609:(GABA). As a result of its bi-directionality, the dendro-dendritic synapse can cause mitral cells to inhibit themselves (auto-inhibition), as well as neighboring mitral cells (lateral inhibition). More specifically, the granule cell layer receives excitatory glutamate signals from the basal dendrites of the mitral and tufted cells. The granule cell in turn releases GABA to cause an inhibitory effect on the mitral cell. More neurotransmitter is released from the activated mitral cell to the connected dendrite of the granule cell, making the inhibitory effect from the granule cell to the activated mitral cell stronger than the surrounding mitral cells. It is not clear what the functional role of lateral inhibition would be, though it may be involved in boosting the signal-to-noise ratio of odor signals by silencing the basal firing rate of surrounding non-activated neurons. This in turn aids in odor discrimination. Other research suggest that the lateral inhibition contributes to differentiated odor responses, which aids in the processing and perception of distinct odors. There is also evidence of cholinergic effects on granule cells that enhance depolarization of granule cells making them more excitable which in turn increases inhibition of mitral cells. This may contribute to a more specific output from the olfactory bulb that would closer resemble the glomerular odor map. Olfaction is distinct from the other
532:. Neural firing varies temporally, there are periods of fast, spontaneous firing and slow modulation of firing. These patterns may be related to sniffing or change in intensity and concentration of odorant. Temporal patterns may have effect in later processing of spatial awareness of odorant. For example, synchronized mitral cell spike trains appear to help to discriminate similar odors better than when those spike trains are not synchronized. A well known model is that the bulbar neural circuit transforms the odor information in the receptors to a population pattern of neural oscillatory activities in the mitral cell population, and this pattern is then recognized by the associative memories of olfactory objects in the olfactory cortex. Top-down feedback from the olfactory cortex to the olfactory bulb modulates the bulbar responses, so that, for example, the bulb can adapt to a pre-existing olfactory background to single out a foreground odor from an odor mixture for recognition, or can enhance sensitivity to a target odor during odor search. Destruction to the olfactory bulb results in
670:
sensory neurons in detecting chemical stimuli of different type and molecular weight. Although it doesn't seem to be maintained centrally, where mitral cell projections from both sides of the AOB converge. A clear difference of the AOB circuitry, compared to the rest of the bulb, is its heterogeneous connectivity between mitral cells and vomeronasal sensory afferents within neuropil glomeruli. AOB mitral cells indeed contact through apical dendritic processes glomeruli formed by afferents of different receptor neurons, thus breaking the one-receptor-one-neuron rule which generally holds for the main olfactory system. This implies that stimuli sensed through the VNO and elaborated in the AOB are subjected to a different and probably more complex level of elaboration. Accordingly, AOB mitral cells show clearly different firing patterns compared to other bulbar projection neurons. Additionally, top down input to the olfactory bulb differentially affects olfactory outputs.
721:. The odors serve as the reinforcers or the punishers during the associative learning process; odors that occur with positive states reinforce the behavior that resulted in the positive state while odors that occur with negative states do the opposite. Odor cues are coded by neurons in the amygdala with the behavioral effect or emotion that they produce. In this way odors reflect certain emotions or physiological states. Odors become associated with pleasant and unpleasant responses, and eventually the odor becomes a cue and can cause an emotional response. These odor associations contribute to emotional states such as fear. Brain imaging shows amygdala activation correlated with pleasant and unpleasant odors, reflecting the association between odors and emotions.
53:
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periglomerular cell interneurons that reside in the granule cell layer and glomerular layers, respectively. The olfactory sensory neuron axons that form synapses in olfactory bulb glomeruli are also capable of regeneration following regrowth of an olfactory sensory neuron residing in the olfactory epithelium. Despite dynamic turnover of sensory axons and interneurons, the projection neurons (mitral and tufted neurons) that form synapses with these axons are not structurally plastic.
313:
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521:, many researchers have focused on how the olfactory bulb filters incoming information from receptor neurons in space, or how it filters incoming information in time. At the core of these proposed filters are the two classes of interneurons; the periglomerular cells, and the granule cells. Processing occurs at each level of the main olfactory bulb, beginning with the spatial maps that categorize odors in the glomeruli layer.
29:
895:, have produced similarly large-brained human species. Thus, understanding human brain evolution should include research into specific cerebral reorganization, possibly reflected by brain shape changes. Here we exploit developmental integration between the brain and its underlying skeletal base to test hypotheses about brain evolution in
759:. Olfactory bulb removal in rats effectively causes structural changes in the amygdala and hippocampus and behavioral changes similar to that of a person with depression. Researchers use rats with olfactory bulbectomies to research antidepressants. Research has shown that removal of the olfactory bulb in rats leads to
746:
In lower vertebrates (lampreys and teleost fishes), mitral cell (principal olfactory neurons) axons project exclusively to the right hemisphere of
Habenula in an asymmetric manner. It is reported that dorsal Habenula (Hb) are functional asymmetric with predominant odor responses in right hemisphere.
738:; the memories of events at a specific place or time. The time at which certain neurons fire in the hippocampus is associated by neurons with a stimulus such as an odor. Presentation of the odor at a different time may cause recall of the memory, therefore odor aids in recall of episodic memories.
661:
and therefore are directly involved in sex hormone activity and may influence aggressiveness and mating behavior. Axons of the vomeronasal sensory neurons express a given receptor type which, differently from what occurs in the main olfactory bulb, diverge between 6 and 30 AOB glomeruli. Mitral cell
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of the mitral cells. This inhibition is an important part of olfaction as it aids in odor discrimination by decreasing firing in response to background odors and differentiating the responses of olfactory nerve inputs in the mitral cell layer. Inhibition of the mitral cell layer by the other layers
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The AOB is divided into two main subregions, anterior and posterior, which receive segregated synaptic inputs from two main categories of vomeronasal sensory neurons, V1R and V2R, respectively. This appears as a clear functional specialization, given the differential role of the two populations of
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The function of adult neurogenesis in this region remains a matter of study. The survival of immature neurons as they enter the circuit is highly sensitive to olfactory activity and in particular associative learning tasks. This has led to the hypothesis that new neurons participate in learning
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in the hippocampus. These hippocampal changes due to olfactory bulb removal are associated with behavioral changes characteristic of depression, demonstrating the correlation between the olfactory bulb and emotion. The hippocampus and amygdala affect odor perception. During certain physiological
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aids in olfactory memory and learning as well. Several olfaction-memory processes occur in the hippocampus. Similar to the process in the amygdala, an odor is associated with a particular reward, i.e. the smell of food with receiving sustenance. Odor in the hippocampus also contributes to the
429:
and carbon chain length. This spatial map is divided into zones and clusters, which represent similar glomeruli and therefore similar odors. One cluster in particular is associated with rank, spoiled smells which are represented by certain chemical characteristics. This classification may be
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where it plays a role in appetite. The OFC also associates odors with other stimuli, such as taste. Odor perception and discrimination also involve the OFC. The spatial odor map in the glomeruli layer of the olfactory bulb may contribute to these functions. The odor map begins processing of
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that detects chemical stimuli relevant for social and reproductive behaviors, but probably also generic odorants. It has been hypothesized that, in order for the vomernasal pump to turn on, the main olfactory epithelium must first detect the appropriate odor. However, the possibility that the
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in adult mammals. In most mammals, new neurons are born from neural stem cells in the sub-ventricular zone and migrate rostrally towards the main and accessory olfactory bulbs. Within the olfactory bulb these immature neuroblasts develop into fully functional granule cell interneurons and
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between mitral cells. The synapse between mitral and granule cells is of a rare class of synapses that are "dendro-dendritic" which means that both sides of the synapse are dendrites that release neurotransmitter. In this specific case, mitral cells release the excitatory neurotransmitter
470:
This part of the brain receives sensations of smell. As a neural circuit, the olfactory bulb has one source of sensory input (axons from olfactory receptor neurons of the olfactory epithelium), and one output (mitral cell axons). As a result, it is generally assumed that it functions as a
706:, and olfactory bulb have many interconnections directly and indirectly through the cortices of the primary olfactory cortex. These connections are indicative of the association between the olfactory bulb and higher areas of processing, specifically those related to emotion and memory.
