222:
2245:
according to two senior administration officials with knowledge of the discussion. One official said Mike
Lindell, a Trump booster and the chief executive of MyPillow — who stars as pitchman for his product in advertising on some of the Fox News shows Trump watches — helped arrange the meeting. Since then, Whitney has personally made overtures to senior leaders at the Food and Drug Administration, including its commissioner, Stephen Hahn, in an effort to get the agency to approve oleandrin as a treatment for the coronavirus.
446:
441:
565:
1103:. This treatment is used for digoxin poisoning, another cardiac glycoside. Supportive care like monitoring vitals and electrolyte and fluid balance is important. Patients may present hypovolemic due to vomiting and diarrhea, but severely elevated potassium can also occur. Electrolyte balance is vital, since patients with low cardiac glycoside levels can still die after adequate digoxin Fab antibody treatment if they have disturbed electrolyte levels.
33:
982:
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24:
659:
159:
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1121:
A dose of 400 mg is used in digoxin poisoning, but a dose of 800 mg is recommended for oleandrin poisoning due to the lower binding affinity of the antibody to oleandrin. Patients receiving an adequate dose of anti-digoxin Fab show a good response, resolving serious arrhythmias in two hours
839:
Although oleandrigenin is not formed in human plasma, it was found in the volunteers injected with oleandrin, suggesting that it is formed in other human tissues. Because of its lipophilic properties, oleandrin can be easily absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract after oral dosing. The clearance is
1173:
The unproven claims of benefit further caused concern among scientists that the Trump administration might force unwarranted FDA approval of oleandrin as a safe and effective treatment for COVID-19 infection. However, on 14 August 2020, the FDA rejected the application for marketing an oleandrin
1117:
The effectiveness of all these interventions is unknown and are associated with side-effects. Therefore, consultation with a cardiologist is recommended when managing significant N. Oleander induced arrhythmias. The use of anti-digoxin Fab IV has proven successful in cases of oleandrin poisoning
847:
It is excreted mostly in feces, but also in urine. Because the main route of excretion is through biliary excretion into the feces, it is mainly the liver that is exposed to oleandrin. As excretion in urine is only a smaller route, the kidneys are less exposed. There is also accumulation in the
2244:
The president recently hosted Andrew
Whitney, a biopharmaceuticals executive on the board of a company called Phoenix, who met in the Oval Office with Trump. Whitney, who has a limited health background, pitched Trump on a botanical extract called oleandrin as a treatment for the coronavirus,
916:
Symptoms of oleandrin poisoning can cause both gastrointestinal and cardiac effects. The gastrointestinal effects can consist of nausea, abdominal pain, and vomiting, as well as higher salivation and diarrhea (which may contain blood). After these first symptoms, the heart may be affected by
794:
plant. The oleandrin itself can be won out of the leaves and other parts of the plant but can also be produced in the lab by using cell cultures. Here, the oleandrin synthesis (along with other metabolites) can be stimulated in untransformed plant cell cultures with supplementation of
864:. This protein enables the cell to exchange the cations Na+ and K+ between the intercellular and extracellular spaces by which, for instance, electric signaling is made possible in nerve cells. Oleandrin binds to specific amino acids in the protein, causing it to lose its function.
1098:
There is a lack of evidence that weighs efficacy versus harm. Activated charcoal is still used, since it binds toxins in the gastrointestinal tract to reduce absorption. It is uncertain whether repeated administration of activated charcoal is effective, in theory interrupting
1122:
in fifty percent of the cases. Treated patients showed a rapid increase in heart rate and a significant decline in serum potassium levels. The reason anti-digoxin Fab is sparingly used in developing countries is its high cost, even though it is such an effective treatment.
568:
286:
InChI=1S/C32H48O9/c1-17-29(35)24(37-5)14-27(39-17)41-21-8-10-30(3)20(13-21)6-7-23-22(30)9-11-31(4)28(19-12-26(34)38-16-19)25(40-18(2)33)15-32(23,31)36/h12,17,20-25,27-29,35-36H,6-11,13-16H2,1-5H3/t17-,20+,21-,22-,23+,24-,25-,27-,28-,29-,30-,31+,32-/m0/s1
296:
InChI=1/C32H48O9/c1-17-29(35)24(37-5)14-27(39-17)41-21-8-10-30(3)20(13-21)6-7-23-22(30)9-11-31(4)28(19-12-26(34)38-16-19)25(40-18(2)33)15-32(23,31)36/h12,17,20-25,27-29,35-36H,6-11,13-16H2,1-5H3/t17-,20+,21-,22-,23+,24-,25-,27-,28-,29-,30-,31+,32-/m0/s1
2051:
Bandara, Veronika; Weinstein, Scott A.; White, Julian; Eddleston, Michael (2010). "A review of the natural history, toxinology, diagnosis and clinical management of Nerium oleander (common oleander) and
Thevetia peruviana (yellow oleander) poisoning".
