7624: 7617: 7613: 7612: 7609: 7602: 7598: 7597: 7594: 7587: 7583: 7582: 7579: 7572: 7568: 7567: 7564: 7557: 7553: 7552: 7549: 7542: 7538: 7537: 7534: 7527: 7523: 7522: 7519: 7512: 7508: 7507: 7504: 7501: 7494: 7491: 7488: 7487: 7484: 7481: 7477: 7476: 7473: 7470: 7466: 7465: 7462: 7459: 7455: 7454: 7451: 7448: 7444: 7443: 7440: 7437: 7433: 7432: 7429: 7426: 7422: 7421: 7418: 7415: 7411: 7410: 7407: 7404: 7400: 7399: 7396: 7393: 7389: 7388: 7385: 7382: 7375: 7374:Question words 7372: 7369: 7368: 7363: 7349: 7345: 7344: 7339: 7325: 7321: 7320: 7315: 7308: 7304: 7303: 7298: 7291: 7287: 7286: 7281: 7274: 7270: 7269: 7259: 7252: 7248: 7247: 7239: 7226: 7222: 7221: 7219: 7199: 7195: 7194: 7183: 7157: 7153: 7152: 7147: 7140: 7136: 7135: 7117: 7107:Parla inglese? 7101:Parli inglese? 7097: 7093: 7092: 7079: 7076:Non ho capito. 7066: 7062: 7061: 7053: 7040: 7036: 7035: 7027: 7020:(masculine) / 7013: 7009: 7008: 7003: 6996: 6992: 6991: 6983: 6963: 6959: 6958: 6953: 6928: 6924: 6923: 6914: 6901: 6897: 6896: 6891: 6884: 6880: 6879: 6874: 6867: 6863: 6862: 6857: 6850: 6846: 6845: 6840: 6833: 6829: 6828: 6809: 6790: 6786: 6785: 6780: 6773: 6769: 6768: 6766:/midisˈpjatʃe/ 6755: 6717: 6713: 6712: 6707: 6700: 6696: 6695: 6687: 6661: 6657: 6656: 6654:/perkorteˈzia/ 6651:/perpjaˈtʃere/ 6640: 6621: 6617: 6616: 6602: 6598:/ Benvenuta/-e 6588: 6584: 6583: 6574: 6570:Ti voglio bene 6560: 6556: 6555: 6550: 6546:Buona fortuna! 6542: 6538: 6537: 6527: 6507: 6503: 6502: 6497: 6494:Buon appetito! 6490: 6486: 6485: 6480: 6472: 6468: 6467: 6462:/ˌbwɔnaˈnɔtte/ 6459: 6445: 6441: 6440: 6435: 6428: 6424: 6423: 6421:/ˌbwɔnˈdʒorno/ 6418: 6410: 6406: 6405: 6390: 6364: 6360: 6359: 6354: 6347: 6343: 6342: 6337: 6320: 6316: 6315: 6304: 6285: 6281: 6280: 6270: 6263: 6259: 6258: 6248: 6241: 6237: 6236: 6235:Pronunciation 6233: 6224: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6008:'an uncle' or 5910: 5909: 5906: 5903: 5900: 5896: 5895: 5892: 5889: 5886: 5882: 5881: 5878: 5875: 5872: 5868: 5867: 5864: 5861: 5858: 5854: 5853: 5850: 5849:Singular Form 5847: 5844: 5651:Main article: 5648: 5645: 5639:'the people', 5587:gorgia toscana 5522: 5521: 5446: 5445: 5442: 5441: 5426: 5423: 5414: 5410: 5409: 5400: 5397: 5386: 5383: 5379: 5378: 5367: 5364: 5353: 5349: 5348: 5337: 5334: 5325: 5322: 5318: 5317: 5314: 5311: 5304: 5303: 5302:. For example: 5245: 5242:palatalization 5154: 5083:can symbolize 5073: 4981:distinguishes 4975: 4950:"princes" and 4893:to indicate a 4753:). The letter 4663: 4662: 4557:The spellings 4555: 4473: 4415: 4396: 4367:Italian has a 4361:Main article: 4358: 4357:Writing system 4355: 4342: 4339: 4338: 4337: 4322: 4307: 4306: 4231: 4180: 4141: 4035: 4034: 3988: 3977: 3877: 3828: 3827: 3826: 3680: 3679: 3639: 3599: 3576:(cf. Romanian 3566: 3499: 3498: 3497: 3496: 3405: 3383: 3357: 3323: 3281: 3280: 3279: 3274:Non-retracted 3272: 3259: 3249: 3246:denti-alveolar 3236: 3222: 3197:('fate') with 3169: 3168: 3166: 3164: 3157: 3155: 3153: 3147: 3146: 3144: 3137: 3134: 3127: 3125: 3123: 3117: 3116: 3109: 3107: 3100: 3097: 3095: 3093: 3087: 3086: 3084: 3075: 3068: 3059: 3052: 3045: 3038: 3032: 3031: 3029: 3022: 3015: 3008: 3001: 2999: 2993: 2992: 2985: 2978: 2976: 2969: 2962: 2955: 2948: 2942: 2941: 2939: 2932: 2929: 2922: 2920: 2913: 2911: 2905: 2904: 2899: 2887: 2877: 2872: 2864: 2856: 2834:Main article: 2831: 2828: 2820:code-switching 2662: 2659: 2595: 2592: 2502: 2499: 2460: 2457: 2431:Gente d'Italia 2429:(Brazil), the 2417:(Mexico), the 2413:(Canada), the 2383:L'italoeuropeo 2233:Italian Libyan 2181:following the 2077:County of Nice 2069:Corsican idiom 2016:Niçard Vespers 1932: 1929: 1832: 1831:Classification 1829: 1750: 1747: 1730: 1727: 1717:'s Latin tome 1695: 1694: 1679: 1669: 1610:Italianization 1586:printing press 1543:era, known as 1536: 1533: 1482:Northern Italy 1277:Tuscan dialect 1267: 1260: 1259: 1258: 1249: 1248: 1247: 1246: 1245: 1243: 1240: 1227: 1224: 1178:United Kingdom 1001: 1000: 998: 997: 990: 983: 975: 972: 971: 970: 969: 964: 956: 955: 949: 948: 947: 946: 941: 933: 932: 926: 925: 924: 923: 915: 914: 908: 907: 906: 905: 900: 895: 890: 885: 880: 875: 867: 866: 859: 858: 857: 856: 849: 842: 840:Italian Purism 837: 832: 825: 820: 815: 810: 802: 801: 795: 794: 793: 792: 787: 778: 773: 761: 753: 752: 746: 745: 733: 732: 719:, you may see 705: 704: 697: 691: 685: 683: 675: 674: 667: 661: 660: 653: 645: 644: 637: 629: 628: 619: 611: 610: 601: 593: 592: 591:Language codes 588: 587: 571: 565: 564: 532: 530: 525: 522: 521: 519: 518: 513: 508: 503: 498: 493: 488: 483: 478: 473: 471:European Union 468: 459: 458: 457: 454: 453: 441: 429: 420:Slovene Istria 413: 412: 411: 408: 407: 402: 397: 392: 383: 382: 381: 379: 376: 373: 372: 368: 367: 348: 341: 338: 337: 323: 319:Writing system 316: 313: 312: 311: 310: 304: 299: 293: 292: 285: 281: 280: 278: 277: 276: 275: 274: 273: 254: 252: 249: 246: 245: 243: 242: 241: 240: 239: 238: 237: 236: 235: 234: 233: 232: 231: 230: 229: 228: 184: 182: 175: 172: 171: 158: 154: 153: 148: 144: 143: 141: 140: 134: 124: 114: 100: 95: 90: 84: 82: 81:Native to 78: 77: 70: 66: 65: 51: 50: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 18869: 18858: 18855: 18853: 18850: 18848: 18845: 18843: 18840: 18838: 18835: 18833: 18830: 18828: 18825: 18823: 18820: 18818: 18815: 18813: 18810: 18808: 18805: 18803: 18800: 18799: 18797: 18786:from Wikidata 18785: 18784: 18772: 18768: 18767: 18755: 18751: 18750: 18738: 18734: 18733: 18721: 18717: 18716: 18704: 18700: 18699: 18687: 18683: 18682: 18670: 18669: 18666: 18660: 18652: 18642: 18640: 18630: 18628: 18618: 18616: 18606: 18604: 18599: 18594: 18593: 18590: 18571: 18568: 18566: 18563: 18562: 18560: 18556: 18550: 18547: 18545: 18542: 18540: 18537: 18535: 18532: 18530: 18527: 18525: 18524:Faroe Islands 18522: 18520: 18517: 18516: 18514: 18508: 18502: 18499: 18497: 18496:South Ossetia 18494: 18492: 18489: 18487: 18484: 18482: 18479: 18478: 18476: 18470: 18464: 18461: 18457: 18454: 18452: 18449: 18447: 18444: 18442: 18439: 18438: 18437: 18434: 18432: 18429: 18427: 18424: 18422: 18419: 18417: 18414: 18412: 18409: 18407: 18404: 18402: 18399: 18397: 18394: 18392: 18389: 18387: 18384: 18382: 18379: 18377: 18374: 18372: 18369: 18367: 18364: 18362: 18359: 18357: 18354: 18352: 18349: 18347: 18344: 18342: 18339: 18337: 18334: 18332: 18329: 18327: 18324: 18322: 18321:Liechtenstein 18319: 18317: 18314: 18312: 18309: 18307: 18304: 18302: 18300: 18297: 18295: 18292: 18290: 18287: 18285: 18282: 18280: 18277: 18275: 18272: 18270: 18267: 18265: 18262: 18260: 18257: 18255: 18252: 18250: 18247: 18245: 18242: 18240: 18237: 18235: 18232: 18230: 18227: 18225: 18222: 18220: 18217: 18215: 18212: 18210: 18207: 18205: 18202: 18200: 18197: 18195: 18192: 18191: 18189: 18185: 18181: 18174: 18169: 18167: 18162: 18160: 18155: 18154: 18151: 18138: 18134: 18132: 18128: 18125: 18123: 18119: 18116: 18115: 18112: 18106: 18105:Proto-Romance 18103: 18102: 18100: 18098:Reconstructed 18096: 18088: 18085: 18083: 18080: 18079: 18078: 18075: 18073: 18072: 18068: 18066: 18065: 18064:British Latin 18061: 18059: 18058: 18054: 18053: 18051: 18047: 18035: 18032: 18030: 18027: 18025: 18022: 18020: 18017: 18016: 18014: 18011: 18008: 18007: 18003: 18002: 18000: 17996: 17988: 17985: 17983: 17980: 17978: 17975: 17973: 17970: 17968: 17965: 17964: 17963: 17960: 17956: 17953: 17951: 17948: 17947: 17946: 17943: 17939: 17936: 17935: 17934: 17931: 17930: 17928: 17926: 17920: 17910: 17909: 17905: 17904: 17903: 17902: 17898: 17894: 17891: 17889: 17886: 17885: 17884: 17883:Vivaro-Alpine 17881: 17877: 17874: 17873: 17872: 17869: 17867: 17864: 17862: 17859: 17857: 17856: 17852: 17848: 17847: 17843: 17841: 17838: 17836: 17833: 17831: 17828: 17827: 17826: 17823: 17821: 17818: 17817: 17816: 17813: 17807: 17804: 17802: 17799: 17798: 17796: 17794: 17791: 17789: 17788: 17784: 17780: 17777: 17775: 17772: 17768: 17765: 17763: 17760: 17759: 17758: 17755: 17753: 17750: 17749: 17747: 17745: 17742: 17741: 17740: 17739: 17735: 17734: 17732: 17730: 17724: 17713: 17710: 17707: 17704: 17703: 17701: 