287:
822:
Original /u/ (from Latin /uË/) fronted to /y/. When this occurred is unclear: some scholars prefer the tenth or eleventh century, while others favour the thirteenth century. Either way, original /o/ (from Latin /u/ and /oË/) subsequently raised to the vacated position, becoming /u/. Both phonemes
1279:
There were two distinct conditional tenses: a "first conditional", similar to the conditional tense in other
Romance language, and a "second conditional", derived from the Latin pluperfect indicative tense. The second conditional is cognate with the literary pluperfect in Portuguese, the
354:
in western Europe in the late Middle Ages, the status of
Occitan in BĂ©arn was unusual because its use was required by law: "lawyers will draft their petitions and pleas in the vernacular language of the present country, both in speech and in writing".
826:
The open-mid vowels and variably diphthongized in stressed position when followed by a semivowel or palatalised consonant, and sporadically elsewhere, but retained their value as separate vowel phonemes with minimal pairs such as
254:, as attested in writings dating from the eighth through the fourteenth centuries. Old Occitan generally includes Early and Old Occitan. Middle Occitan is sometimes included in Old Occitan, sometimes in Modern Occitan. As the term
350:
of Old
Occitan. It was the spoken language of law courts and of business and it was the written language of customary law. Although vernacular languages were increasingly preferred to
1683:
Sprachgeschichte als
Kommunikationsgeschichte: Volkssprachliche Notarurkunden des Mittelalters in ihren Kontexten. Mit einer Analyse der okzitanischen Urkundensprache und der Graphie
1504:
Sprachgeschichte als
Kommunikationsgeschichte: Volkssprachliche Notarurkunden des Mittelalters in ihren Kontexten. Mit einer Analyse der okzitanischen Urkundensprache und der Graphie
3665:
823:
maintained their original spelling (âšuâ© for /y/, âšoâ© for /u/), although in the fourteenth century an alternative spelling âšouâ© was also introduced for /u/ under French influence.
1201:
Old
Occitan is a non-standardised language regarding its spelling, meaning that different graphemic signs can represent one sound and vice versa. For example:
3658:
1284:
imperfect subjunctive in
Spanish, the second preterite of very early Old French (Sequence of Saint Eulalia) and probably the future perfect in modern
3917:
3651:
1272:, with the oblique derived from the Latin accusative case. The declensional categories were also similar to those of Old French; for example, the
1613:
Paul Cohen, "Linguistic
Politics on the Periphery: Louis XIII, BĂ©arn, and the Making of French as an Official Language in Early Modern France",
1276:
third-declension nouns with stress shift between the nominative and accusative were maintained in Old
Occitan only in nouns referring to people.
3625:
1423:, 2nd edn. De Gruyter, 2015 (1st edn. TĂŒbingen: Niemeyer, 1986). Beihefte zur Zeitschrift fĂŒr romanische Philologie 208. 978-3-484-52208-4.
1736:
638:
377:(except in unstressed syllables in some dialects) and so had diverged phonologically before those changes affected Old Occitan.
2187:
1691:
1512:
2119:
1922:
1917:
1861:
1749:
593:
2022:
1912:
2137:
600:
385:
Old
Occitan changed and evolved somewhat during its history, but the basic sound system can be summarised as follows:
2976:
1589:
1562:
1542:
1496:
1478:
1460:
1444:
3036:
569:
17:
3912:
2324:
1929:
1729:
766:
517:
3124:
3025:
790:
2995:
2932:
2610:
575:
185:
811:
776:
556:
530:
523:
3059:
2462:
1180:
1165:
1150:
1135:
1120:
1105:
1081:
1066:
1051:
1031:
1016:
1001:
986:
971:
956:
941:
926:
911:
896:
881:
866:
374:
370:
366:
362:
3907:
3500:
2938:
1907:
1836:
1615:
When Languages Collide: Perspectives on Language Conflict, Language Competition, and Language Coexistence
797:
737:
361:
and Old Occitan diverged between the 11th and the 14th centuries. Catalan never underwent the shift from
3902:
3674:
3221:
2793:
2228:
1786:
1722:
482:
469:
251:
138:
3897:
2808:
2720:
2329:
2170:
1885:
1814:
1796:
1779:
1774:
1764:
1403:
743:
562:
536:
125:
105:
1580:
to 1000, Old Occitan from 1000 to 1350, and Middle Occitan from 1350 to 1550" in William W. Kibler,
3513:
3417:
2290:
2238:
2017:
1965:
752:
2881:
2472:
2426:
2307:
2280:
2219:
2156:
2102:
1809:
1769:
497:
488:
475:
290:
133:
120:
95:
2477:
3599:
2815:
2233:
2179:
1831:
416:
315:
3805:
3710:
3631:
3576:
3382:
