5155:
4839:
672:. Some vowels were considered to occur only in the initial syllable, but they were later found to be in suffixes. Length is distinctive for all vowels; while most of its daughter languages have lost the distinction, many of these preserve it in the case of /e/ with a height distinction, where the long phoneme developed into a more closed vowel than the short counterpart.
291:) classify it as another dialect of East Old Turkic, while others prefer to include Karakhanid among Middle Turkic languages; nonetheless, Karakhanid is very close to Old Uyghur. East Old Turkic and West Old Turkic together comprise the Old Turkic proper, though West Old Turkic is generally unattested and is mostly reconstructed through words loaned through
1536:
Finite verb forms in Old Turkic (i.e. verbs to which a tense suffix is added) always conjugate for person and number of the subject by corresponding suffixes save for the 3rd person, in which case person suffix is absent. This grammatical configuration is preserved in the majority of Modern Turkic
1360:
cases, the latter perhaps derived secondarily from the former at the pre-Old Turkic stage. The dative case has been preserved intact in all the modern
Siberian Turkic languages. On the other hand, the old allative has lost its case function, being preserved in a lexicalized manner in only a small
936:
Old Turkic is highly restrictive in which consonants words can begin with: words can begin with /b/, /t/, /tʃ/, /k/, /q/, /s/, /ɫ/ and /j/, but they do not usually begin with /p/, /d/, /g/, /ɢ/, /l/, /ɾ/, /n/, /ɲ/, /ŋ/, /m/, /ʃ/, or /z/. The only exceptions are
1668:
Some suffixes are attested as being attached to only one word and no other instance of attachment is to be found. Similarly, some words are attested only once in the entire extant Old Turkic corpus.
1476:
Old Turkic (like Modern Turkic) had 2 grammatical numbers: singular and plural. However, Old Turkic also formed collective nouns (a category related to plurals) by a separate suffix
1549:
Old Turkic had a complex system of tenses, which could be divided into six simple and derived tenses, the latter formed by adding special (auxiliary) verbs to the simple tenses.
6161:
These are traditional areas of settlement; the Turkic group has been living in the listed country/region for centuries and should not be confused with modern diasporas.
1455:. This ancient suffix is already rare by the time of Orkhon Turkic and the usage of this case with pronouns is not attested in the whole of Old Turkic. .
3759:
311:(all of which are endangered); Khalaj, for instance, has (surprisingly) retained a considerable number of archaic Old Turkic words despite forming a
7022:
6877:
6389:
284:
6382:
5745:
3775:
3340:
6703:
6130:
5112:
3963:
3828:
1429:
Though Khalaj retains this suffix as a case form (like Altay and Shor), it denotes locative case; which, at first glance, is aberrant.
883:
6882:
6894:
1339:
to regard the suffix as a distinctive marker of Arghu language (i.e. Khalaj). Most of the remaining Turkic languages usually have
945:, "what, which") and its derivatives, and some early assimilations of word-initial /b/ to /m/ preceding a nasal in a word such as
6872:
6195:
6163:
4827:
3313:
3126:
3260:
907:
3653:
3493:
3442:
3374:
3204:
3163:
299:
branch of Turkic languages, and several of its now-archaic grammatical as well as lexical features are extant in the modern
3678:
3483:
3287:
914:
3194:
3099:
7032:
5853:
255:. In terms of the datability of extant written sources, the period of Old Turkic can be dated from slightly before 720
4805:
3072:
528:
of the 10th century. Words were usually written from right to left. Variants of the script were found in
Mongolia and
3724:
3706:
3688:
3670:
3638:
3624:
3452:
3417:
3350:
3323:
3297:
3270:
3153:
3136:
3109:
3082:
7027:
857:
795:
6812:
5454:
3795:
2977:
3719:, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, 1969); Routledge Curzon (1997),
5906:
3956:
3821:
260:
6887:
6840:
6125:
5740:
5154:
4444:
4439:
194:
5788:
843:
3780:
3737:
441:
6188:
4820:
588:
448:. As Marcel Erdal acknowledged, the latter work is not wholly Old Turkic but also contains lexemes from
6792:
6472:
5674:
923:
781:
767:
602:
6621:
3001:
7017:
4503:
3949:
3814:
3715:, Uralic and Altaic Series Vol. 69, Indiana University Publications, Mouton and Co. (1968). (review:
3221:
2993:
850:
657:
623:
595:
296:
232:
100:
6986:
6407:
6311:
5502:
4257:
2953:
818:
609:
3790:
3785:
3770:
3765:
6850:
6535:
5530:
5474:
5221:
5217:
5057:
4875:
4870:
4618:
4332:
4286:
4269:
4234:
4195:
4054:
4000:
3925:
2921:
1413:
1335:
is the only modern Turkic language to have retained this archaic case suffix, which fact has led
804:
788:
774:
630:
252:
244:
95:
30:
For the form of
Turkish spoken in what is now modern Turkey during the 11th-15th centuries, see
7037:
6867:
6855:
6845:
6212:
6181:
5767:
5125:
5102:
4917:
4813:
4672:
4645:
4458:
4312:
4202:
1538:
693:
639:
525:
328:
300:
264:
6862:
6835:
6802:
6787:
5997:
5951:
5559:
4792:
4478:
3988:
3920:
3915:
898:
825:
731:
722:
31:
20:
4768:
429:), legal, literary, folkloric and astrological material, as well as personal correspondence.
6150:
5213:
4932:
4887:
4608:
4434:
4170:
3009:
2969:
2909:
811:
740:
8:
6777:
6767:
6575:
5891:
5510:
5135:
4957:
4408:
4317:
4124:
3701:, in: The Turkic Languages, eds. L. Johanson & E.A. Csato, Routledge, London (1998),
3663:, Handbook of Oriental Studies, Section 8 Uralic & Central Asia, Brill, Leiden (2004)
3648:, in: The Turkic Languages, eds. L. Johanson & E.A. Csato, Routledge, London (1998),
3051:
2985:
2941:
2929:
1490:‘your colts’. Unlike Modern Turkic, Old Turkic had 3 types of suffixes to denote plural:
1320:
834:
387:
343:
272:
156:
6797:
946:
938:
437:
6437:
6354:
5886:
5735:
5708:
4942:
4835:
4087:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3742:
3738:
Old Turkic inscriptions (with translations into
English), reading lessons and tutorials
3241:
1336:
749:
536:
in the west. The preserved inscriptions were dated between the 8th and 10th centuries.
498:
445:
426:
292:
3610:
471:(also known variously as Göktürk script, Orkhon script, Orkhon-Yenisey script) is the
263:
of the 13th century. Old Turkic can generally be split into two dialects, the earlier
211:
6807:
6772:
6710:
6580:
6027:
5946:
5699:
5446:
5120:
5032:
5007:
4997:
4992:
4962:
4902:
4734:
4623:
4279:
4224:
4140:
4117:
4110:
3871:
3720:
3702:
3684:
3666:
3649:
3634:
3620:
3489:
3448:
3423:
3413:
3370:
3346:
3319:
3293:
3266:
3245:
3200:
3159:
3132:
3105:
3078:
3031:
2961:
468:
462:
355:
351:
339:
332:
152:
6899:
6560:
6447:
6442:
6368:
5992:
5972:
5750:
5526:
5514:
5506:
5494:
5470:
5462:
5450:
5431:
5384:
5286:
5249:
5140:
5077:
5072:
5037:
4987:
4912:
4892:
4852:
4704:
4633:
4628:
4473:
4413:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4165:
4155:
4034:
3972:
3851:
3837:
3233:
1519:
1310:
967:
705:
688:
683:
505:
316:
248:
90:
24:
6565:
5982:
4882:
4468:
4092:
3237:
2946:
6719:
6664:
6628:
6550:
6545:
6146:
Organization of the
Eurasian Law Enforcement Agencies with Military Status (TAKM)
5828:
5805:
5778:
5518:
5490:
5486:
5458:
5427:
5364:
5321:
5304:
5130:
5092:
5027:
5012:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4952:
4947:
4937:
4927:
4907:
4897:
4865:
4763:
4758:
4746:
4727:
4709:
4696:
4613:
4578:
4539:
4518:
4485:
4463:
4418:
4351:
4322:
4274:
4264:
4219:
4214:
4075:
4070:
4024:
3658:
1373:
1332:
971:
713:
700:
564:
513:
414:
359:
324:
312:
308:
276:
82:
35:
3753:
3222:"Major and Minor Turkic Language Islands in Iran with a Special Focus on Khalaj"
6698:
6693:
6593:
6427:
6396:
6375:
6277:
6254:
6140:
6037:
6017:
5911:
5896:
5861:
5762:
5534:
5522:
5498:
5478:
5439:
5388:
5349:
5254:
5244:
5163:
5097:
5082:
5062:
5047:
5042:
5017:
5002:
4922:
4860:
4843:
4786:
4588:
4562:
4523:
4403:
4359:
4327:
4291:
4229:
4207:
4160:
4049:
4017:
4009:
3980:
3907:
3716:
2934:
1677:
1439:
1369:
1362:
978:’s classification (some phonemes of suffixes written in capital letters denote
760:
480:
410:
236:
145:
65:
497:
where early 8th-century inscriptions were discovered in an 1889 expedition by
7011:
6920:
6782:
6688:
6639:
6570:
6465:
6457:
6361:
6331:
6244:
6204:
6073:
6063:
5866:
5755:
5654:
5609:
5482:
5404:
5400:
5370:
5314:
5299:
5264:
5171:
5087:
5067:
5052:
4640:
4583:
4241:
3930:
3041:
2423:
1452:
1417:
872:
669:
569:
509:
490:
476:
452:, thus providing a rich resource for the study of both Old and Middle Turkic.
449:
433:
378:
sources. The sources of Old Turkic are divided into two (three, according to
371:
347:
187:
129:
3427:
6991:
6659:
6524:
6517:
6510:
6452:
6336:
6293:
6264:
6259:
6239:
6234:
6229:
6052:
5838:
5466:
5408:
5392:
5354:
5206:
5176:
3897:
3036:
1618:
1554:
1376:
have reintroduced the formal opposition into their respective case systems.