17697: 17689: 17688: 17687:Old Navarrese 17684: 17683: 17682: 17681: 17677: 17675: 17672: 17668: 17665: 17664: 17663: 17660: 17658: 17657: 17653: 17652: 17650: 17646: 17640: 17639: 17635: 17631: 17628: 17626: 17623: 17621: 17618: 17614: 17611: 17609: 17606: 17604: 17601: 17599: 17596: 17592: 17589: 17588: 17587: 17584: 17583: 17582: 17581: 17577: 17573: 17570: 17566: 17563: 17562: 17561: 17558: 17554: 17551: 17550: 17549: 17546: 17545: 17544: 17543: 17539: 17537: 17536:Equatoguinean 17534: 17532: 17529: 17528: 17527: 17526: 17522: 17520: 17517: 17515: 17512: 17510: 17507: 17506: 17504: 17502: 17498: 17492: 17491: 17487: 17483: 17480: 17478: 17475: 17471: 17468: 17467: 17466: 17465: 17461: 17457: 17454: 17453: 17452: 17451: 17447: 17445: 17442: 17440: 17439: 17435: 17433: 17430: 17429: 17428: 17427: 17423: 17421: 17420: 17416: 17414: 17411: 17406: 17403: 17402: 17401: 17398: 17396: 17393: 17392: 17390: 17388: 17384: 17378: 17377: 17373: 17371: 17368: 17364: 17361: 17360: 17359: 17356: 17354: 17351: 17347: 17344: 17343: 17342: 17339: 17338: 17336: 17334: 17330: 17327: 17324: 17317: 17311: 17301: 17300: 17296: 17294: 17293: 17289: 17285: 17282: 17280: 17277: 17275: 17272: 17271: 17269: 17266: 17265: 17262: 17254: 17251: 17249: 17246: 17245: 17244: 17241: 17237: 17234: 17232: 17229: 17228: 17227: 17224: 17222: 17219: 17217: 17214: 17212: 17209: 17205: 17202: 17200: 17197: 17195: 17192: 17188: 17187: 17183: 17179: 17176: 17175: 17174: 17171: 17169: 17166: 17164: 17163: 17159: 17158: 17157: 17154: 17153: 17152: 17149: 17147: 17144: 17140: 17137: 17135: 17132: 17130: 17127: 17126: 17125: 17122: 17118: 17117: 17113: 17109: 17106: 17102: 17099: 17098: 17097: 17094: 17092: 17089: 17085: 17082: 17080: 17077: 17075: 17072: 17070: 17067: 17063: 17060: 17058: 17055: 17054: 17053: 17050: 17048: 17045: 17043: 17040: 17036: 17033: 17031: 17028: 17027: 17026: 17023: 17022: 17021: 17018: 17017: 17015: 17013: 17010: 17008: 17005: 17004: 17003: 17002: 16998: 16996: 16993: 16991: 16990:Frainc-Comtou 16988: 16984: 16981: 16979: 16976: 16975: 16974: 16971: 16969: 16966: 16964: 16961: 16959: 16956: 16954: 16951: 16950: 16948: 16946: 16940: 16937: 16935: 16929: 16921: 16918: 16917: 16916: 16913: 16911: 16910: 16906: 16900: 16897: 16895: 16892: 16888: 16885: 16883: 16880: 16878: 16875: 16874: 16873: 16870: 16868: 16865: 16863: 16860: 16856: 16853: 16851: 16848: 16846: 16843: 16841: 16838: 16837: 16836: 16833: 16831: 16828: 16824: 16821: 16820: 16819: 16816: 16815: 16814: 16811: 16807: 16804: 16802: 16799: 16798: 16797: 16794: 16793: 16792: 16789: 16787: 16786:Judeo-Italian 16784: 16780: 16777: 16775: 16772: 16770: 16767: 16765: 16762: 16760: 16757: 16755: 16752: 16751: 16750: 16747: 16745: 16742: 16740: 16737: 16735: 16732: 16726: 16723: 16721: 16718: 16717: 16716: 16713: 16709: 16706: 16704: 16701: 16700: 16699: 16696: 16695: 16694: 16691: 16690: 16688: 16686: 16682: 16679: 16677: 16673: 16663: 16660: 16656: 16653: 16651: 16650: 16646: 16645: 16644: 16641: 16640: 16638: 16634: 16626: 16623: 16619: 16616: 16614: 16611: 16609: 16606: 16604: 16601: 16597: 16594: 16593: 16592: 16589: 16587: 16584: 16582: 16581:Castelmezzano 16579: 16577: 16574: 16572: 16569: 16568: 16567: 16566: 16562: 16561: 16560: 16557: 16551: 16548: 16547: 16546: 16543: 16539: 16536: 16535: 16534: 16531: 16529: 16526: 16525: 16524: 16521: 16520: 16518: 16514: 16506: 16503: 16502: 16501: 16500: 16496: 16494: 16491: 16487: 16486:Swiss Italian 16484: 16482: 16479: 16477: 16474: 16472: 16469: 16468: 16467: 16466: 16462: 16458: 16455: 16454: 16453: 16450: 16446: 16443: 16441: 16438: 16436: 16433: 16429: 16426: 16424: 16421: 16419: 16416: 16415: 16414: 16411: 16410: 16409: 16406: 16405: 16403: 16399: 16396: 16394: 16388: 16382: 16381: 16377: 16373: 16370: 16368: 16367:Transylvanian 16365: 16363: 16360: 16358: 16355: 16353: 16350: 16348: 16345: 16343: 16340: 16338: 16335: 16333: 16330: 16329: 16328: 16327: 16326:Daco-Romanian 16323: 16321: 16318: 16316: 16313: 16311: 16308: 16307: 16305: 16303: 16299: 16293: 16290: 16286: 16283: 16281: 16278: 16277: 16276: 16275:Italo-Western 16273: 16271: 16268: 16267: 16265: 16261: 16256: 16252: 16245: 16240: 16238: 16233: 16231: 16226: 16225: 16222: 16210: 16207: 16205: 16202: 16200: 16197: 16196: 16194: 16190: 16184: 16181: 16179: 16176: 16174: 16171: 16168: 16164: 16161: 16160: 16158: 16154: 16148: 16145: 16143: 16140: 16138: 16135: 16133: 16130: 16129: 16127: 16123: 16119: 16114: 16105: 16100: 16098: 16093: 16091: 16086: 16085: 16082: 16070: 16067: 16066: 16064: 16060: 16054: 16051: 16049: 16046: 16045: 16043: 16039: 16033: 16030: 16029: 16027: 16025: 16021: 16008: 16007:Gottscheerish 16004: 16003: 16002: 15999: 15998: 15996: 15994: 15990: 15987: 15985: 15981: 15975: 15972: 15971: 15969: 15967: 15963: 15953: 15950: 15948: 15945: 15943: 15940: 15939: 15937: 15933: 15923: 15920: 15918: 15915: 15913: 15910: 15908: 15905: 15904: 15902: 15898: 15892: 15889: 15888: 15886: 15884: 15880: 15874: 15871: 15866: 15862: 15861: 15860: 15857: 15856: 15854: 15852: 15848: 15845: 15843: 15839: 15829: 15826: 15824: 15821: 15819: 15816: 15814: 15811: 15810: 15808: 15806: 15802: 15793: 15792:Sevnica-Krško 15789: 15786: 15782: 15779: 15775: 15774: 15773: 15770: 15768: 15765: 15760: 15756: 15755: 15754: 15753:South Pohorje 15751: 15749: 15746: 15741: 15737: 15736: 15735: 15734:Upper Savinja 15732: 15730: 15727: 15726: 15724: 15722: 15718: 15712: 15709: 15707: 15704: 15702: 15699: 15697: 15694: 15692: 15689: 15684: 15680: 15679: 15678: 15675: 15674: 15672: 15670: 15666: 15660: 15657: 15652: 15648: 15647: 15646: 15643: 15642: 15640: 15638: 15634: 15628: 15625: 15623: 15620: 15618: 15615: 15613: 15610: 15608: 15605: 15600: 15596: 15595: 15594: 15591: 15590: 15588: 15586: 15582: 15573: 15569: 15566: 15562: 15561: 15560: 15557: 15555: 15552: 15550: 15547: 15542: 15538: 15537: 15536: 15533: 15531: 15528: 15526: 15523: 15521: 15518: 15517: 15515: 15513: 15509: 15503: 15500: 15498: 15495: 15493: 15490: 15485: 15484:Kranjska Gora 15481: 15480: 15479: 15476: 15475: 15473: 15471: 15467: 15464: 15462: 15458: 15455: 15453: 15449: 15445: 15438: 15433: 15431: 15426: 15424: 15419: 15418: 15415: 15397: 15393: 15382: 15379: 15374: 15370: 15369: 15368: 15365: 15363: 15360: 15355: 15351: 15350: 15349: 15346: 15345: 15343: 15339: 15329: 15326: 15324: 15321: 15319: 15316: 15315: 15313: 15309: 15300: 15296: 15295: 15294: 15291: 15289: 15286: 15284: 15281: 15280: 15278: 15276: 15272: 15269: 15267: 15263: 15253: 15250: 15248: 15245: 15244: 15242: 15240: 15239:Italiot Greek 15236: 15233: 15231: 15227: 15217: 15214: 15212: 15211:Slavomolisano 15209: 15207: 15204: 15202: 15199: 15198: 15196: 15194: 15190: 15184: 15181: 15179: 15176: 15174: 15171: 15169: 15166: 15164: 15161: 15159: 15156: 15154: 15151: 15149: 15146: 15145: 15143: 15141: 15137: 15134: 15132: 15128: 15115: 15111: 15110: 15109: 15106: 15105: 15103: 15101: 15097: 15094: 15092: 15088: 15084: 15077: 15066: 15047: 15043: 15040: 15036: 15033: 15029: 15028: 15027: 15024: 15022: 15019: 15018: 15016: 15014: 15010: 15007: 15005: 15001: 14991: 14988: 14986: 14983: 14982: 14980: 14978: 14974: 14971: 14969: 14965: 14955: 14952: 14950: 14947: 14945: 14944:Judeo-Italian 14942: 14940: 14937: 14935: 14932: 14931: 14929: 14923: 14914: 14910: 14909: 14908: 14905: 14900: 14896: 14893: 14889: 14888: 14887: 14884: 14883: 14881: 14879: 14875: 14866: 14862: 14859: 14855: 14854: 14853: 14850: 14845: 14841: 14836: 14832: 14829: 14825: 14822: 14818: 14817: 14815: 14811: 14808: 14804: 14799: 14795: 14794: 14792: 14788: 14785: 14781: 14776: 14772: 14769: 14765: 14762: 14758: 14755: 14751: 14750: 14748: 14744: 14739: 14735: 14734: 14732: 14728: 14723: 14719: 14718: 14716: 14712: 14711: 14710: 14707: 14706: 14704: 14702: 14698: 14692: 14689: 14687: 14684: 14682: 14679: 14677: 14674: 14672: 14669: 14667: 14664: 14663: 14661: 14659: 14655: 14652: 14650: 14646: 14633: 14629: 14628: 14627: 14624: 14622: 14619: 14618: 14616: 14614: 14610: 14604: 14601: 14600: 14598: 14596: 14592: 14589: 14587: 14586:Gallo-Romance 