3377:
3030:
3008:
2899:
2827:
2650:
2312:
2075:
659:
is believed to have represented the affricate , but since the spelling often alternates with
618:
446:
439:
3295:
2263:
343:
3836:
3738:
3733:
3581:
3355:
2971:
2944:
2870:
2730:
2529:
2457:
2409:
2403:
2366:
2349:
503:
453:
3698:
3643:
3365:
2778:
1846:
8:
3066:
2958:
2926:
2920:
2541:
2501:
2467:
2295:
2059:
1375:
3829:
3329:
2762:
2437:
2371:
1626:
901:
347:
3812:
3571:
3300:
3156:
3114:
3080:
3074:
2964:
2907:
2864:
2847:
2585:
2578:
2414:
2202:
2143:
1999:
1987:
1866:
1804:
411:
3349:
1841:
218:
3772:
3715:
3688:
3528:
3507:
3427:
3387:
3246:
3174:
3168:
3092:
2984:
2894:
2835:
2747:
2705:
2506:
2452:
2258:
2243:
2214:
2197:
2107:
2070:
2039:
2027:
1946:
1934:
1851:
1826:
1820:
1745:
1714:
1687:
1585:
1558:
1538:
1508:
1492:
1474:
1456:
1440:
1380:
585:
421:
115:
3703:
3370:
2339:
2317:
3858:
3793:
3779:
3761:
3756:
3693:
3481:
3471:
3456:
3444:
3360:
3309:
3273:
3251:
3238:
3232:
3161:
3150:
3054:
3019:
3003:
2852:
2840:
2773:
2737:
2725:
2693:
2618:
2590:
2563:
2393:
2388:
2376:
2356:
2344:
2285:
2192:
2149:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2044:
1975:
1959:
1856:
1484:
406:
401:
324:
239:
231:
100:
3852:
3256:
3206:
1155:
1140:
1110:
1086:
1071:
1056:
1036:
976:
886:
871:
672:
3825:
3799:
3786:
3766:
3565:
3551:
3432:
3334:
3324:
3268:
3119:
3107:
3047:
3042:
2857:
2786:
2768:
2742:
2715:
2645:
2602:
2514:
2495:
2447:
2334:
2300:
2253:
2248:
1970:
1902:
1874:
1299:
1261:
760:
610:
426:
336:
262:
appeared around the year 1300, Old Occitan is referred to as "Romance" (Occitan:
87:
3876:
2568:
1185:
1021:
1006:
991:
931:
916:
3870:
3820:
3616:
3523:
3518:
3439:
3319:
3281:
3013:
2573:
2519:
2489:
2381:
2065:
1993:
1939:
1530:
1285:
785:
630:
351:
2662:
1170:
1125:
961:
946:
3891:
3558:
3461:
3449:
3181:
2889:
2546:
2484:
1980:
719:
303:
3864:
3340:
3200:
2640:
2595:
1265:
328:
327:
with a literary corpus and had an enormous influence on the development of
286:
202:
3402:
3132:
2698:
731:
714:
358:
320:
2667:
1681:
1503:
54:
2710:
2680:
2672:
2628:
2623:
2273:
2032:
1269:
804:
724:
433:
332:
3476:
3314:
2656:
1951:
1709:
1455:(in Occitan and French). Pessac: Presses Universitaires de Bordeaux.
548:
511:
211:
195:
177:
66:
46:
3102:
3261:
3097:
2913:
2361:
2209:
335:
was a feature of its orthography and survives today in Catalan and
62:
58:
50:
3466:
3085:
2950:
2688:
2112:
2097:
1573:"The Early Occitan period is generally considered to extend from
463:
297:
2. Former limits of the Occitan language before the 13th century.
70:
1642:
The charts are based on phonologies given in Paden, William D.,
3287:
2633:
2556:
2536:
2268:
309:
2551:
2524:
1453:
Iniciacion a l'occitan ancian / Initiation Ă l'ancien occitan
1304:
1273:
272:
264:
110:
1402:
Some Iberian scholars may alternatively classify Occitan as
1398:
1396:
3673:
342:
The official language of the sovereign principality of the
1393:
1686:. Regensburg: UniversitĂ€t Regensburg. pp. 292â341.
1744:
2436:
1617:(Ohio State University Press, 2003), pp. 165â200.
3889:
1439:. Modern Language Association of America, 1998.
1555:An Introduction to Old Provençal Versification
663:, it may also have represented in some cases.
301:Among the earliest records of Occitan are the
3659:
1730:
1450:
1361:or else the eyes I see you with have dimmed.
1256:Some notable characteristics of Old Occitan:
839:
3626:languages with more than 5 million speakers
1471:Morphologie élémentaire de l'ancien occitan
1340:O no·i vei clar dels olhs ab que·us remir.
256:
3666:
3652:
3209:(mixed RomaniâIbero- and Occitano-Romance)
1737:
1723:
1359:most pleasing to be found in all the world
1710:A site with a presentation of Old Occitan
1633:, vol. 1. Barcelona: Edicions Ariel, 1964
295:1. Current limits of the Occitan language
1451:Romieu, Maurice; Bianchi, André (2002).
1351:sweet glance and brightness of your face
1338:La genser etz c'om posc'e·l mon chauzir,
319:. Old Occitan, the language used by the
285:
3918:Languages attested from the 8th century
3675:Occitano-Romance languages and dialects
1679:
845:Old Occitan diphthongs and triphthongs
14:
3890:
27:Language of the Occitano-Romance group
3647:
1718:
1664:
1607:
1537:, Cambridge University Press, 1996,
1320:
1317:, translated by James H. Donalson):
1099:stress always falls on middle vowel
24:
3630:Languages between parentheses are
1631:HistĂČria de la Literatura Catalana
1426:French translation: Frede Jensen.