983:
979:
975:
379:
288:
280:
61:
34:. For the form used in the Ottoman Empire (14th to 20th centuries CE), see
6503:
177:
6725:
6674:
6669:
6644:
6555:
6490:
6485:
6422:
6341:
6321:
6223:
6042:
5694:
5639:
5344:
5274:
4449:
4080:
3747:
3407:
582:
552:
517:
422:
304:
256:
3611:
Noten zu den alttürkischen
Inschriften der Mongolei und Sibiriens (1898)
6817:
6585:
6496:
6480:
6346:
6326:
6284:
6022:
5987:
5843:
5823:
5818:
5813:
5684:
4665:
3892:
3046:
647:
557:
406:
320:
268:
134:
5649:
3801:
271:. There is a difference of opinion among linguists with regard to the
6607:
6600:
6068:
6047:
6012:
6007:
5956:
5916:
5901:
5871:
5774:
5725:
5634:
5396:
5309:
5269:
5190:
5186:
4175:
3743:
Turkic
Inscriptions of Orkhon Valley (with translations into Turkish)
3017:
617:
521:
204:
169:
57:
6270:
6057:
3806:
486:
during the 8th to 10th centuries to record the Old Turkic language.
6935:
6762:
6742:
6614:
6099:
6032:
5977:
5926:
5881:
5730:
5704:
5679:
5629:
5604:
5421:
5234:
5198:
5182:
3941:
529:
494:
472:
418:
402:
240:
2973:(between 723 and 725) a writer called "Ebizter" (in Orkhon Turkic)
1438:
Out of all Turkic languages, today this case is preserved only in
338:
East Old Turkic is attested in a number of scripts, including the
6970:
6960:
6109:
6089:
6002:
5619:
5614:
5594:
5547:
5416:
5334:
5279:
5259:
5239:
5229:
5194:
2914:
533:
483:
391:
374:
texts, the vast majority of available Old Turkic texts come from
982:
which sometimes are dropped or changed as per (East) Old Turkic
6996:
6955:
6930:
6915:
6752:
6432:
6300:
6135:
6094:
5876:
5833:
5783:
5644:
5599:
5589:
5573:
5567:
5552:
5542:
5378:
5339:
5329:
5294:
4750:
3750:, pre-Islamic Old Turkic electronic corpus at uni-frankfurt.de.
3631:
Old Turkic word formation: A functional approach to the lexicon
3392:
1574:
1541:
in which verbs no longer agree with the person of the subject.
243:. It was first discovered in inscriptions originating from the
6965:
6945:
6940:
6925:
6757:
6747:
6417:
6249:
6104:
5689:
5624:
5359:
2965:(between 716 and 735) by an unknown writer (in Orkhon Turkic)
398:
2913:(8-10th centuries CE) - a group of texts in Old Turkic from
1412:
Today this Old Turkic suffix is preserved as a case form in
6173:
6145:
5921:
2997:(between 753 and 756) by an unknown writer (in Old Uyghur)
2989:(between 753 and 760) by an unknown writer (in Old Uyghur)
974:
as one); the table below lists Old Turkic cases following
6950:
2422:
The following have been classified by Gerard
Clauson as
668:
Vowel roundness is assimilated through the word through
331:; the contemporaneous ancestor of Modern Uyghur was the
2925:(date unknown) by an unknown writer (in Yenisei Kyrgyz)
295:. East Old Turkic is the oldest attested member of the
6131:
3482:
Robbeets, Martine; Savelyev, Alexander (27 May 2020).
3193:
Robbeets, Martine; Savelyev, Alexander (27 May 2020).
3152:
Robbeets, Martine; Savelyev, Alexander (27 May 2020).
3367:
3098:
Rachewiltz, Igor de; Rybatzki, Volker (31 May 2010).
3071:
Rachewiltz, Igor de; Rybatzki, Volker (31 May 2010).
5582:
315:
within Central Iran and being heavily influenced by
3580:Micro-change and Macro-change in Diachronic Syntax
3097:
3070:
3021:(9th century) by an unknown writer (in Old Uyghur)
3013:(8th century) by an unknown writer (in Old Uyghur)
3005:(8th century) by an unknown writer (in Old Uyghur)
1352:Old Turkic possessed an opposition between dative
1309:This Old Turkic accusative suffix is retained in
7009:
3481:
3192:
3151:
2887:
2881:
2874:
2862:
2855:
2843:
2836:
2824:
2817:
2799:
2793:
2787:
2781:
2774:
2758:
2752:
2746:
2739:
2723:
2717:
2711:
2704:
2688:
2682:
2676:
2669:
2651:
2645:
2639:
2633:
2626:
2612:
2606:
2599:
2585:
2579:
2572:
2560:
2553:
2533:
2527:
2521:
2515:
2509:
2502:
2480:
2474:
2468:
2462:
2456:
2450:
2443:
2404:
2397:
2381:
2374:
2362:
2355:
2343:
2336:
2324:
2317:
2301:
2295:
2289:
2282:
2276:
2264:
2256:
2249:
2242:
2230:
2223:
2217:
2205:
2198:
2184:
2178:
2171:
2157:
2151:
2144:
2132:
2125:
2111:
2105:
2098:
2084:
2078:
2071:
2057:
2051:
2044:
2028:
2022:
2016:
2009:
1995:
1989:
1982:
1966:
1960:
1954:
1947:
1934:
1927:
1915:
1908:
1896:
1889:
1875:
1869:
1862:
1850:
1843:
1829:
1823:
1816:
1804:
1797:
1785:
1778:
1762:
1756:
1750:
1743:
1729:
1723:
1716:
1704:
1697:
3786:Eletmiš Yabgu (Ongin) inscription complete text
3485:The Oxford Guide to the Transeurasian Languages
3345:. University of California Press. p. 188.
3259:Johanson, Lars; Csató, Éva Á. (29 April 2015).
3196:The Oxford Guide to the Transeurasian Languages
3180:The Oxford Guide to the Transeurasian Languages
3155:The Oxford Guide to the Transeurasian Languages
1518:Today, all Modern Turkic languages (except for
1361:number of adverbial expressions - for example,
516:inscriptions, and it has likely cousins in the
504:This writing system was later used within the
6189:
4821:
3957:
3822:
3760:Old Turkic (8th century) funerary inscription
3258:
2981:(724) by an unknown writer (in Orkhon Turkic)
2957:(716) by an unknown writer (in Orkhon Turkic)
417:, and Sogdian alphabets, treating religious (
6164:State with limited international recognition
397:9th to 13th century Uyghur manuscripts from
6196:
6182:
4828:
4814:
3964:
3950:
3829:
3815:
3524:Heritage and Identity in the Turkic World
5111:
3791:Bayanchur Khan inscription complete text
3488:. Oxford University Press. p. 113.
3447:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 61.
3389:History of Civilizations of Central Asia
3292:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 49.
3219:
3199:. Oxford University Press. p. 112.
3158:. Oxford University Press. p. 106.
2933:(date unknown) by an unknown writer (in
1167:Directive-Locative / Partitive-Locative
409:), in various scripts including Brahmi,
7023:Languages attested from the 8th century
3315:Studies in Asian Historical Linguistics
1385:Rare in Buddhist Uyghur and Karakhanid.
323:is not a direct ancestor of the modern
7010:
3802:Timeline of Turkic Languages (Turkish)
3781:Bilge Qaghan inscription complete text
3369:. Verlag auf dem Ruffel, Engelschoff.
3342:The Politics of Muslim Cultural Reform
3338:
1676:The following have been classified by
1553:Old Turkic simple tenses according to
6177:
4809:
3945:
3836:
3810:
3676:
3440:
3405:
3386:
3380:
3285:
3124:
1471:
1042:Accusative I (Pronominal Accusative)
3971:
3318:. BRILL. 19 July 2021. p. 209.
1522:) use exclusively the suffix of the
3776:Kul Tigin inscription complete text
3766:Kuli Chor inscription complete text
3633:, Turcologica, Harassowitz (1991),
3387:Sinor, Denis (2002). "Old Turkic".
2037:food given to a traveller as a gift
1537:languages, except for some such as
1059:Accusative II (Nominal Accusative)
970:in Old Turkic (treating 3 types of
358:of Orkhon Turkic was deciphered by
13:
4791:Languages between parentheses are
3771:Tonyukuk inscription complete text
3604:
3469:Irregularities in Turkic Languages
512:variant is known from 9th-century
456:
251:, making it the earliest attested
14:
7049:
3731:
3220:Ragagnin, Elisabetta (May 2020).
2902:
2658:chosen,parted,separated,scattered
1663:
922:
913:
906:
882:
856:
849:
842:
824:
817:
810:
803:
794:
787:
780:
773:
766:
748:
739:
730:
721:
656:
638:
629:
622:
608:
601:
594:
587:
16:Earliest attested Turkic language
5153:
4837:
3677:Erdal, Marcel (1 January 2004).
3125:Erdal, Marcel (September 2004).
3101:Introduction to Altaic Philology
3074:Introduction to Altaic Philology
440:and the parts of the monumental
6813:Altyn Tamgan Tarhan inscription
6136:Parliamentary Assembly (TURKPA)
3586:
3572:
3558:
3544:
3530:
3516:
3502:
3475:
3461:
3434:
3399:
3359:
3332:
3306:
2978:Altyn Tamgan Tarhan inscription
2388:"frog in a horse's hoof" (from
1458:
1445:
1432:
1423:
1406:
1397:
1388:
1379:
1346:
1326:
1303:
4795:of the language on their left.
3339:Khalid, Adeeb (January 1999).
3279:
3252:
3213:
3186:
3172:
3145:
3118:
3091:
3064:
489:The script is named after the
1:
6836:Battle of Gol-Zarriun/Bukhara
6126:Organization of Turkic States
3412:. Boston: Brill. p. 88.
3238:10.1080/00210862.2020.1740881
3057:
6203:
3365:Scharlipp, Wolfgang (2000).
1680:as denominal noun suffixes.
1671:
1403:In partitive-locative sense.
1394:In directive-locative sense.
539:
432:(According to Marcel Erdal)
7:
6883:Tang Western Turk campaigns
3025:
2417:
1368:‘towards inside’. However,
966:There are approximately 12
275:, some (among whom include
49:East Old Turkic, Old Turkic
10:
7054:
6873:Tang Eastern Turk campaign
6793:Turks in the Tang military
6473:Irbis Ishbara Yabgu Qaghan
3713:A Grammar of Orkhon Turkic
3441:Dwyer, Arienne M. (2007).