14583: 14573: 14570: 14565: 14561: 14560: 14559: 14558:Vivaro-Alpine 14556: 14555: 14553: 14551: 14547: 14541: 14538: 14537: 14535: 14533: 14529: 14526: 14524: 14520: 14510: 14507: 14505: 14502: 14501: 14499: 14497: 14493: 14490: 14488: 14484: 14474: 14471: 14469: 14466: 14464: 14461: 14460: 14458: 14452: 14443: 14439: 14438: 14437: 14434: 14429: 14425: 14424: 14423: 14420: 14418: 14415: 14414: 14412: 14410: 14406: 14400: 14397: 14395: 14392: 14390: 14387: 14385: 14382: 14377: 14373: 14372: 14371: 14368: 14366: 14363: 14361: 14358: 14356: 14353: 14351: 14348: 14346: 14343: 14342: 14340: 14338: 14334: 14328: 14325: 14323: 14320: 14318: 14315: 14313: 14310: 14308: 14305: 14304: 14302: 14298: 14292: 14289: 14288: 14286: 14284: 14280: 14274: 14271: 14270: 14268: 14266: 14262: 14259: 14257: 14256:Italo-Romance 14253: 14249: 14245: 14241: 14237: 14233: 14229: 14225: 14221: 14217: 14213: 14209: 14205: 14201: 14197: 14193: 14189: 14188: 14182: 14178: 14173: 14164: 14159: 14157: 14152: 14150: 14145: 14144: 14141: 14131:autochthonous 14128: 14122: 14119: 14117: 14114: 14112: 14109: 14107: 14104: 14102: 14099: 14097: 14094: 14092: 14089: 14088: 14086: 14084: 14080: 14074: 14071: 14069: 14068:United States 14066: 14064: 14061: 14059: 14056: 14052: 14049: 14048: 14047: 14044: 14042: 14039: 14037: 14034: 14032: 14029: 14027: 14024: 14022: 14019: 14015: 14012: 14010: 14007: 14006: 14005: 14002: 14000: 13997: 13995: 13992: 13990: 13987: 13985: 13982: 13981: 13979: 13975: 13970: 13963: 13958: 13956: 13951: 13949: 13944: 13943: 13940: 13928: 13920: 13918: 13909: 13908: 13905: 13895: 13892: 13890: 13887: 13885: 13882: 13880: 13877: 13875: 13872: 13870: 13867: 13865: 13862: 13860: 13857: 13855: 13852: 13850: 13847: 13845: 13842: 13840: 13837: 13835: 13832: 13830: 13827: 13825: 13822: 13820: 13817: 13815: 13812: 13810: 13807: 13805: 13802: 13800: 13797: 13795: 13792: 13790: 13787: 13785: 13782: 13780: 13777: 13775: 13772: 13770: 13767: 13765: 13762: 13760: 13757: 13755: 13752: 13750: 13747: 13745: 13742: 13740: 13737: 13735: 13732: 13730: 13727: 13725: 13722: 13720: 13717: 13715: 13712: 13711: 13709: 13707: 13703: 13697: 13694: 13692: 13689: 13687: 13684: 13682: 13679: 13677: 13674: 13672: 13669: 13667: 13664: 13662: 13659: 13657: 13654: 13652: 13649: 13647: 13644: 13638: 13635: 13634: 13633: 13630: 13629: 13628: 13625: 13621: 13618: 13617: 13616: 13613: 13611: 13608: 13606: 13603: 13601: 13598: 13596: 13593: 13591: 13588: 13586: 13583: 13581: 13578: 13576: 13573: 13571: 13568: 13566: 13563: 13561: 13558: 13556: 13553: 13552: 13549: 13546: 13544: 13540: 13530: 13527: 13525: 13522: 13518: 13515: 13513: 13510: 13508: 13505: 13504: 13503: 13500: 13498: 13495: 13493: 13490: 13488: 13485: 13483: 13480: 13478: 13475: 13473: 13470: 13468: 13465: 13463: 13460: 13458: 13455: 13453: 13450: 13448: 13445: 13441: 13438: 13436: 13433: 13432: 13431: 13428: 13426: 13423: 13421: 13418: 13416: 13413: 13411: 13408: 13407: 13404: 13401: 13399: 13395: 13385: 13382: 13380: 13377: 13375: 13372: 13370: 13367: 13365: 13362: 13360: 13357: 13355: 13352: 13350: 13347: 13344: 13340: 13337: 13334: 13330: 13327: 13325: 13322: 13320: 13317: 13315: 13312: 13310: 13307: 13305: 13302: 13300: 13297: 13295: 13292: 13288: 13285: 13284: 13283: 13280: 13278: 13275: 13273: 13270: 13268: 13265: 13263: 13260: 13259: 13256: 13253: 13251: 13247: 13237: 13234: 13232: 13229: 13227: 13224: 13222: 13219: 13217: 13214: 13212: 13209: 13207: 13204: 13202: 13199: 13197: 13194: 13192: 13189: 13187: 13184: 13180: 13177: 13176: 13175: 13172: 13168: 13165: 13163: 13160: 13158: 13155: 13154: 13153: 13150: 13148: 13145: 13143: 13140: 13138: 13135: 13131: 13128: 13127: 13126: 13123: 13121: 13118: 13116: 13113: 13112: 13109: 13106: 13104: 13100: 13088: 13085: 13083: 13080: 13078: 13075: 13073: 13072:Years of Lead 13070: 13068: 13067:Economic Boom 13065: 13063: 13060: 13058: 13055: 13054: 13053: 13050: 13049: 13047: 13043: 13035: 13032: 13030: 13026: 13023: 13021: 13018: 13016: 13013: 13011: 13010:Fascist Italy 13008: 13004: 13001: 13000: 12999: 12996: 12994: 12991: 12989: 12986: 12985: 12984: 12981: 12977: 12974: 12972: 12969: 12967: 12964: 12962: 12959: 12957: 12956:Niçard exodus 12954: 12952: 12949: 12947: 12944: 12943: 12942: 12939: 12938: 12936: 12932: 12926: 12923: 12921: 12918: 12916: 12913: 12911: 12908: 12904: 12901: 12900: 12899: 12896: 12894: 12891: 12889: 12886: 12884: 12881: 12875: 12872: 12870: 12867: 12865: 12862: 12860: 12857: 12856: 12855: 12852: 12850: 12847: 12845: 12842: 12840: 12837: 12836: 12835: 12832: 12831: 12829: 12825: 12819: 12816: 12812: 12809: 12808: 12807: 12804: 12802: 12799: 12795: 12792: 12790: 12787: 12785: 12782: 12780: 12777: 12775: 12772: 12770: 12767: 12765: 12762: 12760: 12757: 12755: 12752: 12750: 12746: 12745: 12744: 12741: 12740: 12738: 12734: 12724: 12721: 12720: 12719: 12716: 12714: 12711: 12709: 12706: 12704: 12701: 12699: 12696: 12695: 12694: 12691: 12687: 12684: 12682: 12679: 12677: 12676:Magna Graecia 12674: 12672: 12669: 12667: 12664: 12660: 12657: 12655: 12652: 12650: 12647: 12645: 12642: 12640: 12637: 12635: 12632: 12631: 12630: 12627: 12626: 12625: 12622: 12621: 12619: 12615: 12607: 12604: 12602: 12599: 12597: 12594: 12592: 12589: 12587: 12584: 12582: 12579: 12577: 12574: 12572: 12569: 12567: 12564: 12563: 12562: 12559: 12558: 12556: 12552: 12546: 12543: 12541: 12538: 12536: 12533: 12531: 12528: 12526: 12523: 12521: 12518: 12516: 12513: 12511: 12508: 12506: 12503: 12501: 12498: 12496: 12493: 12491: 12488: 12486: 12483: 12481: 12478: 12477: 12475: 12471: 12465: 12462: 12461: 12459: 12455: 12452: 12450: 12446: 12442: 12438: 12431: 12426: 12424: 12419: 12417: 12412: 12411: 12408: 12402: 12395: 12389: 12388: 12383: 12382:Learn Italian 12379: 12377: 12374: 12372: 12368: 12365: 12363: 12360: 12355: 12352: 12348: 12343: 12342: 12330: 12323: 12322: 12317: 12315: 12311: 12307: 12303: 12301: 12300:88-7916-211-X 12297: 12293: 12289: 12287: 12286:88-7916-015-X 12283: 12279: 12275: 12270: 12265: 12261: 12257: 12253: 12248: 12238:on 6 May 2021 12234: 12230: 12226: 12222: 12218: 12214: 12210: 12203: 12198: 12194: 12190: 12186: 12182: 12178: 12174: 12169: 12165: 12163:0-631-19815-6 12159: 12155: 12154: 12149: 12145: 12141: 12137: 12133: 12129: 12125: 12121: 12117: 12112: 12108: 12103: 12099: 12093: 12090:. Il Mulino. 12089: 12084: 12072: 12068: 12062: 12058: 12057: 12051: 12048: 12042: 12038: 12034: 12029: 12025: 12021: 12016: 12011: 12007: 12003: 11999: 11994: 11991: 11985: 11981: 11976: 11975: 11955: 11951: 11945: 11930: 11926: 11920: 11905: 11901: 11895: 11880: 11876: 11870: 11855: 11851: 11845: 11830: 11826: 11820: 11805: 11801: 11795: 11779: 11775: 11771: 11765: 11757: 11753: 11749: 11743: 11727: 11723: 11719: 11712: 11704: 11698: 11694: 11687: 11685: 11683: 11681: 11679: 11677: 11660: 11656: 11652: 11646: 11644: 11642: 11634: 11629: 11621: 11615: 11611: 11607: 11603: 11596: 11588: 11581: 11579: 11571: 11559: 11555: 11549: 11545: 11541: 11534: 11519: 11515: 11509: 11493: 11489: 11483: 11467: 11463: 11457: 11450: 11447: 11437: 11430: 11429: 11422: 11420: 11412: 11407: 11400: 11395: 11393: 11385: 11379: 11373:, p. 13. 11372: 11367: 11361:, p. 58. 11360: 11355: 11349:, p. 59. 11348: 11343: 11336: 11331: 11329: 11321: 11316: 11309: 11304: 11297: 11292: 11285: 11280: 11273: 11268: 11261: 11256: 11254: 11252: 11250: 11243:, p. 62. 11242: 11237: 11235: 11227: 11222: 11220: 11218: 11211:, p. 78. 11210: 11205: 11198: 11193: 11191: 11189: 11187: 11179: 11174: 11167: 11166:Prifti (2014) 11162: 11146: 11142: 11138: 11132: 11116: 11112: 11108: 11102: 11094: 11090: 11085: 11080: 11077:(4): 475–97. 