907:. Larger olfactory bulbs, relatively wider orbitofrontal cortex, relatively increased and forward projecting temporal lobe poles appear unique to modern humans. Such brain reorganization, beside physical consequences for overall skull shape, might have contributed to the evolution of
861:, reveals that they all share the same fundamental layout (five layers containing the nuclei of three major cell types; see "Anatomy" for details), despite being dissimilar in shape and size. A similar structure is shared by the analogous olfactory center in the fruit fly
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Morales-Medina, JC.; Juarez, I.; Venancio-García, E.; Cabrera, SN.; Menard, C.; Yu, W.; Flores, G.; Mechawar, N.; Quirion, R. (Apr 2013). "Impaired structural hippocampal plasticity is associated with emotional and memory deficits in the olfactory bulbectomized rat".
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It was also shown that Hb neurons are spontaneous active even in absence of olfactory stimulation. These spontaneous active Hb neurons are organized into functional clusters which were proposed to govern olfactory responses. (Jetti, SK. et al. 2014, Current
Biology)
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dendritic endings go through a dramatic period of targeting and clustering just after presynaptic unification of the sensory neuron axons. The connectivity of the vomernasal sensorglomery neurons to mitral cells is precise, with mitral cell dendrites targeting the
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which synapse within and between glomeruli, and granule cells which synapse with mitral cells. The granule cell layer is the deepest layer in the olfactory bulb. It is made up of dendrodendritic granule cells that synapse to the mitral cell layer.
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While all of these functions could theoretically arise from the olfactory bulb's circuit layout, it is unclear which, if any, of these functions are performed exclusively by the olfactory bulb. By analogy to similar parts of the brain such as the
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contributes to odor discrimination and higher level processing by modulating the output from the olfactory bulb. These hyperpolarizations during odor stimulation shape the responses of the mitral cells to make them more specific to an odor.
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Oboti, L; Savalli G; Giachino C; De
Marchis S; Panzica GC; Fasolo A; Peretto P (2009). "Integration and sensory experience-dependent survival of newly-generated neurons in the accessory olfactory bulb of female mice".
784:, amygdala, and parahippocampal cortices. Neurons in the OFC that encode food reward information activate the reward system when stimulated, associating the act of eating with reward. The OFC further projects to the
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and directly projects from the main olfactory bulb to specific amygdala areas. The accessory olfactory bulb resides on the dorsal-posterior region of the main olfactory bulb and forms a parallel pathway.
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processes. No definitive behavioral effect has been observed in loss-of-function experiments suggesting that the function of this process, if at all related to olfactory processing, may be subtle.
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In vertebrates, the accessory olfactory bulb (AOB), which resides on the dorsal-posterior region of the main olfactory bulb, forms a parallel pathway independent from the main olfactory bulb. The
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The next level of synaptic processing in the olfactory bulb occurs in the external plexiform layer, between the glomerular layer and the mitral cell layer. The external plexiform layer contains
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cranial vault, showing extensive olfactory bulb (structure to the left). Tyrannosaur dinosaurs, as well as carnivorous animals in general, have highly developed olfactory bulbs to seek out prey.
641:. As in the main olfactory bulb, axonal input to the accessory olfactory bulb forms synapses with mitral cells within glomeruli. The accessory olfactory bulb receives axonal input from the
1389:"Olfactory object recognition, segmentation, adaptation, target seeking, and discrimination by the network of the olfactory bulb and cortex: computational model and experimental data"
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states such as hunger a food odor may seem more pleasant and rewarding due to the associations in the amygdala and hippocampus of the food odor stimulus with the reward of eating.
780:. The OFC contributes to this odor-reward association as well as it assesses the value of a reward, i.e. the nutritional value of a food. The OFC receives projections from the
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learning and social capacities, in which higher olfactory functions and its cognitive, neurological behavioral implications could have been hitherto underestimated factors."
475:, as opposed to an associative circuit that has many inputs and many outputs. However, the olfactory bulb also receives "top-down" information from such brain areas as the
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evolutionary to help identify food that is no longer good to eat. The spatial map of the glomeruli layer may be used for perception of odor in the olfactory cortex.
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The bulb is divided into two distinct structures: the main olfactory bulb and the accessory olfactory bulb. The main olfactory bulb connects to the amygdala via the
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olfactory information by spatially organizing the glomeruli. This organizing aids the olfactory cortices in its functions of perceiving and discriminating odors.
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The olfactory lobe is a structure of the vertebrate forebrain involved in olfaction, or sense of smell. Destruction of the olfactory bulb results in ipsilateral
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There is a lack of information regarding the function of the internal plexiform layer which lies between the mitral cell layer and the granule cell layer.
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871:. One possibility is that vertebrate olfactory bulb and insect antennal lobe structure may be similar because they contain an optimal solution to a
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901:. Three-dimensional geometric morphometric analyses of endobasicranial shape reveal previously undocumented details of evolutionary changes in
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1550:"Muscarinic Receptor Activation Modulates Granule Cell Excitability and Potentiates Inhibition onto Mitral Cells in the Rat Olfactory Bulb"
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and the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus, one of only three structures in the brain observed to undergo continuing
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Vomeronasal sensory neurons provide direct excitatory inputs to AOB principle neurons called mitral cells which are transmitted to the
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Mori K, Takahashi YK, Igarashi KM, Yamaguchi M (April 2006). "Maps of odorant molecular features in the
Mammalian olfactory bulb".
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and directly projects from the main olfactory bulb to specific amygdala areas. The amygdala passes olfactory information on to the
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The olfactory bulb transmits smell information from the nose to the brain, and is thus necessary for a proper sense of smell. As a
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experienced by all olfactory systems and thus may have evolved independently in different phyla – a phenomenon generally known as
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Lepousez, G.; Valley, MT.; Lledo, PM. (2013). "The impact of adult neurogenesis on olfactory bulb circuits and computations".
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Trinh, K.; Storm DR. (2003). "Vomeronasal organ detects odorants in absence of signaling through main olfactory epithelium".
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Bastir, M.; Rosas, A.; Gunz, P.; Peña-Melian, A.; Manzi, G.; Harvati, K.; Kruszynski, R.; Stringer, C.; Hublin, JJ. (2011).
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666:. There is evidence against the presence of a functional accessory olfactory bulb in humans and other higher primates.
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permitting higher brain areas involved in arousal and attention to modify the detection or the discrimination of odors.