3286:Dwyer, Arienne M. (2007).
3265:. Routledge. p. 280.
2369:left-handed (pejorative?)
956:
793:
747:
745:
738:
736:
729:
727:
720:
718:
460:
365:
333:Chagatai literary language
29:
18:
7033:Extinct languages of Asia
6979:
6908:
6826:
6735:
6638:
6534:
6406:
6310:
6211:
6159:
6118:
6082:
5965:
5939:
5852:
5804:
5797:
5718:
5667:
5162:
5151:
4851:
4777:
4745:
4720:
4695:
4654:
4601:
4571:
4555:
4548:
4532:
4511:
4502:
4427:
4396:
4368:
4350:
4305:
4250:
4188:
4148:
4139:
4101:
4063:
4042:
4033:
4008:
3999:
3979:
3906:
3880:
3844:
2994:Choiti-Tamir inscriptions
2495:straight, upright, lawful
1323:also employs this suffix.
930:
928:
903:
892:
890:
888:
877:
866:
864:
839:
754:
704:
699:
692:
687:
682:
556:
551:
549:
202:
185:
167:
162:
142:
123:
79:
71:
53:
48:
43:
6408:Western Turkic Khaganate
6312:Eastern Turkic Khaganate
5741:Timeline of the Göktürks
2954:Bain Tsokto inscriptions
1591:Preterite (Simple Past)
1544:
961:
386:The 8th to 10th century
356:Turkic runiform alphabet
233:Siberian Turkic language
181: – Old Turkish
19:Not to be confused with
7028:Agglutinative languages
6536:Second Turkic Khaganate
4721:Disputed classification
3754:A Grammar of Old Turkic
3680:A Grammar Of Old Turkic
3661:A Grammar of Old Turkic
3594:A Grammar of Old Turkic
3566:A Grammar of Old Turkic
3552:A Grammar of Old Turkic
3538:A Grammar of Old Turkic
3510:A Grammar of Old Turkic
3409:A grammar of Old Turkic
3128:A Grammar of Old Turkic
3002:Sükhbaatar inscriptions
2922:Uyuk-Tarlak inscription
2888:
2882:
2875:
2863:
2856:
2844:
2837:
2825:
2818:
2800:
2794:
2788:
2782:
2775:
2759:
2753:
2747:
2740:
2724:
2718:
2712:
2705:
2689:
2683:
2677:
2670:
2652:
2646:
2640:
2634:
2627:
2613:
2607:
2600:
2586:
2580:
2573:
2561:
2554:
2534:
2528:
2522:
2516:
2510:
2503:
2481:
2475:
2469:
2463:
2457:
2451:
2444:
2405:
2398:
2382:
2375:
2363:
2356:
2344:
2337:
2325:
2318:
2302:
2296:
2290:
2283:
2277:
2265:
2257:
2250:
2243:
2231:
2224:
2218:
2206:
2199:
2185:
2179:
2172:
2158:
2152:
2145:
2133:
2126:
2112:
2106:
2099:
2085:
2079:
2072:
2058:
2052:
2045:
2029:
2023:
2017:
2010:
1996:
1990:
1983:
1967:
1961:
1955:
1948:
1935:
1928:
1916:
1909:
1897:
1890:
1876:
1870:
1863:
1851:
1844:
1830:
1824:
1817:
1805:
1798:
1786:
1779:
1771:yesterday, night, north
1763:
1757:
1751:
1744:
1730:
1724:
1717:
1705:
1698:
1531:
245:Second Turkic Khaganate
227:and often shortened to
6213:First Turkic Khaganate
5455:Bosnia and Herzegovina
3619:, Ulan-Baator (2008),
3406:Erdal, Marcel (2004).
3391:. Vol. 4. Paris:
526:Old Hungarian alphabet
394:basin (Orkhon Turkic).
329:Western Yugur language
253:Common Turkic language
6803:Tonyukuk inscriptions
6788:Shoroon Bumbagar tomb
5952:Proto-Turkic language
5583:Extinct Turkic groups
4480:Old Anatolian Turkish
3104:. BRILL. p. 19.
3077:. BRILL. p. 17.
2247:(after vowels and -r)
1117:Directive / Allative
370:In stark contrast to
223:, generally known as
32:Old Anatolian Turkish
21:Proto-Turkic language
6841:Göktürk–Persian wars
6681:Mengchi Protectorate
6652:Kunling Protectorate
6151:World Turks Qurultai
3262:The Turkic Languages
3131:. BRILL. p. 8.
3010:Bombogor inscription
2970:Kul-chur inscription
2910:Yenisei Inscriptions
2869:"saved" noodle dish
2812:be moving violently
2732:desire, covetousness
1464:In Manichaean Uyghur
532:in the east and the
442:Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk
390:in Mongolia and the
6987:Göktürk family tree
6778:Orkhon inscriptions
6768:Old Turkic language
6576:Kutluk Yabgu Khagan
5892:Karachay-Cherkessia
4409:Chaharmahali Turkic
3699:A History of Turkic
3395:. pp. 331–333.
3052:Karakhanid language
2986:Tariat inscriptions
2942:Orkhon Inscriptions
2930:Elegest inscription
1603:Perfect Participle
1558:
677:
546:
388:Orkhon inscriptions
344:Old Uyghur alphabet
273:Karakhanid language
221:Old Siberian Turkic
157:Old Uyghur alphabet
109:Old Siberian Turkic
44:Old Siberian Turkic
6622:Qutluğ Säbäg Qatun
6438:Tong Yabghu Qaghan
6355:Ashina Jiesheshuai
6083:Traditional sports
5887:Kabardino-Balkaria
5507:Meskhetia (Ahiska)
3796:Ongin inscriptions
3018:Book of Divination
2949:(in Orkhon Turkic)
2445:-a/-e/-ı:/-i/-u/-ü
2254:(the normal forms)
2066:inside human body
2035:tranquil, at peace
1557:'s classification
1552:
1472:Grammatical Number
1337:Mahmud al-Kashgari
675:
544:
508:. Additionally, a
499:Nikolai Yadrintsev
446:Mahmud al-Kashgari
427:Church of the East
75:8th–13th centuries
7005:
7004:
6868:Göktürk civil war
6863:Goguryeo–Tang War
6808:Ongin inscription
6773:Old Turkic script
6711:Anxi Protectorate
6171:
6170:
5947:Old Turkic script
5935:
5934:
5746:Timeline 500–1300
5663:
5662:
5149:
5148:
5008:Kipchak languages
4963:Karamanli Turkish
4803:
4802:
4787:extinct languages
4691:
4690:
4687:
4686:
4683:
4682:
4597:
4596:
4498:
4497:
4445:South Azerbaijani
4440:North Azerbaijani
4346:
4345:
4135:
4134:
3939:
3938:
3838:Altaic hypothesis
3798:by Gerard Clauson
3654:978-99929-944-0-5
3617:Old Turkic Script
3495:978-0-19-880462-8
3375:978-3-933847-00-3
3206:978-0-19-880462-8
3165:978-0-19-880462-8
3032:Old Turkic script
2962:Ongin inscription
2945:(732 and 735) by
2900:
2899:
2695:completely, clean
2415:
2414:
1661:
1660:
1528:type for plural.
1299:
1298:
934:
933:
901:
875:
837:
763:
716:
666:
665:
469:Old Turkic script
463:Old Turkic script
352:Manichaean script
340:Old Turkic script
327:, but rather the
218:
217:
153:Old Turkic script
7045:
7018:Turkic languages
6900:Battle of Bolchu
6895:Li-Sun rebellion
6448:Sy Yabghu Khagan
6198:
6191:
6184:
6175:
6174:
5993:Tibetan Buddhism
5973:Turkic mythology
5854:Autonomous areas
5806:Sovereign states
5802:
5801:
5580:
5579:
5562:
5537:
5434:
5411:
5373:
5324:
5289:
5250:Crimean Karaites
5224:
5201:
5157:
5109:
5108:
4988:Khorasani Turkic
4842:
4841:
4840:
4830:
4823:
4816:
4807:
4806:
4553:
4552:
4546:
4545:
4509:
4508:
4376:Khorasani Turkic
4366:
4365:
4146:
4145:
4040:
4039:
4006:
4005:
3973:Turkic languages
3966:
3959:
3952:
3943:
3942:
3831:
3824:
3817:
3808:
3807:
3694:
3598:
3597:
3590:
3584:
3583:
3576:
3570:
3569:
3562:
3556:
3555:
3548:
3542:
3541:
3534:
3528:
3527:
3520:
3514:
3513:
3506:
3500:
3499:
3479:
3473:
3472:
3465:
3459:
3458:
3438:
3432:
3431:
3403:
3397:
3396:
3384:
3378:
3363:
3357:
3356:
3336:
3330:
3329:
3310:
3304:
3303:
3283:
3277:
3276:
3256:
3250:
3249:
3232:(3–4): 573–588.