11076: 11072: 11068: 11061: 11045: 11041: 11035: 11019: 11015: 11011: 11005: 10989: 10985: 10979: 10963: 10959: 10953: 10937: 10933: 10927: 10911: 10907: 10901: 10893: 10889: 10885: 10879: 10872: 10860: 10856: 10852: 10848: 10844: 10840: 10833: 10817: 10813: 10807: 10791: 10787: 10786: 10781: 10775: 10759: 10755: 10749: 10733: 10729: 10725: 10719: 10700: 10693: 10686: 10680: 10676: 10673: 10669: 10653: 10649: 10641: 10634: 10627: 10612: 10608: 10601: 10594: 10578: 10574: 10570: 10564: 10555: 10539: 10535: 10533:9783832516444 10529: 10525: 10524: 10516: 10500: 10496: 10495: 10490: 10483: 10475: 10473:9781841624457 10469: 10465: 10464: 10456: 10448: 10444: 10440: 10434: 10418: 10414: 10408: 10392: 10388: 10382: 10380: 10372: 10366: 10347: 10340: 10334: 10318: 10314: 10308: 10306: 10289: 10285: 10279: 10263: 10259: 10253: 10237: 10233: 10231: 10223: 10216: 10210: 10194: 10190: 10184: 10168: 10164: 10160: 10154: 10147: 10141: 10134: 10130: 10124: 10105: 10101: 10094: 10087: 10071: 10067: 10063: 10057: 10050: 10048: 10040: 10033: 10030: 10026: 10023: 10020: 10018: 10011: 10003: 9997: 9993: 9992: 9987: 9981: 9965: 9961: 9957: 9951: 9943: 9939: 9933: 9917: 9913: 9907: 9902: 9897: 9893: 9889: 9885: 9883: 9875: 9871: 9867: 9861: 9854: 9850: 9844: 9837: 9831: 9824: 9820: 9814: 9806: 9802: 9797: 9792: 9788: 9784: 9780: 9773: 9765: 9761: 9757: 9751: 9747: 9740: 9733: 9728: 9726: 9709: 9705: 9699: 9692: 9680: 9676: 9669: 9661: 9654: 9646: 9642: 9638: 9632: 9628: 9621: 9619: 9617: 9615: 9613: 9606: 9600: 9585:on 2 May 2014 9584: 9580: 9574: 9567: 9563: 9560: 9559:Data for EU27 9556: 9552: 9549: 9544: 9528: 9524: 9520: 9513: 9505: 9501: 9500:Eurobarometer 9497: 9496: 9491: 9485: 9466: 9459: 9453: 9437: 9433: 9427: 9411: 9407: 9401: 9385: 9381: 9375: 9359: 9355: 9353:9789027261236 9349: 9345: 9344: 9336: 9320: 9316: 9310: 9294: 9290: 9288:9781176926981 9284: 9280: 9279: 9271: 9264: 9252: 9248: 9244: 9238: 9218: 9211: 9205: 9203: 9186: 9182: 9178: 9172: 9156: 9152: 9146: 9130: 9126: 9120: 9112: 9106: 9105: 9100: 9095: 9093: 9091: 9089: 9087: 9085: 9083: 9081: 9079: 9077: 9075: 9070: 9057: 9053: 9049: 9048:val Poschiavo 9045: 9041: 9037: 9031: 9024: 9018: 9016: 9011: 9000: 8997: 8995: 8992: 8990: 8987: 8985: 8982: 8980: 8977: 8975: 8972: 8970: 8967: 8965: 8962: 8960: 8957: 8955: 8952: 8950: 8947: 8945: 8942: 8940: 8937: 8935: 8932: 8930: 8927: 8925: 8922: 8920: 8917: 8915: 8912: 8910: 8907: 8905: 8902: 8899: 8896: 8894: 8891: 8889: 8886: 8884: 8881: 8879: 8876: 8874: 8871: 8869: 8866: 8864: 8863: 8859: 8857: 8854: 8852: 8849: 8845: 8839: 8835: 8830: 8827: 8826: 8821: 8815: 8810: 8807: 8796: 8793: 8782: 8779: 8768: 8756: 8754: 8751: 8748: 8747: 8743: 8741: 8738: 8735: 8734: 8730: 8727: 8723: 8720: 8719: 8715: 8713: 8710: 8707: 8706: 8702: 8700: 8697: 8694: 8693: 8689: 8687: 8684: 8681: 8680: 8677:Contribution 8676: 8673: 8670: 8669: 8664: 8660: 8656: 8645: 8642: 8641: 8640: 8638: 8637: 8629: 8626: 8625: 8624: 8622: 8621: 8603: 8601: 8598: 8595: 8594: 8588: 8586: 8583: 8580: 8579: 8573: 8571: 8568: 8565: 8564: 8558: 8556: 8553: 8550: 8549: 8543: 8541: 8538: 8535: 8534: 8528: 8526: 8523: 8520: 8519: 8513: 8511: 8508: 8505: 8504: 8498: 8496: 8493: 8490: 8489: 8483: 8481: 8478: 8475: 8474: 8468: 8466: 8463: 8460: 8459: 8453: 8451: 8448: 8445: 8444: 8438: 8436: 8433: 8430: 8429: 8425: 8422: 8419: 8418: 8403: 8401: 8398: 8395: 8394: 8388: 8386: 8383: 8380: 8379: 8373: 8371: 8368: 8365: 8364: 8358: 8356: 8353: 8350: 8349: 8345:/ˌmerkoleˈdi/ 8343: 8341: 8338: 8335: 8334: 8328: 8326: 8323: 8320: 8319: 8313: 8311: 8308: 8305: 8304: 8300: 8297: 8294: 8293: 8280: 8277: 8275:one trillion 8274: 8273: 8269: 8266: 8263: 8262: 8258: 8255: 8252: 8251: 8245: 8242: 8239: 8238: 8232: 8229: 8226: 8225: 8219: 8216: 8213: 8212: 8206: 8203: 8200: 8199: 8195: 8192: 8189: 8188: 8180: 8170: 8168: 8165: 8162: 8161: 8157:/ˌventiˈnɔve/ 8155: 8153: 8150: 8147: 8146: 8140: 8138: 8135: 8132: 8131: 8125: 8123: 8120: 8117: 8116: 8110: 8108: 8105: 8102: 8101: 8095: 8093: 8090: 8087: 8086: 8080: 8078: 8075: 8072: 8071: 8065: 8063: 8060: 8057: 8056: 8050: 8048: 8045: 8042: 8041: 8035: 8033: 8030: 8027: 8026: 8022: 8019: 8016: 8015: 8012: 8010: 8000: 7998: 7995: 7992: 7991: 7987:/ditʃanˈnɔve/ 7985: 7983: 7980: 7977: 7976: 7970: 7968: 7965: 7962: 7961: 7955: 7953: 7950: 7947: 7946: 7940: 7938: 7935: 7932: 7931: 7925: 7923: 7920: 7917: 7916: 7910: 7908: 7905: 7902: 7901: 7895: 7893: 7890: 7887: 7886: 7880: 7878: 7875: 7872: 7871: 7865: 7863: 7860: 7857: 7856: 7852: 7849: 7846: 7845: 7842: 7840: 7830: 7828: 7825: 7822: 7821: 7815: 7813: 7810: 7807: 7806: 7800: 7798: 7795: 7792: 7791: 7785: 7783: 7780: 7777: 7776: 7770: 7768: 7765: 7762: 7761: 7755: 7753: 7750: 7747: 7746: 7740: 7738: 7735: 7732: 7731: 7725: 7723: 7720: 7717: 7716: 7710: 7708: 7705: 7702: 7701: 7695: 7693: 7690: 7687: 7686: 7683: 7680: 7677: 7674: 7673: 7670: 7669: 7655: 7652: 7648: 7645: 7644: 7640: 7637: 7633: 7630: 7629: 7626:/settiˈmana/ 7625: 7622: 7618: 7615: 7614: 7610: 7607: 7603: 7600: 7599: 7595: 7592: 7588: 7585: 7584: 7580: 7577: 7573: 7570: 7569: 7565: 7562: 7558: 7555: 7554: 7550: 7547: 7543: 7540: 7539: 7535: 7532: 7528: 7525: 7524: 7520: 7517: 7513: 7510: 7509: 7505: 7502: 7499: 7498: 7485: 7482: 7479: 7478: 7474: 7471: 7468: 7467: 7463: 7460: 7457: 7456: 7452: 7449: 7447:why, because 7446: 7445: 7441: 7438: 7435: 7434: 7430: 7427: 7424: 7423: 7419: 7416: 7413: 7412: 7408: 7405: 7402: 7401: 7397: 7394: 7391: 7390: 7386: 7383: 7380: 7379: 7364: 7360: 7354: 7350: 7347: 7346: 7340: 7336: 7330: 7326: 7323: 7322: 7316: 7313: 7309: 7306: 7305: 7299: 7296: 7292: 7289: 7288: 7282: 7279: 7278:Quanto costa? 7275: 7272: 7271: 7264: 7260: 7257: 7253: 7250: 7249: 7245:/keˌoreˈsono/ 7240: 7237: 7236:Che ore sono? 7231: 7227: 7224: 7223: 7220: 7216: 7210: 7206:(informal) / 7204: 7200: 7197: 7196: 7184: 7180: 7174: 7168: 7164:(informal) / 7162: 7158: 7155: 7154: 7148: 7145: 7141: 7138: 7137: 7130: 7122: 7118: 7114: 7108: 7104:(informal) / 7102: 7098: 7095: 7094: 7087:/nonkaˈpisko/ 7084: 7080: 7077: 7071: 7067: 7064: 7063: 7054: 7051: 7045: 7041: 7038: 7037: 7028: 7024: 7018: 7014: 7011: 7010: 7004: 7001: 6997: 6995:My name is... 6994: 6993: 6984: 6980: 6974: 6970:(informal) / 6968: 6964: 6961: 6960: 6954: 6951: 6945: 6939: 6933: 6929: 6926: 6925: 6915: 6912: 6906: 6902: 6899: 6898: 6892: 6889: 6885: 6883:Why / Because 6882: 6881: 6875: 6872: 6868: 6865: 6864: 6858: 6855: 6851: 6848: 6847: 6841: 6838: 6834: 6831: 6830: 6810: 6807: 6801: 6795: 6791: 6788: 6787: 6781: 6778: 6774: 6771: 6770: 6756: 6752: 6751:Sono desolata 6746: 6745:Sono desolato 6740: 6734: 6730:(informal) / 6728: 6722: 6718: 6715: 6714: 6708: 6705: 6701: 6698: 6697: 6688: 6684: 6683:Vi ringrazio! 6678: 6677:La ringrazio! 6674:(informal) / 6672: 6671:Ti ringrazio! 6666: 6662: 6659: 6658: 6645: 6641: 6638: 6632: 6626: 6622: 6619: 6618: 6603: 6599: 6593: 6589: 6586: 6585: 6575: 6571: 6565: 6561: 6558: 6557: 6551: 6547: 6543: 6540: 6539: 6532: 6528: 6524: 6518: 6512: 6508: 6505: 6504: 6498: 6495: 6491: 6488: 6487: 6481: 6477: 6473: 6470: 6469: 6460: 6456: 6455:Buona serata! 6450: 6446: 6443: 6442: 6438:/ˌbwɔnaˈsera/ 6436: 6433: 6429: 6427:Good evening! 6426: 6425: 6419: 6417:(= Good day!) 6415: 6411: 6409:Good morning! 6408: 6407: 6400:/ˌkomeˈstate/ 6391: 6387: 6381: 6375: 6371:(informal) / 6369: 6365: 6362: 6361: 6355: 6352: 6348: 6345: 6344: 6338: 6336:(semi-formal) 6334: 6330:(informal) / 6328: 6326: 6321: 6318: 6317: 6305: 6302: 6301:Naturalmente! 6296: 6290: 6286: 6283: 6282: 6275: 6271: 6268: 6264: 6261: 6260: 6253: 6249: 6246: 6242: 6239: 6238: 6234: 6230: 6225: 6221: 6216: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6206: 6191: 6189: 6185: 6181: 6177: 6173: 6169: 6165: 6161: 6157: 6156:present tense 6153: 6149: 6144: 6142: 6138: 6134: 6129: 6124: 6122: 6118: 6114: 6110: 6106: 6102: 6098: 6093: 6091: 6087: 6083: 6079: 6075: 6071: 6067: 6063: 6059: 6055: 6051: 6047: 6043: 6039: 6035: 6031: 6027: 6023: 6019: 6015: 6011: 6007: 6003: 5999: 5995: 5991: 5983: 5979: 5967: 5963: 5959: 5954: 5952: 5948: 5944: 5940: 5936: 5930: 5928: 5923: 5919: 5917: 5907: 5904: 5901: 5898: 5897: 5893: 5890: 5887: 5884: 5883: 5879: 5876: 5873: 5870: 5869: 5865: 5862: 5859: 5856: 5855: 5851: 5848: 5845: 5842: 5841: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5829: 5825: 5821: 5817: 5813: 5809: 5805: 5801: 5797: 5793: 5789: 5785: 5781: 5777: 5773: 5769: 5765: 5761: 5757: 5753: 5749: 5745: 5741: 5737: 5733: 5729: 5725: 5721: 5717: 5713: 5709: 5705: 5701: 5697: 5692: 5690: 5686: 5682: 5678: 5674: 5670: 5666: 5660: 5659:Italian verbs 5654: 5644: 5642: 5638: 5635:'people' but 5634: 5626: 5619: 5614: 5612: 5597: 5593: 5589: 5588: 5583: 5578: 5572: 5568: 5559: 5527: 5516: 5509: 5498: 5497: 5472: 5471: 5464: 5463: 5456: 5448: 5447: 5440: 5439: 5435: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5415: 5412: 5411: 5408: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5395: 5387: 5384: 5380: 5377: 5376: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5362: 5354: 5351: 5350: 5347: 5346: 5338: 5335: 5333: 5326: 5323: 5319: 5310: 5309: 5306: 5305: 5297: 5293: 5289: 5250: 5246: 5243: 5239: 5235: 5223: 5217: 5200:. The letter 5195: 5189: 5171: 5167: 5155: 5153:in the south. 