1315:
Ibrahim, Amany K.; Khalifa, Sherief; Youssef, Diaa; Khan, Ikhlas; Mesbah, I; Mesbah, M (2007). "Stimulation of oleandrin production by combined
Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated transformation and fungal elecitation in Nerium oleander cell cultures".
907:
from the oleander plant was estimated at 20 ng/ml. In practice, there have been adult cases wherein 14–20 oleander leaves (of unknown oleandrin concentration) proved not to be fatal, but also a lethal case of a child that consumed only one leaf.
2090:
Eddleston, M; Rajapakse, S; Rajakanthan; Jayalath, S; Sjöström, L; Santharaj, W; Thenabadu, PN; Sheriff, MHR; Warrell, DA (2000). "Anti-digoxin Fab fragments in cardiotoxicity induced by ingestion of yellow oleander: a randomised controlled trial".
2134:
Eddleston, Michael; Senarathna, Lalith; Mohamed, Fahim; Buckley, Nick; Juszczak, Edmund; Sheriff, MH Rezvi; Ariaratnam, Ariaranee; Rajapakse, Senaka; et al. (2003). "Deaths due to absence of an affordable antitoxin for plant poisoning".
1708:
Bandara, V; Weinstein, SA; White, J; Eddleston, M (2010). "A review of the natural history, toxinology, diagnosis and clinical management of Nerium oleander (common oleander) and
Thevetia peruviana (yellow oleander) poisoning".
1793:
Reissell, P; Manninen, V (1982). "Effect of administration of activated charcoal and fibre on absorption, excretion and steady state blood levels of digoxin and digitoxin. Evidence for intestinal secretion of the glycosides".
1182:
Oleandrin poisoning by eating oleander leaves can be lethal at low dosages. Cases of sheep lethality have been reported to only one leaf of oleander. Symptoms present in poisoned animals include bloody diarrhea and
1169:
meeting with Trump, who expressed enthusiasm for the substance. These claims were widely regarded by scientists as dubious, misleading, and alarming, as well as having no clinical proof of safety or effectiveness.
945:, or shaking of the muscles, seizures, collapse, and even coma that can lead to death. Oleander sap can cause skin irritations, severe eye inflammation and irritation, and allergy reactions characterized by
454:
941:
of the eyes, and gastrointestinal tract and respiratory paralysis can occur. Reactions to poisonings from this plant can also affect the central nervous system. These symptoms can include drowsiness,
1638:
Tor, Elizabeth R.; Filigenzi, Michael S.; Puschner, Birgit (2005). "Determination of
Oleandrin in Tissues and Biological Fluids by Liquid Chromatography−Electrospray Tandem Mass Spectrometry".
421:
2008:
Camphausen, C.; Haas, N. A.; Mattke, A. C. (2005). "Successful treatment of oleander intoxication (cardiac glycosides) with digoxin-specific Fab antibody fragments in a 7-year-old child".
569:
1389:
Ni, Dan; Madden, Timothy L.; Johansen, Mary; Felix, Edward; Ho, Dah H.; Newman, Robert A. (2002). "Murine pharmacokinetics and metabolism of oleandrin, a cytotoxic component of
815:
Oleandrin is, apart from its pure form, also closely related to structural similar glycosides and alkaloids, which all have more or less the same characteristics as oleandrin:
1744:
Eddleston, Michael; Haggalla, Sapumal; Reginald, K.; Sudarshan, K.; Senthilkumaran, M.; Karalliedde, Lakshman; Ariaratnam, Ariaranee; Sheriff, M.H.Rezvi; et al. (2007).
760:
ring structure on C17 and a dideoxy arabinose group on C3. In addition, the steroid ring has a substitute of an acetyloxy group on C16. The sugar forming the glycoside is
2235:
571:
1174:
dietary supplement by
Phoenix Biotechnology, Inc. – the manufacturer of the product – due to concerns that oleandrin would not be safe to consume.
1095:
give rise to a more acute onset, while eating raw leaves causes a slower onset of symptoms. Management of oleandrin poisoning is done in the following steps:
2277:
1165:, a major Trump booster and an investor in a company that develops oleandrin, promoted oleandrin as a potential treatment of the disease in a July 2020
672:
992:
964:
immunoassay is widely used. This test is slower and has a lower sensitivity than digoxin immunoassay (Digoxin III). A direct analytic technique like
2257:
593:
957:
Diagnosis of oleandrin poisoning is mainly based on description of the plant, how much of it was ingested, time since ingestion, and symptoms.