3217:
3211:
3210:
3190:
3184:
3183:
3176:
3170:
3169:
3149:
3143:
3142:
3122:
3116:
3115:
3095:
3089:
3088:
3068:
2891:
2885:
2878:
2866:
2859:
2847:
2840:
2828:
2821:
2803:
2797:
2791:
2785:
2778:
2769:gently nurtured
2762:
2756:
2750:
2743:
2727:
2721:
2715:
2708:
2692:
2686:
2680:
2673:
2655:
2649:
2643:
2637:
2630:
2616:
2610:
2603:
2589:
2583:
2576:
2564:
2557:
2537:
2531:
2525:
2519:
2513:
2506:
2484:
2478:
2472:
2466:
2460:
2454:
2447:
2429:
2428:
2408:
2401:
2385:
2378:
2366:
2359:
2347:
2340:
2328:
2321:
2305:
2299:
2293:
2286:
2280:
2268:
2260:
2253:
2246:
2234:
2227:
2221:
2209:
2202:
2188:
2182:
2175:
2161:
2155:
2148:
2136:
2129:
2115:
2109:
2102:
2088:
2082:
2075:
2061:
2055:
2048:
2032:
2026:
2020:
2013:
1999:
1993:
1986:
1970:
1964:
1958:
1951:
1938:
1931:
1919:
1912:
1900:
1893:
1879:
1873:
1866:
1854:
1847:
1833:
1827:
1820:
1808:
1801:
1792:liver, entrails
1789:
1782:
1766:
1760:
1754:
1747:
1733:
1727:
1720:
1708:
1701:
1683:
1682:
1650:Imminent Future
1559:
1551:
1526:
1512:
1505:
1498:
1480:
1465:
1462:
1456:
1449:
1443:
1436:
1430:
1427:
1421:
1410:
1404:
1401:
1395:
1392:
1386:
1383:
1377:
1359:
1355:
1350:
1344:
1342:
1330:
1324:
1317:
1307:
1263:
1240:
1215:Equative-Lative
1198:
1162:
989:
988:
926:
917:
910:
897:
886:
871:
860:
853:
846:
833:
828:
821:
814:
807:
798:
791:
784:
777:
770:
759:
752:
743:
734:
725:
712:
678:
674:
660:
642:
633:
626:
612:
605:
598:
591:
547:
543:
506:Uyghur Khaganate
479:and other early
438:Yūsuf Balasaguni
377:
261:Mongol invasions
249:Uyghur Khaganate
247:, and later the
214:
197:
180:
172:
148:
85:
41:
40:
25:Turkic languages
7053:
7052:
7048:
7047:
7046:
7044:
7043:
7042:
7008:
7007:
7006:
7001:
6975:
6904:
6828:
6822:
6736:Göktürk culture
6731:
6720:Tokhara Yabghus
6665:Ashina Yuanqing
6642:
6634:
6629:El Bilga Khatun
6551:Qapaghan Qaghan
6546:Ilterish Qaghan
6538:
6530:
6410:
6402:
6314:
6306:
6215:
6207:
6202:
6172:
6167:
6162:
6155:
6114:
6078:
5961:
5931:
5848:
5829:Northern Cyprus
5793:
5779:Altai Mountains
5714:
5659:
5578:
5558:
5503:North Macedonia
5445:
5426:
5383:
5369:
5365:Siberian Tatars
5320:
5305:Khorasani Turks
5285:
5212:
5181:
5158:
5145:
5107:
5028:Ottoman Turkish
4948:Karachay-Balkar
4847:
4838:
4836:
4834:
4804:
4799:
4798:
4773:
4741:
4716:
4679:
4650:
4593:
4567:
4544:
4528:
4494:
4487:Ottoman Turkish
4423:
4392:
4364:
4342:
4301:
4259:Fergana Kipchak
4246:
4215:Karachay-Balkar
4184:
4131:
4097:
4059:
4029:
3995:
3975:
3970:
3940:
3935:
3908:Proto-languages
3902:
3881:Early languages
3876:
3840:
3835:
3756:by Marcel Erdal
3734:
3691:
3607:
3605:Further reading
3602:
3601:
3592:
3591:
3587:
3578:
3577:
3573:
3564:
3563:
3559:
3550:
3549:
3545:
3536:
3535:
3531:
3522:
3521:
3517:
3508:
3507:
3503:
3496:
3480:
3476:
3467:
3466:
3462:
3455:
3439:
3435:
3420:
3404:
3400:
3385:
3381:
3364:
3360:
3353:
3337:
3333:
3326:
3312:
3311:
3307:
3300:
3284:
3280:
3273:
3257:
3253:
3226:Iranian Studies
3218:
3214:
3207:
3191:
3187:
3178:
3177:
3173:
3166:
3150:
3146:
3139:
3123:
3119:
3112:
3096:
3092:
3085:
3069:
3065:
3060:
3028:
2905:
2895:
2886:
2811:
2809:
2807:
2798:
2792:
2786:
2768:
2766:
2757:
2751:
2733:
2731:
2722:
2716:
2698:
2696:
2687:
2681:
2663:
2661:
2659:
2650:
2644:
2638:
2620:
2611:
2593:
2584:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2532:
2526:
2520:
2514:
2496:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2489:branched,forked
2488:
2479:
2473:
2467:
2461:
2455:
2420:
2311:
2309:
2300:
2294:
2271:middle partner
2258:-ïq/-ik/-uq/-ük
2255:
2248:
2192:
2183:
2165:
2156:
2119:
2110:
2092:
2083:
2065:
2056:
2038:
2036:
2027:
2021:
2004:men, gentlemen
2003:
1994:
1976:
1974:
1965:
1959:
1942:inside, within
1939:
1883:
1874:
1837:
1828:
1811:inside, within
1772:
1770:
1769:thus, like that
1761:
1755:
1737:
1728:
1674:
1666:
1547:
1534:
1524:
1516:
1510:
1503:
1496:
1478:
1474:
1469:
1468:
1463:
1459:
1450:
1446:
1437:
1433:
1428:
1424:
1411:
1407:
1402:
1398:
1393:
1389:
1384:
1380:
1357:
1353:
1351:
1347:
1340:
1331:
1327:
1315:
1313:in the form of
1308:
1304:
1261:
1238:
1196:
1157:
1080:Accusative III
964:
959:
695:
542:
514:Yenisei Kirghiz
465:
459:
457:Writing systems
375:
368:
360:Vilhelm Thomsen
325:Uyghur language
313:language island
297:Siberian Turkic
277:Omeljan Pritsak
225:East Old Turkic
210:
193:
190:
176:
175:
168:
149:
144:
119:
101:Siberian Turkic
86:
83:Language family
81:
39:
36:Ottoman Turkish
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7051:
7041:
7040:
7035:
7030:
7025:
7020:
7003:
7002:
7000:
6999:
6994:
6989:
6983:
6981:
6977:
6976:
6974:
6973:
6968:
6963:
6958:
6953:
6948:
6943:
6938:
6933:
6928:
6923:
6918:
6912:
6910:
6906:
6905:
6903:
6902:
6897:
6892:
6891:
6890:
6880:
6875:
6870:
6865:
6860:
6859:
6858:
6853:
6848:
6838:
6832:
6830:
6824:
6823:
6821:
6820:
6815:
6810:
6805:
6800:
6795:
6790:
6785:
6780:
6775:
6770:
6765:
6760:
6755:
6750:
6745:
6739:
6737:
6733:
6732:
6730:
6729:
6723:
6716:
6715:
6713:
6707:
6706:
6701:
6699:Ashina Huaidao
6696:
6694:Ashina Huseluo
6691:
6685:
6684:
6682:
6678:
6677:
6672:
6667:
6662:
6656:
6655:
6653:
6649:
6647:
6636:
6635:
6633:
6632:
6625:
6618:
6611:
6604:
6597:
6594:Ashina Duoxifu
6589:
6588:
6583:
6578:
6573:
6568:
6563:
6558:
6553:
6548:
6542:
6540:
6532:
6531:
6529:
6528:
6521:
6514:
6507:
6500:
6493:
6488:
6483:
6477:
6476:
6469:
6461:
6460:
6455:
6450:
6445:
6440:
6435:
6430:
6428:Heshana Qaghan
6425:
6420:
6414:
6412:
6404:
6403:
6401:
6400:
6397:Ashina Shibobi
6393:
6386:
6379:
6376:Ashina Nishufu
6372:
6365:
6358:
6350:
6349:
6344:
6339:
6334:
6329:
6324:
6318:
6316:
6308:
6307:
6305:
6304:
6297:
6289:
6288:
6281:
6278:Empress Ashina
6274:
6267:
6262:
6257:
6255:Ishbara Qaghan
6252:
6247:
6242:
6237:
6232:
6227:
6219:
6217:
6209:
6208:
6201:
6200:
6193:
6186:
6178:
6169:
6168:
6160:
6157:
6156:
6154:
6153:
6148:
6143:
6141:Turkic Academy
6138:
6133:
6128:
6122:
6120:
6116:
6115:
6113:
6112:
6107:
6102:
6097:
6092:
6086:
6084:
6080:
6079:
6077:
6076:
6071:
6066:
6061:
6055:
6050:
6045:
6040:
6038:Khalwati order
6035:
6030:
6025:
6020:
6018:Bektashi Order
6015:
6010:
6005:
6000:
5995:
5990:
5985:
5980:
5975:
5969:
5967:
5963:
5962:
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5936:
5933:
5932:
5930:
5929:
5924:
5919:
5914:
5909:
5904:
5899:
5897:Karakalpakstan
5894:
5889:
5884:
5879:
5874:
5869:
5864:
5862:Altai Republic
5858:
5856:
5850:
5849:
5847:
5846:
5841:
5836:
5831:
5826:
5821:
5816:
5810:
5808:
5799:
5795:
5794:
5792:
5791:
5786:
5781:
5772:
5771:
5770:
5763:Nomadic empire
5760:
5759:
5758:
5753:
5748:
5738:
5733:
5728:
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5584:
5577:
5576:
5571:
5565:
5564:
5563:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5539:
5538:
5531:Western Thrace
5437:
5436:
5435:
5419:
5414:
5413:
5412:
5376:
5375:
5374:
5362:
5357:
5352:
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5312:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5291:
5290:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5255:Crimean Tatars
5252:
5247:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5227:
5226:
5225:
5204:
5203:
5202:
5174:
5168:
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5115:
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5080:
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5065:
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5058:Siberian Tatar
5055:
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5015:
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4662:
4660:
4652:
4651:
4649:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4637:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4619:Northern Altai
4616:
4611:
4605:
4603:
4599:
4598:
4595:
4594:
4592:
4591:
4586:
4581:
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4411:
4406:
4400:
4398:
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4391:
4390:
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4388:
4378:
4372:
4370:
4363:
4362:
4356:
4354:
4348:
4347:
4344:
4343:
4341:
4340:
4339:
4338:
4333:Siberian Tatar
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4313:Dobrujan Tatar
4309:
4307:
4303:
4302:
4300:
4299:
4298:
4297:
4294:
4287:Siberian Tatar
4284:
4283:
4282:
4277:
4270:Southern Altai
4267:
4262:
4254:
4252:
4248:
4247:
4245:
4244:
4239:
4236:Mamluk-Kipchak
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4205:
4200:
4197:Armeno-Kipchak
4192:
4190:
4186:
4185:
4183:
4182:
4181:
4180:
4173:
4168:
4158:
4152:
4150:
4143:
4137:
4136:
4133:
4132:
4130:
4129:
4122:
4115:
4107:
4105:
4099:
4098:
4096:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4084:
4083:
4078:
4067:
4065:
4061:
4060:
4058:
4057:
4055:Southern Uzbek
4052:
4050:Northern Uzbek
4046:
4044:
4037:
4031:
4030:
4028:
4027:
4022:
4014:
4012:
4003:
3997:
3996:
3994:
3993:
3985:
3983:
3981:Proto-language
3977:
3976:
3969:
3968:
3961:
3954:
3946:
3937:
3936:
3934:
3933:
3928:
3926:Proto-Mongolic
3923:
3918:
3912:
3910:
3904:
3903:
3901:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3884:
3882:
3878:
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3869:
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3859:
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3834:
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3805:
3804:
3799:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3757:
3751:
3745:
3740:
3733:
3732:External links
3730:
3729:
3728:
3717:Gerard Clauson
3709:
3695:
3689:
3674:
3656:
3642:
3627:
3613:
3606:
3603:
3600:
3599:
3596:. p. 272.