5113: 5106: 5090: 5086: 5074: 5067: 5051: 5047: 5036: 5029:. The letter 5024: 5016: 5012: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4976: 4973: 4969: 4965: 4961: 4958:"anchor" and 4957: 4953: 4949: 4940: 4936: 4932: 4928: 4920: 4917:, which is a 4912: 4908: 4904: 4900: 4896: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4868: 4864: 4856: 4852: 4851: 4850: 4796: 4764: 4760: 4752: 4748: 4744: 4740: 4736: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4692: 4685:. The letter 4684: 4680: 4676: 4672: 4668: 4657: 4650: 4643: 4636: 4620: 4616: 4611:/bioloˈdʒi.a/ 4609: 4604:/farmaˈtʃi.a/ 4602: 4594: 4590: 4583: 4576: 4564: 4560: 4556: 4550: 4543: 4536: 4529: 4525: 4521: 4510:to represent 4509: 4505: 4501: 4493: 4489: 4482: 4478: 4474: 4471: 4467: 4456: 4448: 4440: 4436: 4424: 4416: 4413: 4407: 4397: 4394: 4388: 4378: 4377: 4376: 4374: 4370: 4364: 4354: 4352: 4348: 4323: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4311: 4310: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4280: 4276: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4244: 4232: 4226: 4215: 4208: 4204: 4189: 4182:Vulgar Latin 4181: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4142: 4138:/(t)se,(t)si/ 4127: 4126: 4125: 4122: 4120: 4112: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4060: 4056: 4048: 4044: 4029: 4022: 4015: 4008: 4001: 3989: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3971: 3965: 3959: 3953: 3940: 3934: 3928: 3922: 3909: 3903: 3897: 3891: 3882: 3881:Proto-Romance 3878: 3871: 3867:, Portuguese 3865: 3856: 3847: 3841: 3829: 3821: 3813: 3809: 3801: 3793: 3785: 3777: 3776: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3735: 3732: 3729:Little or no 3728: 3727: 3726: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3703: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3677: 3674: 3667: 3663: 3660:, Portuguese 3659: 3656:(cf. Spanish 3652: 3644: 3640: 3637: 3633: 3630: 3623: 3619: 3616: 3612: 3609:(cf. Spanish 3604: 3600: 3597: 3594: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3562: 3557: 3553: 3546: 3545: 3544: 3538: 3537: 3536: 3531:(cf. Spanish 3529: 3528: 3527:quattuordecim 3522: 3521: 3520: 3514: 3513: 3512: 3510: 3485: 3484: 3478: 3477: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3449: 3445: 3437: 3433: 3426: 3419: 3406: 3397: 3392: 3384: 3379: 3369: 3358: 3353: 3345: 3324: 3315: 3301: 3297: 3282: 3277: 3273: 3270: 3266: 3265: 3262:/t͡s,d͡z,s,z/ 3260: 3250: 3247: 3244: 3237: 3223: 3192: 3188: 3176: 3175: 3174: 3162: 3158: 3156: 3152: 3149: 3148: 3142: 3138: 3135: 3132: 3128: 3126: 3122: 3119: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3108: 3105: 3101: 3098: 3092: 3089: 3088: 3081: 3076: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3060: 3057: 3053: 3050: 3046: 3043: 3039: 3037: 3034: 3033: 3027: 3023: 3020: 3016: 3013: 3009: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2995: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2983: 2979: 2974: 2970: 2967: 2963: 2960: 2956: 2953: 2949: 2947: 2944: 2943: 2937: 2933: 2930: 2927: 2923: 2921: 2918: 2914: 2912: 2910: 2907: 2906: 2903: 2898: 2893: 2886: 2881: 2876: 2871: 2870: 2861: 2853: 2849: 2837: 2827: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2804: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2787: 2785: 2779: 2777: 2776: 2775: 2769: 2768: 2767: 2761: 2760: 2759: 2753: 2752: 2751: 2745: 2740: 2738: 2734: 2729: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2685: 2677: 2672: 2668: 2658: 2656: 2652: 2647: 2645: 2640: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2621: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2601: 2594:Lingua franca 2591: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2544: 2538: 2534: 2529: 2522: 2518: 2513: 2508: 2498: 2494: 2492: 2488: 2483: 2481: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2456: 2454: 2450: 2449: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2411: 2406: 2405: 2399: 2398: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2371: 2366: 2362: 2361: 2356: 2355: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2337: 2331: 2329: 2325: 2320: 2315: 2313: 2312:mother tongue 2309: 2305: 2301: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2271: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2240: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2225:colonial rule 2222: 2218: 2213: 2211: 2207: 2199: 2194: 2190: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2088: 2084: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2008:Niçard exodus 2005: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1988: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1961:Swiss Italian 1958: 1954: 1947: 1943: 1938: 1928: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1893: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1866: 1862:According to 1860: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1835:Italian is a 1828: 1825: 1820: 1815: 1814: 1807: 1802: 1797: 1796: 1789: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1774: 1773:The Betrothed 1768: 1759: 1755: 1746: 1744: 1740: 1739:lingua franca 1736: 1726: 1723: 1722: 1716: 1710: 1704: 1700: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1677: 1673: 1670: 1667: 1666:Divine Comedy 1663: 1658: 1657: 1652:(who, in his 1651: 1647: 1643: 1642: 1641: 1639: 1635: 1630: 1629: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1590: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1571: 1566: 1562: 1559: 1553: 1547: 1542: 1532: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1505: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1474: 1472: 1470: 1464: 1460: 1458: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1423: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1408: 1406: 1402: 1400: 1394: 1390: 1388: 1387: 1380: 1376: 1371: 1369: 1364: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1345: 1340: 1335: 1333: 1332:typologically 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1264: 1253: 1237: 1233: 1223: 1221: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1186:lingua franca 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1158: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1123: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1044: 1035: 1027: 1021: 1012: 1007: 996: 991: 989: 984: 982: 977: 976: 974: 973: 968: 967:Tuscan gorgia 965: 963: 960: 959: 958: 957: 954: 951: 950: 945: 942: 940: 937: 936: 935: 934: 931: 928: 927: 922: 919: 918: 917: 916: 913: 910: 909: 904: 901: 899: 896: 894: 891: 889: 886: 884: 881: 879: 876: 874: 871: 870: 869: 868: 864: 861: 860: 855: 854: 853:The Betrothed 850: 848: 847: 843: 841: 838: 836: 833: 831: 830: 826: 824: 821: 819: 816: 814: 811: 809: 806: 805: 804: 803: 800: 797: 796: 791: 788: 784: 779: 777: 774: 770: 765: 762: 760: 757: 756: 755: 754: 751: 748: 747: 743: 739: 738: 730: 726: 722: 718: 714: 712: 706: 681: 676: 672: 668: 666: 662: 658: 654: 652: 651: 646: 642: 638: 635: 630: 625: 620: 617: 612: 607: 602: 599: 594: 589: 584: 577: 572: 570: 566: 562: 558: 554: 550: 544: 539: 535: 531: 523: 517: 514: 512: 509: 507: 504: 502: 499: 497: 494: 492: 489: 487: 484: 482: 479: 477: 474: 472: 469: 467: 464: 463: 450: 445: 442: 438: 433: 