1413:
25:
3929:
3510:(unknown further classification)
1703:
1473:. Museum Tusculanum Press, 1997,
1330:E·l doutz esgartz e lo clars vis,
1328:E·lh vostre bel olh m'an conquis,
775:
765:
751:
742:
736:
637:
617:
599:
592:
574:
568:
561:
555:
535:
529:
522:
516:
502:
496:
487:
481:
474:
468:
452:
445:
438:
331:in other European languages. The
1582:Medieval France: An Encyclopedia
1507:. UniversitÀt Regensburg, 2019,
1349:and eyes of beauty conquered me,
670:may sometimes represent , as in
1673:
1658:
1353:and all your nature has to tell
703:
250:, was the earliest form of the
3634:of the language on their left.
3504:(Western Romance-based pidgin)
1649:
1644:An Introduction to Old Occitan
1636:
1620:
1594:
1567:
1547:
1524:
1437:An Introduction to Old Occitan
1421:The Syntax of Medieval Occitan
1334:Que, can be m'en pren esmansa,
13:
1:
1574:
1518:
1357:I find no one like in beauty:
1347:O pretty lady, all your grace
1326:Bela Domna·l vostre cors gens
1311:
1306:Ab joi mou lo vers e·l comens
1251:
1196:
388:
1336:De beutat no·us trob egansa:
1332:E·l vostre bels essenhamens,
694:could represent either or .
687:could represent either or .
380:
7:
3501:Mediterranean Lingua Franca
1667:Introduction to Old Occitan
1430:. TĂŒbingen: Niemeyer, 1994.
1428:Syntaxe de l'ancien occitan
1369:
1292:
270:) or "Provençal" (Occitan:
10:
3934:
3203:(mixed PortugueseâSpanish)
2229:Gallo-Italic of Basilicata
2023:CentralâSouthern Calabrian
1665:Paden, William D. (1998),
1260:It had a two-case system (
840:Diphthongs and triphthongs
281:
252:Occitano-Romance languages
3845:
3749:
3726:
3681:
3608:
3592:
3543:
3492:
3416:
3220:
3193:
3142:
2994:
2880:
2826:
2807:
2758:
2425:
2178:
2169:
2130:
2010:
1895:
1884:
1795:
1757:
1680:Kraller, Kathrin (2019).
1483:Nathaniel B. Smith &
1355:so if I make an appraisal
1324:
1095:
1045:
860:
698:
346:was the local vernacular
209:
193:
175:
170:
84:
76:
42:
37:
32:
2511:North American dialects
2018:Extreme Southern Italian
1386:
1930:CentralâNorthern Latian
1489:An Old Provençal Primer
1305:
394:Old Occitan consonants
291:Gallo-Romance languages
273:
265:
3913:Old Occitan literature
2234:Gallo-Italic of Sicily
1345:
298:
257:
243:
235:
3837:Southern Languedocien
3739:Southern Languedocien
3682:Arverno-Mediterranean
2721:PoitevinâSaintongeais
1535:The Romance Languages
1485:Thomas Goddard Bergin
289:
278:) in medieval texts.
2530:St. Marys Bay French
2054:NeapolitanâCalabrese
1602:Old Provençal Primer
676:"joy" (also spelled
2882:GalicianâPortuguese
1908:Central Marchigiano
1655:Paden 1998: 100â102
1584:, Routledge, 1995,
1553:Frank M. Chambers,
1376:Occitan conjugation
846:
395:
3908:Medieval languages
3296:Catalan Ribagorçan
3143:PyreneanâMozarabic
2415:Judaeo-Piedmontese
2325:BustoccoâLegnanese
2120:Northern Calabrian
1669:, pp. 102â103
1600:Smith and Bergin,
1435:William D. Paden.
1245:⟨ch⟩
1224:⟨ss⟩
1214:⟨ll⟩
1210:⟨lh⟩
844:
657:⟨ch⟩
393:
369:or the shift from
344:Viscounty of BĂ©arn
299:
80:9thâ14th centuries
3903:Romance languages
3885:
3884:
3833:
3815:
3808:
3796:
3789:
3782:
3775:
3750:Aquitano-Pyrenean
3742:
3719:
3707:
3641:
3640:
3617:extinct languages
3539:
3538:
3216:
3215:
3175:Navarro-Aragonese
3060:Peruvian Ribereño
2985:Judaeo-Portuguese
2900:GalicianâAsturian
2803:
2802:
2794:Old Gallo-Romance
2748:Wisconsin Walloon
2165:
2164:
2138:Dalmatian Romance
1746:Romance languages
1693:978-3-88246-415-3
1513:978-3-88246-415-3
1501:Kathrin Kraller.