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Scott JW, Wellis DP, Riggott MJ, Buonviso N (February 1993). "Functional organization of the main olfactory bulb".
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axons. The bulb is divided into two distinct structures: the main olfactory bulb and the accessory olfactory bulb.
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where it plays a role in emotion, memory and learning. The main olfactory bulb connects to the amygdala via the
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vomeronasal system works in parallel or independently from generic olfactory inputs has not been ruled out yet.
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Interneurons in the external plexiform layer are responsive to pre-synaptic action potentials and exhibit both
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The interneurons in the external plexiform layer perform feedback inhibition on the mitral cells to control
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Spors, H.; Albeanu, D. F.; Murthy, V. N.; Rinberg, D.; Uchida, N.; Wachowiak, M.; Friedrich, R. W. (2012).
1950:"Calcium-Activated Sustained Firing Responses Distinguish Accessory from Main Olfactory Bulb Mitral Cells"
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such that each glomerulus receives input primarily from olfactory receptor neurons that express the same
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1809:"Activity regulates functional connectivity from the vomeronasal organ to the accessory olfactory bulb"
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Linster, Christiane; Cleland, Thomas (17 June 2013). "Spatiotemporal Coding in the
Olfactory System".
887:—is intimately linked with human evolution. However, two genetically different evolutionary lineages,
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Rolls ET (December 2010). "A computational theory of episodic memory formation in the hippocampus".
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Hovis, KR.; Ramnath, R.; Dahlen, JE.; Romanova, AL.; LaRocca, G.; Bier, ME.; Urban, NN. (Jun 2012).
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Olfactory information is sent to the primary olfactory cortex, where projections are sent to the
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of mitral cells and GABAergic granule cells are also permeated by dendrites from neurons called
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Further evidence of the link between the olfactory bulb and emotion and memory is shown through
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sends projections to the accessory olfactory bulb making it the second processing stage of the
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329:(forward) part of the brain, as seen in rats. In humans, however, the olfactory bulb is on the
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2285:"Taste, olfactory and food texture reward processing in the brain and the control of appetite"
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1757:"Accessory olfactory bulb function is modulated by input from the main olfactory epithelium"
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Song, C.; Leonard, BE. (2005). "The olfactory bulbectomised rat as a model of depression".
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Smith, RS; Hu, R; DeSouza, A; Eberly, CL; Krahe, K; Chan, W; Araneda, RC (29 July 2015).
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Slotnick, B.; Restrepo, D.; Schellinck, H.; Archbold, G.; Price, S.; Lin, W. (Mar 2010).
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Smith, RS; Hu, R; DeSouza, A; Eberly, CL; Krahe, K; Chan, W; Araneda, RC (29 July 2015).
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Hamilton, K.A.; Heinbockel, T.; Ennis, M.; Szabó, G.; Erdélyi, F.; Hayar, A. (2005).
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filtering out many background odors to enhance the transmission of a few select odors
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The glomeruli layer represents a spatial odor map organized by chemical structure of
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958:"Properties of external plexiform layer interneurons in mouse olfactory bulb slices"
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Comparing the structure of the olfactory bulb among vertebrate species, such as the
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Brennan PA, Zufall F (November 2006). "Pheromonal communication in vertebrates".
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333:(bottom) side of the brain. The olfactory bulb is supported and protected by the
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The olfactory bulb sends olfactory information to be further processed in the
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499:. Its potential functions can be placed into four non-exclusive categories:
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2553:"Evolution of the base of the brain in highly encephalized human species"
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Frank, Marion E.; Fletcher, Dane B.; Hettinger, Thomas P. (2017-09-01).
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reorganization, disrupted cell growth in the hippocampus, and decreased
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1282:"Spatial properties of an EEG event in the olfactory bulb and cortex"
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602:
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548:
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2504:"Presynaptic modulation of early olfactory processing in Drosophila"
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1227:"Modeling the olfactory bulb and its neural oscillatory processings"
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457:. Numerous interneuron types exist in the olfactory bulb including
422:
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264:
121:
34:
1754:
1329:"Olfactory cortex: model circuit for study of associative memory?"
414:. The glomeruli layer of the olfactory bulb is the first level of
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3590:
819:
536:
406:. The ends of the axons cluster in spherical structures known as
294:
263:. It sends olfactory information to be further processed in the
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540:
518:
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Flow of olfactory information from receptors to glomeruli layer
298:
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2623:"Structure and function of the vomeronasal system: An update"
544:
302:
237:
192:
85:
2455:"Odorant-specific modes of signaling in mammalian olfaction"
955:
605:, and granule cells release the inhibitory neurotransmitter
4023:
3500:
1648:"Phylogenic outline of the olfactory system in vertebrates"
897:
260:
2610:, Oxford University Press, 5th edition (November, 2003).
2550:
1999:"Differential Muscarinic Modulation in the Olfactory Bulb"
1806:
1599:"Differential Muscarinic Modulation in the Olfactory Bulb"
1111:
951:
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between odors and behavioral responses takes place in the
1947:
1055:
621:. Therefore, the olfactory bulb plays this role for the
3727:
1948:
Shpak, G.; Zylbertal, A.; Yarom, Y.; Wagner, S. (2012).
1547:
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aspect. Scale, ventral to dorsal, is approximately 2mm.
1645:
1548:
Pressler, R. T.; Inoue, T.; Strowbridge, B. W. (2007).
944:
275:
where it plays a role in emotion, memory and learning.
2620:
1433:
394:, made up of the axons from approximately ten million
361:. In order from surface to the center the layers are:
1491:
Stevenson, Richard J.; Case, Trevor I. (2005-04-01).
1161:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 22.
1996:
1646:
Taniguchi, K.; Saito, S.; Taniguchi, K. (Feb 2011).
1596:
1154:
1051:
1049:
702:. The orbitofrontal cortex, amygdala, hippocampus,
325:
In most vertebrates, the olfactory bulb is the most
2417:
2232:
1541:
1286:
Electroencephalography and
Clinical Neurophysiology
1158:
Neuromarketing: Exploring the Brain of the
Consumer
2674:"Olfaction: Diverse species, conserved principles"
883:"The increase of brain size relative to body size—
390:, the glomerular layer receives direct input from
1327:Haberly, Lewis B.; Bower, James M. (1989-01-01).
1046:
441:and some mitral cells. It does not contain many
4559:
2326:"Is adult neurogenesis essential for olfaction?"
2094:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2086:
1436:"Recognition of the Component Odors in Mixtures"
2101:"Effects of odor on emotion, with implications"
1691:(11th ed.). Boston: Pearson. p. 335.
741:
1711:
1639:
1188:
1058:"Illuminating Vertebrate Olfactory Processing"
645:, a distinct sensory epithelium from the main
4060:
3743:
2753:
2411:
2323:
2317:
2148:
2146:
2083:
2044:
2042:
1896:
1802:
1800:
1748:
1490:
290:Destruction of the olfactory bulb results in
2048:
1890:
1849:
1326:
1225:Li, Zhaoping; Hopfield, J. J. (1989-09-01).