432:Istria County 430: 426: 421: 418: 417: 406: 403: 401: 398: 396: 393: 391: 388: 387: 380: 374: 369: 364: 363: 355: 354: 349: 345: 339: 336: 331: 327: 324: 320: 314: 309: 305: 303: 302:Swiss Italian 300: 298: 295: 294: 291: 288: 287: 286: 282: 272: 269: 268: 267: 264: 263: 262: 259: 258: 257: 253: 247: 227: 224: 223: 222: 221:Italo-Romance 219: 218: 217: 214: 213: 212: 211:Italo-Western 209: 208: 207: 204: 203: 202: 199: 198: 197: 194: 193: 192: 189: 188: 187: 186:Indo-European 183: 179: 173: 168:: 3.1 million 167: 162: 159: 155: 152: 149: 145: 138: 135: 132: 128: 125: 122: 118: 115: 112: 108: 104: 101: 99: 96: 94: 91: 89: 86: 85: 83: 79: 75: 71: 69:Pronunciation 67: 63: 57: 52: 47: 44: 40: 33: 19: 18781: 18764: 18747: 18730: 18713: 18696: 18684:from Commons 18679: 18658: 18627:Vatican City 18501:Transnistria 18463:Vatican City 18126: 18117: 18069: 18062: 18055: 18004: 17906: 17899: 17861:Languedocien 17853: 17846:Judeo-Gascon 17844: 17785: 17736: 17706:Barranquenho 17685: 17678: 17654: 17636: 17578: 17540: 17523: 17514:Extremaduran 17488: 17462: 17448: 17436: 17424: 17417: 17374: 17333:Asturleonese 17297: 17290: 17248:West Walloon 17236:Saintongeais 17184: 17160: 17156:Anglo-Norman 17114: 17047:Newfoundland 17007:Jersey Legal 16999: 16907: 16872:Southwestern 16855:Vallassinese 16744:Gallo-Picene 16685:Gallo-Italic 16647: 16563: 16558: 16497: 16464: 16463: 16378: 16324: 16209:Italian Sign 16183:Swiss German 15973: 15572:Šavrin Hills 15525:Torre Valley 15396: 15373:Sinte Romani 15183:Torre Valley 15131:South Slavic 15076:Italy portal 14768:Vallassinese 14649:Gallo-Italic 14264: 14185: 13971:in the world 13968: 13754:Architecture 13724:Quattrocento 13681:Social class 13661:Prostitution 13631: 13575:Demographics 13497:Trade unions 13440:Central Bank 13282:Human rights 13262:Constitution 13045:Contemporary 13015:World War II 12903:Italian Wars 12827:Early modern 12769:Papal States 12747:Italy under 12693:Ancient Rome 12385: 12370: 12357:(in Italian) 12320: 12305: 12291: 12290:S. Morgana, 12277: 12259: 12255: 12240:, retrieved 12233:the original 12212: 12208: 12176: 12172: 12152: 12119: 12115: 12106: 12087: 12075:. Retrieved 12055: 12036: 12032: 12005: 12001: 11979: 11971:Bibliography 11957:. Retrieved 11953: 11944: 11932:. Retrieved 11928: 11919: 11907:. Retrieved 11903: 11894: 11882:. Retrieved 11878: 11869: 11857:. Retrieved 11853: 11844: 11832:. Retrieved 11828: 11819: 11807:. Retrieved 11803: 11794: 11782:. Retrieved 11773: 11764: 11751: 11742: 11730:. Retrieved 11721: 11711: 11692: 11663:. Retrieved 11654: 11628: 11601: 11595: 11586: 11569: 11562:. Retrieved 11543: 11533: 11521:. Retrieved 11517: 11508: 11496:. Retrieved 11492:the original 11482: 11470:. Retrieved 11466:the original 11456: 11448: 11436: 11427: 11406: 11378: 11366: 11354: 11342: 11315: 11303: 11291: 11279: 11267: 11204: 11173: 11161: 11149:. Retrieved 11145:the original 11140: 11131: 11119:. Retrieved 11111:ilsonline.it 11110: 11101: 11074: 11070: 11060: 11048:. Retrieved 11044:the original 11034: 11022:. Retrieved 11013: 11004: 10992:. Retrieved 10978: 10966:. Retrieved 10952: 10940:. Retrieved 10926: 10914:. Retrieved 10900: 10887: 10878: 10870: 10863:. Retrieved 10846: 10842: 10832: 10820:. Retrieved 10806: 10794:. Retrieved 10783: 10774: 10762:. Retrieved 10754:"Newsletter" 10748: 10736:. Retrieved 10732:the original 10718: 10706:. Retrieved 10685: 10668: 10656:. Retrieved 10647: 10633: 10625: 10618:. Retrieved 10606: 10593: 10581:. Retrieved 10573:balkaneu.com 10572: 10563: 10554: 10542:. Retrieved 10522: 10515: 10503:. Retrieved 10492: 10482: 10462: 10455: 10442: 10433: 10421:. Retrieved 10417:the original 10413:"Popis 2002" 10407: 10395:. Retrieved 10391:the original 10370: 10365: 10353:. Retrieved 10333: 10321:. Retrieved 10292:. Retrieved 10278: 10266:. Retrieved 10252: 10240:. Retrieved 10229: 10222: 10214: 10209: 10197:. Retrieved 10183: 10171:. Retrieved 10162: 10153: 10140: 10132: 10128: 10123: 10111:. Retrieved 10104:the original 10086: 10074:. Retrieved 10070:the original 10065: 10056: 10046: 10039: 10016: 10010: 9990: 9980: 9968:. Retrieved 9959: 9950: 9942:the original 9932: 9920:. Retrieved 9887: 9881: 9869: 9860: 9852: 9848: 9843: 9835: 9830: 9822: 9818: 9813: 9786: 9782: 9772: 9745: 9739: 9732:Berloco 2018 9714:24 September 9712:. Retrieved 9708:the original 9698: 9690: 9683:. Retrieved 9668: 9659: 9653: 9626: 9599: 9587:. Retrieved 9583:the original 9573: 9543: 9531:. Retrieved 9522: 9512: 9504:the original 9493: 9484: 9472:. Retrieved 9465:the original 9452: 9440:. Retrieved 9426: 9414:. Retrieved 9400: 9388:. Retrieved 9374: 9362:. Retrieved 9342: 9335: 9323:. Retrieved 9315:"Hermathena" 9309: 9297:. Retrieved 9277: 9270: 9262: 9255:. Retrieved 9246: 9237: 9224:. Retrieved 9189:. Retrieved 9180: 9171: 9159:. Retrieved 9153:. Cdila.it. 9145: 9133:. Retrieved 9127:. Cdila.it. 9119: 9102: 9030: 8860: 8778:Italy portal 8643: 8639:in English: 8634: 8632: 8627: 8623:in Italian: 8618: 8616: 8613:Example text 8605:/diˈtʃɛmbre/ 8599: 8584: 8569: 8560:/setˈtɛmbre/ 8554: 8539: 8524: 8509: 8494: 8479: 8464: 8449: 8434: 8399: 8384: 8369: 8354: 8339: 8324: 8309: 8270:/miˈljardo/ 8267:un miliardo 8264:one billion 8253:one million 8227:two thousand 8214:one thousand 8178: 8166: 8151: 8136: 8133:twenty-eight 8121: 8118:twenty-seven 8112:/ˌventiˈsɛi/ 8106: 8091: 8077:ventiquattro 8076: 8067:/ˌventiˈtre/ 8061: 8058:twenty-three 8052:/ˌventiˈdue/ 8046: 8031: 8008: 7996: 7981: 7966: 7951: 7936: 7927:/ˈkwinditʃi/ 7921: 7906: 7891: 7876: 7861: 7838: 7826: 7811: 7796: 7781: 7766: 7751: 7736: 7721: 7706: 7691: 7392:what (adj.) 7359:Mi piacciono 7329:Di dove sei? 7189:/ajuˈtatemi/ 7070:Non capisco. 7056:/sikaˈpisko/ 7044:Sì, capisco. 7000:Mi chiamo... 6668:(general) / 6648:/perfaˈvore/ 6637:Per cortesia 6614:/benveˈnute/ 6611:/benveˈnuta/ 6608:/benveˈnuti/ 6605:/benveˈnuto/ 6592:Benvenuto/-i 6514:(general) / 6393:/ˌkomeˈstai/ 6363:How are you? 6202: 6199:Conversation 6172:future tense 6148:conjugations 6145: 6140: 6136: 6132: 6125: 6117:augmentative 6101:prepositions 6097:contractions 6094: 6089: 6085: 6081: 6077: 6073: 6069: 6065: 6061: 6057: 6053: 6049: 6045: 6041: 6037: 6033: 6029: 6025: 6021: 6017: 6013: 6009: 6005: 6001: 5997: 5993: 5989: 5981: 5977: 5965: 5961: 5955: 5950: 5946: 5942: 5931: 5924: 5920: 5913: 5852:Plural Form 5836: 5827: 5823: 5819: 5815: 5811: 5807: 5799: 5795: 5791: 5787: 5783: 5779: 5775: 5771: 5767: 5763: 5755: 5751: 5747: 5743: 5739: 5735: 5731: 5727: 5723: 5719: 5715: 5711: 5707: 5703: 5693: 5671:in general. 5662: 5640: 5636: 5632: 5624: 5615: 5596:intervocalic 5585: 5579: 5577:as , , or . 5523: 5514: 5507: 5494: 5466: 5458: 5432: 5420: 5406: 5392: 5390:/tʃamˈbɛlla/ 5373: 5359: 5343: 5331: 5329:/karaˈmɛlla/ 5295: 5291: 5240:. (See also 5221: 5193: 5156:The letters 5115:/natˈtsjone/ 5111: 5108:/dzanˈdzara/ 5104: 5091:consonants. 5075:The letters 5065: 5058:/ˈɔverkraft/ 5049: 5045: 5022: 5014: 5010: 5009:("to the"), 5006: 5002: 4998: 4994: 4990: 4986: 4982: 4971: 4967: 4963: 4959: 4955: 4951: 4947: 4934: 4930: 4918: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4883:grave accent 4878: 4866: 4855:acute accent 4794: 4759:phonetically 4746: 4742: 4710: 4702: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4670: 4666: 4664: 4655: 4648: 4641: 4634: 4629:followed by 4618: 4614: 4607: 4606:'pharmacy', 4600: 4592: 4588: 4581: 4580:'pacifier', 4574: 4562: 4558: 4548: 4541: 4534: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4507: 4503: 4491: 4487: 4480: 4476: 4469: 4465: 4446: 4438: 4434: 4422: 4411: 4392: 4366: 4347:phonotactics 4344: 4341:Assimilation 4308: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4224: 4213: 4206: 4202: 4193:rather than 4187: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4151:rather than 4136:rather than 4123: 4118: 4110: 4086: 4082: 4074: 4070: 4067:sdrucciolare 4066: 4058: 4054: 4046: 4042: 4036: 4027: 4020: 4013: 4006: 3999: 3987:given above. 