1491:. Garland, 1984,
1381:Occitan phonology
1367:
1366:
1241:⟨g⟩
1234:⟨s⟩
1230:⟨z⟩
1220:⟨s⟩
1206:⟨l⟩
1194:
1193:
1100:
831:/pÉl/ "skin" and
819:
818:
692:⟨j⟩
685:⟨z⟩
668:⟨g⟩
661:⟨c⟩
649:
648:
316:Cançó de Santa Fe
225:
224:
16:(Redirected from
3925:
3898:Occitan language
3859:Judaeo-Provençal
3823:
3811:
3804:
3792:
3785:
3778:
3771:
3736:
3713:
3701:
3668:
3661:
3654:
3645:
3644:
3162:Judaeo-Aragonese
3151:Andalusi Romance
3004:Amazonic Spanish
2841:Western Asturian
2824:
2823:
2763:Franco-Provençal
2434:
2433:
2330:ComascoâLecchese
2188:EmilianâRomagnol
2176:
2175:
1976:Regional Italian
1966:Italo-Australian
1893:
1892:
1815:Megleno-Romanian
1739:
1732:
1725:
1716:
1715:
1698:
1697:
1677:
1671:
1670:
1662:
1656:
1653:
1647:
1640:
1634:
1627:Riquer, MartĂ de
1624:
1618:
1611:
1605:
1598:
1592:
1579:
1576:
1571:
1565:
1551:
1545:
1528:
1466:
1407:
1400:
1321:
1316:
1313:
1308:
1246:
1242:
1235:
1231:
1225:
1221:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1182:
1167:
1152:
1137:
1122:
1107:
1098:
1083:
1068:
1053:
1033:
1018:
1003:
988:
973:
958:
943:
928:
913:
898:
883:
868:
847:
843:
779:
769:
755:
746:
740:
708:
707:
693:
686:
669:
662:
658:
641:
621:
603:
596:
578:
572:
565:
559:
539:
533:
526:
520:
506:
500:
491:
485:
478:
472:
456:
449:
442:
396:
392:
376:
372:
368:
364:
325:Romance language
323:, was the first
276:
268:
260:
221:
205:
198:
189:
188:
180:
139:Occitano-Romance
90:
30:
29:
21:
3933:
3932:
3928:
3927:
3926:
3924:
3923:
3922:
3888:
3887:
3886:
3881:
3846:Other varieties
3841:
3800:Western Catalan
3767:Eastern Catalan
3745:
3727:Central Occitan
3722:
3718:and Waldensian)
3677:
3672:
3642:
3637:
3604:
3588:
3566:Pannonian Latin
3552:African Romance
3535:
3488:
3419:
3412:
3350:Judeo-Provençal
3223:
3212:
3189:
3138:
3048:Chilean Chilote
2990:
2876:
2817:
2813:
2810:
2799:
2787:Moselle Romance
2754:
2603:Missouri French
2564:Franco-Ontarian
2439:
2428:
2421:
2161:
2126:
2103:Southern Latian
2006:
1971:Maltese Italian
1903:Central Italian
1887:
1880:
1875:Common Romanian
1791:
1775:Italo-Dalmatian
1753:
1743:
1706:
1701:
1694:
1678:
1674:
1663:
1659:
1654:
1650:
1646:, New York 1998
1641:
1637:
1625:
1621:
1612:
1608:
1599:
1595:
1577:
1572:
1568:
1552:
1548:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1463:
1416:
1414:Further reading
1411:
1410:
1404:Iberian Romance
1401:
1394:
1389:
1372:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1314:
1300:Bertran de Born
1295:
1254:
1244:
1240:
1233:
1229:
1223:
1219:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1199:
1097:
842:
706:
701:
691:
684:
667:
660:
656:
420:
410:
391:
383:
348:BearnĂšs dialect
296:
294:
284:
246:), also called
217:
201:
194:
184:
183:
176:
166:
126:Western Romance
106:Latino-Faliscan
91:
88:Language family
86:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3931:
3921:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3883:
3882:
3880:
3879:
3874:
3871:Judaeo-Catalan
3868:
3862:
3856:
3849:
3847:
3843:
3842:
3840:
3839:
3834:
3818:
3817:
3816:
3809:
3802:
3797:
3790:
3783:
3776:
3769:
3764:
3753:
3751:
3747:
3746:
3744:
3743:
3730:
3728:
3724:
3723:
3721:
3720:
3708:
3696:
3691:
3685:
3683:
3679:
3678:
3671:
3670:
3663:
3656:
3648:
3639:
3638:
3636:
3635:
3628:
3619:
3609:
3606:
3605:
3603:
3602:
3596:
3594:
3590:
3589:
3587:
3586:
3585:
3584:
3579:
3569:
3562:
3555:
3547:
3545:
3541:
3540:
3537:
3536:
3534:
3533:
3532:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3505:
3496:
3494:
3490:
3489:
3487:
3486:
3485:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3454:
3453:
3452:
3447:
3437:
3436:
3435:
3424:
3422:
3414:
3413:
3411:
3410:
3409:
3408:
3407:
3406:
3392:
3391:
3390:
3385:
3375:
3374:
3373:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3346:
3345:
3344:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3317:
3307:
3306:
3305:
3304:
3303:
3298:
3290:
3285:
3282:Judaeo-Catalan
3278:
3277:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3265:
3264:
3259:
3249:
3241:
3228:
3226:
3218:
3217:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3210:
3204:
3197:
3195:
3191:
3190:
3188:
3187:
3186:
3185:
3171:
3166:
3165:
3164:
3154:
3146:
3144:
3140:
3139:
3137:
3136:
3129:
3128:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3111:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3089:
3088:
3071:
3070:
3069:
3064:
3063:
3062:
3052:
3051:
3050:
3037:Latin American
3033:
3028:
3016:
3014:Judaeo-Spanish
3011:
3006:
3000:
2998:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2988:
2981:
2980:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2968:
2967:
2955:
2954:
2953:
2941:
2936:
2929:
2917:
2910:
2905:
2904:
2903:
2892:
2886:
2884:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2874:
2867:
2862:
2861:
2860:
2850:
2845:
2844:
2843:
2832:
2830:
2821:
2805:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2797:
2790:
2783:
2782:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2759:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2752:
2751:
2750:
2745:
2735:
2734:
2733:
2728:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2702:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2685:
2684:
2677:
2676:
2675:
2665:
2660:
2643:
2638:
2637:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2616:
2615:
2614:
2607:
2606:
2605:
2600:
2599:
2598:
2588:
2583:
2582:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2560:
2559:
2554:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2533:
2532:
2527:
2509:
2504:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2481:
2480:
2475:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2444:
2442:
2431:
2423:
2422:
2420:
2419:
2418:
2417:
2407:
2400:
2399:
2398:
2397:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2385:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2353:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2327:
2322:
2321:
2320:
2305:
2304:
2303:
2298:
2283:
2278:
2277:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2225:
2224:
2223:
2222:
2217:
2207:
2206:
2205:
2200:
2184:
2182:
2173:
2167:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2159:
2157:Judaeo-Italian
2154:
2153:
2152:
2147:
2134:
2132:
2128:
2127:
2125:
2124:
2123:
2122:
2117:
2116:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2094:
2093:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2051:
2050:
2049:
2048:
2047:
2037:
2036:
2035:
2025:
2014:
2012:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2004:
2003:
2002:
1990:
1985:
1984:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1956:
1955:
1954:
1944:
1943:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1926:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1899:
1897:
1890:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1878:
1871:
1870:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1817:
1812:
1810:Istro-Romanian
1807:
1801:
1799:
1793:
1792:
1790:
1789:
1784:
1783:
1782:
1777:
1767:
1761:
1759:
1758:Major branches
1755:
1754:
1750:classification
1742:
1741:
1734:
1727:
1719:
1713:
1712:
1705:
1704:External links
1702:
1700:
1699:
1692:
1672:
1657:
1648:
1635:
1619:
1606:
1593:
1566:
1557:. Diane, 1985
1546:
1531:Rebecca Posner
1522:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1515:
1499:
1481:
1467:
1461:
1448:
1433:
1432:
1431:
1419:Frede Jensen.
1415:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1391:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1383:
1378:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1343:
1319:
1318:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1289:
1277:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1248:
1237:
1227:
1217:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1188:
1183:
1177:
1176:
1173:
1168:
1162:
1161:
1158:
1153:
1147:
1146:
1143:
1138:
1132:
1131:
1128:
1123:
1117:
1116:
1113:
1108:
1102:
1101:
1093:
1092:
1089:
1084:
1078:
1077:
1074:
1069:
1063:
1062:
1059:
1054:
1048:
1047:
1043:
1042:
1039:
1034:
1028:
1027:
1024:
1019:
1013:
1012:
1009:
1004:
998:
997:
994:
989:
983:
982:
979:
974:
968:
967:
964:
959:
953:
952:
949:
944:
938:
937:
934:
929:
923:
922:
919:
914:
908:
907:
904:
899:
893:
892:
889:
884:
878:
877:
874:
869:
863:
862:
858:
857:
854:
851:
841:
838:
837:
836:
824:
817:
816:
814:
809:
807:
801:
800:
795:
793:
788:
782:
781:
772:
770:
763:
757:
756:
749:
747:
734:
728:
727:
722:
717:
712:
705:
702:
700:
697:
696:
695:
688:
681:
664:
647:
646:
644:
642:
635:
633:
627:
626:
624:
622:
615:
613:
607:
606:
604:
597:
590:
588:
582:
581:
579:
566:
553:
551:
545:
544:
542:
540:
527:
514:
508:
507:
494:
492:
479:
466:
460:
459:
457:
450:
443:
436:
430:
429:
424:
414:
404:
399:
390:
387:
382:
379:
283:
280:
236:occitan ancian
232:Modern Occitan
223:
222:
215:
207:
206:
199:
191:
190:
181:
173:
172:
171:Language codes
168:
167:
165:
164:
163:
162:
161:
160:
159:
158:
157:
156:
155:
154:
153:
152:
151:
150:
149:
148:
147:
146:
94:
92:
85:
82:
81:
78:
74:
73:
44:
40:
39:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3930:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3895:
3893:
3878:
3875:
3872:
3869:
3866:
3863:
3860:
3857:
3854:
3853:Old Provençal
3851:
3850:
3848:
3844:
3838:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3822:
3819:
3814:
3810:
3807:
3806:North-Western
3803:
3801:
3798:
3795:
3791:
3788:
3784:
3781:
3777:
3774:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3759:
3758:
3755:
3754:
3752:
3748:
3740:
3735:
3732:
3731:
3729:
3725:
3717:
3712:
3711:Vivaro-Alpine
3709:
3705:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3686:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3669:
3664:
3662:
3657:
3655:
3650:
3649:
3646:
3633:
3629:
3627:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3614:
3611:
3610:
3607:
3601:
3600:Proto-Romance
3598:
3597:
3595:
3593:Reconstructed
3591:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3574:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3567:
3563:
3561:
3560:
3559:British Latin
3556:
3554:
3553:
3549:
3548:
3546:
3542:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3503:
3502:
3498:
3497:
3495:
3491:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3459:
3458:
3455:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3442:
3441:
3438:
3434:
3431:
3430:
3429:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3421:
3415:
3405:
3404:
3400:
3399:
3398:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3380:
3379:
3378:Vivaro-Alpine
3376:
3372:
3369:
3368:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3342:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3322:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3312:
3311:
3308:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3254:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3236:
3235:
3234:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3225:
3219:
3208:
3205:
3202:
3199:
3198:
3196:
3192:
3184:
3183:
3182:Old Navarrese
3179:
3178:
3177:
3176:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3163:
3160:
3159:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3152:
3148:
3147:
3145:
3141:
3135:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3087:
3084:
3083:
3082:
3079:
3078:
3077:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3065:
3061:
3058:
3057:
3056:
3053:
3049:
3046:
3045:
3044:
3041:
3040:
3039:
3038:
3034:
3032:
3031:Equatoguinean
3029:
3027:
3024:
3023:
3022:
3021:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3001:
2999:
2997:
2993:
2987:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2961:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2949:
2948:
2947:
2946:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2934:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2923:
2922:
2918:
2916:
2915:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2901:
2898:
2897:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2883:
2879:
2873:
2872:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2842:
2839:
2838:
2837:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2829:
2825:
2822:
2819:
2812:
2806:
2796:
2795:
2791:
2789:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2760:
2757:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2740:
2739:
2736:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2723:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2683:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2658:
2654:
2653:
2652:
2649:
2648:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2620:
2617:
2613:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2601:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2499:
2498:
2497:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2485:Frainc-Comtou
2483:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2470:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2424:
2416:
2413:
2412:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2405:
2401:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2369:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2332:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2309:
2306:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2293:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2281:Judeo-Italian
2279:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2211:
2208:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2195:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2168:
2158:
2155:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2145:
2141:
2140:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2129:
2121:
2118:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2076:Castelmezzano
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2062:
2061:
2057:
2056:
2055:
2052:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2041:
2038:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2009:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1996:
1995:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1982:
1981:Swiss Italian
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1948:
1945:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1898:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1883:
1877:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1862:Transylvanian
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1824:
1823:
1822:
1821:Daco-Romanian
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1794:
1788:
1785:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1771:
1770:Italo-Western
1768:
1766:
1763:
1762:
1760:
1756:
1751:
1747:
1740:
1735:
1733:
1728:
1726:
1721:
1720:
1717:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1695:
1689:
1685:
1684:
1676:
1668:
1661:
1652:
1645:
1639:
1632:
1628:
1623:
1616:
1610:
1603:
1597:
1591:
1590:0-8240-4444-4
1587:
1583:
1570:
1564:
1563:0-87169-167-1
1560:
1556:
1550:
1544:
1543:0-521-28139-3
1540:
1536:
1532:
1527:
1523:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1505:
1500:
1498:
1497:0-8240-9030-6
1494:
1490:
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1479:87-7289-428-8
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1469:Povl SkÄrup.
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849:
848:
835:/pel/ "hair".