3585:
3571:
3568:. p. 158.
3557:
3554:. p. 160.
3543:
3540:. p. 180.
3529:
3515:
3512:. p. 177.
3501:
3494:
3474:
3471:. p. 228.
3460:
3453:
3433:
3418:
3398:
3379:
3358:
3351:
3331:
3324:
3305:
3298:
3278:
3271:
3251:
3212:
3205:
3185:
3182:. p. 413.
3171:
3164:
3144:
3137:
3117:
3110:
3090:
3083:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3056:
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3022:
3014:
3006:
2998:
2990:
2982:
2974:
2966:
2958:
2950:
2938:
2935:Yenisei Kyrgyz
2926:
2918:
2904:
2903:Literary works
2901:
2898:
2897:
2892:
2879:
2871:
2870:
2867:
2860:
2852:
2851:
2848:
2841:
2833:
2832:
2829:
2822:
2814:
2813:
2806:be in the know
2804:
2779:
2771:
2770:
2763:
2744:
2736:
2735:
2728:
2709:
2701:
2700:
2693:
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2596:
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2590:
2577:
2569:
2568:
2565:
2558:
2550:
2549:
2538:
2507:
2499:
2498:
2491:evening, night
2485:
2448:
2440:
2439:
2436:
2433:
2419:
2416:
2413:
2412:
2409:
2402:
2394:
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2386:
2379:
2371:
2370:
2367:
2360:
2352:
2351:
2348:
2341:
2333:
2332:
2331:objectionable
2329:
2322:
2314:
2313:
2306:
2287:
2273:
2272:
2269:
2262:
2239:
2238:
2237:spindle-whorl
2235:
2228:
2214:
2213:
2210:
2203:
2195:
2194:
2189:
2176:
2168:
2167:
2162:
2149:
2141:
2140:
2137:
2130:
2122:
2121:
2116:
2103:
2095:
2094:
2089:
2076:
2068:
2067:
2064:three together
2062:
2049:
2041:
2040:
2033:
2014:
2006:
2005:
2000:
1987:
1979:
1978:
1971:
1952:
1944:
1943:
1940:
1932:
1924:
1923:
1920:
1913:
1905:
1904:
1901:
1894:
1886:
1885:
1880:
1867:
1859:
1858:
1855:
1848:
1840:
1839:
1834:
1821:
1813:
1812:
1809:
1802:
1794:
1793:
1790:
1783:
1775:
1774:
1767:
1748:
1740:
1739:
1738:string/thread
1734:
1721:
1713:
1712:
1709:
1702:
1694:
1693:
1690:
1687:
1678:Gerard Clauson
1673:
1670:
1665:
1664:Hapax Legomena
1662:
1659:
1658:
1656:
1651:
1647:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1632:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1615:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1600:
1599:
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1588:
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1563:
1546:
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1530:
1515:
1514:
1507:
1500:
1492:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1457:
1444:
1431:
1422:
1405:
1396:
1387:
1378:
1345:
1325:
1311:Modern Turkish
1301:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1290:
1284:
1281:
1277:
1276:
1275:young brother
1270:
1264:
1258:
1254:
1253:
1247:
1241:
1236:
1232:
1231:
1225:
1219:
1216:
1212:
1211:
1205:
1199:
1193:
1189:
1188:
1181:
1171:
1168:
1164:
1163:
1151:
1141:
1138:
1134:
1133:
1127:
1121:
1118:
1114:
1113:
1107:
1101:
1098:
1094:
1093:
1090:
1084:
1081:
1077:
1076:
1075:girls, Karluk
1073:
1063:
1060:
1056:
1055:
1052:
1046:
1043:
1039:
1038:
1032:
1026:
1023:
1019:
1018:
1015:
1009:
1006:
1002:
1001:
998:
995:
994:Case Suffixes
992:
968:case morphemes
963:
960:
958:
955:
932:
931:
929:
927:
920:
918:
911:
904:
902:
894:
893:
891:
889:
887:
880:
878:
876:
868:
867:
865:
863:
861:
854:
847:
840:
838:
830:
829:
822:
815:
808:
801:
799:
792:
785:
778:
771:
764:
756:
755:
753:
746:
744:
737:
735:
728:
726:
719:
717:
709:
708:
703:
698:
691:
686:
681:
664:
663:
661:
654:
652:
650:
644:
643:
636:
634:
627:
620:
614:
613:
606:
599:
592:
585:
579:
578:
575:
572:
567:
561:
560:
555:
550:
541:
538:
461:Main article:
458:
455:
454:
453:
430:
395:
367:
364:
305:Lop Nur Uyghur
267:and the later
237:East Turkistan
235:spoken around
216:
215:
208:
200:
199:
191:
186:
183:
182:
173:
165:
164:
163:Language codes
160:
159:
150:
146:Writing system
143:
140:
139:
138:
137:
132:
125:
121:
120:
118:
117:
116:
115:
114:
113:
112:
111:
105:South Siberian
89:
87:
80:
77:
76:
73:
69:
68:
66:Eastern Europe
55:
51:
50:
46:
45:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7050:
7039:
7036:
7034:
7031:
7029:
7026:
7024:
7021:
7019:
7016:
7015:
7013:
6998:
6995:
6993:
6990:
6988:
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6972:
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6889:
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6879:
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6864:
6861:
6857:
6854:
6852:
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6843:
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6839:
6837:
6834:
6833:
6831:
6825:
6819:
6816:
6814:
6811:
6809:
6806:
6804:
6801:
6799:
6796:
6794:
6791:
6789:
6786:
6784:
6783:Orkhon Valley
6781:
6779:
6776:
6774:
6771:
6769:
6766:
6764:
6761:
6759:
6756:
6754:
6751:
6749:
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6744:
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6740:
6738:
6734:
6727:
6724:
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6718:
6717:
6714:
6712:
6709:
6708:
6705:
6702:
6700:
6697:
6695:
6692:
6690:
6689:Ashina Buzhen
6687:
6686:
6683:
6680:
6679:
6676:
6673:
6671:
6668:
6666:
6663:
6661:
6658:
6657:
6654:
6651:
6650:
6648:
6646:
6641:
6640:Western Turks
6637:
6630:
6626:
6623:
6619:
6616:
6612:
6609:
6605:
6602:
6598:
6595:
6591:
6590:
6587:
6584:
6582:
6579:
6577:
6574:
6572:
6571:Tengri Qaghan
6569:
6567:
6566:Yollıg Khagan
6564:
6562:
6559:
6557:
6554:
6552:
6549:
6547:
6544:
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6537:
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6508:
6505:
6501:
6498:
6494:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6479:
6478:
6474:
6470:
6467:
6466:El Kulug Shad
6463:
6462:
6459:
6458:Ishbara Tolis
6456:
6454:
6451:
6449:
6446:
6444:
6441:
6439:
6436:
6434:
6431:
6429:
6426:
6424:
6421:
6419:
6416:
6415:
6413:
6409:
6405:
6398:
6394:
6391:
6390:Ashide Fengji
6387:
6384:
6380:
6377:
6373:
6370:
6369:Ashina She'er
6366:
6363:
6362:Ashina Funian
6359:
6356:
6352:
6351:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6342:Qilibi Qaghan
6340:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6325:
6323:
6320:
6319:
6317:
6313:
6309:
6302:
6298:
6295:
6291:
6290:
6286:
6282:
6279:
6275:
6272:
6268:
6266:
6263:
6261:
6258:
6256:
6253:
6251:
6248:
6246:
6245:Taspar Qaghan
6243:
6241:
6238:
6236:
6233:
6231:
6228:
6225:
6221:
6220:
6218:
6214:
6210:
6206:
6199:
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6185:
6180:
6179:
6176:
6165:
6158:
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6149:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6123:
6121:
6119:Organizations
6117:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6087:
6085:
6081:
6075:
6074:Vattisen Yaly
6072:
6070:
6067:
6065:
6062:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6051:
6049:
6046:
6044:
6041:
6039:
6036:
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6031:
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6026:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6009:
6006:
6004:
6001:
5999:
5996:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5970:
5968:
5964:
5958:
5955:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5945:
5944:
5942:
5938:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5867:Bashkortostan
5865:
5863:
5860:
5859:
5857:
5855:
5851:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5812:
5811:
5809:
5807:
5803:
5800:
5796:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5780:
5776:
5773:
5769:
5766:
5765:
5764:
5761:
5757:
5756:Turkification
5754:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5744:
5743:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5723:
5721:
5717:
5710:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5672:
5670:
5666:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5587:
5585:
5581:
5575:
5572:
5569:
5566:
5561:
5556:
5555:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5536:
5532:
5528:
5524:
5520:
5516:
5512:
5508:
5504:
5500:
5496:
5492:
5488:
5484:
5480:
5476:
5472:
5468:
5464:
5460:
5456:
5452:
5448:
5443:
5442:
5441:
5438:
5433:
5429:
5425:
5424:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5410:
5406:
5402:
5398:
5394:
5390:
5386:
5382:
5381:
5380:
5377:
5372:
5371:Baraba Tatars
5368:
5367:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5317:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5282:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5223:
5219:
5215:
5210:
5209:
5208:
5205:
5200:
5196:
5192:
5188:
5184:
5180:
5179:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5169:
5167:
5165:
5161:
5156:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5126:Common Turkic
5124:
5122:
5119:
5118:
5116:
5114:
5110:
5104:
5103:Western Yugur
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4918:Crimean Tatar
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4868:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4858:
4856:
4854:
4850:
4845:
4831:
4826:
4824:
4819:
4817:
4812:
4811:
4808:
4794:
4790:
4788:
4784:
4781:
4780:
4776:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4756:
4754:
4752:
4748:
4744:
4738:
4737:
4733:
4731:
4730:
4726:
4725:
4723:
4719:
4713:
4712:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4702:
4700:
4698:
4694:
4676:
4675:
4674:Orkhon Turkic
4671:
4669:
4668:
4664:
4663:
4661:
4659:
4658:
4653:
4647:
4646:Western Yugur
4644:
4642:
4639:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4621:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4606:
4604:
4600:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4576:
4574:
4570:
4564:
4561:
4560:
4558:
4554:
4551:
4547:
4541:
4538:
4537:
4535:
4531:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4516:
4514:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4501:
4489:
4488:
4484:
4482:
4481:
4477:
4476:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4459:Balkan Gagauz
4457:
4453:
4452:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4437:
4436:
4433:
4432:
4430:
4426:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4401:
4399:
4395:
4387:
4384:
4383:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4373:
4371:
4367:
4361:
4358:
4357:
4355:
4353:
4349:
4336:
4335:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4310:
4308:
4304:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4289:
4288:
4285:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4272:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4260:
4256:
4255:
4253:
4249:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4237:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4210:
4206:
4204:
4203:Crimean Tatar
4201:
4199:
4198:
4194:
4193:
4191:
4187:
4179:
4178:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4163:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4153:
4151:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4138:
4128:
4127:
4123:
4121:
4120:
4116:
4114:
4113:
4109:
4108:
4106:
4104:
4100:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4073:
4072:
4069:
4068:
4066:
4062:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4047:
4045:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4032:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4020:
4016:
4015:
4013:
4011:
4007:
4004:
4002:
4001:Common Turkic
3998:
3992:
3991:
3987:
3986:
3984:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3967:
3962:
3960:
3955:
3953:
3948:
3947:
3944:
3932:
3931:Proto-Japonic
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3913:
3911:
3909:
3905:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3885:
3883:
3879:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3849:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3832:
3827:
3825:
3820:
3818:
3813:
3812:
3809:
3803:
3800:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3761:
3758:
3755:
3752:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3735:
3726:
3725:0-7007-0869-3
3722:
3718:
3714:
3711:Talat Tekin,
3710:
3708:
3707:0-415-08200-5
3704:
3700:
3697:L. Johanson,
3696:
3692:
3690:90-04-10294-9
3686:
3682:
3681:
3675:
3672:
3671:90-04-10294-9
3668:
3664:
3662:
3657:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3640:
3639:3-447-03084-4
3636:
3632:
3628:
3626:
3625:0-415-08200-5
3622:
3618:
3615:Ö.D. Baatar,
3614:
3612:
3609:
3608:
3595:
3589:
3582:. p. 64.