3984: 3980: 3819: 3807: 3799: 3791: 3783: 3769: 3765: 3761: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3704: 3681: 3675: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3642: 3635: 3631: 3621: 3617: 3610: 3607:medi(p)simum 3602: 3595: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3569: 3540: 3532: 3516: 3509:Vulgar Latin 3502: 3481: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3447: 3443: 3435: 3431: 3424: 3417: 3300:postalveolar 3172: 2805: 2796:World War II 2788: 2780: 2771: 2763: 2755: 2747: 2741: 2730: 2700: 2690: 2648: 2641: 2622: 2603: 2580:Buenos Aires 2545: 2541: 2495: 2484: 2476: 2452: 2446: 2438: 2430: 2426: 2418: 2414: 2408: 2402: 2397:America Oggi 2386: 2382: 2378: 2368: 2358: 2352: 2344: 2341:Vatican City 2334: 2332: 2316: 2297: 2272: 2241: 2214: 2203: 2179:World War II 2129:), parts of 2113:), parts of 2104: 2064:Francization 1989: 1985:Vatican City 1950: 1894: 1863: 1861: 1841:Vulgar Latin 1834: 1790: 1771: 1763: 1732: 1696: 1665: 1650:Pietro Bembo 1637: 1622:assimilation 1591: 1575: 1570:Pietro Bembo 1558:rinascimento 1538: 1506: 1475: 1466: 1454: 1445:Italian are 1441:Italian and 1424: 1409: 1396: 1382: 1372: 1365: 1336: 1306:of Italian. 1300:Vulgar Latin 1289: 1222: 1210:sound system 1159: 1124: 1112:Santa Tereza 1100:Vatican City 1072:conservative 1060:Roman Empire 1056:Vulgar Latin 1005: 1004: 851: 844: 827: 749: 708: 665:Linguasphere 648: 515: 405:Vatican City 344:Signed forms 326:Latin script 261:Vulgar Latin 225: 98:Vatican City 43: 18639:Switzerland 18539:Isle of Man 18474:recognition 18421:Switzerland 18356:Netherlands 18082:Campidanese 17908:Old Catalan 17901:Old Occitan 17638:Old Spanish 17572:Rioplatense 17376:Old Leonese 17204:Cotentinais 17168:Guernésiais 17091:Frenchville 17084:New England 16963:Bourbonnais 16915:Piedmontese 16909:Old Lombard 16801:Bergamasque 16725:Sammarinese 16204:French Sign 15922:Montenegrin 15627:Škofja Loka 15492:Jaun Valley 15478:Gail Valley 15381:Wenzhounese 15206:Montenegrin 15153:Gail Valley 14954:Piedmontese 14858:Bergamasque 14504:Campidanese 14345:Beneventano 14312:Marchigiano 14244:Wenzhounese 14116:Macarrônico 14063:Switzerland 13819:Italophilia 13779:Coat of arm 13729:Cinquecento 13605:Immigration 13555:Aristocracy 13420:Agriculture 13314:Nationality 13287:LGBT rights 13201:Earthquakes 13082:Mani pulite 12998:World War I 12941:Unification 12934:Late modern 12898:Renaissance 12743:Middle Ages 12736:Middle Ages 12713:Roman Italy 12480:Citizenship 12329:archive.org 12304:J. Kinder, 12276:M. Vitale, 12215:(1): 1–22, 12179:(1): 1–22. 12109:. Treccani. 11633:Simone 2010 11564:17 December 11498:12 December 11472:12 December 11384:Ashby (2011 11209:Hall (1944) 11178:Hall (1944) 10708:10 February 10066:www.pdx.edu 10049:(1990: 294) 9894:: 126–172. 9823:Linguistica 9257:19 February 8590:/noˈvɛmbre/ 8455:/febˈbrajo/ 8440:/dʒenˈnajo/ 8405:/doˈmenika/ 8259:/miˈljone/ 8256:un milione 8234:/ˌdueˈmila/ 8201:one hundred 8148:twenty-nine 8142:/venˈtɔtto/ 8092:venticinque 8088:twenty-five 8073:twenty-four 7972:/diˈtʃɔtto/ 7952:diciassette 7907:quattordici 7897:/ˈtreditʃi/ 7566:/seˈkondo/ 7212:(formal) / 7176:(plural) / 7170:(formal) / 7110:(formal) / 7059:/ɔkkaˈpito/ 7033:/ˌkwestaˈɛ/ 7030:/ˌkwestoˈɛ/ 7023:Questa è... 7017:Questo è... 6976:(formal) / 6742:(plural) / 6736:(formal) / 6721:Mi dispiace 6690:/ˈɡrattsje/ 6680:(formal) / 6631:Per piacere 6520:(formal) / 6517:Arrivederla 6511:Arrivederci 6449:Buonanotte! 6444:Good night! 6414:Buongiorno! 6397:/ˌkomeˈsta/ 6383:(plural) / 6380:Come state? 6377:(formal) / 6295:Certamente! 6028:'a shirt', 6026:una camicia 5978:s+consonant 5939:inflections 5843:Definition 5571:South Tyrol 5558:continuants 5489:unless the 5290:of English 5204:symbolizes 5176:symbolizes 5121:symbolizes 5095:symbolizes 4977:The letter 4693:, although 4547:'needles', 4475:The letter 4336:elsewhere). 4175:Portuguese 3981:quattordici 3861:, Romanian 3794:"receive", 3654:/waidanjan/ 3519:quattordici 3466:/preˈzɛnto/ 3451:/preˈsɛnto/ 3432:traditional 3304:/t͡ʃ,d͡ʒ,ʃ/ 3296:palatalized 3091:Approximant 2824:code-mixing 2642:Within the 2637:John Milton 2610:Renaissance 2537:Piedmontese 2387:Passaparola 2365:Switzerland 2208:due to the 2137:and by the 2054:, but King 1957:Switzerland 1888:, 77% with 1884:, 78% with 1876:, 85% with 1743:bourgeoisie 1676:Florentines 1656:Gli Asolani 1636:(i.e., the 1561:(Italian). 1552:renaissance 1541:Renaissance 1535:Renaissance 1529:Renaissance 1521:Medici Bank 1449:of initial 1427:city-states 1292:Middle Ages 1290:During the 1084:Switzerland 939:Orthography 903:Italophilia 723:instead of 400:Switzerland 384:4 countries 250:Early forms 103:Switzerland 18:Old Italian 18796:Categories 18766:Phrasebook 18698:Quotations 18391:San Marino 18351:Montenegro 18331:Luxembourg 18311:Kazakhstan 18214:Azerbaijan 18129:indicates 18087:Logudorese 17620:Philippine 17586:Andalusian 17580:Peninsular 17470:Estremenho 17426:Portuguese 17353:Cantabrian 17186:Law French 17178:Sercquiais 17012:Meridional 16973:Champenois 16968:Burgundian 16779:Tabarchino 16769:Monégasque 16708:Parmigiano 16565:Neapolitan 16538:Manduriano 16505:Florentine 16372:Wallachian 16342:Bukovinian 15942:Macedonian 15883:Shtokavian 15470:Carinthian 14899:Parmigiano 14691:Tabarchino 14681:Monégasque 14509:Logudorese 14428:Manduriano 14291:Florentine 13889:Traditions 13879:Television 13864:Philosophy 13829:Literature 13769:Cathedrals 13739:Settecento 13600:Healthcare 13565:Corruption 13560:Censorship 13319:Parliament 13277:Government 13077:Maxi Trial 13025:Resistance 12754:Ostrogoths 12686:Messapians 12571:Villanovan 12561:Prehistory 12554:Prehistory 12077:5 November 11610:Zanichelli 11050:22 October 11010:"duolingo" 10916:22 October 10865:22 January 10822:22 October 10796:26 October 10764:22 October 10583:8 November 10445:. Zagreb: 10268:2 November 10131:, p. 36. " 10076:5 February 9986:Pei, Mario 9960:ezglot.com 9685:10 October 9589:22 October 9533:7 February 9364:17 January 9325:17 January 9299:17 January 9191:16 October 9161:22 October 9135:22 October 9104:Ethnologue 9066:References 8575:/otˈtobre/ 8375:/venerˈdi/ 8360:/dʒoveˈdi/ 8330:/marteˈdi/ 8122:ventisette 8103:twenty-six 8043:twenty-two 8037:/venˈtuno/ 8028:twenty-one 7982:diciannove 7942:/ˈseditʃi/ 7882:/ˈdoditʃi/ 7867:/ˈunditʃi/ 7757:/ˈtʃinkwe/ 7742:/ˈkwattro/ 7611:/ˈdʒorno/ 7581:/miˈnuto/ 7551:/doˈmani/ 7526:yesterday 7486:/ˈkwanto/ 7475:/ˈkwando/ 7335:Di dove è? 7242:/keˌoraˈɛ/ 7230:Che ora è? 7186:/aˈjutami/ 7173:Aiutatemi! 7050:Ho capito. 7026:(feminine) 7012:This is... 7006:/miˈkjamo/ 6917:/diˈnwɔvo/ 6816:/kekˈkɔsa/ 6812:/kekˈkɔza/ 6660:Thank you! 6625:Per favore 6559:I love you 6541:Good luck! 6526:(informal) 6432:Buonasera! 6368:Come stai? 6284:Of course! 6160:past tense 6121:neologisms 6113:diminutive 6014:un mio zio 5945:'I love', 5927:adjectives 5888:Masculine 5860:Masculine 5837:Examples: 5804:inanimates 5685:accusative 5677:nominative 5657:See also: 5643:'reason'. 5502:and cielo 5388:ciambella 5382:Affricate 5327:caramella 5258:indicate ( 5232:. Compare 5170:affricates 5117:"nation". 5050:hovercraft 4905:"tea" and 4751:Ionian Sea 4661:'Thames'.