834:
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821:
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735:
733:
730:
729:
726:
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
710:
709:
689:
683:Intervocalic
682:
679:
675:
674:
665:
654:
653:
652:
645:
643:
640:
636:
634:
632:
629:
628:
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312:
311:
306:
305:
304:Tomida femina
292:
288:
279:
277:
275:
269:
267:
261:
259:
253:
249:
248:Old Provençal
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
220:
216:
214:
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208:
204:
200:
197:
192:
187:
182:
179:
174:
169:
145:
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137:
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135:
134:Gallo-Romance
132:
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130:Gallo-Iberian
129:
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121:Italo-Western
119:
118:
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114:
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109:
108:
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96:Indo-European
93:
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68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
45:
41:
38:Old Provençal
36:
31:
19:
18:Old Provençal
3877:Catalan CalĂł
3865:Judeo-Gascon
3734:Languedocien
3621:
3612:
3564:
3557:
3550:
3499:
3401:
3395:
3394:
3356:Languedocien
3348:
3341:Judeo-Gascon
3339:
3280:
3231:
3201:Barranquenho
3180:
3173:
3149:
3131:
3073:
3035:
3018:
3009:Extremaduran
2983:
2957:
2943:
2931:
2919:
2912:
2869:
2828:Asturleonese
2792:
2785:
2743:West Walloon
2731:Saintongeais
2679:
2655:
2651:Anglo-Norman
2609:
2542:Newfoundland
2502:Jersey Legal
2494:
2402:
2367:Southwestern
2350:Vallassinese
2239:Gallo-Picene
2180:Gallo-Italic
2142:
2058:
2053:
1992:
1958:
1873:
1819:
1682:
1675:
1666:
1660:
1651:
1643:
1638:
1630:
1622:
1614:
1609:
1601:
1596:
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1549:
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1526:
1502:
1488:
1470:
1452:
1436:
1427:
1420:
1346:
1325:
1303:
1281:
1255:
1200:
1091:he receives
1076:he receives
832:
828:
704:Monophthongs
677:
671:
650:
417:Postalveolar
384:
357:
341:
329:lyric poetry
314:
308:
302:
300:
271:
263:
255:
247:
244:occitĂ antic
227:
226:
210:
143:
3824:(including
3737:(excepting
3714:(including
3702:(including
3577:Campidanese
3403:Old Catalan
3396:Old Occitan
3133:Old Spanish
3067:Rioplatense
2871:Old Leonese
2699:Cotentinais
2663:Guernésiais
2586:Frenchville
2579:New England
2458:Bourbonnais
2410:Piedmontese
2404:Old Lombard
2296:Bergamasque
2220:Sammarinese
1315: 1200
1239:word-final
1096:triphthongs
666:Word-final
359:Old Catalan
321:troubadours
228:Old Occitan
144:Old Occitan
33:Old Occitan
3892:Categories
3624:indicates
3582:Logudorese
3115:Philippine
3081:Andalusian
3075:Peninsular
2965:Estremenho
2921:Portuguese
2848:Cantabrian
2681:Law French
2673:Sercquiais
2507:Meridional
2468:Champenois
2463:Burgundian
2274:Tabarchino
2264:Monégasque
2203:Parmigiano
2060:Neapolitan
2033:Manduriano
2000:Florentine
1867:Wallachian
1837:Bukovinian
1578: 800
1519:References
1270:Old French
1262:nominative
1252:Morphology
1197:Graphemics
1026:I believe
389:Consonants
333:interpunct
3813:Valencian
3773:Algherese
3716:Mentonasc
3699:Provençal
3689:Auvergnat
3632:varieties
3615:indicate
3572:Sardinian
3529:Triestine
3477:Sursilvan
3388:Mentonasc
3366:Provençal
3315:Auvergnat
3301:Valencian
3257:Mallorcan
3247:Algherese
3222:Occitano-
3169:Navarrese
3157:Aragonese
3093:Castilian
2996:Castilian
2972:Uruguayan
2945:Brazilian
2908:Minderico
2902:/Eonavian
2865:Mirandese
2779:ValdĂŽtain
2765:/Arpitan
2706:Orléanais
2657:Auregnais
2641:Mayennais
2591:Louisiana
2473:Ardennais
2453:Berrichon
2259:Intemelio
2215:Forlivese
2198:Bolognese
2144:Dalmatian
2108:Tarantino
2071:Benevento
2028:Salentino
1988:Sassarese
1952:Gallurese
1935:Romanesco
1888:Dalmatian
1852:Moldavian
1847:MaramureÈ
1805:Aromanian
1268:), as in
981:to drink
951:it moves
761:Close-mid
549:Affricate
512:Fricative
381:Phonology
274:proensals
258:occitanus
212:Glottolog
196:ISO 639-3
178:ISO 639-2
67:Aquitaine
47:Languedoc