1107:
1105:
1103:
1101:
357:The main olfactory bulb has a multi-layered
2544:
2195:
1013:
1011:
1009:
797:The olfactory bulb is, along with both the
628:
4067:
4053:
3750:
3736:
2760:
2746:
2276:
2143:
2098:
2039:
1797:
1224:
51:
27:
2689:
2671:
2579:
2527:
2495:
2478:
2446:
2300:
2189:
2126:
2116:
2066:
2022:
1973:
1873:
1832:
1780:
1663:
1622:
1573:
1508:
1467:
1098:
1081:
989:
341:, which in mammals separates it from the
2289:The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society
2198:Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
2152:
1858:"Vomeronasal organ and human pheromones"
1386:
1006:
834:
813:
311:
186:
2621:Halpern, M; Martínez-Marcos, A (2003).
2051:"Lateralization of olfactory processes"
1855:
1686:
1279:
771:
592:are connected to interneurons known as
506:enhancing sensitivity of odor detection
4560:
2767:
2608:The Synaptic Organization of the Brain
1393:Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences
1191:20 Years of Computational Neuroscience
4048:
3731:
2741:
2727:Roche Lexicon – illustrated navigator
2432:10.1146/annurev-physiol-030212-183731
2324:Lazarini, F.; Lledo, PM. (Jan 2011).
2282:
1941:
1382:
1380:
1378:
792:
673:
554:
2501:
2452:
2049:Royet JP, Plailly J (October 2004).
1220:
1218:
1155:Prof. Leon Zurawicki (2 Sep 2010).
13:
2600:
2254:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.01.037
1375:
974:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.03.008
530:inhibitory postsynaptic potentials
526:excitatory postsynaptic potentials
14:
4594:
2715:
1497:Psychonomic Bulletin & Review
1215:
1193:. Vol. 9. pp. 229–242.
596:, which by some theories produce
2389:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2009.06614.x
1773:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07141.x
1280:Freeman, Walter J (1978-05-01).
825:
195:main olfactory bulb cell nuclei.
171:Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy
2367:
2210:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2005.03.010
1990:
1705:
1680:
1590:
1484:
1427:
57:Sagittal section of human head.
2723:"Anatomy diagram: 13048.000-1"
2015:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0099-15.2015
1966:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4397-11.2012
1825:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2399-11.2012
1615:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0099-15.2015
1566:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2961-07.2007
1320:
1273:
1182:
1148:
1074:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3328-12.2012
724:
453:, which in turn output to the
1:
4323:Anterior perforated substance
3640:Dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve
2642:10.1016/S0301-0082(03)00103-5
1493:"Olfactory imagery: A review"
937:
345:, and which is perforated by
33:Human brain seen from below.
2691:10.1016/j.neuron.2005.10.022
2672:Ache, BW; Young, JM (2005).
1405:10.1016/j.cobeha.2016.03.009
1345:10.1016/0166-2236(89)90025-8
1298:10.1016/0013-4694(78)90126-8
1199:10.1007/978-1-4614-1424-7_11
830:
742:Olfactory coding in Habenula
568:. They also participate in
547:can result in olfactory and
320:
305:can result in olfactory and
41:, 1543. Olfactory bulbs and
7:
3419:Inferior salivatory nucleus
2420:Annual Review of Physiology
2283:Rolls, ET (November 2012).
2003:The Journal of Neuroscience
1875:10.1016/j.anorl.2010.11.008
1603:The Journal of Neuroscience
1387:Zhaoping, Li (2016-10-01).
915:
709:
465:
10:
4599:
4318:Anterior olfactory nucleus
4004:Anterior olfactory nucleus
2863:lateral geniculate nucleus
2824:anterior olfactory nucleus
2729:. Elsevier. Archived from
2345:10.1016/j.tins.2010.09.006
1395:. Computational modeling.
1032:10.1152/physrev.00021.2005
922:Olfactory ensheathing glia
639:accessory olfactory system
503:discriminating among odors
396:olfactory receptor neurons
224:aspect, right of image is
4518:
4461:
4442:
4415:
4385:
4375:
4336:
4308:
4299:
4199:
4174:
4106:
4097:
4088:
4083:and associated structures
4016:
3994:
3970:
3946:
3926:
3883:
3874:
3865:
3855:
3803:
3765:
3757:
3696:
3657:
3627:
3589:
3551:
3543:Superior cervical cardiac
3499:
3475:
3446:
3436:
3406:
3345:
3316:
3306:
3248:
3236:Superior salivary nucleus
3218:
3148:
3099:
3078:
3068:
3039:
2989:spinal trigeminal nucleus
2970:
2941:
2888:
2849:
2810:
2776:
2302:10.1017/S0029665112000821
2167:10.1016/j.bbr.2010.03.027
1687:Carlson, Neil R. (2013).
786:anterior cingulate cortex
352:
214:– Internal Plexiform and
205:– External Plexiform and
169:
157:
145:
133:
120:
108:
96:
84:
79:
67:
62:
50:
26:
21:
4407:Nucleus of diagonal band
3868:Primary olfactory cortex
3676:spinal accessory nucleus
3116:pterygopalatine ganglion
2907:Edinger–Westphal nucleus
2630:Progress in Neurobiology
2118:10.3389/fnsys.2013.00066
1856:Trotier, D. (Sep 2011).
757:animal depression models
696:primary olfactory cortex
629:Accessory olfactory bulb
560:External plexiform layer
379:Internal plexiform layer
370:External plexiform layer
284:primary olfactory cortex
4356:Lateral olfactory stria
3978:Medial forebrain bundle
3876:Lateral olfactory stria
3859:areas involved in smell
3058:no significant branches
2960:no significant branches
2800:no significant branches
2333:Trends in Neurosciences
1954:Journal of Neuroscience
1554:Journal of Neuroscience
1333:Trends in Neurosciences
1126:10.1002/jemt.1070240206
1062:Journal of Neuroscience
864:Drosophila melanogaster
607:Gamma-aminobutyric acid
4425:Diagonal band of Broca
4351:Medial olfactory stria
4287:Subthalamic fasciculus
4265:Pallidothalamic tracts
4034:Evolution of olfaction
3996:Medial olfactory stria
3378:Stylopharyngeal branch
3138:submandibular ganglion
3123:Nerve to the stapedius
2502:Wang, JW. (Jan 2012).
2453:Ache, BW. (Sep 2010).
1689:Physiology of behavior
1231:Biological Cybernetics
913:
850:
317:
229:
4449:Hippocampal formation
4395:Substantia innominata
4280:Lenticular fasciculus
3918:Periamygdaloid cortex
3906:Hippocampal formation
3896:EC-hippocampus system
2471:10.1093/chemse/bjq045
2068:10.1093/chemse/bjh067
1452:10.1093/chemse/bjx031
881:
873:computational problem
838:
814:Clinical significance
359:cellular architecture
315:
190:
3226:Facial motor nucleus
2922:parasympathetic root
1665:10.1292/jvms.10-0316
1068:(41): 14102–14108a.
877:convergent evolution
778:orbitofrontal cortex
772:Orbitofrontal cortex
715:Associative learning
684:orbitofrontal cortex
647:olfactory epithelium
617:have a relay in the
459:periglomerular cells
343:olfactory epithelium
269:orbitofrontal cortex
200:– Glomerular layer;
4583:Otorhinolaryngology
4543:Schaffer collateral
4454:Hippocampus anatomy
4270:Thalamic fasciculus
3538:Recurrent laryngeal
3383:Pharyngeal branches
3161:Posterior auricular
3009:trigeminal ganglion
2572:2011NatCo...2..588B
2105:Front Syst Neurosci
2099:Kadohisa M (2013).