* 4659:/taˈmidʒi/ 4647:'kisses'; 4621:represent 4585:/ˈdʒordʒo/ 4578:/ˈtʃuttʃo/ 4455:affricates 4297:; Spanish 4273:; Spanish 4071:druzzolare 4012:, Spanish 3961:, Spanish 3930:, Spanish 3899:, Spanish 3748:, Spanish 3711:Portuguese 3647:guadaniāre 3643:guadagnare 3615:Portuguese 3556:Portuguese 3191:unreleased 2816:triglossia 2808:modern era 2665:See also: 2625:Grand Tour 2598:See also: 2505:See also: 2391:Luxembourg 2349:San Marino 2264:Montessori 2196:Italy and 2107:Montenegro 1953:San Marino 1935:See also: 1917:intonation 1913:vocabulary 1901:inflection 1882:Portuguese 1865:Ethnologue 1729:Modern era 1685:, such as 1674:and other 1618:Sardinians 1527:, and the 1490:Neapolitan 1451:consonants 1379:Florentine 1344:vernacular 1328:pragmatics 1316:morphology 1271:(top) and 1218:gemination 1080:San Marino 1039:pronounced 1016:pronounced 888:Philosophy 878:Literature 863:Literature 769:Florentine 742:the series 516:and others 395:San Marino 271:Florentine 93:San Marino 18749:Resources 18732:Textbooks 18529:Gibraltar 18326:Lithuania 18137:varieties 18120:indicate 18077:Sardinian 18034:Triestine 17982:Sursilvan 17893:Mentonasc 17871:Provençal 17820:Auvergnat 17806:Valencian 17762:Mallorcan 17752:Algherese 17727:Occitano- 17674:Navarrese 17662:Aragonese 17598:Castilian 17501:Castilian 17477:Uruguayan 17450:Brazilian 17413:Minderico 17407:/Eonavian 17370:Mirandese 17284:Valdôtain 17270:/Arpitan 17211:Orléanais 17162:Auregnais 17146:Mayennais 17096:Louisiana 16978:Ardennais 16958:Berrichon 16764:Intemelio 16720:Forlivese 16703:Bolognese 16649:Dalmatian 16613:Tarantino 16576:Benevento 16533:Salentino 16493:Sassarese 16457:Gallurese 16440:Romanesco 16393:Dalmatian 16357:Moldavian 16352:Maramureș 16310:Aromanian 16032:Hungarian 15851:Chakavian 15828:Prekmurje 15805:Pannonian 15140:Slovenian 14990:Triestine 14927:languages 14913:Forlivese 14892:Bolognese 14738:Legnanese 14676:Intemelio 14621:Valdôtain 14564:Mentonasc 14540:Algherese 14496:Sardinian 14487:Sardinian 14473:Sassarese 14468:Gallurese 14456:languages 14422:Salentino 14394:Tarantino 14365:Cosentino 14322:Romanesco 14236:Sardinian 14111:Cocoliche 14101:Itanglese 14073:Venezuela 13989:Australia 13984:Argentina 13849:Mythology 13824:Libraries 13744:Ottocento 13686:Terrorism 13627:Languages 13580:Education 13502:Transport 13452:Companies 13359:Provinces 13329:President 13294:Judiciary 13267:Elections 13179:Volcanoes 13174:Volcanism 13167:Apennines 13152:Mountains 13120:Peninsula 13103:Geography 13034:Civil War 12759:Byzantium 12666:Etruscans 12601:Canegrate 12596:Golasecca 12581:Rinaldone 12576:Terramare 12566:Neolithic 12252:"Italian" 12229:145463946 12193:142121342 12059:. Lengu. 11809:22 August 11784:7 January 11752:ohchr.org 11523:24 August 11151:8 October 11121:7 October 11093:253447737 10159:"Society" 10113:5 January 10100:Neuchâtel 9922:1 October 9495:europa.eu 9442:11 August 9416:11 August 9044:Bregaglia 9040:Mesolcina 8555:settembre 8551:September 8545:/aˈɡosto/ 8515:/ˈdʒuɲɲo/ 8500:/ˈmaddʒo/ 8485:/aˈprile/ 8470:/ˈmartso/ 8390:/ˈsabato/ 8340:mercoledì 8336:Wednesday 8315:/luneˈdi/ 8208:/ˈtʃɛnto/ 8172:/ˈtrenta/ 8152:ventinove 7948:seventeen 7832:/ˈdjɛtʃi/ 7621:settimana 7541:tomorrow 7521:/ˈɔddʒi/ 7480:how much 7464:/ˈkwale/ 7453:/perˈke/ 7182:(general) 7167:Mi aiuti! 6956:/ˈkwanto/ 6921:/anˈkora/ 6843:/ˈkwando/ 6794:Che cosa? 6739:Scusatemi 6727:Scusa(mi) 6549:(general) 6403:/ˌkomeva/ 6374:Come sta? 6357:/saˈlute/ 6307:/ˈtʃɛrto/ 6226:Italian ( 6217:English ( 6137:vedendola 6070:lo and l' 5902:Feminine 5874:Feminine 5810:, f. pl. 5504:/ˈtʃɛ.lo/ 5418:/ˈdʒallo/ 5345:India ink 5298:) before 5266:) before 5089:voiceless 4941:, making 4747:Mar Ionio 4743:Mar Jonio 4703:la mia ex 4587:) unless 4334:/nn/,/mm/ 4315:metaphony 4283:trēs, sex 4212:, French 4171:, French 4134:/tʃe,tʃi/ 4091:languages 4075:ruzzolare 4019:, French 4010:/ˈfo̯aje/ 3985:settimana 3967:, French 3936:, French 3905:, French 3852:, French 3768:, French 3752:, French 3664:, French 3620:, French 3584:, French 3578:săptămână 3574:septimāna 3570:settimana 3539:, French 3310:is velar 3256:/i,e,ɛ,j/ 3036:Fricative 2997:Affricate 2830:Phonology 2812:diglossia 2651:loanwords 2576:Argentina 2568:Cocoliche 2459:Education 2443:Venezuela 2423:Argentina 2324:Venezuela 2319:Argentina 2314:in 2016. 1921:Sardinian 1905:discourse 1897:phonology 1878:Sardinian 1857:Dalmatian 1813:panettone 1683:courtiers 1582:humanists 1568:Venetian 1351:from the 1312:phonology 1135:Australia 1116:Encantado 1068:Sardinian 953:Phonology 865:and other 650:Glottolog 634:ISO 639-3 616:ISO 639-2 598:ISO 639-1 414:3 regions 256:Old Latin 147:Ethnicity 18603:Language 18549:Svalbard 18534:Guernsey 18481:Abkhazia 18451:Scotland 18406:Slovenia 18401:Slovakia 18376:Portugal 18234:Bulgaria 18013:Venetian 17987:Vallader 17977:Surmiran 17950:Cadorino 17933:Friulian 17866:Limousin 17835:Béarnese 17797:Western 17779:Northern 17767:Menorcan 17757:Balearic 17748:Eastern 17744:dialects 17603:Castrapo 17560:Peruvian 17531:dialects 17464:European 17432:dialects 17419:Portugis 17400:Galician 17341:Asturian 17279:Savoyard 17231:Poitevin 17199:Cauchois 17173:Jèrriais 17020:Canadian 16899:Varesino 16894:Ticinese 16882:Novarese 16877:Cremunés 16867:Ossolano 16862:Milanese 16850:Lecchese 16818:Brianzöö 16749:Ligurian 16715:Romagnol 16596:Arianese 16591:Irpinian 16586:Cilentan 16550:Pantesco 16545:Sicilian 16516:Southern 16452:Corsican 16428:Macerata 16423:Fabriano 16362:Oltenian 16332:dialects 16292:Southern 16167:Ticinese 16048:Albanian 16001:Bavarian 15984:Germanic 15907:Croatian 15873:Southern 15865:Čičarija 15818:Prlekija 15691:Čabranka 15612:Črni Vrh 15541:Banjšice 15512:Littoral 15283:Cimbrian 15275:Bavarian 15201:Croatian 15108:Arbëresh 15091:Albanian 15032:Cadorino 15021:Friulian 14977:Venetian 14968:Venetian 14907:Romagnol 14835:Cremunés 14828:Novarese 14807:Varesino 14798:Ossolano 14791:Ticinese 14784:Milanese 14775:Lecchese 14658:Ligurian 14463:Corsican 14442:Pantesco 14436:Sicilian 14376:Arianese 14370:Irpinian 14360:Cilentan 14317:Marinese 14216:Germanic 14212:Friulian 14200:Croatian 14192:Albanian 14106:Lunfardo 14046:Slovenia 14014:Dalmatia 13927:Category 13814:Internet 13804:Folklore 13734:Seicento 13719:Trecento 13714:Duecento 13676:Religion 13637:Regional 13615:Italians 13590:Gambling 13482:Taxation 13309:Military 13250:Politics 13052:Republic 12839:Florence 12764:Lombards 12703:Republic 12649:Samnites 12644:Picentes 12586:Apennine 12545:Railways 12525:Military 12473:By topic 12457:Overview 12441:articles 12371:Omniglot 12242:21 March 12150:(1996). 12071:Archived 11778:Archived 11756:Archived 11732:7 August 11726:Archived 11659:Archived 11558:Archived 11115:Archived 11018:Archived 11014:duolingo 10988:Archived 10962:Archived 10936:Archived 10910:Archived 10892:Archived 10890:. 2019. 10859:Archived 10816:Archived 10790:Archived 10758:Archived 10738:8 August 10699:Archived 10675:Archived 10652:Archived 10611:Archived 10577:Archived 10538:Archived 10499:Archived 10346:Archived 10317:Archived 10288:Archived 10262:Archived 10236:Archived 10193:Archived 10167:Archived 10025:Archived 10019:1950: 46 9988:(1949). 9964:Archived 9916:Archived 9855:, p.488. 9805:11701054 9764:58837884 9679:Archived 9645:17650220 9562:Archived 9551:Archived 9527:Archived 9436:Archived 9410:Archived 9390:15 March 9384:Archived 9382:. 2024. 9358:Archived 9319:Archived 9317:. 1942. 9293:Archived 9251:Archived 9217:Archived 9185:Archived 9155:Archived 9129:Archived 8840:Italian 8834:dialetti 8764:See also 8753:Dario Fo 8600:dicembre 8596:December 8585:novembre 8581:November 8530:/ˈluʎʎo/ 8450:febbraio 8446:February 8400:domenica 8381:Saturday 8351:Thursday 8221:/ˈmille/ 8137:ventotto 8107:ventisei 8062:ventitré 8047:ventidue 8002:/ˈventi/ 7978:nineteen 7967:diciotto 7963:eighteen 7922:quindici 7903:fourteen 7888:thirteen 7787:/ˈsɛtte/ 7656:/ˈanno/ 7536:/ˈjɛri/ 7503:Italian 7500:English 7442:/ˈdove/ 7431:/ˈkome/ 7384:Italian 7381:English 7353:Mi piace 7338:(formal) 7218:(plural) 7192:/aˈjuto/ 7161:Aiutami! 7156:Help me! 7116:(plural) 6982:(formal) 6905:Di nuovo 6894:/perˈke/ 6762:/ˈskuza/ 6758:/ˈskuzi/ 6733:Mi scusi 6710:/ˈprɛɡo/ 6686:(plural) 6587:Welcome 6577:/tiˈamo/ 6506:Goodbye! 6479:(formal) 6386:Come va? 6229:italiano 6209:royal we 6109:suffixes 6105:articles 5958:articles 5760:unmarked 5746:'girl', 5663:Italian 5637:la gente 5592:lenition 5515:farmacie 5508:farmacia 5500:/ˈtʃa.o/ 5430:/ˈdʒiro/ 5404:/ˈtʃina/ 5357:/ˈɡallo/ 5321:Plosive 5249:digraphs 5166:plosives 5013:("to"), 5005:("or"), 4952:princìpi 4948:prìncipi 4911:gioventù 4865:, as in 4763:digraphs 4695:(e)stra- 4683:xilofono 4679:xenofobo 4654:'trip', 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UTET. 12116:Italica 12024:6479830 11959:12 July 11934:12 July 11909:12 July 11884:12 July 11859:12 July 11834:12 July 11665:28 July 11606:Bologna 11024:18 July 10658:28 July 10620:28 July 10449:. 2002. 10423:10 June 10355:28 June 10173:28 June 10045:Koutna 10017:Italica 9876:. 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