312:
965:
840:
slow. The plasma concentration obtains its maximum at twenty minutes after oral intake (half-life of about 2 hours, but half-life after
1967:
Eddleston, M.; Ariaratnam, C. A.; Meyer, W. P.; Perera, G.; Kularatne, A. M.; Attapattu, S.; Sheriff, M. H. R.; Warrell, D. A. (1999).
1151:
2211:"Trump reportedly pushing new unproven coronavirus treatment that is also embraced by HUD Sec. Ben Carson and MyPillow's Mike Lindell"
2210:
807:
are able to synthesize great quantities of oleandrin and other metabolites of the oleander plants, fit for pharmaceutical purposes.
1564:
520:
903:, with symptoms appearing within a few hours of ingestion. In one fatality, the blood concentration of oleandrin and a related
1445:
860:, oleandrin interferes in some essential processes within the cell, the most important of these being the inhibition of the
1461:
Yang, P.; Menter, D. G.; Cartwright, C.; Chan, D.; Dixon, S.; Suraokar, M.; Mendoza, G.; Llansa, N.; Newman, R. A. (2009).
2354:
Soto-Blanco, B.; Fontenele-Neto, J. D.; Silva, D. M.; Reis, P. F.; Nóbrega, J. E. (2006). "Acute cattle intoxication from
2182:
1053:
2330:"FDA rejects oleandrin, an unproven coronavirus therapeutic pushed by MyPillow CEO, as a dietary supplement ingredient"
926:
2329:
1025:
1463:"Oleandrin-mediated inhibition of human tumor cell proliferation: Importance of Na,K-ATPase subunits as drug targets"
667:
277:
1011:
679:
1032:
1599:"Rapid Detection of Oleander Poisoning by Digoxin III, a New Digoxin Assay: Impact on Serum Digoxin Measurement"
1114:. In moderate cases, prolonging of the PR interval and progression to AV dissociation, cardiac pacing is used.
402:
1969:"Epidemic of self-poisoning with seeds of the yellow oleander tree (Thevetia peruviana) in northern Sri Lanka"
1134:
for treating various disorders, there is no evidence that it is safe or effective for any medicinal purpose.
579:
67:
1039:
490:
254:
217:
2422:
179:
445:
2412:
1276:"Inhibition of Na,K-ATPase by oleandrin and oleandrigenin, and their detection by digoxin immunoassays"
1191:. Because the leaf itself is quite bitter, only starving animals will be likely to eat the plant. The
1021:
713:
of oleander, oleandrin is associated with the toxicity of oleander sap, and has similar properties to
641:
516:
2306:
1100:
1000:
961:
1437:
1143:
536:
2407:
996:
729:
883:, use of oleander or its constituents, such as oleandrin, is regarded as unsafe and potentially
732:
that oleander or its constituents, including oleandrin, are safe or effective. Oleandrin is not
930:
482:
1502:
Wasfi, I; Zorob, O; Alkatheeri, N; Alawadhi, A (2008). "A fatal case of oleandrin poisoning".
2427:
2417:
2233:
1562:
819:
Oleandrigenin is a deglycosylated metabolite of oleandrin. It has however a more mild effect.
468:
433:
199:
45:
1429:
1347:; Cisneros, Angela (2000). "LC/MS/MS Analyses of an Oleander Extract for Cancer Treatment".
2353:
1131:
721:
440:
263:
1746:"The hazards of gastric lavage for intentional self-poisoning in a resource poor location"
8:
2278:"Trump has launched an all-out attack on the FDA. Will its scientific integrity survive?"
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1770:
1745:
1046:
888:
867:
Apart from being a potent toxic compound, there are no results on oleandrin from human
799:. However, this is not enough to produce large quantities because of early cell death.
741:
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Treatment of slow heart rate and heart rhythm irregularities may require intravenous
904:
868:
857:
841:
737:
695:
635:
243:
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1091:. Onset of symptoms may vary with the way of intake. Teas made of leaves or root of
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2017:
1980:
1939:
1929:
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1803:
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Haynes, B; Bessen, H; Wightman, W (1985). "Oleander tea: Herbal draught of death".
1647:
1610:
1511:
1474:
1402:
1356:
1344:
1325:
1287:
1007:
938:
528:
524:
335:
108:)-3a-Hydroxy-7-{oxy}-9a,11a-dimethyl-1-(5-oxo-2,5-dihydrofuran-3-yl)hexadecahydro-1
2065:
1722:
1479:
1462:
1292:
1275:
922:
918:
699:
504:
2234:
Philip Rucker, Yasmeen
Abutaleb, Josh Dawsey and Robert Costa (August 8, 2020).