1919:10.1038/nature05404
1911:2006Natur.444..308B
1560:(41): 10969–10981.
799:subventricular zone
416:synaptic processing
297:, while irritative
4471:Hippocampus proper
4145:Olfactory tubercle
3813:Olfactory receptor
3790:Sustentacular cell
3521:Superior laryngeal
3388:Tonsillar branches
3086:Intermediate nerve
2902:oculomotor nucleus
2581:10.1038/ncomms1593
2520:10.1002/dneu.20936
1510:10.3758/BF03196369
1243:10.1007/BF00200803
1114:Microsc. Res. Tech
851:
793:Adult neurogenesis
674:Further processing
598:lateral inhibition
580:Granule cell layer
570:lateral inhibition
555:Lateral inhibition
412:olfactory receptor
402:, a region of the
382:Granule cell layer
318:
242:bulbus olfactorius
230:
91:bulbus olfactorius
4555:
4554:
4551:
4550:
4438:
4437:
4371:
4370:
4363:Olfactory trigone
4295:
4294:
4275:Ansa lenticularis
4209:Centrum semiovale
4195:
4194:
4140:Nucleus accumbens
4042:
4041:
4012:
4011:
3990:
3989:
3901:Entorhinal cortex
3847:Olfactory trigone
3725:
3724:
3653:
3652:
3619:Posterior gastric
3514:pharyngeal plexus
3509:Pharyngeal branch
3432:
3431:
3296:Scarpa's ganglion
3284:lateral lemniscus
3279:striae medullares
3262:vestibular nuclei
3250:Vestibulocochlear
3244:
3243:
1208:978-1-4614-1423-0
1168:978-3-540-77828-8
751:Depression models
643:vomeronasal organ
635:vomeronasal organ
615:sensory receptors
613:where peripheral
539:while irritative
191:Coronal image of
185:
184:
180:
4590:
4568:Olfactory system
4459:
4458:
4430:Stria terminalis
4383:
4382:
4306:
4305:
4252:External capsule
4216:Internal capsule
4135:Ventral striatum
4104:
4103:
4095:
4094:
4069:
4062:
4055:
4046:
4045:
4029:Olfactory system
3958:Stria terminalis
3938:Habenular nuclei
3934:Stria medullaris
3913:Prepyriform area
3881:
3880:
3863:
3862:
3752:
3745:
3738:
3729:
3728:
3671:nucleus ambiguus
3645:Solitary nucleus
3635:Nucleus ambiguus
3614:Anterior gastric
3561:Inferior cardiac
3491:Auricular branch
3486:Meningeal branch
3444:
3443:
3424:Solitary nucleus
3414:Nucleus ambiguus
3393:Lingual branches
3314:
3313:
3308:Glossopharyngeal
3231:Solitary nucleus
3111:Greater petrosal
3076:
3075:
2926:ciliary ganglion
2762:
2755:
2748:
2739:
2738:
2734:
2711:
2693:
2668:
2666:
2660:. Archived from
2627:
2594:
2593:
2583:
2557:
2548:
2542:
2541:
2531:
2499:
2493:
2492:
2482:
2450:
2444:
2443:
2415:
2409:
2408:
2371:
2365:
2364:
2330:
2321:
2315:
2314:
2304:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2236:
2230:
2229:
2193:
2187:
2186:
2155:Behav. Brain Res
2150:
2141:
2140:
2130:
2120:
2096:
2081:
2080:
2070:
2046:
2037:
2036:
2026:
2009:(30): 10773–85.
1994:
1988:
1987:
1977:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1905:(7117): 308–15.
1894:
1888:
1887:
1877:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1836:
1804:
1795:
1794:
1784:
1752:
1746:
1745:
1709:
1703:
1702:
1684:
1678:
1677:
1667:
1643:
1637:
1636:
1626:
1609:(30): 10773–85.
1594:
1588:
1587:
1577:
1545:
1539:
1538:
1512:
1488:
1482:
1481:
1471:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1384:
1373:
1372:
1324:
1318:
1317:
1277:
1271:
1270:
1222:
1213:
1212:
1186:
1180:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1152:
1146:
1145:
1109:
1096:
1095:
1085:
1053:
1044:
1043:
1015:
1004:
1003:
993:
953:
623:olfactory system
566:back propagation
551:hallucinations.
497:substantia nigra
477:olfactory cortex
455:olfactory cortex
445:, rather mostly
427:functional group
400:olfactory mucosa
366:Glomerular layer
335:cribriform plate
309:hallucinations.
246:neural structure
220:Top of image is
177:edit on Wikidata
174:
55:
43:olfactory tracts
31:
19:
18:
16:Neural structure
4598:
4597:
4593:
4592:
4591:
4589:
4588:
4587:
4558:
4557:
4556:
4547:
4514:
4452:
4447:
4434:
4411:
4400:Nucleus basalis
4378:basal forebrain
4367:
4346:Olfactory tract
4332:
4291:
4257:Extreme capsule
4236:Optic radiation
4191:
4170:
4154:Globus pallidus
4126:Caudate nucleus
4116:Dorsal striatum
4084:
4073:
4043:
4038:
4008:
3986:
3966:
3942:
3922:
3891:Piriform cortex
3870:
3851:
3842:Olfactory tract
3805:Olfactory nerve
3799:
3761:
3756:
3726:
3721:
3692:
3649:
3623:
3585:
3547:
3495:
3471:
3428:
3402:
3366:lesser petrosal
3361:tympanic plexus
3341:
3302:
3267:cochlear nuclei
3240:
3214:
3152:
3144:
3101:
3095:
3064:
3035:
2966:
2937:
2884:
2845:
2839:olfactory tract
2806:
2772:
2766:
2721:
2718:
2664:
2625:
2603:
2601:Further reading
2598:
2597:
2555:
2549:
2545:
2500:
2496:
2451:
2447:
2416:
2412:
2372:
2368:
2328:
2322:
2318:
2281:
2277:
2237:
2233:
2204:(4–5): 627–47.
2194:
2190:
2151:
2144:
2097:
2084:
2047:
2040:
1995:
1991:
1960:(18): 6251–62.
1946:
1942:
1895:
1891:
1854:
1850:
1819:(23): 7907–16.