3581:
3575:
3567:
3561:
3553:
3547:
3539:
3533:
3526:. p. 42.
3525:
3519:
3511:
3505:
3497:
3491:
3487:
3486:
3478:
3470:
3464:
3456:
3454:9783447040914
3450:
3446:
3445:
3437:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3419:1-4294-0826-X
3415:
3411:
3410:
3402:
3394:
3390:
3383:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3362:
3354:
3352:9780520920897
3348:
3344:
3343:
3335:
3327:
3325:9789004448568
3321:
3317:
3316:
3309:
3301:
3299:9783447040914
3295:
3291:
3290:
3282:
3274:
3272:9781136825279
3268:
3264:
3263:
3255:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3216:
3208:
3202:
3198:
3197:
3189:
3181:
3175:
3167:
3161:
3157:
3156:
3148:
3140:
3138:9789047403968
3134:
3130:
3129:
3121:
3113:
3111:9789004188891
3107:
3103:
3102:
3094:
3086:
3084:9789004188891
3080:
3076:
3075:
3067:
3063:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3042:Orkhon Turkic
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3029:
3020:
3019:
3015:
3012:
3011:
3007:
3004:
3003:
2999:
2996:
2995:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2975:
2972:
2971:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2959:
2956:
2955:
2951:
2948:
2947:Yollıg Khagan
2944:
2943:
2939:
2936:
2932:
2931:
2927:
2924:
2923:
2919:
2916:
2915:Yenisei River
2912:
2911:
2907:
2906:
2893:
2890:
2884:
2880:
2877:
2873:
2872:
2868:
2865:
2861:
2858:
2854:
2853:
2849:
2846:
2842:
2839:
2835:
2834:
2830:
2827:
2823:
2820:
2816:
2815:
2805:
2802:
2796:
2790:
2784:
2780:
2777:
2773:
2772:
2764:
2761:
2755:
2749:
2745:
2742:
2738:
2737:
2729:
2726:
2720:
2714:
2710:
2707:
2703:
2702:
2694:
2691:
2685:
2679:
2675:
2672:
2668:
2667:
2657:
2654:
2648:
2642:
2636:
2632:
2629:
2625:
2624:
2618:
2615:
2609:
2605:
2602:
2598:
2597:
2591:
2588:
2582:
2578:
2575:
2571:
2570:
2566:
2563:
2559:
2556:
2552:
2551:
2539:
2536:
2530:
2524:
2518:
2512:
2508:
2505:
2501:
2500:
2487:hollow,valley
2486:
2483:
2477:
2471:
2465:
2459:
2453:
2449:
2446:
2442:
2441:
2437:
2434:
2431:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2410:
2407:
2403:
2400:
2399:-duruq/-dürük
2396:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2384:
2380:
2377:
2373:
2372:
2368:
2365:
2361:
2358:
2354:
2353:
2349:
2346:
2342:
2339:
2335:
2334:
2330:
2327:
2323:
2320:
2316:
2315:
2307:
2304:
2298:
2292:
2288:
2285:
2279:
2275:
2274:
2270:
2267:
2263:
2261:(rare forms)
2259:
2252:
2245:
2241:
2240:
2236:
2233:
2229:
2226:
2220:
2216:
2215:
2211:
2208:
2204:
2201:
2197:
2196:
2190:
2187:
2181:
2177:
2174:
2170:
2169:
2163:
2160:
2154:
2150:
2147:
2143:
2142:
2138:
2135:
2131:
2128:
2124:
2123:
2117:
2114:
2108:
2104:
2101:
2097:
2096:
2093:track, trace
2090:
2087:
2081:
2077:
2074:
2070:
2069:
2063:
2060:
2054:
2050:
2047:
2046:-a:ğu:/-e:gü:
2043:
2042:
2034:
2031:
2025:
2019:
2015:
2012:
2008:
2007:
2001:
1998:
1992:
1988:
1985:
1981:
1980:
1977:in the house
1972:
1969:
1963:
1957:
1953:
1950:
1946:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1930:
1929:tïrtï:/-türti
1926:
1925:
1921:
1918:
1914:
1911:
1907:
1906:
1902:
1899:
1895:
1892:
1888:
1887:
1881:
1878:
1872:
1868:
1865:
1861:
1860:
1856:
1853:
1849:
1846:
1842:
1841:
1835:
1832:
1826:
1822:
1819:
1815:
1814:
1810:
1807:
1803:
1800:
1796:
1795:
1791:
1788:
1784:
1781:
1777:
1776:
1768:
1765:
1759:
1753:
1749:
1746:
1742:
1741:
1735:
1732:
1726:
1722:
1719:
1715:
1714:
1711:at least one
1710:
1707:
1703:
1700:
1696:
1695:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1669:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1649:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1616:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1572:
1571:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1556:
1550:
1542:
1540:
1539:Yellow Uyghur
1529:
1527:
1521:
1513:
1508:
1506:
1501:
1499:
1494:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1481:
1461:
1454:
1453:Orkhon Turkic
1448:
1442:(i.e. Yakut).