1597:
Actor, Jeffrey K.; Reyes, Meredith; Risin, Semyon A.; Dasgupta, Amitava (2008).
2302:
1084:
650:
2371:
2021:
1845:
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371:
Oleandrin forms colourless, odourless, acicular crystals that are very bitter
2401:
1893:
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1615:
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1192:
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710:
508:
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Goetz, Rebecca. J.; Jordan Thomas N.; McCain, John W.; Su, Nancy Y. (1998).
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861:
578:
2236:"The lost days of summer: How Trump fell short in containing the virus"
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if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and
946:
934:
800:
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585:
358:
190:
1944:
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Oleander toxicity should be treated aggressively, including as needed
2089:
1832:
Rajapakse, Senaka (2009). "Management of yellow oleander poisoning".
884:
822:
649:
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their
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158:
32:
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230:
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O=C\1OC/C(=C/1)2(OC(=O)C)C6(O)2(C)CC46CC5C(O3O((O)(OC)C3)C)CC45C
1088:
942:
892:
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that support its use as a treatment for cancer or any disease.
778:
but has less effect than digoxin. It is however, just like its
170:
2327:
2050:
1966:
1707:
1918:"Efficacy of activated charcoal in yellow oleander poisoning"
1184:
960:
Three methods are used for detecting oleandrin in the blood.
148:
1501:
724:
for its presumed therapeutic purposes, such as for treating
23:
966:
liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry
790:
Oleandrin and its derivate oleandrigenin are formed in the
1274:
Jortani, Saeed A.; Helm, R. Allen; Valdes, Roland (1996).
848:
heart, which explains its potential for cardiac toxicity.
512:
1915:
1342:
1314:
627:
1460:
1596:
2328:
1388:
1195:
for animals is estimated to be about 0.5 mg/kg.
782:
oleandrigenin, a more potent glycoside than ouabain.
2007:
1672:
1637:
770:
Oleandrin resembles very much other glycosides like
61:-hexopyranosyloxy)-14-hydroxy-5β-card-20(22)-enolide
1395:Journal of Experimental Therapeutics and Oncology
1273:
2399:
1874:
1792:
968:is used when there are medical or legal issues.
474:
242:
1877:"Management of acute yellow oleander poisoning"
567:
134:
1569:Indiana Plants Poisonous to Livestock and Pets
1006:Please review the contents of the section and
752:The structure of oleandrin contains a central
540:
478:
2180:
2256:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2208:
2183:"Trump eyes new unproven coronavirus "cure""
1916:Peiris-John, RJ; Wickremasinghe, AR (2008).
1336:
937:(yellow vision), a burning sensation of the
391:250.0 °C (482.0 °F; 523.1 K)
747:
2297:
2295:
2275:
1973:Tropical Medicine and International Health
1640:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
1152:Secretary of Housing and Urban Development
532:
220:
198:
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1984:
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1436:. New York: Informa Healthcare. pp.
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1796:Acta Medica Scandinavica. Supplementum
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1603:American Journal of Clinical Pathology
1495:
851:
211:
2360:Tropical Animal Health and Production
2199:
1556:
1530:
1375:
1308:
1177:
810:
289:Key: JLPDBLFIVFSOCC-XYXFTTADSA-N
178:
2307:"Oleandra – The New COVID Snake Oil"
2171:
2127:
2080:
2044:
1631:
1590:
1454:
1432:Principles of Biochemical Toxicology
1421:
1260:
1205:
975:
2321:
2001:
1960:
1909:
1875:Eddleston, M.; Warrell, DA (1999).
1868:
1822:
1786:
1737:
1343:Wang, Xiaomin; Plomley, Jeffry B.;
1130:Although oleander has been used in
299:Key: JLPDBLFIVFSOCC-XYXFTTADBR
233:
112:-cyclopentaphenanthren-2-yl acetate
13:
1808:10.1111/j.0954-6820.1982.tb08527.x
927:premature ventricular contractions
563:
416:Acute Toxicity (Oral, inhalation)
49:16β-(Acetyloxy)-3β-(2,6-dideoxy-3-
14:
2439:
1571:. Cooperative Extension Service,
1986:10.1046/j.1365-3156.1999.00397.x
1407:10.1046/j.1359-4117.2002.01052.x
1072:
980:
657:
444:
439:
31:
22:
2347:
2227:
1516:10.1016/j.forsciint.2008.05.002
1330:10.1016/j.enzmictec.2007.02.015
1318:Enzyme and Microbial Technology
856:Because of its properties as a
734:approved by regulatory agencies
653:(at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
1504:Forensic Science International
1008:add the appropriate references
901:high blood levels of potassium
403:Occupational safety and health
1:
2276:Lev Facher (27 August 2020).