1805:
1798:
1753:
1749:
1710:
1706:
1699:
1685:
1681:
1644:
1640:
1595:
1591:
1546:
1542:
1489:
1485:
1440:Chemical Senses
1432:
1428:
1385:
1376:
1325:
1321:
1278:
1274:
1223:
1216:
1209:
1187:
1183:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1153:
1149:
1110:
1099:
1054:
1047:
1016:
1007:
954:
945:
940:
918:
885:encephalization
833:
828:
816:
795:
782:piriform cortex
774:
765:neuroplasticity
744:
736:episodic memory
727:
712:
692:piriform cortex
676:
631:
611:sensory systems
557:
493:locus coeruleus
468:
392:afferent nerves
355:
347:olfactory nerve
323:
280:piriform cortex
259:, the sense of
219:
210:
201:
196:
181:
58:
46:
45:outlined in red
17:
12:
11:
5:
4596:
4586:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4553:
4552:
4549:
4548:
4546:
4545:
4540:
4538:Perforant path
4535:
4530:
4524:
4522:
4516:
4515:
4513:
4512:
4507:
4506:
4505:
4503:Fascia dentata
4495:
4494:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4467:
4465:
4456:
4440:
4439:
4436:
4435:
4433:
4432:
4427:
4421:
4419:
4413:
4412:
4410:
4409:
4404:
4403:
4402:
4391:
4389:
4380:
4373:
4372:
4369:
4368:
4366:
4365:
4360:
4359:
4358:
4353:
4342:
4340:
4334:
4333:
4331:
4330:
4328:Olfactory bulb
4325:
4320:
4314:
4312:
4303:
4301:Rhinencephalon
4297:
4296:
4293:
4292:
4290:
4289:
4284:
4283:
4282:
4277:
4260:
4259:
4254:
4248:
4247:
4245:Corona radiata
4241:
4240:
4239:
4238:
4233:
4231:Posterior limb
4228:
4223:
4212:
4211:
4205:
4203:
4197:
4196:
4193:
4192:
4190:
4189:
4184:
4178:
4176:
4172:
4171:
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4167:
4166:
4161:
4150:
4149:
4148:
4147:
4142:
4131:
4130:
4129:
4128:
4123:
4112:
4110:
4101:
4092:
4086:
4085:
4072:
4071:
4064:
4057:
4049:
4040:
4039:
4037:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4020:
4018:
4014:
4013:
4010:
4009:
4007:
4006:
4000:
3998:
3992:
3991:
3988:
3987:
3985:
3984:
3974:
3972:
3968:
3967:
3965:
3964:
3950:
3948:
3944:
3943:
3941:
3940:
3930:
3928:
3924:
3923:
3921:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3909:
3908:
3903:
3893:
3887:
3885:
3878:
3872:
3871:
3866:
3860:
3853:
3852:
3850:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3838:
3837:
3832:
3825:Olfactory bulb
3822:
3821:
3820:
3809:
3807:
3801:
3800:
3798:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3786:
3785:
3780:
3769:
3767:
3763:
3762:
3755:
3754:
3747:
3740:
3732:
3723:
3722:
3720:
3719:
3718:
3717:
3709:
3703:
3701:
3694:
3693:
3691:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3679:
3678:
3673:
3664:
3662:
3655:
3654:
3651:
3650:
3648:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3631:
3629:
3625:
3624:
3622:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3595:
3593:
3587:
3586:
3584:
3583:
3582:
3581:
3576:
3568:
3563:
3557:
3555:
3549:
3548:
3546:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3534:
3533:
3528:
3518:
3517:
3516:
3505:
3503:
3497:
3496:
3494:
3493:
3488:
3482:
3480:
3473:
3472:
3470:
3469:
3468:
3467:
3462:
3453:
3451:
3441:
3434:
3433:
3430:
3429:
3427:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3410:
3408:
3404:
3403:
3401:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3374:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3352:
3350:
3343:
3342:
3340:
3339:
3338:
3337:
3332:
3323:
3321:
3311:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3300:
3299:
3298:
3288:
3287:
3286:
3281:
3274:Cochlear nerve
3271:
3270:
3269:
3264:
3255:
3253:
3246:
3245:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3222:
3220:
3216:
3215:
3213:
3212:
3211:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3183:Parotid plexus
3180:
3179:
3178:
3173:
3163:
3157:
3155:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3142:
3141:
3140:
3135:
3128:Chorda tympani
3125:
3120:
3119:
3118:
3107:
3105:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3093:
3088:
3082:
3080:
3073:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3062:
3061:
3060:
3052:
3046:
3044:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3033:
3032:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3013:
3012:
3011:
3003:
3002:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2977:
2975:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2964:
2963:
2962:
2954:
2948:
2946:
2939:
2938:
2936:
2935:
2934:
2933:
2928:
2919:
2911:
2910:
2909:
2904:
2895:
2893:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2882:
2881:
2880:
2875:
2867:
2866:
2865:
2856:
2854:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2843:
2842:
2841:
2836:
2834:olfactory bulb
2828:
2827:
2826:
2817:
2815:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2804:
2803:
2802:
2794:
2793:
2792:
2783:
2781:
2774:
2773:
2770:cranial nerves
2765:
2764:
2757:
2750:
2742:
2736:
2735:
2733:on 2014-11-07.
2717:
2716:External links
2714:
2713:
2712:
2669:
2667:on 2017-11-07.
2636:(3): 245–318.
2618:
2602:
2599:
2596:
2595:
2543:
2494:
2445:
2410:
2377:Eur J Neurosci
2366:
2316:
2295:(4): 488–501.
2275:
2231:
2188:
2142:
2082:
2038:
1989:
1940:
1889:
1848:
1796:
1767:(6): 1108–16.
1761:Eur J Neurosci
1747:
1726:10.1038/nn1039
1704:
1698:978-0205239399
1697:
1679:
1638:
1589:
1540:
1503:(2): 244–264.
1483:
1446:(7): 537–546.
1426:
1374:
1339:(7): 258–264.
1319:
1292:(5): 586–605.
1272:
1237:(5): 379–392.
1214:
1207:
1181:
1167:
1147:
1097:
1045:
1005:
968:(3): 819–829.
942:
941:
939:
936:
935:
934:
929:
924:
917:
914:
832:
829:
827:
824:
815:
812:
794:
791:
773:
770:
753:
752:
743:
740:
726:
723:
711:
708:
686:(OFC) and the
675:
672:
630:
627:
582:
581:
562:
561:
556:
553:
514:
513:
510:
507:
504:
467:
464:
388:neural circuit
384:
383:
380:
377:
371:
368:
354:
351:
322:
319:
271:(OFC) and the
234:olfactory bulb
183:
182:
173:
167:
166:
161:
155:
154:
149:
143:
142:
137:
131:
130:
125:
118:
117:
112:
106:
105:
100:
94:
93:
88:
82:
81:
77:
76:
71:
65:
64:
60:
59:
56:
48:
47:
32:
24:
23:
22:Olfactory bulb
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4595:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4578:Limbic system
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4565:
4563:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4525:
4523:
4521:
4517:
4511:
4508:
4504:
4501:
4500:
4499:
4498:Dentate gyrus
4496:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4473:
4472:
4469:
4468:
4466:
4464:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4441:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4422:
4420:
4418:
4414:
4408:
4405:
4401:
4398:
4397:
4396:
4393:
4392:
4390:
4388:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4374:
4364:
4361:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4348:
4347:
4344:
4343:
4341:
4339:
4335:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4315:
4313:
4311:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4298:
4288:
4285:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4272:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4262:
4261:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4249:
4246:
4243:
4242:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4221:Anterior limb
4219:
4218:
4217:
4214:
4213:
4210:
4207:
4206:
4204:
4202:
4198:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4179:
4177:
4173:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4156:
4155:
4152:
4151:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4137:
4136:
4133:
4132:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4118:
4117:
4114:
4113:
4111:
4109:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4090:Basal ganglia
4087:
4082:
4078:
4077:basal ganglia
4070:
4065:
4063:
4058:
4056:
4051:
4050:
4047:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4021:
4019:
4015:
4005:
4002:
4001:
3999:
3997:
3993:
3983:
3979:
3976:
3975:
3973:
3969:
3963:
3959:
3955:
3952:
3951:
3949:
3945:
3939:
3935:
3932:
3931:
3929:
3925:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3898:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3888:
3886:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3864:
3861:
3858:
3854:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3827:
3826:
3823:
3819:
3816:
3815:
3814:
3811:
3810:
3808:
3806:
3802:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3775:
3774:
3771:
3770:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3753:
3748:
3746:
3741:
3739:
3734:
3733:
3730:
3716:
3713:
3712:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3695:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3668:
3666:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3656:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3632:
3630:
3626:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3596:
3594:
3592:
3588:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3571:
3570:Vagal trunks
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3558:
3556:
3554:
3550:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3523:
3522:
3519:
3515:
3512:
3511:
3510:
3507:
3506:
3504:
3502:
3498:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3483:
3481:
3479:
3478:jugular fossa
3474:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3457:
3455:
3454:
3452:
3450:
3449:jugular fossa
3445:
3442:
3439:
3435:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3411:
3409:
3405:
3399:
3398:Carotid sinus
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3372:
3371:otic ganglion
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3358:
3357:
3354:
3353:
3351:
3349:
3348:jugular fossa
3344:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3327:
3325:
3324:
3322:
3320:
3319:jugular fossa
3315:
3312:
3309:
3305:
3297:
3294:
3293:
3292:
3289:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3276:
3275:
3272:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3247:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3223:
3221:
3217:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3185:
3184:
3181:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3168:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3158:
3156:
3154:
3147:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3133:lingual nerve
3131:
3130:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3117:
3114:
3113:
3112:
3109:
3108:
3106:
3104:
3098:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3077:
3074:
3071:
3067:
3059:
3056:
3055:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3038:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3016:
3014:
3010:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2981:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2969:
2961:
2958:
2957:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2940:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2899:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2887:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2870:
2868:
2864:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2848:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2831:
2829:
2825:
2822:
2821:
2819:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2809:
2801:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2791:
2790:septal nuclei
2788:
2787:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2763:
2758:
2756:
2751:
2749:
2744:
2743:
2740:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2719:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2684:(3): 417–30.