3830:BĂ©arnese
3794:Northern
3780:Balearic
3762:dialects
3694:Limousin
3508:Venetian
3482:Vallader
3472:Surmiran
3445:Cadorino
3428:Friulian
3361:Limousin
3330:BĂ©arnese
3292:Western
3274:Northern
3262:Menorcan
3252:Balearic
3243:Eastern
3239:dialects
3098:Castrapo
3055:Peruvian
3026:dialects
2959:European
2927:dialects
2914:Portugis
2895:Galician
2836:Asturian
2774:Savoyard
2726:Poitevin
2694:Cauchois
2668:JĂšrriais
2515:Canadian
2394:Varesino
2389:Ticinese
2377:Novarese
2372:Cremunés
2362:Ossolano
2357:Milanese
2345:Lecchese
2313:Brianzöö
2244:Ligurian
2210:Romagnol
2091:Arianese
2086:Irpinian
2081:Cilentan
2045:Pantesco
2040:Sicilian
2011:Southern
1947:Corsican
1923:Macerata
1918:Fabriano
1857:Oltenian
1827:dialects
1787:Southern
1370:See also
1293:Extracts
906:to know
902:conoiser
861:falling
856:Meaning
786:Open-mid
690:Written
655:Written
412:alveolar
313:and the
219:oldp1253
63:Limousin
59:Auvergne
55:Dauphiné
51:Provence
3826:Aranese
3787:Central
3757:Catalan
3613:Italics
3514:Chipilo
3457:Romansh
3420:Romance
3418:Rhaeto-
3383:Gardiol
3335:Landese
3325:Aranese
3310:Occitan
3269:Central
3233:Catalan
3224:Romance
3125:Creoles
3120:Saharan
3108:Murcian
3086:Llanito
3043:Chilean
3020:Spanish
2977:Creoles
2951:Mineiro
2933:African
2858:Riberan
2853:Leonese
2818:Iberian
2811:Romance
2738:Walloon
2711:Paydret
2689:Augeron
2629:Vosgien
2624:Gaumais
2619:Lorrain
2611:Creoles
2574:Muskrat
2520:Acadian
2448:Angevin
2438:Langues
2429:Romance
2335:Comasco
2308:Western
2301:Cremish
2291:Eastern
2286:Lombard
2254:Genoese
2249:Brigasc
2193:Emilian
2171:Western
2150:Istriot
2113:Vastese
2098:Molisan
1960:Italian
1896:Central
1842:CriÈana
1797:Eastern
1780:Western
1765:Eastern
1266:oblique
1061:better
1046:rising
1041:summer
876:father
853:Example
741:
720:Central
711:
651:Notes:
586:Lateral
573:
560:
534:
521:
501:
486:
473:
464:Plosive
422:palatal
282:History
240:Catalan
116:Romance
71:Gascony
3821:Gascon
3704:Niçard
3544:Others
3524:Talian
3519:Fiuman
3493:Others
3433:Fornes
3371:Niçard
3320:Gascon
3288:Patuet
3194:Others
3103:CastĂșo
2809:Ibero-
2769:Faetar
2716:Picard
2646:Norman
2634:Welche
2557:Magoua
2547:Quebec
2537:Brayon
2496:French
2478:RĂ©mois
2427:Gallo-
2382:Pavese
2340:Laghée
2318:Canzés
2269:Royasc
2131:Others
2066:Barese
1994:Tuscan
1940:Sabino
1913:Ancona
1886:Italo-
1690:
1604:, p. 2
1588:
1561:
1541:
1511:
1495:
1477:
1459:
1443:
1286:Gascon
1145:night
1011:short
966:I see
921:sweet
891:other
699:Vowels
407:Dental
402:Labial
337:Gascon
310:Boecis
307:, the
266:romans
101:Italic
43:Region
3467:PutĂšr
3462:Jauer
3450:Nones
3440:Ladin
2939:Asian
2596:Houma
2569:MĂ©tis
2552:Joual
2525:Chiac
2490:Gallo
2440:d'oĂŻl
1832:Banat
1387:Notes
1298:From
1274:Latin
1236:for ;
1232:, or
1226:for ;
1222:, or
1216:for ;
1212:, or
1181:/wÉw/
1166:/wÉw/
1160:then
1156:pueis
1151:/wÉj/
1141:nuoit
1136:/wÉj/
1121:/jÉw/
1111:lieis
1106:/jÉj/
1087:cuolh
1072:cuelh
1057:miels
1037:estiu
977:beure
936:then
887:autre
872:paire
732:Close
715:Front
678:gauch
611:Trill
434:Nasal
427:Velar
352:Latin
111:Latin
3828:and
3622:Bold
3207:CalĂł
2890:Fala
2816:West
1688:ISBN
1586:ISBN
1559:ISBN
1539:ISBN
1509:ISBN
1493:ISBN
1475:ISBN
1457:ISBN
1441:ISBN
1264:and
1247:for
1186:bueu
1175:egg
1115:her
1082:/wÉ/
1067:/wÉ/
1052:/jÉ/
1032:/iw/
1022:cuid
1017:/yj/
1007:breu
1002:/Éw/
996:six
992:seis
987:/Éj/
972:/ew/
957:/ej/
942:/Éw/
932:pois
927:/Éj/
917:dous
912:/uw/
897:/uj/
882:/aw/
867:/aj/
805:Open
725:Back
673:gaug
1302:'s
1282:-ra
1243:or
1190:ox
1171:uou
1126:ieu
962:vei
947:mou
850:IPA
833:pel
829:pĂšl
631:Tap
375:/u/
373:to
371:/o/
367:/y/
365:to
363:/u/
203:pro
186:pro
77:Era
3894::
1629:,
1575:c.
1533:,
1487:.
1395:^
1312:c.
1208:,
1130:I
780:)
680:).
576:dÊ
570:tÊ
563:dz
557:ts
339:.
293:.
242::
238:,
234::
69:,
65:,
61:,
57:,
53:,
49:,
3873:â
3867:â
3861:â
3855:â
3832:)
3741:)
3706:)
3667:e
3660:t
3653:v
2820:)
2814:(
1752:)
1748:(
1738:e
1731:t
1724:v
1696:.
1465:.
1447:.
1406:.
1310:(
1288:.
812:a
798:É
791:É
777:o
774:(
767:e
753:u
744:y
738:i
639:ÉŸ
619:r
601:Ê
594:l
537:z
531:s
524:v
518:f
504:ÉĄ
498:k
489:d
483:t
476:b
470:p
454:ÉČ
447:n
440:m
419:/
409:/
230:(
20:)
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