2149:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14415-7
2105:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)90014-X
2066:10.1016/j.toxicon.2010.03.026
1723:10.1016/j.toxicon.2010.03.026
1687:10.1016/S0196-0644(85)80103-7
1543:"Nerium oleander L.(PIM 366)"
1480:10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-08-1085
1467:Molecular Cancer Therapeutics
1198:
949:when administered topically.
834:
2181:Jonathan Swan (2020-08-17).
1675:Annals of Emergency Medicine
1248:. Drugs.com. 1 December 2018
971:
952:
887:. Use of oleander may cause
785:
756:nucleus with an unsaturated
7:
2209:Lauren Frias (2020-08-17).
2010:Zeitschrift für Kardiologie
1293:10.1093/clinchem/42.10.1654
1187:, the latter especially in
993:reliable medical references
911:
874:
608:or concentration (LD, LC):
10:
2444:
1922:The Ceylon Medical Journal
720:Oleander has been used in
363:576.72 g/mol
2372:10.1007/s11250-006-4400-x
2022:10.1007/s00392-005-0293-3
1846:10.1080/15563650902824001
1762:10.1080/15563650601006009
999:or relies too heavily on
962:Fluorescence polarization
931:atrioventricular blockage
647:
604:
420:
400:
395:
328:
308:
273:
118:
66:
44:
39:
30:
21:
2309:. Science Based Medicine
1616:10.1309/CC6791DFF20QPCX3
1428:Timbrell, J. A. (2009).
879:Due to its considerable
748:Structure and reactivity
491:Precautionary statements
1894:10.1093/qjmed/92.9.483
574:
1935:10.4038/cmj.v53i2.228
1138:Political controversy
1101:enterohepatic cycling
726:cardiac insufficiency
573:
68:Systematic IUPAC name
2356:Nerium oleander pods
1349:Analytical Chemistry
1132:traditional medicine
1126:Traditional medicine
722:traditional medicine
556:(fire diamond)
1834:Clinical Toxicology
1750:Clinical Toxicology
1545:. IPCS Inchem. 2005
852:Mechanism of action
18:
2423:Cardiac glycosides
2305:(19 August 2020).
1280:Clinical Chemistry
1178:Effects on animals
889:contact dermatitis
844:is half an hour).
811:Related substances
742:dietary supplement
680:Infobox references
575:
16:
2413:ATPase inhibitors
1652:10.1021/jf050201s
1573:Purdue University
1447:978-0-8493-7302-2
1361:10.1021/ac991425a
1345:Newman, Robert A.
1144:COVID-19 pandemic
1081:
1080:
1057:
905:cardiac glycoside
869:clinical research
858:cardiac glycoside
842:IV administration
764:
738:prescription drug
730:clinical evidence
696:cardiac glycoside
688:Chemical compound
686:
685:
642:Safety Data Sheet
636:Safety data sheet
469:Hazard statements
160:Interactive image
56:
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2215:Business Insider
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2143:(9389): 1041–4.
2131:
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2124:
2099:(9208): 967–72.
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1575:. Archived from
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1528:
1527:
1499:
1493:
1492:
1482:
1473:(8): 2319–2328.
1458:
1452:
1451:
1435:
1425:
1419:
1418:
1386:
1373:
1372:
1340:
1334:
1333:
1312:
1306:
1305:
1295:
1271:
1258:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1242:
1076:
1075:
1067:
1064:
1058:
1056:
1015:
984:
983:
976:
939:mucous membranes
762:
670:
664:
661:
660:
595:
588:
581:
566:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
484:
480:
476:
448:
443:
336:Chemical formula
266:
246:
235:
224:
213:
202:
182:
162:
138:
54:
35:
26:
19:
15:
2443:
2442:
2438:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2433:
2432:
2398:
2397:
2396:
2395:
2352:
2348:
2338:
2336:
2326:
2322:
2312:
2310:
2303:Novella, Steven
2300:
2293:
2283:
2281:
2274:
2265:
2249:
2248:
2240:Washington Post
2232:
2228:
2219:
2217:
2207:
2200:
2191:
2189:
2179:
2172:
2132:
2128:
2088:
2081:
2049:
2045:
2006:
2002:
1965:
1961:
1914:
1910:
1873:
1869:
1830:
1823:
1791:
1787:
1742:
1738:
1706:
1702:
1671:
1667:
1636:
1632:
1595:
1591:
1582:
1580:
1561:
1557:
1548:
1546:
1541:
1540:
1531:
1500:
1496:
1459:
1455:
1448:
1426:
1422:
1391:Nerium oleander
1387:
1376:
1355:(15): 3547–52.