2683:
2679:
2675:
2670:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2624:
2619:
2617:
2616:0-19-515956-X
2613:
2609:
2606:Shepherd, G.
2605:
2604:
2591:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2554:
2547:
2539:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2508:Dev Neurobiol
2505:
2498:
2490:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2449:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2414:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2383:(4): 679–92.
2382:
2378:
2370:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2327:
2320:
2312:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2279:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2235:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2192:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2161:(2): 180–96.
2160:
2156:
2149:
2147:
2138:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2078:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2061:(8): 731–45.
2060:
2056:
2052:
2045:
2043:
2034:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1993:
1985:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1944:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1893:
1885:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1868:(4): 184–90.
1867:
1863:
1859:
1852:
1844:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1803:
1801:
1792:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1751:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1720:(5): 519–25.
1719:
1715:
1708:
1700:
1694:
1690:
1683:
1675:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1658:(2): 139–47.
1657:
1653:
1652:J Vet Med Sci
1649:
1642:
1634:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1593:
1585:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1544:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1487:
1479:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1430:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1323:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1276:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1221:
1219:
1210:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1185:
1170:
1164:
1160:
1159:
1151:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1120:(2): 142–56.
1119:
1115:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1093:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1052:
1050:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1026:(2): 409–33.
1025:
1021:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1001:
997:
992:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
952:
950:
948:
943:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
919:
912:
910:
906:
905:
900:
899:
894:
893:modern humans
890:
886:
880:
878:
874:
870:
869:antennal lobe
866:
865:
860:
856:
848:
847:
846:Tyrannosaurus
842:
837:
826:Other animals
823:
821:
811:
807:
804:
800:
790:
787:
783:
779:
769:
766:
762:
758:
750:
749:
748:
739:
737:
734:formation of
732:
722:
720:
716:
707:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
671:
667:
665:
660:
656:
651:
648:
644:
640:
636:
626:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
599:
595:
594:granule cells
591:
587:
579:
578:
577:
574:
571:
567:
559:
558:
552:
550:
546:
542:
538:
535:
531:
527:
522:
520:
511:
508:
505:
502:
501:
500:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
463:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
431:
428:
424:
419:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
381:
378:
375:
372:
369:
367:
364:
363:
362:
360:
350:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
314:
310:
308:
304:
300:
296:
293:
288:
285:
281:
276:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
227:
223:
217:
213:
208:
204:
199:
194:
189:
178:
172:
168:
165:
162:
160:
156:
153:
150:
148:
144:
141:
138:
136:
132:
129:
126:
123:
119:
116:
113:
111:
107:
104:
101:
99:
95:
92:
89:
87:
83:
78:
75:
72:
70:
66:
61:
54:
49:
44:
40:
36:
30:
25:
20:
4520:White matter
4417:White matter
4338:White matter
4327:
4263:
4201:White matter
3982:Hypothalamus
3962:Hypothalamus
3835:mitral cells
3824:
3766:Microanatomy
3151:stylomastoid
3103:facial canal
3057:
2959:
2873:optic chiasm
2833:
2799:
2731:the original
2726:
2681:
2677:
2662:the original
2633:
2629:
2607:
2563:
2559:
2546:
2514:(1): 87–99.
2511:
2507:
2497:
2465:(7): 533–9.
2462:
2458:
2448:
2423:
2419:
2413:
2380:
2376:
2369:
2339:(1): 20–30.
2336:
2332:
2319:
2292:
2288:
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2245:
2242:Neuroscience
2241:
2234:
2201:
2197:
2191:
2158:
2154:
2108:
2104:
2058:
2055:Chem. Senses
2054:
2006:
2002:
1992:
1957:
1953:
1943:
1902:
1898:
1892:
1865:
1861:
1851:
1816:
1812:
1764:
1760:
1750:
1717:
1714:Nat Neurosci
1713:
1707:
1688:
1682:
1655:
1651:
1641:
1606:
1602:
1592:
1557:
1553:
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1336:
1332:
1322:
1289:
1285:
1275:
1234:
1230:
1190:
1184:
1172:. Retrieved
1157:
1150:
1117:
1113:
1065:
1061:
1023:
1020:Physiol. Rev
1019:
965:
962:Neuroscience
961:
908:
904:Homo sapiens
902:
896:
889:Neanderthals
882:
862:
855:leopard frog
852:
844:
817:
808:
803:neurogenesis
796:
775:
754:
745:
728:
713:
677:
668:
659:hypothalamus
652:
632:
619:diencephalon
590:mitral cells
583:
575:
563:
523:
515:
469:
451:mitral cells
439:interneurons
432:
420:
404:nasal cavity
385:
356:
339:ethmoid bone
324:
289:
277:
255:involved in
241:
233:
231:
216:Granule cell
211:
202:
197:
140:A14.1.09.429
128:birnlex_1137
90:
38:
4463:Grey matter
4444:Archicortex
4387:Grey matter
4310:Grey matter
4099:Grey matter
4081:human brain
3795:Tufted cell
3698:Hypoglossal
3079:Near origin
2878:optic tract
2459:Chem Senses
909:H. sapiens'
731:hippocampus
725:Hippocampus
700:hippocampus
688:hippocampus
534:ipsilateral
489:hippocampus
443:cell bodies
374:Mitral cell
292:ipsilateral
273:hippocampus
207:Mitral cell
80:Identifiers
4562:Categories
3773:Epithelium
3291:Vestibular
3203:mandibular
3176:stylohyoid
3166:Suprahyoid
3091:Geniculate
3029:mandibular
3019:ophthalmic
2972:Trigeminal
2890:Oculomotor
2560:Nat Commun
2426:: 339–63.