1441:
1435:
1426:
1419:
1415:
1409:
1400:
1391:
1382:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1364:
1356:and allative
1349:
1338:
1334:
1329:
1322:
1318:
1312:
1306:
1302:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1274:
1273:together with
1271:
1269:
1265:
1259:
1256:
1255:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1242:
1237:
1235:Instrumental
1234:
1233:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1213:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1200:
1194:
1191:
1190:
1186:
1185:at/towards/on
1182:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1091:
1089:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1051:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1037:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1016:
1014:
1010:
1008:∅ (unmarked)
1007:
1004:
1003:
999:
996:
993:
991:
990:
987:
985:
981:
980:archiphonemes
977:
973:
969:
954:
952:
948:
944:
940:
925:
921:
919:
916:
912:
909:
905:
900:
896:
895:
885:
881:
879:
874:
870:
869:
862:
859:
855:
852:
848:
845:
841:
836:
832:
831:
827:
823:
820:
816:
813:
809:
806:
802:
800:
797:
790:
786:
783:
779:
776:
772:
769:
765:
762:
758:
757:
751:
742:
733:
724:
715:
711:
710:
707:
702:
697:
690:
685:
680:
679:
673:
671:
670:vowel harmony
662:
659:
655:
653:
651:
649:
646:
645:
641:
637:
635:
632:
628:
625:
621:
619:
616:
615:
611:
607:
604:
600:
597:
593:
590:
586:
584:
581:
580:
576:
573:
571:
568:
566:
563:
562:
559:
554:
548:
537:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
502:
500:
496:
492:
491:Orkhon Valley
487:
485:
482:
478:
474:
470:
464:
451:
450:Middle Turkic
447:
443:
439:
435:
434:Kutadgu Bilig
431:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
393:
389:
385:
384:
383:
381:
373:
372:Middle Turkic
363:
361:
357:
353:
349:
348:Brahmi script
345:
341:
336:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
301:Yellow Uyghur
298:
294:
290:
286:
285:Osman Karatay
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
265:Orkhon Turkic
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
213:
209:
207:
206:
201:
196:
192:
189:
188:Linguist List
184:
179:
174:
171:
166:
161:
158:
154:
151:
147:
141:
136:
133:
131:
130:Orkhon Turkic
128:
127:
126:
122:
110:
107:
106:
104:
103:
102:
99:
98:
97:
96:Common Turkic
94:
93:
92:
88:
84:
78:
74:
70:
67:
64:and parts of
63:
59:
56:
52:
47:
42:
37:
33:
26:
22:
6992:Ashina tribe
6827:Göktürk wars
6660:Ashina Mishe
6581:Özmiş Khagan
6525:Ashina Tuizi
6518:Tardush Shad
6511:Ashina Duzhi
6453:Duolu Qaghan
6383:Ashide Wenfu
6347:Chebi Qaghan
6337:Illig Qaghan
6332:Chulo Qaghan
6327:Shibi Qaghan
6294:Yangsu Tegin
6265:Tulan Qaghan
6260:Bagha Qaghan
6250:Ashina Anluo
6240:Muqan Qaghan
6235:Issik Qaghan
6230:Bumin Qaghan
6053:Qalandariyya
6028:Christianity
5839:Turkmenistan
5777: /
5768:Turco-Mongol
5207:Azerbaijanis
5022:
4782:
4735:
4728:
4710:
4673:
4666:
4656:
4655:
4486:
4479:
4450:
4337:Tobol-Irtysh
4258:
4235:
4208:
4196:
4176:
4171:Mishar Tatar
4125:
4118:
4111:
4102:
4018:
3990:Proto-Turkic
3989:
3921:Proto-Turkic
3916:Proto-Altaic
3898:Old Japanese
3887:
3762:(W. Schulze)
3712:
3698:
3679:
3660:
3645:
3630:
3616:
3593:
3588:
3579:
3574:
3565:
3560:
3551:
3546:
3537:
3532:
3523:
3518:
3509:
3504:
3484:
3477:
3468:
3463:
3443:
3436:
3408:
3401:
3388:
3382:
3366:
3361:
3341:
3334:
3314:
3308:
3288:
3281:
3261:
3254:
3229:
3225:
3215:
3195:
3188:
3179:
3174:
3154:
3147:
3127:
3120:
3100:
3093:
3073:
3066:
3037:Proto-Turkic
3016:
3008:
3000:
2992:
2984:
2976:
2968:
2960:
2952:
2940:
2928:
2920:
2908:
2734:campaigning
2730:curved knife
2438:Translation
2421:
2389:
2350:breastplate
2139:like a wolf
2127:-layu:/-leyü
1884:grey haired
1692:Translation
1675:
1667:
1653:
1643:
1638:
1628:
1623:
1611:
1606:
1594:
1584:
1579:
1548:
1535:
1523:
1517:
1509:
1502:
1495:
1485:
1483:
1477:
1475:
1460:
1447:
1434:
1425:
1408:
1399:
1390:
1381:
1365:
1348:
1328:
1314:
1305:
1292:
1287:
1272:
1267:
1249:
1244:
1227:
1222:
1207:
1202:
1184:
1178:
1174:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1144:
1129:
1124:
1109:
1104:
1087:
1070:
1066:
1049:
1035:
1029:
1012:
1000:Translation
984:phonotactics
976:Marcel Erdal
965:
950:
942:
935:
667:
518:Talas Valley
503:
488:
475:used by the
466:
380:Marcel Erdal
369:
337:
289:Marcel Erdal
281:Sergey Malov
228:
224:
220:
219:
203:
108:
62:Central Asia
6829:and battles
6798:Ülüş system
6726:Turk Shahis
6675:Ashina Zhen
6670:Ashina Xian
6645:Jimi system
6561:Bilgä Qaǧan
6556:Inel Qaghan
6486:Irbis Seguy
6443:Külüg Sibir
6423:Niri Qaghan
6322:Yami Qaghan
6224:Ashina Tuwu
6043:Malamatiyya
5695:Pan-Turkism
5675:Grey Wolves
5640:Oghuz Turks
5560:Afghanistan
5345:Qarai Turks
5275:Karakalpaks
5043:Sakha/Yakut
4933:Fuyü Gïrgïs
4888:Azerbaijani
4609:Fuyu Kyrgyz
4451:Ajem-Turkic
4435:Azerbaijani
2808:be prepared
2699:completely
2601:-ğuçı/-güçi
2357:-muq/-a:muq
2166:compatriot
1984:-an/-en/-un
1975:on or above
1635:Vivid Past
1358:-gArU/-kArU
1280:Similative
1257:Comitative
1005:Nominative
972:accusatives
899:Approximant
676:Consonants
382:) corpora:
198:Old Turkish
7012:Categories
6818:Qara bodun
6704:Ashina Xin
6586:Ashina Shi
6497:Bagha Shad
6481:Yukuk Shad
6285:Apa Qaghan
6023:Burkhanism
5988:Aiyy Faith
5907:Nakhchivan
5844:Uzbekistan
5824:Kyrgyzstan
5819:Kazakhstan
5814:Azerbaijan
5685:Burkhanism
5511:Montenegro
5475:Dodecanese
5136:Old Uyghur
5121:Old Turkic
5023:Old Turkic
4958:Karakalpak
4667:Old Uyghur
4469:Karapapakh
4318:Karakalpak
4126:Karakhanid
4119:Khorezmian
3893:Old Korean
3888:Old Turkic
3659:M. Erdal,
3646:Old Turkic
3644:M. Erdal,
3629:M. Erdal,
3058:References
3047:Old Uyghur
2819:-ğa:ç/-geç
2426:suffixes.
2406:boyunduruq
2312:nose ring
2310:terrifying
1882:triangular
1773:beautiful
1573:Imperfect
1321:Karakhanid
1228:up to/till
1195:-dIn/-tIn
423:Manichaean
407:Old Uyghur
376:non-Muslim
350:, and the
321:Old Uyghur
269:Old Uyghur
229:Old Turkic
135:Old Uyghur
6878:Xueyantuo
6728:(665–870)
6722:(625-758)
6608:Kul Tigin
6601:Kulun Beg
6539:(682–744)
6504:Böri Shad
6411:(581–657)
6315:(581–630)
6216:(552–581)
6069:Zahediyeh
6064:Safaviyya
6013:Bayramiye
6008:Batiniyya
5983:Shamanism
5966:Religions
5957:Turkology
5917:Tatarstan
5902:Khakassia
5872:Chuvashia
5798:Locations
5775:Tian Shan
5751:Migration
5726:Turkestan
5709:Hungarian
5700:Turkesism
5397:Kryashens
5385:Astrakhan
5310:Krymchaks
5270:Karachays
5191:Telengits
5187:Kumandins
5113:Alphabets
4943:Ili Turki
4853:Languages
4793:varieties
4785:indicate
4769:Qoqmončaq
4177:Old Tatar
4088:Ili Turki
3683:. BRILL.
3246:218924277
2896:merchant
2876:-ğut/-güt
2857:-maç/-meç
2850:scissors
2838:-ğuç/-güç
2810:disgusted
2765:whetstone
2697:lengthily
2619:councilor
2555:-ğma/-gme
2497:then, so
2338:-maq/-mek
2319:-ğuq/-gük
2284:-duq/-dük
2278:-daq/-dek
2225:-çuq/-çük
2219:-çaq/-çek
2173:-mïš/-miš
2146:-daš/-deš
2073:-dan/-dun
2039:woodwork
1922:god-like
1910:-dam/-dem
1864:-ğïl/-gil
1845:-čïl/-čil
1780:-suq/-sük
1672:Denominal
1568:Negative
1565:Positive
1479:-(A)gU(n)
1192:Ablative
1137:Locative
1092:my son’s
1022:Genitive
997:Examples
835:Fricative
540:Phonology
522:Turkestan
362:in 1893.
293:Hungarian
205:Glottolog
170:ISO 639-3
58:East Asia
7038:Göktürks
6888:Conquest
6763:Kurultai
6743:Tengrism
6615:Tonyukuk
6205:Göktürks
6033:Hurufism
5978:Tengrism
5927:Xinjiang
5882:Gagauzia
5731:Mongolia
5705:Turanism
5680:Kemalism
5668:Politics
5630:Kipchaks
5610:Göktürks
5605:Dughlats
5459:Bulgaria
5447:Abkhazia
5422:Turkmens
5405:Nağaybäk
5235:Bashkirs
5199:Tubalars
5183:Chelkans
5177:Altaians
5131:Cyrillic
5033:Pecheneg
4998:Krymchak
4903:Chagatai
4876:Southern
4871:Northern
4736:Pecheneg
4533:Southern
4512:Northern
4504:Siberian
4397:Southern
4386:Trukhmen
4280:Telengit
4225:Krymchak
4166:Nagaibak
4112:Chagatai
3867:Koreanic
3862:Tungusic
3857:Mongolic
3845:Families
3428:73959547
3026:See also
2831:pincers
2767:clothing
2741:-ğu:/-gü
2614:bitigüçi
2424:deverbal
2418:Deverbal
2345:kögüzmek
2303:burunduq
2297:beligdek
2291:bağırdaq
2212:violent
2193:seventy
2153:qarïndaš
2134:börileyü
2118:one each
2091:firewood
2011:-ğu:/-gü
2002:children
1949:-qı:/-ki
1917:tegridem
1787:bağïrsuq
1555:M. Erdal
1295:star(s)
1147:, suvluk
1140:-tA/-dA
1069:, Karluk
1062:-Ig/-Ug
953:, "I").