1341:
1337:
1313:
1309:
1272:
1261:
1251:
1249:
1244:
1243:
1206:
1201:
1180:
1140:
1128:
1077:
1073:
1068:
1062:
1059:
1016:
1005:
1001:primary sources
985:
981:
974:
955:
923:bradyarrhythmia
919:tachyarrhythmia
914:
877:
854:
837:
813:
788:
750:
709:L.). As a main
707:Nerium oleander
700:poisonous plant
689:
682:
677:
676:
675: ?)
666:
662:
658:
654:
630:, Intravenous)
623:
617:
600:
599:
598:
597:
590:
583:
576:
572:
564:
493:
471:
457:
436:
413:
352:
348:
344:
338:
324:
321:
316:
315:
304:
301:
300:
297:
291:
290:
287:
281:
280:
269:
249:
236:
205:
185:
165:
152:
141:
128:
114:
113:
62:
12:
11:
5:
2441:
2431:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2408:Acetate esters
2394:
2393:
2366:(6): 451–454.
2346:
2320:
2291:
2263:
2226:
2198:
2170:
2126:
2079:
2043:
2016:(12): 817–23.
2000:
1959:
1908:
1867:
1821:
1785:
1736:
1700:
1665:
1646:(11): 4322–5.
1630:
1609:(4): 548–553.
1589:
1555:
1529:
1510:(2–3): e31–6.
1494:
1453:
1446:
1420:
1374:
1335:
1307:
1286:(10): 1654–8.
1259:
1203:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1179:
1176:
1139:
1136:
1127:
1124:
1085:gastric lavage
1079:
1078:
1071:
1069:
988:
986:
979:
973:
970:
954:
951:
913:
910:
876:
873:
853:
850:
836:
833:
832:
831:
828:
825:
820:
812:
809:
787:
784:
749:
746:
728:. There is no
687:
684:
683:
678:
656:
655:
651:standard state
648:
645:
644:
639:
632:
631:
624:
615:
613:
610:
609:
602:
601:
591:
584:
577:
562:
561:
560:
559:
557:
548:
547:
494:
489:
486:
485:
472:
467:
464:
463:
458:
453:
450:
449:
437:
432:
429:
428:
418:
417:
414:
411:
408:
407:
398:
397:
393:
392:
389:
383:
382:
379:
373:
372:
369:
365:
364:
361:
355:
354:
350:
346:
342:
339:
334:
331:
330:
326:
325:
323:
322:
319:
311:
310:
309:
306:
305:
303:
302:
298:
295:
294:
292:
288:
285:
284:
276:
275:
274:
271:
270:
268:
267:
259:
257:
251:
250:
248:
247:
239:
237:
229:
226:
225:
215:
207:
206:
204:
203:
195:
193:
187:
186:
184:
183:
175:
173:
167:
166:
164:
163:
155:
153:
146:
143:
142:
140:
139:
131:
129:
124:
121:
120:
116:
115:
71:
70:
64:
63:
48:
42:
41:
37:
36:
28:
27:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2440:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2405:
2403:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2350:
2335:
2331:
2324:
2308:
2304:
2298:
2296:
2279:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2259:
2253:
2246:
2241:
2237:
2230:
2216:
2212:
2205:
2203:
2188:
2184:
2177:
2175:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2130:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2086:
2084:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2060:(3): 273–81.
2059:
2055:
2047:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2004:
1996:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1979:(4): 266–73.
1978:
1974:
1970:
1963:
1955:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1912:
1904:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1871:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1840:(3): 206–12.
1839:
1835:
1828:
1826:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1789:
1781:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1756:(2): 136–43.
1755:
1751:
1747:
1740:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1717:(3): 273–81.
1716:
1712:
1704:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1669:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1634:
1626:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1593:
1579:on 2005-10-21
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1559:
1544:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1498:
1490:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1457:
1449:
1443:
1439:
1434:
1433:
1424:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1401:(5): 278–85.
1400:
1396:
1392:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1339:
1331:
1327:
1324:(3): 331–66.