2248:: 233–43.
1813:J Neurosci
938:References
927:Phantosmia
584:The basal
435:astrocytes
250:vertebrate
110:NeuroNames
4510:Subiculum
4187:Claustrum
3830:glomeruli
3711:Branches
3659:Accessory
3579:posterior
3566:Pulmonary
3252:(CN VIII)
3193:zygomatic
3171:digastric
3054:Branches
3024:maxillary
3015:Branches
2956:Branches
2943:Trochlear
2913:Branches
2812:Olfactory
1519:1531-5320
1460:1464-3553
1413:2352-1546
1399:: 30–39.
1353:0166-2236
1306:0013-4694
1251:1432-0770
982:0306-4522
932:Nobiletin
859:lab mouse
831:Evolution
664:glomeruli
603:glutamate
586:dendrites
549:gustatory
485:neocortex
447:dendrites
408:glomeruli
321:Structure
307:gustatory
257:olfaction
253:forebrain
74:Olfactory
4573:Cerebrum
4182:Amygdala
4108:Striatum
4075:Rostral
3954:Amygdala
3700:(CN XII)
3574:anterior
3531:internal
3526:external
3465:inferior
3460:superior
3456:Ganglia
3356:Tympanic
3335:inferior
3330:superior
3326:Ganglia
3208:cervical
3188:temporal
3072:(CN VII)
3041:Abducens
2931:inferior
2917:superior
2892:(CN III)
2778:Terminal
2708:12078554
2700:16269360
2658:31122845
2650:12951145
2590:22158443
2538:21688402
2489:20519266
2440:23190074
2405:36990333
2397:19200078
2361:40745757
2353:20980064
2311:22989943
2270:32020391
2262:23357118
2226:42450349
2218:15925697
2183:13605251
2175:20307583
2137:24124415
2077:15466819
2033:26224860
1984:22553031
1927:17108955
1884:21377439
1843:22674266
1791:20377623
1734:12665798
1674:20877153
1633:26224860
1584:17928438
1535:43129982
1527:16082803
1478:28641388
1421:27989941
1092:23055479
1040:16601265
1000:15896912
916:See also
857:and the
841:endocast
761:dendrite
719:amygdala
710:Amygdala
704:thalamus
680:amygdala
655:amygdala
481:amygdala
466:Function
423:odorants
331:inferior
265:amygdala
122:NeuroLex
35:Vesalius
4533:Fimbria
4121:Putamen
4079:of the
4017:General
3715:lingual
3707:Nucleus
3683:Cranial
3667:Nuclei
3661:(CN XI)
3609:Hepatic
3591:Abdomen
3447:Before
3317:Before
3310:(CN IX)
3258:Nuclei
3153:foramen
3050:Nucleus
3043:(CN VI)
3005:Course
2980:Nuclei
2952:Nucleus
2945:(CN IV)
2898:Nuclei
2869:Course
2859:Nuclei
2853:(CN II)
2830:Course
2820:Nuclei
2796:Course
2786:Nuclei
2568:Bibcode
2566:: 588.
2529:3246013
2480:2924424
2128:3794443
2024:4518052
1975:6622135
1935:4431624
1907:Bibcode
1834:3483887
1782:3745274
1742:8289755
1624:4518052
1575:6672850
1469:5863551
1369:3947494
1361:2475938
1267:7932310
1259:2551392
1142:6135866
1134:8457726
1083:3752119
991:2383877
839:Fossil
820:anosmia
694:of the
543:of the
537:anosmia
398:in the
337:of the
327:rostral
301:of the
299:lesions
295:anosmia
282:of the
248:of the
244:) is a
226:lateral
103:D009830
63:Details
39:Fabrica
4528:Alveus
4376:Other
3818:neuron
3783:mucosa
3778:glands
3688:Spinal
3628:Nuclei
3599:Celiac
3553:Thorax
3476:After
3440:(CN X)
3407:Nuclei
3346:After
3219:Nuclei
3198:buccal
3100:Inside
3070:Facial
2974:(CN V)
2814:(CN I)
2780:(CN 0)
2706:
2698:
2678:Neuron
2656:
2648:
2614:
2588:
2536:
2526:
2487:
2477:
2438:
2403:
2395:
2359:
2351:
2309:
2268:
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2031:
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1982:
1972:
1933:
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980:
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682:, the
541:lesion
519:retina
495:, and
473:filter
353:Layers
267:, the
222:dorsal
218:layer.
209:layer;
69:System
4175:Other
3857:Brain
3759:Smell
3604:Renal
3438:Vagus
2851:Optic
2704:S2CID
2665:(PDF)
2654:S2CID
2626:(PDF)
2556:(PDF)
2401:S2CID
2357:S2CID
2329:(PDF)
2266:S2CID
2222:S2CID
2179:S2CID
1931:S2CID
1738:S2CID
1531:S2CID
1417:S2CID
1365:S2CID
1314:77765
1263:S2CID
1138:S2CID
843:of a
545:uncus
425:like
376:layer
303:uncus
261:smell
238:Latin
212:Green
193:mouse
175:[
164:77624
86:Latin
4226:Genu
4024:Odor
3501:Neck
2768:The
2696:PMID
2646:PMID
2612:ISBN
2586:PMID
2534:PMID
2485:PMID
2436:PMID
2393:PMID
2349:PMID
2307:PMID
2258:PMID
2214:PMID
2171:PMID
2133:PMID
2073:PMID
2029:PMID
1980:PMID
1923:PMID
1880:PMID
1839:PMID
1787:PMID
1730:PMID
1693:ISBN
1670:PMID
1629:PMID
1580:PMID
1523:PMID
1515:ISSN
1474:PMID
1456:ISSN
1409:ISSN
1357:PMID
1349:ISSN
1310:PMID
1302:ISSN
1255:PMID
1247:ISSN
1203:ISBN
1176:2015
1163:ISBN
1130:PMID
1088:PMID
1036:PMID
996:PMID
978:ISSN
898:Homo
891:and
729:The
657:and
528:and
232:The
198:Blue
152:5538
135:TA98
98:MeSH
4491:CA4
4486:CA3
4481:CA2
4476:CA1
4164:GPi
4159:GPe
3149:At
2999:TMN
2984:PSN
2924:of
2686:doi
2638:doi
2576:doi
2524:PMC
2516:doi
2475:PMC
2467:doi
2428:doi
2385:doi
2341:doi
2297:doi
2250:doi
2246:236
2206:doi
2163:doi
2159:215
2123:PMC
2113:doi
2063:doi
2019:PMC
2011:doi
1970:PMC
1962:doi
1915:doi
1903:444
1870:doi
1866:128
1829:PMC
1821:doi
1777:PMC
1769:doi
1722:doi
1660:doi
1619:PMC
1611:doi
1570:PMC
1562:doi
1505:doi
1464:PMC
1448:doi
1401:doi
1341:doi
1294:doi
1239:doi
1195:doi
1122:doi
1078:PMC
1070:doi
1028:doi
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970:doi
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588:of
479:,
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159:FMA
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