873:Tap/Flap
696:alveolar
530:Xinjiang
524:and the
495:Mongolia
484:khanates
477:Göktürks
473:alphabet
419:Buddhist
403:Xinjiang
241:Mongolia
231:, was a
212:oldu1238
124:Dialects
6971:Elteber
6961:Tarkhan
6110:Chovgan
6090:Kyz kuu
6003:Alevism
5940:Studies
5736:History
5719:Origins
5650:Türgesh
5620:Khazars
5615:Karluks
5595:Bulgars
5570:(Sakha)
5548:Uyghurs
5527:Tunisia
5515:Romania
5495:Lebanon
5463:Croatia
5451:Algeria
5440:Turkish
5432:Iranian
5417:Tofalar
5389:Chinese
5350:Qashqai
5335:Naimans
5280:Kazakhs
5260:Dolgans
5245:Chuvash
5240:Chulyms
5230:Balkars
5222:Georgia
5218:Armenia
5195:Teleuts
5172:Afshars
5164:Peoples
5141:Persian
5078:Turkmen
5073:Turkish
5038:Qashqai
4993:Kipchak
4913:Chuvash
4893:Bashkir
4783:Italics
4751:pidgins
4747:Creoles
4705:Chuvash
4629:Chelkan
4624:Kumandy
4602:Yenisei
4474:Turkish
4428:Western
4419:Sonqori
4414:Qashqai
4404:Afshari
4381:Turkmen
4369:Eastern
4156:Bashkir
4141:Kipchak
4064:Eastern
4043:Western
3872:Japonic
2894:warrior
2889:bayağut
2883:alpağut
2801:salingü
2795:yeringü
2783:bilingü
2671:-tı/-ti
2662:praised
2660:customs
2635:üdründi
2628:-dı/-di
2621:scribe
2594:priest
2574:-çı/-çi
2567:riddle
2562:tanığma
2504:-ğa/-ge
2493:crooked
2435:Usages
2432:Suffix
2383:baqanaq
2364:solamuk
2281:and(?)
2251:-aq/-ek
2232:ïğïrčaq
2164:kinsman
2100:-ar/-er
2030:buğrağu
1936:ičtirti
1903:second
1898:ékkinti
1857:sickly
1818:-ya/-ye
1799:-ra/-re
1745:-la/-le
1725:sigirke
1689:Usages
1686:Suffix
1520:Chuvash
1366:ichkari
1239:-In/-Un
1210:father
1183:below,
1156:house,
1130:towards
1112:palace
1097:Dative
957:Grammar
545:Vowels
534:Balkans
510:Yenisei
411:Tibetan
392:Yenisey
366:Sources
317:Persian
259:to the
6997:Ashide
6980:Family
6956:Khatun
6931:Yabghu
6916:Khagan
6909:Titles
6851:Second
6753:Otuken
6643:under
6491:Hallig
6433:Sheguy
6301:Tamgan
6271:Istämi
6100:Kokpar
6095:Jereed
6058:Rifaʽi
6048:Qadiri
5877:Crimea
5834:Turkey
5784:Otuken
5645:Shatuo
5635:K'o-sa
5600:Cumans
5590:Bulaqs
5574:Yugurs
5568:Yakuts
5553:Uzbeks
5543:Tuvans
5519:Serbia
5491:Kosovo
5487:Israel
5471:Cyprus
5428:Afghan
5401:Mishar
5379:Tatars
5340:Nogais
5330:Kumyks
5315:Kyrgyz
5300:Khalaj
5295:Khakas
5265:Gagauz
5093:Uyghur
5013:Kyrgyz
4983:Khazar
4978:Khalaj
4973:Khakas
4968:Kazakh
4953:Karaim
4938:Gagauz
4928:Dolgan
4908:Chulym
4898:Bulgar
4861:Afshar
4846:topics
4844:Turkic
4764:Kurbet
4759:Hezhou
4729:Khazar
4711:Bulgar
4614:Khakas
4579:Dukhan
4556:Steppe
4540:Chulym
4519:Dolgan
4464:Gagauz
4323:Kazakh
4292:Baraba
4275:Teleut
4265:Kyrgyz
4251:Kyrgyz
4220:Karaim
4149:Bulgar
4076:Khoton
4071:Uyghur
4035:Karluk
4025:Khalaj
3852:Turkic
3723:
3705:
3687:
3669:
3652:
3637:
3623:
3492:
3451:
3426:
3416:
3393:UNESCO
3373:
3349:
3322:
3296:
3269:
3244:
3203:
3162:
3135:
3108:
3081:
2917:basin.
2864:tutmaç
2845:bıçgüç
2826:kışgaç
2789:etingü
2760:oğlağü
2748:bilegü
2690:tüketi
2647:alkadı
2608:ayğuçı
2592:healer
2581:otaçı:
2548:slice
2546:shadow
2529:kölige
2392:frog)
2326:çamğuq
2207:küçgey
2186:yetmiš
2180:altmïš
2159:yerdeš
2120:a few
1973:former
1968:ebdeki
1956:ašnuki
1877:qïrğïl
1838:north
1764:körkle
1654:-gAlIr
1644:-mAyOk
1619:Future
1612:-mAdOk
1575:Aorist
1562:Tense
1374:Khakas
1333:Khalaj
1286:yultuz
1283:-lAyU
1262:-lUgUn
1260:-lXgU
1252:arrow
1221:tükägü
1161:vessel
1120:-gArU
1083:-(I)n
1065:kïzlar
1017:heart
706:Uvular
689:Dental
684:Labial
481:Turkic
425:, and
415:Syriac
354:. The
346:, the
342:, the
309:Khalaj
91:Turkic
54:Region
6966:Ishad
6946:Tudun
6941:Boyla
6936:Bagha
6926:Tegin
6856:Third
6846:First
6758:Suyab
6748:Asena
6418:Tardu
6105:Jigit
5998:Islam
5912:Sakha
5690:Jadid
5625:Kimek
5535:Yemen
5523:Syria
5499:Libya
5479:Egypt
5467:Crete
5409:Volga
5393:Lipka
5360:Shors
5355:Salar
5322:China
5287:China
5098:Uzbek
5083:Tuvan
5063:Tatar
5048:Salar
5018:Nogai
5003:Kumyk
4923:Cuman
4866:Altai
4697:Oghur
4589:Soyot
4572:Taiga
4563:Tuvan
4549:Sayan
4524:Yakut
4360:Salar
4352:Oghuz
4328:Nogai
4306:Nogai
4230:Kumyk
4209:Cuman
4189:Cuman
4161:Tatar
3748:VATEC
3444:Salar
3289:Salar
3242:S2CID
2776:-ingü
2754:kedgü
2725:süktü
2719:umdul
2684:uzatı
2678:arıtı
2664:bran
2653:sökti
2587:okıçı
2540:short
2535:tilge
2523:bilge
2511:kısğa
2411:yoke
2266:ortuq
2244:-q/-k
2191:sixty
2107:birer
2086:izden
2059:ičegü
2053:üčegü
2024:tuzğu
2018:enčgü
1991:oğlan
1962:üzeki
1871:üçgil
1852:igčil
1831:yırya
1825:bérye
1758:tünle
1736:sinew
1731:yipke
1629:-mAčI
1624:-dAčI
1545:Tense
1497:-(X)t
1482:e.g.
1440:Sakha
1414:Altay
1370:Tuvan
1363:Uzbek
1218:-čA
1187:head
1177:, baš
1132:home
1086:oglïm
1054:this
1034:Tämür
1028:Tämür
1025:-nIŋ
1011:köŋül
962:Cases
714:Nasal
701:Velar
694:Post-
583:Close
577:Rnd.
574:Unr.
553:Front
399:Gansu
6921:Shad
5922:Tuva
5789:Oğuz
5655:Uzes
5483:Iraq
5214:Iran
5088:Urum
5068:Tofa
5053:Shor
4883:Äynu
4749:and
4641:Shor
4634:Tuba
4584:Tofa
4242:Urum
4093:Äynu
4019:Argu
4010:Argu
3721:ISBN
3703:ISBN
3685:ISBN
3667:ISBN
3650:ISBN
3635:ISBN
3621:ISBN
3490:ISBN
3449:ISBN
3424:OCLC
3414:ISBN
3371:ISBN
3347:ISBN
3320:ISBN
3294:ISBN
3267:ISBN
3201:ISBN
3160:ISBN
3133:ISBN
3106:ISBN
3079:ISBN
2713:eğdu
2641:ögdi
2544:wise
2542:wise
2482:ötrü
2476:köni
2470:egri
2464:keçe
2458:adrı
2452:oprı
2390:baqa
2376:-naq
2308:wrap
2222:and
2200:-gey
2113:azar
2080:otun
1997:eren
1891:-nti
1836:here
1806:içre
1752:ayla
1706:anča
1639:-yOk
1607:-mIš
1585:-mAz
1532:Verb
1525:-lAr
1511:-lAr
1488:uŋuz
1486:agun
1418:Shor
1416:and
1372:and
1316:-jXg
1293:like
1288:layu
1268:ligü
1250:with
1230:end
1208:from
1197:-dAn
1170:-rA
1125:gärü
1103:ordo
1100:-ka
1045:-nI
947:𐰢𐰤
939:𐰤𐰀
761:Stop
648:Open
570:Rnd.
565:Unr.
558:Back
467:The
401:and
307:and
287:and
239:and
6951:Beg
5557:in
5444:in
5319:in
5284:in
5211:in
4657:Old
4296:Tom
4103:Old
4081:Lop
3234:doi
2706:-du
2517:öge
1718:-ke
1699:-ča
1595:-dI
1580:-Ur
1504:-An
1484:tay
1451:In
1354:-ka
1341:-GA
1266:ini
1203:tïn
1201:kaŋ
1030:niŋ
986:):
951:men
618:Mid
520:of
493:in
444:by
436:by
195:otk
178:otk
72:Era
23:or
7014::
5533:,
5529:,
5525:,
5521:,
5517:,
5513:,
5509:,
5505:,
5501:,
5497:,
5493:,
5489:,
5485:,
5481:,
5477:,
5473:,
5469:,
5465:,
5461:,
5457:,
5453:,
5449:,
5430:,
5407:,
5403:,
5399:,
5395:,
5391:,
5387:,
5220:,
5216:,
5197:,
5193:,
5189:,
5185:,
3665:,
3422:.
3240:.
3230:53
3228:.
3224:.
1319:.
1245:un
1243:ok
1223:čä
1179:ra
1175:ra
1173:as
1159:in
1154:in
1149:ta
1145:dä
1143:äv
1123:äv
1110:to
1105:ka
1088:ïn
1071:ug
1067:ïg
1050:nï
1048:bu
1036:’s
943:ne
796:tʃ
501:.
421:,
413:,
335:.
319:.
303:,
283:,
279:,
257:AD
155:,
60:,
6631:)
6627:(
6624:)
6620:(
6617:)
6613:(
6610:)
6606:(
6603:)
6599:(
6596:)
6592:(
6527:)
6523:(
6520:)
6516:(
6513:)
6509:(
6506:)
6502:(
6499:)
6495:(
6475:)
6471:(
6468:)
6464:(
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