1323:
1319:
1311:
1303:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1247:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1204:
1196:
1194:
1193:lethal dosage
1190:
1186:
1175:
1171:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1135:
1133:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1104:
1102:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1070:
1066:
1055:
1052:
1048:
1045:
1041:
1038:
1034:
1031:
1027:
1024: –
1023:
1019:
1018:Find sources:
1013:
1009:
1003:
1002:
998:
994:
989:This section
987:
978:
977:
969:
967:
963:
958:
950:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
909:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
872:
870:
865:
863:
859:
849:
845:
843:
829:
826:
824:
821:
818:
817:
816:
808:
806:
802:
798:
793:
783:
781:
777:
773:
768:
766:
759:
755:
745:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
718:
716:
712:
711:phytochemical
708:
704:
701:
698:found in the
697:
693:
681:
674:
669:
652:
646:
643:
640:
637:
634:
633:
629:
626:0.248 mg/kg (
625:
621:
612:
611:
607:
603:
596:
589:
582:
558:
555:
554:
550:
549:
495:
492:
488:
487:
473:
470:
466:
465:
462:
459:
456:
452:
451:
447:
442:
438:
435:
431:
430:
426:
424:
419:
415:
410:
409:
405:
404:
399:
394:
390:
388:
387:Melting point
385:
384:
380:
378:
375:
374:
370:
367:
366:
362:
360:
357:
356:
340:
337:
333:
332:
327:
318:
317:
314:
307:
293:
283:
282:
279:
272:
265:
261:
260:
258:
256:
253:
252:
245:
241:
240:
238:
232:
228:
227:
223:
219:
216:
214:
212:ECHA InfoCard
209:
208:
201:
197:
196:
194:
192:
189:
188:
181:
177:
176:
174:
172:
169:
168:
161:
157:
156:
154:
150:
145:
144:
137:
133:
132:
130:
127:
123:
122:
117:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
69:
65:
60:
52:
47:
43:
38:
34:
29:
25:
20:
2428:Plant toxins
2418:Cardenolides
2363:
2359:
2355:
2349:
2337:. Retrieved
2333:
2323:
2311:. Retrieved
2282:. Retrieved
2243:
2239:
2229:
2218:. Retrieved
2214:
2190:. Retrieved
2186:
2140:
2136:
2129:
2096:
2092:
2057:
2053:
2046:
2013:
2009:
2003:
1976:
1972:
1962:
1925:
1921:
1911:
1887:(9): 483–5.
1884:
1880:
1870:
1837:
1833:
1799:
1795:
1788:
1753:
1749:
1739:
1714:
1710:
1703:
1681:(4): 350–3.
1678:
1674:
1668:
1643:
1639:
1633:
1606:
1602:
1592:
1581:. Retrieved
1577:the original
1568:
1558:
1547:. Retrieved
1507:
1503:
1497:
1470:
1466:
1456:
1431:
1423:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1352:
1348:
1338:
1321:
1317:
1310:
1283:
1279:
1250:. Retrieved
1181:
1172:
1163:Mike Lindell
1148:Donald Trump
1141:
1129:
1120:
1116:
1108:isoprenaline
1105:
1097:
1092:
1082:
1060:
1050:
1043:
1036:
1029:
1017:
997:verification
990:
959:
956:
915:
891:, headache,
878:
866:
855:
846:
838:
827:Neritaloside
814:
805:Agrobacteria
803:cultures of
797:phytohormone
791:
789:
769:
751:
719:
706:
691:
690:
605:
552:
460:
422:
412:Main hazards
401:
180:ChEMBL109718
119:Identifiers
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
58:
50:
2339:4 September
1928:(2): 33–5.
1167:Oval Office
1142:During the
1093:N. oleander
1087:or induced
1063:August 2020
1022:"Oleandrin"
991:needs more
862:Na-K ATPase
792:N. oleander
765:-oleandrose
620:median dose
606:Lethal dose
455:Signal word
406:(OHS/OSH):
381:1.261 g/ml
368:Appearance
329:Properties
218:100.006.693
2402:Categories
2220:2020-08-17
2192:2020-08-17
2137:The Lancet
2093:The Lancet
1945:2292/41963
1583:2005-10-23
1565:"Oleander"
1549:2005-10-23
1246:"Oleander"
1199:References
1155:Ben Carson
1033:newspapers
947:dermatitis
935:xanthopsia
835:Metabolism
801:Transgenic
434:Pictograms
359:Molar mass
264:II95UDU7I4
191:ChemSpider
147:3D model (
126:CAS Number
53:-methyl-α-
46:IUPAC name
17:Oleandrin
2313:28 August
2284:29 August
2252:cite news
1802:: 88–90.
1252:17 August
972:Treatment
953:Diagnosis
823:Conessine
786:Synthesis
692:Oleandrin
537:P403+P233
521:P304+P340
517:P301+P310
425:labelling
2380:17243471
2165:20194201
2157:14522536
2113:10768435
2074:20438743
2038:25517175
2030:16382383
1995:10357862
1954:18678118
1903:10627866
1862:37334350
1854:19306191
1780:17364630
1731:20438743
1660:15913289
1625:18343781
1524:18602779
1489:19671733
1415:12416031
1369:10952541
1159:MyPillow
1112:atropine
933:. Also,
912:Symptoms
897:lethargy
881:toxicity
875:Toxicity
830:Odorside
780:derivate
703:oleander
553:NFPA 704
396:Hazards
244:11541511
136:465-16-7
2388:7361800
2121:2095538
2054:Toxicon
1816:6963097
1771:1941903
1711:Toxicon
1695:4039113
1302:8855150
1047:scholar
1012:removed
943:tremors
776:digoxin
772:ouabain
758:lactone
754:steroid
715:digoxin
673:what is
671: (
377:Density
353:
231:PubChem
200:9716290
59:arabino
2386:
2378:
2280:. STAT
2163:
2155:
2119:
2111:
2072:
2036:
2028:
1993:
1952:
1901:
1860:
1852:
1814:
1778:
1768:
1729:
1693:
1658:
1623:
1522:
1487:
1444:
1413:
1367:
1300:
1189:horses
1157:, and
1089:emesis
1049:
1042:
1035:
1028:
1020:
899:, and
893:nausea
885:lethal
668:verify
665:
638:(SDS)
461:Danger
313:SMILES
171:ChEMBL
40:Names
2384:S2CID
2187:Axios
2161:S2CID
2117:S2CID
2034:S2CID
1858:S2CID
1440:–51.
1185:colic
1054:JSTOR
1040:books
929:, or
736:as a
694:is a
278:InChI
149:JSmol
2376:PMID
2341:2020
2315:2020
2286:2020
2258:link
2153:PMID
2109:PMID
2070:PMID
2026:PMID
1991:PMID
1950:PMID
1899:PMID
1850:PMID
1812:PMID
1776:PMID
1727:PMID
1691:PMID
1656:PMID
1621:PMID
1520:PMID
1485:PMID
1442:ISBN
1411:PMID
1365:PMID
1298:PMID
1254:2020
1161:CEO
1026:news
995:for
774:and
545:P501
541:P405
533:P330
529:P320
525:P310
513:P284
509:P271
505:P270
501:P264
497:P260
483:H373
479:H330
475:H300
255:UNII
104:,11a
2368:doi
2358:".
2334:CNN
2145:doi
2141:362
2101:doi
2097:355
2062:doi
2018:doi
1981:doi
1940:hdl
1930:doi
1889:doi
1881:QJM
1842:doi
1804:doi
1800:668
1766:PMC
1758:doi
1719:doi
1683:doi
1648:doi
1611:doi
1607:129
1512:doi
1508:179
1475:doi
1438:349
1403:doi
1393:".
1357:doi
1326:doi
1288:doi
1150:'s
1110:or
740:or
628:Cat
423:GHS
234:CID
100:,9b
96:,9a
88:,5a
84:,3b
80:,3a
2404::
2382:.
2374:.
2364:38
2362:.
2332:.
2294:^
2266:^
2254:}}
2250:{{
2242:.
2238:.
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2115:.
2107:.
2095:.
2082:^
2068:.
2058:56
2056:.
2032:.
2024:.
2014:94
2012:.
1989:.
1975:.
1971:.
1948:.
1938:.
1926:53
1924:.
1920:.
1897:.
1885:92
1883:.
1879:.
1856:.
1848:.
1838:47
1836:.
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1810:.
1798:.
1774:.
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1748:.
1725:.
1715:56
1713:.
1689:.
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1567:.
1532:^
1518:.
1506:.
1483:.
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1465:.
1409:.
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1363:.
1353:72
1351:.
1322:41
1320:.
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2064::
2040:.
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1997:.
1983::
1977:4
1956:.
1942::
1932::
1905:.
1891::
1864:.
1844::
1818:.
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1782:.
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1733:.
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1697:.
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1662:.
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1586:.
1552:.
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1491:.
1477::
1471:8
1450:.
1417:.
1405::
1399:2
1371:.
1359::
1332:.
1328::
1304:.
1290::
1256:.
1065:)
1061:(
1051:·
1044:·
1037:·
1030:·
1004:.
763:L
705:(
663:N
622:)
618:(
594:0
587:0
580:4
351:9
349:O
345:H
341:C
151:)
110:H
106:R
102:S
98:S
94:S
90:R
86:R
82:S
78:S
74:R
57:-
55:L
51:O
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